US 8,520,414 B2Grant
Controller for a power converter
Issue Date:2013-08-27
•20 Claims
•5 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A controller for a power converter having a transformer T1 with a primary winding coupled to a power switch SW and a secondary winding coupled to a synchronous rectifier switch SR. In one embodiment, the controller includes a first controller configured to control a conductivity of the power switch SW, and a first delay circuit configured to delay an initiation of the conductivity of the power switch SW. The controller also includes a second controller configured to control a conductivity of the synchronous rectifier switch SR as a function of a voltage difference between two terminals thereof, and a second delay circuit configured to delay an initiation of the conductivity of the synchronous rectifier switch SR. The controller still further includes a shutdown circuit configured to substantially disable conductivity of the synchronous rectifier switch SR before the initiation of conductivity of the power switch SW.
Metadata
Assignee
- Power Systems Technologies, Ltd.
Inventors
- Paul Garrity
- Zaohong Yang
Application Information
Application Number:US 12/689,771
Filing Date:2010-01-19
Priority Date:2009-01-19
Art Unit:2838
Classifications
IPC:
H02M3/335
Patent Drawings (5 sheets)
Description
[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/145,654, entitled “Controller for a Synchronous Rectifier Switch and Power Converter Employing the Same,” filed on Jan. 19, 2009, which application is incorporated herein by reference.
Technical Field
[0002] The present invention is directed, in general, to power electronics and, more specifically, to controller for a power converter and method of operating the same.
Background
[0003] A switched-mode power converter (also referred to as a “power converter” or “regulator”) is a power supply or power processing circuit that converts an input voltage waveform into a specified output voltage waveform. DC-DC power converters convert a direct current (“dc”) input voltage into a dc output voltage. Controllers associated with the power converters manage an operation thereof by controlling the conduction periods of power switches employed therein. Generally, the controllers are coupled between an input and output of the power converter in a feedback loop configuration (also referred to as a “control loop” or “closed control loop”).
[0004] Typically, the controller measures an output characteristic (e.g., an output voltage, an output current, or a combination of an output voltage and an output current) of the power converter, and based thereon modifies a duty cycle of the power switches of the power converter. The duty cycle is a ratio represented by a conduction period of a power switch to a switching period thereof. Thus, if a power switch conducts for half of the switching period, the duty cycle for the power switch would be 0.5 (or 50%). Additionally, as the voltage or the current for systems, such as a microprocessor powered by the power converter, dynamically change (e.g., as a computational load on the microprocessor changes), the controller should be configured to dynamically increase or decrease the duty cycle of the power switches therein to maintain an output characteristic such as an output voltage at a desired value.
[0005] To produce a dc output voltage, the power converters often employ diodes to rectify an alternating current (“ac”) voltage produced across a secondary winding of a transformer. The power converter may also employ a diode to provide a current path to provide continuity for a current in an inductor such as an output filter inductor. The aforementioned diode that provides the current path for inductor current continuity is frequently referred to as a “freewheeling diode.” The rectifying and freewheeling devices can introduce a power loss component in a power converter due to the forward voltage drop across the diode, particularly in a power converter that produces an output voltage of five volts or less. Schottky diodes, which have a relatively low forward voltage drop, are often employed in low-voltage power converter applications to reduce a diode forward voltage drop. However, the passive rectifying devices such as Schottky diodes, typically, cannot achieve forward voltage drops of less than about 0.35 volts, thereby limiting a conversion efficiency of the dc-dc power converter.
[0006] To achieve an acceptable level of efficiency, dc-dc power converters that provide low output voltages (e.g., 1 volt) often employ rectifying devices that have forward voltage drops of less than about 0.1 volts. To provide such further reduction of power loss, an active semiconductor switch such as a metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (“MOSFET”), which provides a resistive voltage drop, is often employed to replace the diode. An active semiconductor switch, however, must be periodically driven into conduction and non-conduction modes or states in synchronism with a periodic waveform of an ac voltage (e.g., an ac voltage produced across a secondary winding of a transformer). The active semiconductor switches may thereby avoid the higher forward voltage drops inherent in the passive rectifying devices. A design issue introduced by substituting an active semiconductor switch for a diode is the need to provide a drive signal therefor that is accurately synchronized with the operation of the power converter to control the conduction and non-conduction modes or states of the active semiconductor switches and that avoids conduction overlap with other active semiconductor switches. An active semiconductor switch substituted for a diode in a power converter is generally referred to as a “synchronous rectifier” or “synchronous rectifier switch.”
[0007] U.S. Pat. No. 6,060,943, entitled “Circuit Simulating a Diode” to Jansen, issued May 9, 2000 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,469,564, entitled “Circuit Simulating a Diode” to Jansen, issued Oct. 22, 2002, both of which are incorporated herein by reference, are directed to circuits that perform the function of a diode to conduct current in one direction with a low forward voltage drop, but block current in the other direction to produce an improved rectification function. When the voltage at a designated anode terminal of the circuit is higher than the voltage at a designated cathode terminal, a forward current flows. When the polarity of the voltage at these designated terminals is reversed, the current is interrupted.
[0008] A number of further circuit design techniques are known in the art to provide a drive signal for a synchronous rectifier. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,303,138, entitled “Low Loss Synchronous Rectifier for Application to Clamped-Mode Power Converters,” to Rozman, issued Apr. 12, 1994, which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses that a gate of a synchronous rectifier applied to an active-clamp of a power converter may be driven by a terminal of a secondary winding of a transformer. As described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,288,920, entitled “Drive Compensation Circuit for Synchronous Rectifier and Method of Operating the Same,” to Jacobs, et al., issued Sep. 11, 2001, which is incorporated herein by reference, a drive circuit employing a diode and a capacitor coupled in series with a secondary winding of a transformer is constructed to drive the gate of a synchronous rectifier. As described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,831,847, entitled “Synchronous Rectifier Drive Circuit and Power Supply Including Same,” to Perry, issued Dec. 14, 2004, which is incorporated herein by reference, a drive circuit for a synchronous rectifier is formed with a turn-on switch, a turn-off switch, a charge pump, and a pulse transformer.
[0009] Additionally, synchronous rectifier design techniques are described in “Power Supply Cookbook,” second edition, by Marty Brown, which is incorporated herein by reference. As described by Brown in section 3.6.2 therein, FIGUREs (a) and (c) show synchronous rectifiers driven by a primary side switching circuit with a direct connection as in FIGURE (a), and by means of a transformer in FIGURE (c). FIGURE (b) of Brown shows synchronous rectifiers driven directly by the output voltage of a transformer. Thus, as described in the references, a particular power conversion topology including an active clamp may be employed to drive a control terminal of an active semiconductor switch employed as a synchronous rectifier, or an additional transformer winding may be employed for the same.
[0010] Each of these approaches, however, provides an efficiency and/or a cost constraint that limits or otherwise penalizes the use of a synchronous rectifier in a many applications. Accordingly, what is needed in the art is a controller for a synchronous rectifier in a power converter and related method that avoids the deficiencies in the prior art.
Summary of the Invention
[0011] These and other problems are generally solved or circumvented, and technical advantages are generally achieved, by advantageous embodiments of the present invention, including a controller for a power converter having a transformer with a primary winding coupled to a power switch and a secondary winding coupled to a synchronous rectifier switch. In one embodiment, the controller includes a first controller configured to control a conductivity of the power switch, and a first delay circuit configured to delay an initiation of the conductivity of the power switch. The controller also includes a second controller configured to control a conductivity of the synchronous rectifier switch as a function of a voltage difference between two terminals thereof, and a second delay circuit configured to delay an initiation of the conductivity of the synchronous rectifier switch. The controller still further includes a shutdown circuit configured to substantially disable conductivity of the synchronous rectifier switch before the initiation of conductivity of the power switch.
[0012] The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the present invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereinafter, which form the subject of the claims of the invention. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the conception and specific embodiment disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures or processes for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. It should also be realized by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.
Brief Description of the Drawings
[0013] For a more complete understanding of the present invention, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
[0014] FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of an embodiment of portions of a flyback power converter that provides an environment for application of the present invention;
[0015] FIG. 2 illustrates graphical diagrams demonstrating operating characteristics of a flyback power converter in accordance with the principles of the present invention;
[0016] FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate schematic diagrams of embodiments of flyback power converters including a controller for a synchronous rectifier constructed according to the principles of the present invention; and
[0017] FIG. 5 illustrates a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a shutdown circuit employable with a controller constructed according to the principles of the present invention.
[0018] Corresponding numerals and symbols in the different figures generally refer to corresponding parts unless otherwise indicated, and may not be redescribed in the interest of brevity after the first instance. The FIGUREs are drawn to illustrate the relevant aspects of exemplary embodiments.
Detailed Description of Illustrative Embodiments
[0019] The making and using of the present exemplary embodiments are discussed in detail below. It should be appreciated, however, that the present invention provides many applicable inventive concepts that can be embodied in a wide variety of specific contexts. The specific embodiments discussed are merely illustrative of specific ways to make and use the invention, and do not limit the scope of the invention.
[0020] The present invention will be described with respect to exemplary embodiments in a specific context, namely, a power converter including a power switch and a synchronous rectifier switch constructed to operate with substantially non-overlapping periods of conductivity, and a method of operating the same. While the principles of the present invention will be described in the environment of a power converter, any application that may benefit from a controller such as a power amplifier or a motor controller is well within the broad scope of the present invention.
[0021] A flyback power converter topology is often employed in low-power applications such as for a notebook personal computer because of its simplicity and low cost. The forward voltage drop of a rectifying diode on the secondary side of a transformer of the power converter results in significant power losses, which makes it difficult to meet high power conversion efficiency objectives such as the ENERGY STAR EPA 4.0 efficiency standard. The aforementioned limitations may be alleviated by applications of the principles of the present invention to the flyback power converter and other converter topologies as well.
[0022] Turning now to FIG. 1 , illustrated is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of portions of a flyback power converter that provides an environment for application of the present invention. To reduce power loss, synchronous rectifier switch SR (e.g., an active semiconductor switch such as a MOSFET switch) has been used to replace the rectifying diode normally used on the secondary side of the transformer in this power converter topology. The power train of the power converter includes a power switch SW coupled to a dc input power source at an input thereof that provides an input voltage Vin. The dc input power source supplies input power at the input voltage Vin to a transformer T1 with a turns ratio n:1. The transformer T1 has Np primary turns and Ns secondary turns that are selected to provide an output voltage Vout with consideration of a resulting duty cycle and stress on the power train components. The power switch SW (e.g., an n-channel MOSFET) is controlled by a controller such as a pulse-width modulation controller (not shown) that controls the power switch SW to be conducting for a duty cycle D with a switching frequency fs. The duty cycle D is adjusted by the pulse-width modulation controller to regulate a characteristic of the output of the power converter such as an output voltage, an output current, or a combination of the two. The ac voltage appearing on the secondary winding of the transformer T1 is rectified by the synchronous rectifier SR coupled to the output through the output filter capacitor Cout to produce the output voltage Vout.
[0023] During the first portion of a duty cycle D when the power switch SW conducts, a primary current Ipri flowing through the primary winding of transformer T1 increases as current flows from the input through the power switch SW and the magnetizing inductance of transformer T1. During a complementary portion of the duty cycle (generally co-existent with a complementary duty cycle “1-D” of the power switch SW), the power switch SW is transitioned to a non-conducting state in response to the gate drive signal VGSSW and the synchronous rectifier switch SR coupled to the output filter capacitor Cout is enabled to conduct in response to the gate drive signal VGSSR. The synchronous rectifier switch SR provides a path to maintain a continuity of current flowing in the magnetizing inductance of the transformer T1. During the complementary portion of the duty cycle 1-D, the current flowing through the magnetizing inductance of the transformer T1 decreases. In general, during the first portion of the duty cycle D, the duty cycle of the power switch SW and the synchronous rectifier switch SR may be adjusted to maintain a regulation of the output voltage Vout of the power converter. Those skilled in the art should understand, however, that the conduction periods or conductivity for the power switch SW and the synchronous rectifier switch SR may be separated by a small time interval to avoid cross conduction therebetween and beneficially to reduce the power switching losses associated with the power converter. As illustrated in FIG. 1 , the power switch SW and the synchronous rectifier switch SR each include body diodes represented by diodes DSW and DSR, respectively, and parasitic source-to-drain capacitance represented by capacitors CSW and CSR, respectively.
[0024] Turning now to FIG. 2 , illustrated are graphical diagrams demonstrating operating characteristics of a flyback power converter in accordance with the principles of the present invention. With continuing reference to FIG. 1 , the diagrams illustrate gate drive waveforms VGSSW, VGSSR associated with a the power switch SW and the synchronous rectifier switch SR, respectively, a primary current Ipri in the primary winding of the transformer T1, and a secondary current Isec in the secondary winding of the transformer T1. To prevent a current shoot-through condition for the power switch SW (i.e., to prevent a condition wherein the power switch SW and the synchronous rectifier switch SR are enabled to conduct at the same time), the conduction periods or conductivity of the switches ideally should not overlap. As illustrated in FIG. 2 , to avoid simultaneous conduction of the power switch SW and the synchronous rectifier switch SR, appreciable time delays TP1, TP2 in the gate drive waveforms VGSSW, VGSSR (e.g., 50 nanoseconds illustrated by the cross-hatched areas in the FIGURE) are introduced between the turn-off instant of the power switch SR and the turn-on instant of the synchronous rectifier switch SR as well as between the turn-off instant of the power switch SW and the turn-on instant of the synchronous rectifier switch SR of the flyback power converter.
[0025] Several commercial integrated circuit (“IC”) drivers have been developed for application to synchronous rectifiers in flyback power converters. Typical synchronous rectifier integrated circuit drivers include the STSR3 IC driver produced by STMicroelectronics of Geneva, Switzerland, the IR1167 IC driver produced by International Rectifier of El Segundo, Calif., the TEA1761 IC driver produced by Royal Philips Electronics of the Netherlands, and others. The synchronous rectifier integrated circuit drivers are not only more expensive than circuits constructed with discrete components, but also introduce further circuit deficiencies and, thus, cannot meet the high performance and low cost requirements of notebook computer markets and other applications. For example, the STSR3 IC driver can produce a gate-drive voltage only up to 5.5 volts (“V”). As a result, the practical gate voltage of the driven synchronous rectifier MOSFET can only be as high as 5.0 V, which is insufficient to adequately reduce the synchronous rectifier switch on-resistance. As a result, the power loss in the synchronous rectifier is not sufficiently reduced when viewed against the potential power loss reduction if the synchronous rectifier switch were properly driven.
[0026] The turn-off signal of the synchronous rectifier switch SR is usually not generated on the primary side of the flyback power converter, but is produced by a time rate of change of a voltage of the secondary winding of the transformer T1. Therefore, a controlled time delay is not provided between turning off the synchronous rectifier switch SR and turning on the power switch SW. As a result, the flyback power converter does not operate efficiently and may produce a shoot-through current in a continuous conduction mode. Although the IR1167 and TEA1761 IC drivers can produce a gate voltage up to 20 V similar to the STSR3 IC driver, both synchronous rectifier integrated circuit drivers rely on a time rate of change of a secondary winding of the transformer T1 to trigger turn-off of the synchronous rectifier switch SR. Thus, for reliable operation of a flyback power converter that includes a synchronous rectifier switch SR, it is important to provide the turn-off signal for the synchronous rectifier switch SR from the primary side of the transformer T1 so that conduction delays associated with the synchronous rectifier switch SR can be properly controlled.
[0027] Thus, a flyback power converter constructed with a prior-art driver for a synchronous rectifier will not provide sufficient reliability, and may produce a substantial shoot-through current in a continuous conduction mode. These limitations are encountered because both turn-on and turn-off of a synchronous rectifier switch SR are generated from a voltage on the secondary side of the transformer T1. A voltage produced on the secondary side of the transformer T1 does not provide reasonably controlled dead times between the turn-off instant of the primary-side power switch SW and the turn-on instant of the secondary-side synchronous rectifier switch SR.
[0028] Turning now to FIG. 3 , illustrated is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a flyback power converter including a controller for a synchronous rectifier constructed according to the principles of the present invention. A dc input power source supplies input power at the input voltage Vin to a transformer T1 that is coupled to a first switch or a power switch SW (e.g., an n-channel MOSFET). On a secondary-side of transformer T1, a second switch or a synchronous rectifier switch SR (e.g., an n-channel MOSFET) rectifies an ac voltage at the secondary winding of the transformer T1, and the resulting waveform is filtered by an output filter capacitor Cout. A resistor RLOAD represents a load coupled to output terminals of the flyback power converter. A reset circuit including a capacitor C3, a resistor R3, and a diode D1 provide a dissipative reset function for the transformer T1.
[0029] As illustrated in FIG. 3 , a first controller or a pulse-width modulation controller 310 (designated “PWM”) produces or generates a control signal or waveform to control a duty cycle or conductivity of the power switch SW. The waveform produced by the pulse-width modulation controller 310 is delayed by a first delay circuit or power switch delay circuit 320 (designated “SW TURN ON DELAY”), the output of which is coupled to a gate driver 330 (designated “GATE DRIVER”) to drive the gate of the power switch SW. In other words, the power switch delay circuit 320 is configured to delay an initiation of the conductivity of the power switch SW. The turn-on delay function is included to avoid cross conduction of the power switch SW and the synchronous rectifier switch SR. The pulse-width modulation controller 310, the power switch delay circuit 320, and the gate driver 330 are powered from a primary bias voltage source (designated “VCC— pri”).
[0030] The conductivity of the synchronous rectifier switch SR is controlled by a second controller or a synchronous rectifier controller 340 (designated “SR CONTROL”) that senses the voltage across the switched terminals of the synchronous rectifier switch SR. When the voltage at the node A is lower than the voltage at the node K (referred to as an “INPUT SENSE”), the synchronous rectifier controller 340 disables conductivity of the synchronous rectifier switch SR. When the voltage at the node (or terminal) A is higher than the voltage at the node (or terminal) K, conductivity is enabled. A second delay circuit or a synchronous rectifier delay circuit 350 (designated “SR TURN ON DELAY”) delays the control signal for the synchronous rectifier switch SR to avoid cross conduction with the power switch SW. In other words, the synchronous rectifier delay circuit is configured to delay an initiation of the conductivity of the synchronous rectifier switch SR. The synchronous rectifier controller 340 is powered from a secondary bias voltage source (designated VCC— sec”). In an alternative embodiment, the synchronous rectifier controller 340 may be powered from an output terminal of the flyback power converter, employing a voltage dropping circuit mechanism, such as a Zener diode or linear regulator, as may be necessary. Additionally, a shutdown circuit 360 (designated SHUTDOWN”) is included to provide an anticipatory signal to the synchronous rectifier controller 340 so that conductivity of the synchronous rectifier switch SR can be disabled before conductivity of the power switch SW is initiated or enabled.
[0031] The synchronous rectifier control process introduced herein for a flyback power converter provides a mechanism to substantially eliminate cross conduction between a power switch SW on the primary-side thereof and a synchronous rectifier switch SR on the secondary-side thereof. After the primary switch SW is turned off, the input sense of the synchronous rectifier switch SR swings from a high potential to a low potential, and a body diode of the synchronous rectifier switch SR conducts. The downward slope of the input sense is detected that triggers a time delay circuit (e.g., the synchronous rectifier delay circuit 350). After a certain programmed time delay, a control signal is produced and turns on the synchronous rectifier switch SR.
[0032] When the pulse-width modulation controller 310 generates a signal to turn on the power switch SW, this signal traverses the boundary between the primary side and secondary side of the transformer T1 to turn off the synchronous rectifier switch SR on the secondary side of the transformer T1. Then, after a programmable time delay, the pulse-width modulation controller 310 in conjunction with the power switch delay circuit 320 turns on the power switch SW in conjunction with the gate driver 330.
[0033] Turning now to FIG. 4 , illustrated is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a flyback power converter including a controller for a synchronous rectifier constructed according to the principles of the present invention. The flyback power converter includes a first delay circuit or a primary-side power switch delay circuit 410 including a diode D2, a resistor R2 and a capacitor C1. The flyback power converter further includes a shutdown circuit 420 including resistors R5, R6, R7, a capacitor C2, and switch Q3 (e.g., an n-channel MOSFET). The flyback power converter further includes a second delay circuit including a synchronous rectifier delay capacitor C4. A synchronous rectifier controller 430 is formed with resistors R8, R9, a capacitor C5, diodes D3, D4, D5, and npn bipolar transistors Q1, Q2, coupled to a synchronous rectifier switch SR.
[0034] In operation, the secondary-side synchronous rectifier switch SR is first turned off, and after a brief time delay, the primary-side power switch SW begins to turn on. The primary-side power switch SW turns off first, and after a delay, the secondary-side synchronous rectifier switch SR begins to turn on. The delay times can be programmed by changing component parameter values in the power switch delay circuit 410 and the synchronous rectifier delay capacitor C4.
[0035] The synchronous rectifier controller 430 illustrated in FIG. 4 includes an amplifier formed with bipolar transistor Q2 with its collector coupled to a secondary bias voltage source (designated VCC— sec”). When a body diode (not shown) of synchronous rectifier switch SR is forward biased, a voltage of a node K becomes negative with respect to a voltage of a node A, which is coupled to secondary circuit ground. The negative voltage at the node K is coupled through diode D5 to the base of bipolar transistor Q2, which turns off this transistor. The positive voltage thereby produced at the collector of bipolar transistor Q2 back biases diode D4, and a positive voltage is coupled through bipolar transistor Q1 to the gate of the synchronous rectifier switch SR, turning it on.
[0036] When the body diode of the synchronous rectifier switch SR is back biased, the inverse operation occurs, wherein the voltage of the gate of the synchronous rectifier switch SR is reduced by the circuit to a sufficiently low voltage to disable its conductivity. The synchronous rectifier delay capacitor C4 provides a mechanism to delay turn on of the synchronous rectifier switch SR. The shutdown circuit 420 is coupled to the bipolar transistor Q1 to enable a pulse-width modulation controller 440 (designated “PWM”), in cooperation with the power switch delay circuit 410 and a gate driver 450, on the primary side of the transformer T1 to disable conductivity of the synchronous rectifier switch SR before conductivity is enabled in the power switch SW.
[0037] Turning now to FIG. 5 , illustrated is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a shutdown circuit or a synchronous rectifier shutdown circuit 510 including resistors R10, R11, a capacitor C20, a transformer T2, and n-channel MOSFET Q3 constructed according to the principles of the present invention. The shutdown circuit 510 illustrates respectively primary and secondary ground terminals gndpri, gndsec showing separation of the primary and secondary sides of the transformer T2. The capacitor C20 is included in the shutdown circuit 510 to prevent a dc bias current from flowing in the transformer T2. The shutdown circuit 510 is an alternative to the shutdown circuit 420 illustrated in FIG. 4 that employs transformer T2 to span the primary-to-secondary isolation boundary in place of the capacitor C2 illustrated in FIG. 4 .
[0038] Thus, a power converter such as a flyback power converter has been introduced that is operable in a continuous conduction mode with circuit elements as set forth below. The power converter includes a primary-side turn-on delay circuit for a power switch (also referred to as a “first delay circuit or a power switch delay circuit”), a secondary-side turn-on delay circuit for a synchronous rectifier switch (also referred to as a “second delay circuit or a synchronous rectifier delay circuit”), and a shut-down circuit for a synchronous rectifier switch on the secondary side, the action of which is initiated from the primary side. A driver (e.g., a gate driver) may be advantageously included in the power converter following the primary-side turn-on delay circuit.
[0039] The gate driver on the primary side can be formed with discrete components including two transistors connected in a series totem-pole arrangement. Alternatively, a commercial integrated circuit driver may be employed. The bias voltage source for the synchronous rectifier on the secondary side of the power converter may be obtained directly from an output voltage terminal of the power converter if the output voltage is less than, for instance, 10 V. The bias voltage source may be obtained from an output voltage terminal of the power converter through a Zener diode and a resistor if the output voltage is higher than, for instance, 10 V. The bias voltage source on the secondary side may also be obtained from an independent bias voltage supply circuit such as a linear regulator.
[0040] In one embodiment, a controller for a power converter includes a first controller configured to control a conductivity of a first switch (e.g., a metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor), and a first delay circuit (e.g., a resistor parallel-coupled to a diode, and a capacitor series-coupled thereto) configured to delay an initiation of the conductivity of the first switch. The controller also includes a second controller (e.g., a plurality of resistors, capacitors and switches, or an amplifier and switch) configured to control a conductivity of a second switch (e.g., a metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor) as a function of a voltage difference between two terminals thereof, and a second delay circuit (e.g., a capacitor) configured to delay an initiation of the conductivity of the second switch. A shutdown circuit (e.g., a capacitor or transformer coupled to the first controller and a switch coupled to the second controller) of the controller is configured to substantially disable conductivity of the second switch before the initiation of conductivity of the first switch. As described herein, portions of the controller (including the first and second controller) are coupled to a bias voltage source.
[0041] Those skilled in the art should understand that the previously described embodiments of a power converter including a synchronous rectifier and related methods of operating the same are submitted for illustrative purposes only. In addition, various other power converter topologies such as a forward power converter and a single ended primary inductor power converter topologies are well within the broad scope of the present invention. While a power converter including a synchronous rectifier has been described in the environment of a power converter, the synchronous rectifier may also be applied to other systems such as, without limitation, a power amplifier and a motor controller.
[0042] For a better understanding of power converters, see “Modern DC-to-DC Power Switch-mode Power Converter Circuits,” by Rudolph P. Severns and Gordon Bloom, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, N.Y. (1985) and “Principles of Power Electronics,” by J. G. Kassakian, M. F. Schlecht and G. C. Verghese, Addison-Wesley (1991). The aforementioned references are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[0043] Also, although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. For example, many of the processes discussed above can be implemented in different methodologies and replaced by other processes, or a combination thereof.
[0044] Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods, and steps described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the disclosure of the present invention, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed, that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized according to the present invention. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps.
Claims
What is claimed:
1. A controller employable with a power converter having a transformer with a primary winding coupled to a power switch and a secondary winding coupled to a synchronous rectifier switch, comprising:
a first controller on a primary side of said transformer and configured to control a conductivity of said power switch;
a first delay circuit on said primary side of said transformer and configured to delay an initiation of said conductivity of said power switch in conjunction with a control signal from said first controller;
a second controller on a secondary side of said transformer and configured to enable a conductivity of said synchronous rectifier switch responsive to a voltage difference between two terminals of said synchronous rectifier switch;
a second delay circuit on said secondary side of said transformer and configured to delay an initiation of said conductivity of said synchronous rectifier switch after said conductivity of said power switch is disabled in conjunction with a control signal from said second controller; and
a shutdown circuit configured to substantially disable conductivity of said synchronous rectifier switch before said initiation of conductivity of said power switch.
2. The controller as recited in claim 1 wherein said second controller is configured to enable said conductivity of said synchronous rectifier switch when a voltage of one terminal of said synchronous rectifier switch becomes higher than a voltage of another terminal of said synchronous rectifier switch as a body diode of said synchronous rectifier switch conducts.
3. The controller as recited in claim 1 wherein said first controller is a pulse-width modulation controller.
4. The controller as recited in claim 1 wherein said second controller comprises an amplifier and a switch coupled to said synchronous rectifier switch.
5. The controller as recited in claim 1 wherein said first delay circuit comprises a resistor parallel-coupled to a diode, and a capacitor series-coupled thereto, and said second delay circuit comprises a capacitor.
6. The controller as recited in claim 1 wherein said shutdown circuit comprises a capacitor coupled to said first controller and a switch coupled to said second controller.
7. The controller as recited in claim 1 wherein said shutdown circuit comprises a transformer coupled to said first controller and a switch coupled to said second controller.
8. The controller as recited in claim 1 wherein portions of said second controller are coupled to a bias voltage source.
9. A method of operating a controller employable with a power converter having a transformer with a primary winding coupled to a power switch and a secondary winding coupled to a synchronous rectifier switch, comprising:
controlling a conductivity of said power switch with a first controller on a primary side of said transformer;
delaying an initiation of said conductivity of said power switch in conjunction with a control signal from said first controller with a first delay circuit on said primary side of said transformer;
enabling a conductivity of said synchronous rectifier switch responsive to a voltage difference between two terminals of said synchronous rectifier switch with a second controller on a secondary side of said transformer;
delaying an initiation of said conductivity of said synchronous rectifier switch after said conductivity of said power switch is disabled in conjunction with a control signal from said second controller with a second delay circuit on said secondary side of said transformer; and
substantially disabling conductivity of said synchronous rectifier switch before said initiation of conductivity of said power switch.
10. The method as recited in claim 9 wherein said delaying said initiation of said conductivity of said power switch comprises delaying said control signal from said first controller.
11. The method as recited in claim 9 wherein said enabling said conductivity of said synchronous rectifier switch comprises enabling said conductivity of said synchronous rectifier switch when a voltage of one terminal of said synchronous rectifier switch becomes higher than a voltage of another terminal of said synchronous rectifier switch as a body diode of said synchronous rectifier switch conducts.
12. The method as recited in claim 9 wherein said substantially disabling conductivity of said synchronous rectifier switch comprises providing an anticipatory signal so that conductivity of said synchronous rectifier switch is disabled before conductivity of said power switch is initiated.
13. A power converter, comprising:
a transformer having a primary winding and a secondary winding;
a power switch coupled to said primary winding;
a synchronous rectifier switch coupled to said secondary winding; and
a controller, including:
a first controller on a primary side of said transformer and configured to control a conductivity of said power switch,
a first delay circuit on said primary side of said transformer and configured to delay an initiation of said conductivity of said power switch in conjunction with a control signal from said first controller,
a second controller on a secondary side of said transformer and configured enable a conductivity of said synchronous rectifier switch responsive to a voltage difference between two terminals of said synchronous rectifier switch,
a second delay circuit on said secondary side of said transformer and configured to delay an initiation of said conductivity of said synchronous rectifier switch after said conductivity of said power switch is disabled in conjunction with a control signal from said second controller, and
a shutdown circuit configured to substantially disable conductivity of said synchronous rectifier switch before said initiation of conductivity of said power switch.
14. The power converter as recited in claim 13 wherein said second controller is configured to enable said conductivity of said synchronous rectifier switch when a voltage of one terminal of said synchronous rectifier switch becomes higher than a voltage of another terminal of said synchronous rectifier switch as a body diode of said synchronous rectifier switch conducts.
15. The power converter as recited in claim 13 wherein said first controller is a pulse-width modulation controller and said first delay circuit includes a resistor parallel-coupled to a diode, and a capacitor series-coupled thereto.
16. The power converter as recited in claim 13 wherein said second controller includes an amplifier and a switch coupled to said synchronous rectifier switch and said second delay circuit includes a capacitor.
17. The power converter as recited in claim 13 wherein said shutdown circuit includes one of a capacitor and a transformer coupled to said first controller and a switch coupled to said second controller.
18. The power converter as recited in claim 13 wherein portions of said second controller are coupled to a bias voltage source.
19. The power converter as recited in claim 13 wherein said power converter is operable in a continuous conduction mode.
20. The power converter as recited in claim 13 further comprising a reset circuit including a capacitor, a resistor and a diode configured to provide a dissipative reset function for a transformer coupled to said power switch and said synchronous rectifier switch.
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