Pitch reduced patterns relative to photolithography features

[0001] This application claims the priority benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of provisional Application No. 60/662,323, filed Mar. 15, 2005.

[0002] This application is also related to and incorporates the following by reference in their entireties: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/931,772 to Abatchev et al., filed Aug. 31, 2004; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/932,993 to Abatchev et al., filed Sep. 1, 2004; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/931,771 to Tran et al., filed Aug. 31, 2004; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/934,317 to Sandhu et al., filed Sep. 2, 2004.

[0003] 1. Field of the Invention

[0004] This invention relates generally to integrated circuit fabrication and, more particularly, to masking techniques.

[0005] 2. Description of the Related Art

[0006] As a consequence of many factors, including demand for increased portability, computing power, memory capacity and energy efficiency, integrated circuits are continuously being reduced in size. The sizes of the constituent features that form the integrated circuits, e.g., electrical devices and interconnect lines, are also constantly being decreased to facilitate this size reduction.

[0007] The trend of decreasing feature size is evident, for example, in memory circuits or devices such as dynamic random access memories (DRAMs), flash memory, static random access memories (SRAMs), ferroelectric (FE) memories, etc. To take one example, DRAM typically comprises millions of identical circuit elements, known as memory cells. In its most general form, a memory cell typically consists of two electrical devices: a storage capacitor and an access field effect transistor. Each memory cell is an addressable location that can store one bit (binary digit) of data. A bit can be written to a cell through the transistor and can be read by sensing charge in the capacitor. By decreasing the sizes of the electrical devices that constitute a memory cell and the sizes of the conducting lines that access the memory cells, the memory devices can be made smaller. Additionally, storage capacities can be increased by fitting more memory cells on a given area in the memory devices.

[0008] The continual reduction in feature sizes places ever greater demands on the techniques used to form the features. For example, photolithography is commonly used to pattern features, such as conductive lines. The concept of pitch can be used to describe the sizes of these features. Pitch is defined as the distance between an identical point in two neighboring features. These features are typically defined by spaces between adjacent features, which spaces are typically filled by a material, such as an insulator. As a result, pitch can be viewed as the sum of the width of a feature and of the width of the space on one side of the feature separating that feature from a neighboring feature. However, due to factors such as optics and light or radiation wavelength, photolithography techniques each have a minimum pitch below which a particular photolithographic technique cannot reliably form features. Thus, the minimum pitch of a photolithographic technique is an obstacle to continued feature size reduction.

[0009] “Pitch doubling” or “pitch multiplication” is one proposed method for extending the capabilities of photolithographic techniques beyond their minimum pitch. A pitch multiplication method is illustrated in FIGS. 1A–1F and described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,328,810, issued to Lowrey et al., the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. With reference to FIG. 1A, a pattern of lines 10 is photolithographically formed in a photoresist layer, which overlies a layer 20 of an expendable material, which in turn overlies a substrate 30. As shown in FIG. 1B, the pattern is then transferred using an etch (preferably an anisotropic etch) to the layer 20, thereby forming placeholders, or mandrels, 40. The photoresist lines 10 can be stripped and the mandrels 40 can be isotropically etched to increase the distance between neighboring mandrels 40, as shown in FIG. 1C. A layer 50 of spacer material is subsequently deposited over the mandrels 40, as shown in FIG. 1D. Spacers 60, i.e., the material extending or originally formed extending from sidewalls of another material, are then formed on the sides of the mandrels 40. The spacer formation is accomplished by preferentially etching the spacer material from the horizontal surfaces 70 and 80 in a directional spacer etch, as shown in FIG. 1E. The remaining mandrels 40 are then removed, leaving behind only the spacers 60, which together act as a mask for patterning, as shown in FIG. 1F. Thus, where a given pitch previously included a pattern defining one feature and one space, the same width now includes two features and two spaces, with the spaces defined by, e.g., the spacers 60. As a result, the smallest feature size possible with a photolithographic technique is effectively decreased.

[0010] While the pitch is actually halved in the example above, this reduction in pitch is conventionally referred to as pitch “doubling,” or, more generally, pitch “multiplication.” Thus, conventionally, “multiplication” of pitch by a certain factor actually involves reducing the pitch by that factor. The conventional terminology is retained herein.

[0011] Because the layer 50 of spacer material typically has a single thickness 90 (see FIGS. 1D and 1E) and because the sizes of the features formed by the spacers 60 usually correspond to that thickness 90, pitch doubling typically produces features of only one width. Circuits, however, generally employ features of different sizes. For example, random access memory circuits typically contain arrays of memory cells located in one part of the circuits and logic circuits located in the so-called “periphery.” In the arrays, the memory cells are typically connected by conductive lines and, in the periphery, the conductive lines typically contact landing pads for connecting arrays to logic. Peripheral features such as landing pads, however, can be larger than the conductive lines. In addition, periphery electrical devices, including peripheral transistors, can be larger than the electrical devices in the array. Moreover, even if peripheral features can be formed with the same pitch as features in the array, because mask patterns formed by pitch multiplication may be limited to those that are formed along the sidewalls of patterned photoresist, pitch multiplication by itself typically does not offer the flexibility, e.g., geometric flexibility, required to define some features.

[0012] To overcome such limitations, some proposed methods for forming patterns at the periphery and in the array involve separately etching patterns into the array region and the periphery regions of a substrate. A pattern in the array is first formed and transferred to the substrate using one mask and then another pattern in the periphery is formed and separately transferred to the substrate using another mask. Because such methods form patterns using different masks at different locations on a substrate, they are limited in their ability to form features that require overlapping patterns, such as when a landing pad overlaps an interconnect line. As a result, yet a third mask may be necessary to “stitch” two separate patterns of features together. Undesirably, such a third mask would add to the expense and complexity of a process flow and would face technical challenges in aligning a mask with both the fine features defined by the pitch multiplication technique and the typically larger peripheral features.

[0013] Accordingly, there is a need for methods of forming features of different sizes, especially where some features are formed below the minimum pitch of a photolithographic technique, and especially in conjunction with pitch multiplication.

[0014] According to one aspect of the invention, a method is provided for forming an integrated circuit. The method comprises forming an amorphous carbon layer over a substrate. A lower hard mask layer is formed over the amorphous carbon layer. An upper hard mask layer is formed on the lower hard mask layer. A temporary layer is formed over the upper hard mask layer. A first hard mask layer is formed over the temporary layer.

[0015] According to another aspect of the invention, a method is provided for semiconductor processing. The method comprises providing a substrate having an overlying primary mask layer. A hard mask layer formed of a first material overlies the primary mask layer, a hard mask layer formed of a second material overlies the hard mask layer formed of the first material, and a pattern comprising pitch-multiplied spacers overlies the hard mask layer comprising the second material. The pattern is transferred to the hard mask layer comprising the second material. The pattern is subsequently transferred to the hard mask layer formed of the first material. The pattern is then transferred to the primary mask layer.

[0016] According to yet another aspect of the invention, a method is provided for semiconductor fabrication. The method comprises forming a first pattern by pitch multiplication and separately defining a second pattern using photolithography without pitch multiplication. The first and second patterns are simultaneously transferred to a hard mask layer. The first and second patterns are then simultaneously transferred from the hard mask layer to an other hard mask layer. The first and second patterns are simultaneously transferred from the other hard mask layer to a primary mask layer. The substrate is processed through the primary mask layer.

[0017] According to another aspect of the invention, a method is provided for forming a memory device. The method comprises forming a pattern comprising pitch multiplied spacers over a hard mask layer overlying an amorphous carbon layer. The pattern is etched into the hard mask layer. The spacers are subjected to a carbon etch after etching the pattern. The spacers are removed and the pattern is subsequently transferred from the hard mask layer to the amorphous carbon layer.

[0018] According to yet another aspect of the invention, a method is provided for integrated circuit fabrication. The method comprises forming an amorphous carbon layer over a substrate and depositing a hard mask layer on the amorphous carbon layer at a temperature less than about 450° C.

[0019] According to another aspect of the invention, a partially formed integrated circuit is provided. The partially formed integrated circuit comprises a substrate and a primary mask layer overlying the substrate. The primary mask layer is formed of a material different from photoresist. A lower hard mask layer overlies the primary mask layer and an upper hard mask layer overlies the lower mask layer. A mask material, which is different from photoresist, defines a first pattern in a first plane overlying the upper hard mask layer. A photodefinable material defines a second pattern over the upper hard mask layer.

[0043] In addition to problems with forming differently sized features, it has been found that pitch doubling techniques can encounter difficulty in transferring spacer patterns to a substrate. In common methods of transferring patterns, both the spacers and the underlying substrate are exposed to an etchant, which preferentially etches away the substrate material. The etchants, however, can also wear away the spacers, albeit at a slower rate. Thus, over the course of transferring a pattern to an underlying material, the etchant can wear away the spacers before the pattern transfer is complete. These difficulties are exacerbated by the trend towards decreasing feature size, which, for example, increasingly leads to the need to form trenches which have increasingly higher depth to width ratios. Thus, in conjunction with difficulties in producing structures having different feature sizes, pattern transfer limitations make the application of pitch multiplication principles to integrated circuit manufacture even more difficult.

[0044] In view of these difficulties, preferred embodiments of the invention allow for improved pattern transfer and for the formation of differently sized features in conjunction with pitch multiplication. In a first phase of methods according to the preferred embodiments, an appropriate sequence of layers of materials is formed to allow formation of a mask for processing a substrate. In a second phase of methods according to the preferred embodiments, photolithography and pitch multiplication are preferably used to form a first pattern defined by spacers. This typically forms features of one size in one region of the chip, e.g., the array of a memory chip. In a third phase, photolithography is performed to form a second pattern in a mask layer formed over or around features forming the first pattern. To allow this photolithography, another photoresist layer can be formed around the spacers or, more preferably, the spacers are surrounded by a planarizing material and photoresist layer is preferably formed over the planarizing material. The second pattern can completely or partially overlap the first pattern, or, in some preferred embodiments, can be completely in a different region of the chip, e.g., the periphery of the memory chip.

[0045] In a fourth phase, both the first and second patterns are transferred to an underlying primary masking layer, which preferably can be preferentially etched relative to an underlying substrate. Because the primary masking layer is preferably used to transfer patterns the substrate, various precautions are preferably taken to maintain the structural and chemical integrity of this layer so that the patterns formed in this layer are well-defined.

[0046] As such, the pattern transfer is preferably accomplished by transferring the first and second patterns consecutively to two hard mask layers and then to the primary masking layer. It has been found that performing an etch through the planarizing layer or the photoresist layer can result in polymerization of the photoresist material and/or planarizing material. This polymerization can leave deposits around pattern features, thereby distorting features of the first and/or second patterns. This distortion can be particularly problematic given the small pitches for which pitch multiplication is typically used. As a result, after etching the first and second patterns into an upper hard mask layer, a cleaning step is preferably performed to remove the planarizing material, photoresist and any polymerized planarizing material or photoresist. Because the planarizing material, the photoresist and the underlying primary masking layer are preferably all carbon-based materials, the cleaning can also undesirably etch the primary masking layer. This is especially a concern where the cleaning is accomplished using an isotropic etch, which can etch the primary mask layer uncontrollably and typically does not form well-defined features. Thus, a lower hard mask layer is preferably used to protect the primary masking layer during the cleaning step.

[0047] Moreover, the lower hard mask layer and, more preferably, both the lower and upper hard mask are preferably formed by low temperature deposition processes, preferably performed at less than about 550° C. and, more preferably, at less than about 450° C. and, most preferably, at less than about 400° C. Processing at these low temperatures advantageously aids in maintaining the integrity of the primary masking layer, especially when that layer is formed of amorphous carbon. For example, undesirable ashing can occur if amorphous carbon is exposed to higher temperatures.

[0048] Thus, a preferred material for the primary masking layer is amorphous carbon. Preferred materials for the spacers include silicon, silicon nitride, or silicon oxide. In other embodiments, the materials for the spacers and the primary masking layer can be reversed. The upper hard mask layer is preferably formed of a material that can be deposited at low temperatures, as discussed above, and is preferentially etchable relative to the spacers, the lower hard mask layer and any material other material overlying the upper hard mask layer. The lower hard mask layer is preferably also formed of a material that can be deposited at low temperatures and is preferentially etchable relative to the primary masking layer and the upper hard mask layer. The spacers and the lower hard mask layer can be formed of different materials, but preferably are formed of the same material to simplify processing and process chemistries. For example, in some embodiments, the spacers and the lower hard mask layer can be formed of an oxide, e.g., silicon oxide, while the upper hard mask layer can be formed of, e.g., silicon, or vice versa. The first and second patterns can then be transferred from one or both hard mask layers to the primary masking layer.

[0049] The first and second patterns are then preferably transferred from the primary masking layer to the underlying substrate in a single step. Thus, patterns for forming differently sized features, some of which are below the minimum pitch of the photolithographic technique used for patterning, can be formed and these patterns can be successfully transferred to the underlying substrate. Moreover, because the second pattern is preferably initially formed in a layer substantially coextensive with the first pattern, the second pattern can overlap the first pattern. As a result, overlapping features of different sizes on both sides of the photolithographic limit, such as conducting lines and landing pads or periphery transistors, can advantageously be formed.

[0050] Preferably, the primary masking layer is the masking layer that directly overlies and, due to etch selectivity, is primarily used as the mask to pattern the substrate. In particular, the primary masking layer is preferably formed of a material that allows good etch selectivity relative to both the immediately overlying hard mask material and the substrate material, thereby allowing: the spacer pattern in the hard mask layer to be effectively transferred to it; the primary masking layer to be selectively removed without harming the substrate; and the pattern in it to be effectively transferred to the substrate. In other embodiments, particularly where the substrate is relatively simple and can be selectively etched relative to hard mask materials, the first and second patterns can be transferred directly to the substrate using a hard mask, e.g., the lower hard mask discussed above.

[0051] As noted above, in common methods of transferring patterns, both the mask and the underlying substrate are exposed to etchant, which can wear away a mask before the pattern transfer is complete. These difficulties are exacerbated where the substrate comprises multiple different materials to be etched. It is due to its excellent etch selectivity relative to a variety of materials, including oxides, nitrides and silicon, that the primary masking layer is preferably formed of amorphous carbon and, more preferably, transparent carbon.

[0052] While the primary mask layer is preferably appropriately thick so that it is not worn away before the pattern transfer is complete, it will be appreciated that the spacers and upper and lower hard mask layers typically also overlie the primary mask layer when etching a substrate. It has been found, however, that, in cases where the primary mask layer is particularly thick and/or the mask features are very thin, the relatively tall and thin features in the mask may not be structurally stable. As a result, the mask features can deform and may be unstable. Thus, an optional spacer or spacer and hard mask removal can be performed to straighten and stabilize the profile of the mask features before transfer of the pattern to the substrate. In other embodiments, one or both hard mask layers can be removed before transfer of the pattern to the substrate.

[0053] It will be appreciated that the “substrate” to which patterns are transferred can include a layer of a single material, a plurality of layers of different materials, a layer or layers having regions of different materials or structures in them, etc. These materials can include semiconductors, insulators, conductors, or combinations thereof. For example, the substrate can comprise doped polysilicon, an electrical device active area, a silicide, or a metal layer, such as a tungsten, aluminum or copper layer, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the mask features discussed below can directly correspond to the desired placement of conductive features, such as interconnects, in the substrate. In other embodiments, the substrate can be an insulator and the location of mask features can correspond to the desired location of insulators, such as in damascene metallization. Examples of structures formed in the substrate include gate stacks and shallow trench isolation structures.

[0054] In any of the steps described herein, transferring a pattern from an overlying level to an underlying level involves forming features in the underlying level that generally correspond to features in the overlying level. For example, the path of lines in the underlying level will generally follow the path of lines in the overlying level and the location of other features in the underlying level will correspond to the location of similar features in the overlying level. The precise shapes and sizes of features can vary from the overlying level to the underlying level, however. For example, depending upon etch chemistries and conditions, the sizes of and relative spacings between the features forming the transferred pattern can be enlarged or diminished relative to the pattern on the overlying level, while still resembling the same initial “pattern,” as can be seen from the example of shrinking the first resist mask in the embodiments described below. Thus, even with some changes in the dimensions of features, the transferred pattern is still considered to be the same pattern as the initial pattern. In contrast, forming spacers around mask features can change the pattern.

[0055] Reference will now be made to the Figures, wherein like numerals refer to like parts throughout. It will be appreciated that these Figures are not necessarily drawn to scale.

[0056] In a first phase of methods according to the preferred embodiments, a sequence of layers of materials is formed that allow formation of a mask for processing a substrate.

[0057] FIG. 2A shows a top view of a portion of an integrated circuit 100. While the preferred embodiments can be used to form any integrated circuit, they are particularly advantageously applied to form devices having arrays of electrical devices, including memory cell arrays for volatile and non-volatile memory devices such as DRAM, ROM or flash memory, including NAND flash memory, or integrated circuits having logic or gate arrays. For example, the logic array can be a field programmable gate array (FPGA) having a core array similar to a memory array and a periphery with supporting logics. Consequently, the integrated circuit 100 can be, e.g., a memory chip or a processor, which can include both a logic array and embedded memory, or any other integrated circuit having a logic or a gate array.

[0058] With continued reference to FIG. 2A, a central region 102, the “array,” is surrounded by a peripheral region 104, the “periphery.” It will be appreciated that, in a fully formed integrated circuit 100, the array 102 will typically be densely populated with conducting lines and electrical devices such as transistors and capacitors. In a memory device, the electrical devices form a plurality of memory cells, which are typically arranged in a regular grid pattern at the intersection of word lines and bit lines. Desirably, pitch multiplication can be used to form features such as rows/columns of transistors and capacitors in the array 102, as discussed below. On the other hand, the periphery 104 typically comprises features larger than those in the array 102. Conventional photolithography, rather than pitch multiplication, is preferably used to pattern features, such as logic circuitry, in the periphery 104, because the geometric complexity of logic circuits located in the periphery 104 makes using pitch multiplication difficult, whereas the regular grid typical of array patterns is conducive to pitch multiplication. In addition, some devices in the periphery require larger geometries due to electrical constraints, thereby making pitch multiplication less advantageous than conventional photolithography for such devices. In addition to possible differences in relative scale, it will be appreciated by the skilled artisan that the relative positions, and the number of periphery 104 and array 102 regions in the integrated circuit 100 may vary from that depicted.

[0059] FIG. 2B shows a cross-sectional side view of the partially formed integrated circuit 100. Various masking layers 120–160 are preferably provided above a substrate 110. The layers 120–160 will be etched to form a mask for patterning the substrate 110, as discussed below.

[0060] The materials for the layers 120–160 overlying the substrate 110 are preferably chosen based upon consideration of the chemistry and process conditions for the various pattern forming and pattern transferring steps discussed herein. Because the layers between a topmost selectively definable layer 120 and the substrate 110 preferably function to transfer a pattern derived from the selectively definable layer 120 to the substrate 110, the layers 130–160 between the selectively definable layer 120 and the substrate 110 are preferably chosen so that they can be selectively etched relative to other exposed materials. It will be appreciated that a material is considered selectively, or preferentially, etched when the etch rate for that material is at least about 2–3 times greater, preferably at least about 10 times greater, more preferably at least about 20 times greater and, most preferably, at least about 40 times greater than that for surrounding materials. Because a goal of the layers 120–155 overlying the primary hard mask layer 160 is to allow well-defined patterns to be formed in that layer 160, it will be appreciated that one or more of the layers 120–155 can be omitted or substituted if suitable other materials, chemistries and/or process conditions are used. For example, the layer 130 can be omitted in some embodiments where the resolution enhancement properties of that layer, as discussed below, are not desired.

[0061] In the illustrated embodiment, the selectively definable layer 120 overlies a first hard mask, or etch stop, layer 130, which overlies a temporary layer 140, which overlies a second (upper) hard mask, or etch stop, layer 150, which overlies a third (lower) hard mask layer 155, which overlies a primary mask layer 160, which overlies the substrate 110 to be processed (e.g., etched) through a mask. Preferably, the mask through which the substrate 110 is processed is formed in the third hard mask layer 155 or in the primary mask layer 160.

[0062] With continued reference to FIG. 2B, the selectively definable layer 120 is preferably photodefinable, e.g., formed of a photoresist, including any photoresist known in the art. For example, the photoresist can be any photoresist compatible with 157 nm, 193 nm, 248 nm or 365 nm wavelength systems, 193 nm wavelength immersion systems, extreme ultraviolet systems (including 13.7 nm wavelength systems) or electron beam lithographic systems. In addition, maskless lithography, or maskless photolithography, can be used to define the selectively definable layer 120. Examples of preferred photoresist materials include argon fluoride (ArF) sensitive photoresist, i.e., photoresist suitable for use with an ArF light source, and krypton fluoride (KrF) sensitive photoresist, i.e., photoresist suitable for use with a KrF light source. ArF photoresists are preferably used with photolithography systems utilizing relatively short wavelength light, e.g., 193 nm. KrF photoresists are preferably used with longer wavelength photolithography systems, such as 248 nm systems. In other embodiments, the layer 120 and any subsequent resist layers can be formed of a resist that can be patterned by nano-imprint lithography, e.g., by using a mold or mechanical force to pattern the resist.

[0063] The material for the first hard mask layer 130 preferably comprises an inorganic material. Exemplary materials include silicon oxide (SiO₂), silicon or a dielectric anti-reflective coating (DARC), such as a silicon-rich silicon oxynitride. Preferably, the first hard mask layer 130 is a dielectric anti-reflective coating (DARC). Using DARCs for the first hard mask layer 130 can be particularly advantageous for forming patterns having pitches near the resolution limits of a photolithographic technique. The DARCs can enhance resolution by minimizing light reflections, thus increasing the precision with which photolithography can define the edges of a pattern.

[0064] The temporary layer 140 is preferably formed of amorphous carbon, which, as noted above, offers very high etch selectivity relative to the preferred hard mask materials. More preferably, the amorphous carbon is a form of amorphous carbon that is highly transparent to light and that offers further improvements for photo alignment by being transparent to the wavelengths of light used for such alignment. Deposition techniques for forming such transparent carbon can be found in A. Helmbold, D. Meissner, Thin Solid Films, 283 (1996) 196–203, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0065] The combination of materials for the second and third hard mask layers 150 and 155 are preferably chosen based upon the material used for the spacers and for the underlying layer 160. As discussed below, the layer 160 is preferably formed of amorphous carbon. Exemplary combinations of the other materials are listed in the table below:

[0066]

Exemplary Spacer and Hard Mask Materials
	Spacer material:
			Amorphous
	Oxide	Nitride	silicon	Carbon
Hard mask	Amorphous	Amorphous	Oxide/	Amorphous
materials	silicon/oxide	silicon/oxide	amorphous	silicon/oxide
(Second hard		or oxide/	silicon	or oxide/
mask/Third		amorphous		amorphous
hard mask):		silicon		silicon

[0067] It will be appreciated that the oxide is preferably a form of silicon oxide and the nitride is typically silicon nitride. Where the spacer material is carbon, the temporary layer is preferably a material that is preferentially etchable relative to the carbon. For example, the temporary layer can be formed of a silicon-containing material. Depending on the selection of appropriate etch chemistries and neighboring materials, examples of other hard mask materials include amorphous carbon and etchable high-K materials.

[0068] In the illustrated embodiment, the second hard mask layer 150 is formed of silicon, e.g., amorphous silicon. The third hard mask layer 155 is formed of a silicon oxide, e.g., a low silane oxide (LSO). The LSO is formed by chemical vapor deposition using a relatively low silane flow and a relatively high N₂O precursor flow. Advantageously, such a deposition can be performed at relatively low temperatures, e.g., less than about 550° C. and, more preferably, less than about 400° C., to prevent damage to the underlying primary mask layer 160, when the layer 160 is formed of a temperature-sensitive material. It will be appreciated that oxides can typically be etched with greater selectivity relative to silicon than nitrides. For example, etch chemistries for oxides can remove the oxides at a rate more than 10 times faster than amorphous silicon, while etch chemistries for nitrides typically only remove the nitrides at a rate of about 3 times faster than amorphous silicon. As a result, both the spacers and the third hard mask layer are preferably formed of the same material, an oxide, when the second hard mask layer is formed of amorphous silicon.

[0069] As noted above, the primary mask layer 160 is preferably formed of amorphous carbon due to its excellent etch selectivity relative to many materials. As noted above, amorphous carbon is particularly advantageous for transferring patterns to difficult to etch substrates, such as a substrate 110 comprising multiple materials or multiple layers of materials, or for forming small and high aspect ratio features.

[0070] In addition to selecting appropriate materials for the various layers, the thicknesses of the layers 120–160 are preferably chosen depending upon compatibility with the etch chemistries and process conditions described herein. As discussed above, when transferring a pattern from an overlying layer to an underlying layer by selectively etching the underlying layer, materials from both layers are removed to some degree. Thus, the upper layer is preferably thick enough so that it is not worn away over the course of the pattern transfer.

[0071] In the illustrated embodiment, the photodefinable layer 120 is preferably about 50–300 nm thick and, more preferably, about 200–250 nm thick. It will be appreciated that, in cases where the layer 120 is a photoresist, this thickness can vary depending upon the wavelength of light used to pattern the layer 120. A thickness of about 50–300 nm thick and, more preferably, about 200–250 nm thick is particularly advantageous for 248 nm wavelength systems.

[0072] The first hard mask layer 130 is preferably about 10–40 nm thick and, more preferably, about 15–30 nm thick. The temporary layer 140 is preferably about 50–200 nm thick and, more preferably, about 80–120 nm thick. The second hard mask layer 150 is preferably about 20–80 nm thick and, more preferably, about 30–50 nm thick and the third hard mask layer 155 is preferably about 10–50 nm thick and, more preferably, about 20–30 nm thick.

[0073] As discussed above, the thickness of the primary mask layer 160 is preferably chosen based upon the selectivity of the etch chemistry for etching the substrate and based upon the materials and complexity of the substrate. Advantageously, it has been found that a thickness of preferably about 100–500 nm and, more preferably, about 200–300 nm is particularly effective for transferring patterns to a variety of substrates, including substrates having a plurality of different materials to be etched during the transfer.

[0074] For example, FIG. 2C shows an exemplary substrate 160 comprising a plurality of layers which can be etched to form control gate stacks. A silicide layer 110a overlies a polysilicon layer 110b, which overlies an oxide-nitride-oxide (ONO) composite layer 110c, which overlies a polysilicon layer 110d.

[0075] The various layers discussed herein can be formed by various methods. For example, spin-on-coating processes can be used to form photodefinable layers. Various vapor deposition processes, such as chemical vapor deposition, can be used to form hard mask layers.

[0076] Preferably, a low temperature chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process is used to deposit the hard mask layers or any other materials, e.g., spacer material, over the primary mask layer 160, especially in cases where the primary mask layer 160 is formed of amorphous carbon.

[0077] Advantageously, it has been found that the second and third hard mask layers 150 and 155 can be deposited at temperatures of less than about 550° C. and, more preferably,. less than about 450° C. and, most preferably, less than about 400° C. Such low temperature deposition processes advantageously prevent chemical or physical disruption of the amorphous carbon layer(s).

[0078] For example, a LSO, e.g., for forming either the layers 150 or 155, can be deposited by a plasma enhanced CVD (PECVD) process. Various processing systems made by various manufacturers can be used to perform the process, as known in the art. A non-limiting example of a suitable reactor system is the Applied Materials' Producer™ system. In one example of process conditions, SiH₄ is preferably flowed into the reactor at a rate of about 50–250 sccm and, more preferably, about 150 sccm. N₂O is flowed into the reactor at a rate of about 400–1000 sccm and, more preferably, about 750 sccm, and He is flowed into the reactor at a rate of about 2500–4000 sccm and, more preferably, about 3500 sccm. The pressure within reactor is preferably maintained at about 4–8 torr and, more preferably, about 6.5 torr. The RF power is preferably about 50–200 watts and, more preferably, about 110 watts. The spacing is preferably about 400–600 mils and, more preferably, about 450 mils. Advantageously, it has been found that the LSO can be deposited at a temperature of about 250–450° C. and, more preferably, about 375° C.

[0079] It has been found that amorphous silicon, e.g., for forming the other of the layers 150 or 155 can also be deposited at low temperatures by a plasma enhanced CVD (PECVD) process. In one example, SiH₄ and He are delivered to the reactor in an Applied Materials' Producer™ system. The SiH₄ is preferably flowed at about 80–300 sccm and, more preferably, about 150 sccm. The He is flowed at about 400–300 sccm and, more preferably, about 1800 sccm. The pressure within the reactor is preferably about 3–5 torr and, more preferably, about 3.5 torr and the RF power is preferably about 50–200 watts and, more preferably, about 100 watts. The spacing is preferably about 400–600 mils and, more preferably, about 450 mils. Advantageously, the amorphous silicon can be deposited at a temperature of about 250–450° C., and, more preferably, about 375° C.

[0080] In addition, the amorphous carbon layers can be formed by chemical vapor deposition using a hydrocarbon compound, or mixtures of such compounds, as carbon precursors. Exemplary precursors include propylene, propyne, propane, butane, butylene, butadiene and acetelyne. A suitable method for forming amorphous carbon layers is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,573,030 B1, issued to Fairbairn et al. on Jun. 3, 2003, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. In addition, the amorphous carbon may be doped. A suitable method for forming doped amorphous carbon is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/652,174 to Yin et al., the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0081] In a second phase of methods according to the preferred embodiments, a pattern of spacers is formed by pitch multiplication.

[0082] With reference to FIGS. 3A and 3B, a pattern comprising spaces or trenches 122, which are delimited by photodefinable material features 124, is formed in the photodefinable layer 120. The trenches 122 can be formed by, e.g., photolithography with 248 nm or 193 nm light, in which the layer 120 is exposed to radiation through a reticle and then developed. After being developed, the remaining photodefinable material, photoresist in the illustrated embodiment, forms mask features such as the illustrated lines 124 (shown in cross-section only).

[0083] The pitch of the resulting lines 124 is equal to the sum of the width of a line 124 and the width of a neighboring space 122. To minimize the critical dimensions of features formed using this pattern of lines 124 and spaces 122, the pitch can be at or near the limits of the photolithographic technique used to pattern the photodefinable layer 120. For example, for photolithography utilizing 248 nm light, the pitch of the lines 124 can be about 100 nm. Thus, the pitch may be at the minimum pitch of the photolithographic technique and the spacer pattern discussed below can advantageously have a pitch below the minimum pitch of the photolithographic technique. Alternatively, because the margin of error for position and feature size typically increases as the limits of a photolithographic technique are approached, the lines 124 can be formed having larger feature sizes, e.g., 200 nm, to minimize errors in the position and sizes of the lines 124.

[0084] As shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, the spaces 122 are preferably widened by etching the photoresist lines 124, to form modified spaces 122a and lines 124a. The photoresist lines 124 are preferably etched using an isotropic etch to “shrink” those features. Suitable etches include etches using an oxygen-containing plasma, e.g., a SO₂/O₂/N₂/Ar plasma, a Cl₂/O₂/He plasma or a HBr/O₂/N₂ plasma. The extent of the etch is preferably selected so that the widths of the lines 124a are substantially equal to the desired spacing between the later-formed spacers 175, as will be appreciated from the discussion below. For example, the width of the lines 124 can be reduced to from about 80–120 nm to about 40–70 nm. Advantageously, the width-reducing etch allows the lines 124a to be narrower than would otherwise be possible using the photolithographic technique used to pattern the photodefinable layer 120. In addition, the etch can smooth the edges of the lines 124a, thus improving the uniformity of those lines. While the critical dimensions of the lines 124a can be etched below the resolution limits of the photolithographic technique, it will be appreciated that this etch does not alter the pitch of the spaces 122a and lines 124a, since the distance between identical points in these features remains the same.

[0085] With reference to FIG. 5, the pattern in the (modified) photodefinable layer 120a is transferred to the hard mask layer 130. This transfer is preferably accomplished using an anisotropic etch, such as an etch using a fluorocarbon plasma, although a wet (isotropic) etch may also be suitable if the hard mask layer 130 is thin. Preferred fluorocarbon plasma etch chemistries include CFH₃, CF₂H₂, CF₃H and CF₄/HBr.

[0086] With reference to FIG. 6, the pattern in the photodefinable layer 120a and the hard mask layer 130 is transferred to the temporary layer 140 to allow for deposition of a layer 170 of spacer material (FIG. 8). It has been found that the temperatures used for spacer material deposition are typically too high for photoresist to withstand. Thus, the pattern is preferably transferred from the photodefinable layer 120a to the temporary layer 140, which is formed of a material that can withstand the process conditions for spacer material deposition and etch, discussed below. In addition to having higher heat resistance than photoresist, the material forming the temporary layer 140 is preferably selected such that it can be selectively removed relative to the material for the spacers 175 (FIG. 10) and the underlying etch stop layer 150. As noted above, the layer 140 is preferably formed of amorphous carbon and, more preferably, transparent carbon.

[0087] The pattern in the modified photodefinable layer 120a is preferably transferred to the temporary layer 140 using a O₂-containing plasma, e.g., a plasma containing SO₂, O₂ and Ar. Other suitable etch chemistries include a Cl₂/O₂/SiCl₄ or SiCl₄/O₂/N₂ or HBr/O₂/N₂/SiCl₄ containing plasma. Advantageously, the SO₂-containing plasma is used as it can etch carbon of the preferred temporary layer 140 at a rate greater than 20 times and, more preferably, greater than 40 times the rate that the hard mask layer 130 is etched. A suitable SO₂-containing plasma is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/931,772 to Abatchev et al., filed Aug. 31, 2004, the entire disclosure of which is incorporate herein by reference. It will be appreciated that the SO₂-containing plasma can simultaneously etch the temporary layer 140 and also remove the photodefinable layer 120a. The resulting lines 124b constitute the placeholders or mandrels along which a pattern of spacers 175 (FIG. 10) will be formed.

[0088] With reference to FIG. 7, the hard mask layer 130 can be removed to facilitate later spacer formation by leaving the temporary layer 140 exposed for subsequent etching (FIG. 10). The hard mask layer 130 can be removed using a buffered oxide etch (BOE), which is a wet etch comprising HF and NH₄F.

[0089] Next, as shown in FIG. 8, a layer 170 of spacer material is preferably blanket deposited conformally over exposed surfaces, including the hard mask layer 150 and the top and sidewalls of the temporary layer 140. The spacer material can be any material that can act as a mask for transferring a pattern to the underlying hard mask layer 150. The spacer material preferably: 1) can be deposited with good step coverage; 2) can be deposited at a temperature compatible with the temporary layer 140; and 3) can be selectively etched relative to the temporary layer 140 and underlying hard mask layer 150. Preferred materials include silicon, silicon oxides and silicon nitrides. In the illustrated embodiment, the spacer material is silicon oxide, which provides particular advantages in combination with other selected materials of the masking stack.

[0090] Preferred methods for spacer material deposition include chemical vapor deposition, e.g., using O₃ and TEOS to form silicon oxide, and atomic layer deposition, e.g., using a silicon precursor with an oxygen or nitrogen precursor to form silicon oxides and nitrides, respectively. The thickness of the layer 170 is preferably determined based upon the desired width of the spacers 175 (FIG. 10). For example, in the one exemplary embodiment, the layer 170 is preferably deposited to a thickness of about 20–80 nm and, more preferably, about 40–60 nm. Preferably, the step coverage is about 80% or greater and, more preferably, about 90% or greater.

[0091] With reference to FIGS. 9A and 9B, the silicon oxide spacer layer 170 is then subjected to an anisotropic etch to remove spacer material from horizontal surfaces 180 of the partially formed integrated circuit 100. Such an etch, also known as a spacer etch, can be performed using a fluorocarbon plasma, e.g., containing CF₄/CHF₃, C₄F₈/CH₂F₂ or CHF₃/Ar plasma.

[0092] With reference to FIG. 10, the temporary layer 140 is next removed to leave freestanding spacers 175. The temporary layer 140 is selectively removed using an organic strip process. Preferred etch chemistries include a oxygen-containing plasma etch, such as an etch using SO₂.

[0093] Thus, pitch multiplication has been accomplished. In the illustrated embodiment, the pitch of the spacers 175 is roughly half that of the photoresist lines 124 and spaces 122 (FIG. 3A) originally formed by photolithography. Where the photoresist lines 124 had a pitch of about 200 nm, spacers 175 having a pitch of about 100 nm or less can be formed. It will be appreciated that because the spacers 175 are formed on the sidewalls of the features or lines 124b, the spacers 175 generally follow the outline of the pattern of features or lines 124a in the modified photodefinable layer 120a and, so, typically form a closed loop in the spaces 122a between the lines 124a. The spacers 175 form a first pattern 177.

[0094] Next, in a third phase of methods according to the preferred embodiments, a second pattern is formed over the first pattern 177. Preferably, the second pattern comprises features having larger critical dimensions than the first pattern 177. In addition, the second pattern can be formed completely, partially, or not overlapping the first pattern 177.

[0095] To allow the second pattern to be formed, a planar surface is formed by depositing a planarizing material around the spacers 175 to form a planarizing layer 200, as shown in FIG. 11. A selectively definable layer 220 is then formed on the planarizing material to allow for patterning of the second pattern at the periphery 104.

[0096] The planarizing layer 200 is preferably at least as tall as the spacers 175. In addition, the protective layer 200 is preferably formed of a material that can be selectively etched relative to both the spacers 175 and the selectively definable layer 220. For example, the planarizing layer 200 can be formed of a spin-on anti-reflective coating, such as a bottom anti-reflective coating (BARC).

[0097] As with the selectively definable layer 120, the selectively definable layer 220 is preferably photodefinable, e.g., formed of a photoresist, including any photoresist known in the art. In addition, in other embodiments, the layer 220 can be formed of a resist suitable for patterning by nano-imprint lithography.

[0098] In some preferred embodiments, the planarizing layer 200 can be omitted and the selectively definable layer 220 can be formed directly on and around the spacers 175. Such a scheme can be employed where the patterns can be defined in the layer 220 with good integrity and where the resolution enhancement properties of an anti-reflective coating are not desired. For example, the anti-reflective coating can be omitted if the material underlying the selectively definable layer 220 is sufficiently non-reflective.

[0099] With reference to FIG. 12, the photodefinable layer 220 is patterned using, e.g., the same photolithographic technique used to pattern the photodefinable layer 120. Thus, a pattern 230 is formed in the photodefinable layer 220. Where the pattern 230 is used to mask features in the periphery 104, the area in the photodefinable layer 220 in the array 102 is preferably open, as illustrated. As noted above, however, while illustrated laterally adjacent the pattern 177, the pattern 230 can partially or completely overlap the pattern 177 or be completely separated from the pattern 177. Thus, the use of different reference numerals (177 and 230) for these patterns indicates that they were originally formed in different steps.

[0100] While the pattern 177 preferably has a pitch or feature size smaller than the minimum pitch or resolution of the photolithographic technique used in forming it, the pattern 230 preferably has a pitch or feature size equal to or greater than the minimum pitch or resolution of the photolithographic technique used to form that pattern. It will be appreciated that the pattern 230 at the periphery 104 can be used to form landing pads, transistors, local interconnects, etc.

[0101] In a fourth phase of methods according to the preferred embodiments, the patterns 177 and 230 are consolidated on one level below the spacers and simultaneously transferred to the substrate 110.

[0102] With reference to FIG. 13, the pattern 230 is transferred to the same level as the pattern 177 of spacers 175. An anisotropic BARC etch is performed to define the periphery features in the protective layer 210 and to also open up the array features. The parts of the protective layer 210 that are unprotected by parts of the photodefinable layer 220 are preferably selectively etched using an anisotropic etch, using, e.g., a HBr/O₂ plasma or a SO₂-containing plasma. This etch preferentially removes the protective layer 200 around the oxide spacers 175, thereby leaving those spacers 175 exposed.

[0103] With reference to FIGS. 14–16, the second and third hard mask layers are etched to transfer the patterns 177 and 230 down to the primary mask layer 160, to form a mixed pattern in the primary mask layer 160. With reference to FIG. 14, the patterns 177 and 230 are first both transferred to the second hard mask layer 150. Where the second hard mask 150 is formed of amorphous silicon, it is preferably anisotropically etched using, e.g., a HBr and Cl₂ containing plasma. Such an etch preferably etches the amorphous silicon at a rate greater than about 5 times and, more preferably, greater than about 10 times the rate at which the silicon oxide spacers 175 and silicon oxide third hard mask 155 can be etched.

[0104] With reference to FIG. 15, the first and second patterns 177 and 230 are cleaned. As noted above, the carbon material forming the photoresist and DARC layers 220 and 210 can polymerize upon contact with etchants. For example, the HBr/Cl₂ etch of the second hard mask layer 150 can cause parts of the layers 220 and 210 to polymerize and leave a residue around features in the second hard mask layer 150, causing a pattern having undesirably non-uniform features. Thus, the patterns 177 and 230 are preferably cleaned by stripping off an organic material. The strip can be accomplished using, e.g., an isotropic etch with O₂ plasma.

[0105] With reference to FIG. 16, the patterns 177 and 230 are then both transferred to the third hard mask layer 155. Where the third hard mask 155 is formed of a LSO, it is preferably anisotropically etched using, e.g., a fluorocarbon plasma. The fluorocarbon plasma preferably includes C₄F₈, CH₂F₂, Ar and O₂ and can preferably etch the silicon oxide and the amorphous carbon at equal rates and, more preferably, can etch the silicon oxide at a rate greater than about 10 times the rate at which the amorphous silicon layer 150 is etched.

[0106] With reference to FIG. 17, the patterns 177 and 230 are transferred to the primary mask layer 160. The transfer is preferably accomplished by anisotropically etching the primary mask layer 160, preferably using a SO₂-containing plasma. Other suitable etch chemistries include a Cl₂/O₂, HBr/O₂/N₂ or SiCl₄/O₂N₂/HBr or SiCl₄/O₂-containing plasma. As noted above, the SO₂-containing plasma is preferably used as it has been found to have excellent selectivity for the amorphous carbon of the primary mask layer 160 relative to the hard mask layers 150 and 155. Thus, a thick enough mask can be formed in the primary mask layer 160 to later effectively transfer the mask pattern to the substrate 110, particularly through multiple materials of the substrate using selective etch chemistries and without wearing away the primary mask layer 160 before the pattern transfer is complete.

[0107] With reference to FIG. 18, after being transferred to the primary mask layer 160, the patterns 177 and 230 are transferred to the substrate 110 using the layer 160 as a mask. Given the disparate materials typically used for the primary mask layer 160 and the substrate 110 (e.g., amorphous carbon and silicon or silicon compounds, respectively), the pattern transfer can be readily accomplished using etch chemistries appropriate for etching the material or materials of the substrate 110. For example, a fluorocarbon etch comprising CF₄, CHF₃ and/or NF₃ containing plasma can be used to etch silicon nitride, a fluorocarbon etch comprising CF₄, CHF₃, CH₂F₂ and/or C₄F₈ containing plasma can be used to etch silicon oxide and a HBr, Cl₂, NF₃, SF₆ and/or CF₄ containing plasma etch can be used to etch silicon. In addition, the skilled artisan can readily determine suitable etch chemistries for other substrate materials, such as conductors, including aluminum, transition metals, and transition metal nitrides. For example, an aluminum substrate can be etched using a fluorocarbon etch.

[0108] It will be appreciated that where the substrate 110 comprises layers of different materials, a succession of different chemistries, preferably dry-etch chemistries, can be used to successively etch through these different layers, if a single chemistry is not sufficient to etch all the different materials. It will also be appreciated that, depending upon the chemistry or chemistries used, the spacers 175 and the hard mask layer 150 may be etched. Using amorphous carbon for the primary mask layer 160, however, advantageously offers excellent resistance to conventional etch chemistries, especially those used for etching silicon-containing materials. Thus, the primary mask layer 160 can effectively be used as a mask for etching through a plurality of substrate layers, or for forming high aspect ratio trenches. In addition, the pitch doubled pattern 177 and the pattern 230 formed by conventional lithography can simultaneously be transferred to the substrate 110, or each individual layer of the substrate 110, in a single etch step.

[0109] In one example, the sequence of substrate layers 110a–110d can be etched using various etch chemistries, which preferably anisotropically etch the various layers. The silicide layer 110a can be etched using a Cl₂/CF₄ plasma at a pressure of about 3–10 mTorr, with about 200–350 watt source power and about 50–100 watt bias power; the polysilicon layer 110b can etched be using a HBr/Cl₂ plasma at a pressure of about 10–30 mTorr, with about 300–500 watt source power and about 20–50 watt bias power; the oxide-nitride-oxide (ONO) composite layer 110c can be etched using a CF₄/CH₂F₂/He plasma at a pressure of about 5–10 mTorr, with about 600–1000 watt soruce power and about 200–400 watt bias power; and the polysilicon layer 110d can be etched using a HBr/He/O₂ plasma at a pressure of about 40–80 mTorr, with about 250–400 watt soruce power and about 50–100 watt bias power.

[0110] With reference to FIG. 19, in some preferred embodiments, the spacers 175 can be removed before using the primary mask layer 160 to transfer the patterns 177 and 230 to the substrate 110. The removal is preferably performed using an etch selective for the spacers 175. For example, where the spacers 175 comprise a silicon oxide, the spacer removal can be accomplished using a wet or dry etch, e.g., a wet buffered oxide etch or a dry etch using a CH₂F₂/C₄F₈/Ar/O₂ plasma. As noted above, this spacer removal can advantageously straighten and/or stabilize the profile of the features forming the patterns 177 and 230, especially where the features are taller than optimal for etching the substrate 110.

[0111] FIG. 20 shows a structure resulting after etching the substrate 110. As noted above, the substrate 110 can be any layer of material or materials that the patterns 177 and 230 are etched into. The composition of the substrate 110 can depend upon, e.g., the electrical device to be formed. Thus, in FIG. 19, the substrate 110 comprises a silicide layer 110a, a polysilicon layer 110b, an oxide-nitride-oxide (ONO) composite layer 110c and a floating gate (FG) polysilicon layer 110d. On the right hand side of the figure, this sequence of layers forms a source select gate (SG) control line 110e. Note that all the illustrated features are located in the array, although the SG control line 110e has a relatively large critical dimension due to being defined using the pattern 230. Such an arrangement of layers can be advantageously used in the formation of, e.g., a control gate stack for NAND flash memory.

[0112] Note that the etched surfaces exhibit exceptionally low edge roughness. In addition, the trenches formed in the array show excellent uniformity, even at the low 100 nm pitch (50 nm feature size) pictured. Advantageously, these results are achieved while also forming well-defined and smooth lines in the periphery, which can have a width significantly greater than about 100 nm, e.g., about 250 nm in the illustrated structure.

[0113] It will be appreciated that the formation of patterns according to the preferred embodiments offers numerous advantages. For example, the ability to deposit the second and third hard mask layers 150 and 155 at low temperatures of, e.g., less than about 550° C., more preferably, less than about 400° C. maintains the structural and chemical integrity of the amorphous carbon layer 160. Moreover, the third hard mask layer 155 can provide a buffer to protect the amorphous carbon layer 160 from etch chemistries employed for overlying materials. Advantageously, the third hard mask layer 155 allows overlying patterns to be cleaned without undesirably etching the amorphous carbon layer 160. Thus, the definition of the patterns can be improved and unwanted materials, such as polymerized. organics, can be effectively removed.

[0114] In addition, because multiple patterns, with differently-sized features, can be consolidated on a single final mask layer before being transferred to a substrate, overlapping patterns can easily be transferred to the substrate. Thus, pitch-doubled features and features formed by conventional photolithography can easily be formed connected to each other. Moreover, as evident in FIG. 20, exceptionally small features can be formed, while at the same time achieving exceptionally low line edge roughness. While not limited by theory, it is believed that such low line edge roughness is the result of the use of the layers 140 and 160. Forming the spacers 175 and performing multiple anisotropic etches to transfer the patterns 177 and 230 from the level of the temporary layer 140 to the primary mask layer 160 and then to the substrate 110 are believed to beneficially smooth the surfaces of the features forming the patterns 177 and 230. Moreover, the preferred amorphous carbon etch chemistries disclosed herein allow the use of thin hard mask layers, such as the layers 130, 150, and 155 relative to the depth that underlying amorphous carbon layers, such as the layers 140 and 160, are etched. This advantageously allows the layers 140 and 160 to be more easily and effectively etched. In addition, demands on the identity and etch selectivity for the layers (e.g., the photoresist layers in FIG. 5) overlying the hard mask layers are reduced, since the hard mask layers 130, 150 and 155 do not need to be etched to a great depth.

[0115] It will also be appreciated that various modifications of the illustrated process flow are possible. For example, pitch multiplied patterns typically formed closed loops, since the patterns are formed by spacers that formed along the wall of a mandrel. Consequently, where the pitch multiplied pattern is used to form conductive lines, additional processing steps are preferably used to cut off the ends of these loops, so that each loop forms two individual, non-connected lines. This can be accomplished, for example, by forming a protective mask around the parts of the lines to be maintained, while etching away the unprotected ends of the masks. A suitable method for cutting off the ends of the loops is disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/931,771 to Tran et al., filed Aug. 31, 2004, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated be reference herein.

[0116] In addition to forming gate control stacks, it will be appreciated that the preferred embodiments can be employed to form interconnect lines and associated integrated circuit features, such as landing pads. FIGS. 21A and 21B show top views of an integrated circuit after the etching way the ends of the loops to form individual conductive interconnects. FIG. 21A shows the ends of the loops formed with landing pads for each interconnect, while FIG. 21B shows the other end of the interconnects. It will be appreciated that the magnifications for each figure is different. Methods for forming interconnects and landing pads are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/931,771 to Tran et al., filed Aug. 31, 2004, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0117] It will also be appreciated that the pitch of the pattern 177 can be more than doubled. For example, the pattern 177 can be further pitch multiplied by forming spacers around the spacers 175, then removing the spacers 175, then forming spacers around the spacers that were formerly around the spacers 175, and so on. An exemplary method for further pitch multiplication is discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,328,810 to Lowrey et al. In addition, while the preferred embodiments can advantageously be applied to form patterns having both pitch multiplied and conventionally photolithographically defined features, the patterns 177 and 230 can both be pitch multiplied or can have different degrees of pitch multiplication.

[0118] Moreover, more than two patterns 177 and 230 can be consolidated on the primary mask layer 160 if desired. In such cases, additional mask layers can be deposited between the layers 140 and 160. For example, the patterns 177 and 230 can be transferred to an additional mask layer overlying the hard mask layer 150 and then the sequence of steps illustrated in FIGS. 11–16 can be performed to protect the patterns 177 and 230, to form a new pattern in an overlying photodefinable layer, and to transfer the patterns to the substrate 110. The additional mask layer preferably comprises a material that can be selectively etched relative to the hard mask layer 150 and a protective layer that surrounds the patterns 177 and 230 after being transferred to the additional mask layer.

[0119] In addition, the preferred embodiments can be employed multiple times throughout an integrated circuit fabrication process to form pitch multiplied features in a plurality of layers or vertical levels, which may be vertically contiguous or non-contiguous and vertically separated. In such cases, each of the individual levels to be patterned would constitute a substrate 110 and the various layers 120–220 can formed over the individual level to be patterned. It will also be appreciated that the particular composition and height of the various layers 120–220 discussed above can be varied depending upon a particular application. For example, the thickness of the layer 160 can be varied depending upon the identity of the substrate 110, e.g., the chemical composition of the substrate, whether the substrate comprises single or multiple layers of material, the depth of features to be formed, etc., and the available etch chemistries. In some cases, one or more layers of the layer 120–220 can be omitted or more layers can be added. For example, the layer 160 can be omitted in cases where the hard mask layers 150 and/or 155 are sufficient to adequately transfer a pattern to the substrate 110.

[0120] Also, while “processing” through the various mask layers preferably involves etching an underlying layer, processing through the mask layers can involve subjecting layers underlying the mask layers to any semiconductor fabrication process. For example, processing can involve ion implantation, diffusion doping, depositing, or wet etching, etc. through the mask layers and onto underlying layers. In addition, the mask layers can be used as a stop or barrier for chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) or CMP can be performed on any of the layers to allow for both planarization and etching of the underlying layers, as discussed in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/666,031, filed Mar. 28, 2005, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.

[0121] Accordingly, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various other omissions, additions and modifications may be made to the methods and structures described above without departing from the scope of the invention. All such modifications and changes are intended to fall within the scope of the invention, as defined by the appended claims.