US 4,398,259 AGrant
Snap Acceleration Method of Diagnosing Faults in Internal Combustion Engines
Issue Date:1983-08-09
•9 Claims
•4 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A method and apparatus are disclosed for diagnosing faults in individual cylinders of an internal combustion engine. An engine (12) is accelerated, while an analyzer (10) provides measurements of the time intervals required for the engine to rotate for successive, equal angular increments as the engine is being accelerated, where each increment is a fraction of the rotation required for a single engine cylinder power contribution. The values of the resulting sequence of time interval measurements generally undulate with time about an average value due to the power contribution of each individual cylinder, with the average value of the time interval measurements and the magnitude of the undulations about this average value generally decreasing with time due to the acceleration of the engine. The analyzer (10) modifies the time interval measurements in the sequence so as to provide a modified sequence having a substantially constant average value and substantially constant magnitude of undulation. The analyzer (10) then compares the characteristics of the individual undulations in the modified sequence so as to diagnose faults in the individual cylinders in the engine.
Metadata
Assignee
- Harris Corporation
Inventor
- David A. Levine
Application Information
Application Number:US 1745468
Filing Date:1980-08-01
Priority Date:1980-08-01
Art Unit:237
Classifications
IPC:
G01M 1500G06F 1546
Field of Search:
36473550;551;431.01116;117.3
Patent Drawings (4 sheets)
Description
BACKGROUND AND FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to methods of diagnosing faults in internal combustion engines, and more particularly to a snap acceleration test for diagnosing faults in individual cylinders of an engine during operation of the engine under loaded conditions.
One known method of testing internal combustion engines involves the taking of incremental rotational rate data while the engine is being rapidly accelerated from a relatively low speed to a relatively high speed. The patent to Hanson, U.S. Pat. No. 3,994,160 relates to a method employing such an acceleration burst test in order to provide an indication of the overall power of the engine. In the co-pending, commonly assigned patent application of Buck et al, Ser. No. 781,313, filed Mar. 25, 1977, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,295,363, and entitled "Apparatus for Diagnosing Faults in Individual Cylinders in an Internal Combustion Engine", a snap acceleration test is described wherein the data taken is utilized to diagnose faults in the individual cylinders in the engine. In the Buck et al. application, the data consists of a plurality of incremental time interval measurements, each measuring the amount of time required for the engine to rotate through a corresponding small angular increment, taken while the engine is accelerating. Because of the power contributions of the individual cylinders in the engine, these time interval measurements will have generally undulating values. In the Buck et al. application faults in the individual cylinders were determined by comparing the magnitude of these undulations of the individual cylinders, these magnitude values having first been normalized in accordance with the changing speed of the engine.
Although this prior snap acceleration test could successfully diagnose faults, the absolute magnitudes of the various measurements varied substantially as the tests were repeated. This had a tendency to reduce the credibility of the test to the user, even though the fault indications were, in fact, accurate.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved method of diagnosing faults in individual cylinders in internal combustion engines.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a snap acceleration test which is different than that described in the Buck et al. application and which produces results that are more regular and repeatable.
It is another object of the present invention to provide method and apparatus for modifying the data acquired during snap acceleration of an engine such that the resulting data may be more readily analyzed to diagnose faults.
In accordance with the present invention, a method is provided of diagnosing faults in individual cylinders in an internal combustion engine. This method includes the steps of accelerating the engine and measuring the time intervals required for the engine to rotate through successive, equal angular increments as the engine is being accelerated, where each increment is a fraction of the rotation required for a single engine cylinder power contribution. A sequence of the interval measurement is therefore provided, the values of which generally undulate about an average value due to the power contributions of the individual cylinders, wherein the average value of the time interval measurements and the magnitude of the undulations about the average value generally decrease with time due to the acceleration of the engine. The method further includes the steps of modifying the time interval measurements in the sequence so as to provide a modified sequence having a substantially constant average value and magnitude of undulations and comparing characteristics of the individual undulations in the modified sequence so as to diagnose faults in the individual cylinders in the engine.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The foregoing and other objects and advantages of the present invention will become more readily apparent from the following detailed description, as taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an engine testing system in which the present invention may find convenient use;
FIG. 2 is an idealized graph illustrating the manner in which the time interval measurements taken by the apparatus of FIG. 1 decrease in time due to the acceleration of the engine;
FIGS. 3-6 are flow charts representing the operation of the apparatus of FIG. 1 in performing the method of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a graphical representation of a portion of the data taken by the apparatus of FIG. 1, and is useful in understanding the manner in which the sequence of time interval data is modified; and
FIG. 8 is a graphical representation of the modified sequence of time interval measurements, and is useful in understanding the manner in which this modified sequence is used to diagnose faults in individual cylinders in an internal combustion engine.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Referring now to the drawings, wherein the showings are for purposes of illustrating a preferred embodiment of the invention only, and not for purposes of limiting it, FIG. 1 illustrates the analyzer 10 in conjunction with a diesel engine 12 which is to be tested.
Whereas the invention is described herein in conjunction with compression ignition (diesel) engines, it will be appreciated that the invention is not limited thereto as it may also be used for testing other types of engines, such as spark ignition engines. In the example given herein, the diesel engine is a fuel injected engine having six, in-line cylinders. The firing order of the cylinders is 1-5-3-6-2-4. It is a four cycle engine which means that the crankshaft requires two full revolutions for all cylinders to fire. A crankshaft 14 carries a flywheel 16 having a ring gear 18 carried on its outer periphery. This ring gear is provided with 118 evenly spaced ring gear teeth which extend radially outward in an annular array. These ring gear teeth are employed during starting of the engine, and are then engaged by a crank motor 20 so as to drive the crankshaft.
The analyzer 10 employs a sensor 22 for sensing the passage of each ring gear tooth past a particular point. The sensor will preferably be of the reluctance or magnetic type, and will be mounted on the flywheel housing (not shown) so that the sensor extends through the housing and is positioned to produce one pulse upon the passage of each tooth of the ring gear. These pulses are supplied to a signal processor 24, which may take the form described in detail in the Buck et al. application referred to above. Thus, for each revolution of the crankshaft 14, the sensor 22 will produce a total of 118 pulses to the signal processor 24. Since one engine cycle requires two revolutions of the crankshaft, 236 pulses will be supplied to the processor for each engine cycle.
As mentioned previously, the engine being described is a six cylinder engine, each engine cycle will therefore include six power periods with each power period including a compression stroke and an acceleration or power stroke. The compression and acceleration strokes in each of the six power periods will influence the duration of the time intervals between the pulses produced by the sensor 22. As has been described in the Buck et al. application and also in other patents such as Racliffe et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,064,747, these varying time intervals may be used for diagnosing faults in the individuals cylinders of the internal combustion engine.
In order to relate the pulses provided by the sensor 22 to the respective compression and acceleration strokes of particular cylinders, some means will generally be provided for indicating when the engine is at a particular point in its cycle. In the described embodiment, this is accomplished by producing one pulse, referred to hereinafter as a crank marker pulse, at a specific point in each engine cycle. To produce this pulse, a disc 26 is mounted to the end of a camshaft 28 driven by the crankshaft 14. Attached to the disc 26 is a pin 30 (which may be a bolt or the like) whose passage is sensed by another suitable reluctance type sensor 32. The gear linkage between the camshaft 28 and the crankshaft 14 is such that the camshaft 28 rotates at one-half the speed of the crankshaft 14, thereby rotating one full revolution for each cycle of the engine. The sensor therefore produces one crank marker pulse at a known point in each engine cycle, which pulses are then used to correlate ring gear pulses to point in the engine cycle.
The signal processor 24 receives the pulses from the two sensors 22 and 32 and forwards data, in the form of time interval measurements, for storage in a memory 34 associated with a microcomputer 36. An input/output control 38 is controlled by the microcomputer 36 to manipulate the signal processor 24 and control the entry of data into the memory 34 associated with the microcomputer 36. The contents and operation of the signal processor 24 and input/output control 38 may be as described in the aforemention Buck et al. application.
The samples forwarded to the signal processor take the form of multibit digital words. For each engine cycle of the engine 12, there will be 236 samples, each representing the time interval between successive pulses provided by the flywheel sensor 22. Upon the completion of the taking of samples by the signal processor 24 and the storage of these samples in the memory 34, the microcomputer 36 will process the samples to make a full diagnosis. When the diagnosis has been completed a suitable display representative of the diagnosis is presented on a visual display 40, which may be a CRT, a series of indicator lights, a suitable alphanumeric display, etc.
It is contemplated that the analyzer will be employed for testing various engine types; information which must be entered into the computer to identify the engine type and various engine parameters will be entered by the operator through a keyboard 42. Preferably the display 40 will provide appropriate prompting messages to the operator to assist him in the entry of the necessary information.
One of the tests performed by this analyzer to diagnose faults in an internal combustion engine involves the rapid acceleration of the engine from an idle speed to a much higher speed. Thus, this test is made with the engine operating, and is initiated when the engine 12 is idling under normal idle conditions. In performing the test, the operator will snap the throttle of the engine 12 to the wide open position so that the engine will rapidly accelerate from the idle speed to some higher speed. The curve in FIG. 2 shows an idealized plot of the resulting time intervals with respect to ring gear teeth. The ordinant represents the duration of individual time intervals and the abscissa represents the number of the tooth for which a given time interval measurement was taken (or, equivalently, the number of the time interval measurement). (In examining this graph it will be remembered that speed varies inversely with interval time. Thus, the reduced amplitude of the graph at higher N values represents an increase in the speed of the engine.)
It will be noted that the graph represented by the sequence of time interval measurements has a generally decreasing average value, and has undulations superimposed on that decreasing average value, where the undulations themselves diminish in amplitude as well. Each of these undulations represents the power contribution of one single corresponding cylinder of the engine 12. Thus, the rising edge RE of each undulation represents a compression stroke of the corresponding cylinder, whereas the falling edge FE represents the acceleration or power stroke of that cylinder. By examining the magnitudes of the compression and power strokes relative to corresponding strokes of the other cylinders, the propriety of the functioning of the individual cylinders of the engine under loaded conditions may be determined. In accordance with the present invention, this generally decreasing, undulating characteristic illustrated in FIG. 2 is first modified before the undulations produced by the individual cylinders are compared to determine cylinder performance.
As illustrated generally in FIG. 3, which is a representation of the overall flow of operations in the microcomputer 36 in performing the snap acceleration test, this method involves three procedures, including a data acquisition procedure 100, a data modification procedure 200, and a data diagnostic procedure 300.
Stated generally, the purpose of the data acquisition procedure 100 is to acquire a sequence of time interval measurements (to be stored in the memory 34) during the rapid acceleration of the engine from an idle speed to a faster speed.
The data modification procedure 200 eliminates the generally decreasing trend of the average of the time interval measurements, as well as the decreasing magnitude of the undulations which are imposed upon this moving average.
The diagnostic procedure compares the undulations in the modified sequence of data to diagnose faults in the individual cylinders. These three procedures will now be described in greater detail.
Data Acquisition
During the data acquisition procedure the microcomputer 36 provides appropriate displays on the display 40 to advise the operator when to start and to stop a snap acceleration of the engine. This procedure also controls the transferal of the time interval measurements from the signal processor 24 to the memory 34 for later diagnosis in the modification and diagnostic procedures. The procedure, as illustrated in FIG. 4, includes the following steps:
Data Modification Procedure
In this procedure, the data acquired in the data acquisition procedure 100 is modified so as to eliminate the decreasing trend or average value of the data, as well as the generally decreasing magnitude of the undulations which are imposed upon this moving average. The purpose of this is to provide a sequence of time interval measurements which can more readily be compared one against another. In order to accomplish this, the data modification procedure matches two mathematical curves to selected peaks and selected valleys, respectively, of the time interval measurement curve illustrated in FIG. 2, and then uses these matched curves to modify the data.
More specifically, the data modification procedure selects three peaks (T2, N2); (T3, N3); and (T4, N4) which are one engine cycle apart so that each peak represents the peak of an undulation produced by the same cylinder. A generalized hyperbolic function (F1) having three unknown coefficients is then matched to these three data points so as to provide a mathematical function which varies smoothly and monotonically (that is, either continually increasing or continually decreasing) and which generally follows the peaks of the undulations in the acquired data.
Thereafter, two data points corresponding to valleys one engine cycle apart are selected, and are used to match a second, less generalized hyperbolic function (F.sub.2) having only two unknown coefficients. The resulting mathematical function will again be smoothly and monotonically varied, and will generally follow the valleys of the data.
The resulting curves F1 and F2 match the acceleration trends of the engine. It will be noted that these curves might deviate substantially from this desired form if data points were selected which were not an integral number of engine cycles apart, i.e., if data points were selected which represented power contributions by different cylinders. Individual cylinder performance variations can perturb the relative values of such data points to the extent that they do not collectively characterize the general acceleration trend of the engine.
Since the magnitude of the undulations is gradually decreasing, the separation between these two functions F1 and F2 is similarly decreasing. Therefore, these two functions F1 and F2 properly characterize not only the moving average of the time interval measurements, but also the decreasing magnitude of the undulations which are superimposed upon the moving average. These two functions are used to modify the stored data to provide data having a generally constant average and a constant magnitude of undulations. The manner in which this is accomplished is described hereinafter. The procedure, as illustrated in FIG. 5, includes the following steps:
Fault Diagnostic Procedure
The modified data generated by the data modification procedure 200 has the form generally illustrated in FIG. 8. As can be seen in this Figure, the undulations now have a relatively constant average, and vary generally between the limits of 0 and 1. There are asymmetries in these peaks, however these are generally due to differences in the power contributions of the individual cylinders, rather than due to a systematic change in the data due to an increase in speed of the engine. This procedure compares the performance of individual cylinders by comparing peaks in the modified data. More specifically, faults are located by determining the integral under each of the peaks, and determining the extent to which the integral for each peak deviates from the integral of the next succeeding peak. If for a given peak P1 the integral thereof is substantially less than the integral for the next succeeding peak P2, a fault is indicated. This procedure, as illustrated in FIG. 6, includes the following steps:
Thus, a snap acceleration test has been provided wherein the engine is snapped from an idle speed to a much higher speed, with time interval data being taken during acceleration of the engine. This time interval data is first modified so as to produce a modified sequence of data in which characteristics of the power contribution of each cylinder can be directly compared against those of the other cylinders. In addition, a specific method of providing this comparison has been described.
Although the invention has been described with respect to a preferred embodiment, it will be appreciated that various rearrangements and alterations of parts may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, as defined in the appended claims.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method of diagnosing faults in individual cylinders in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: accelerating said engine, measuring the time intervals required for the engine to rotate through successive, equal angular increments as said engine is being accelerated, each increment being a fraction of the rotation required for a single engine cylinder power contribution, thereby producing a sequence of time interval measurements the values of which generally undulate about an average value due to the power contributions of individual cylinders, and wherein the average value of said time interval measurements and the magnitude of the undulations about the average value generally decrease with time due to the acceleration of said engine, modifying values corresponding to said values of said time interval measurements in said sequence so as to provide a modified sequence having a substantially constant average value and magnitude of undulation regardless of the acceleration of said engine, and comparing characteristics of individual said undulations in said modified sequence so as to diagnose faults in individual cylinders in said engine, wherein said step of modifying includes selecting at least two time interval measurements taken an integral number of engine cycles apart, matching a regular, monotonic function to said selected measurements, and modifying said time interval measurements in accordance with said matched function.
2. A method of diagnosing faults in individual cylinders in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: accelerating said engine, measuring the time intervals required for the engine to rotate through successive, equal angular increments as said engine is being accelerated, each increment being a fraction of the rotation required for a single engine cylinder power contribution, thereby producing a sequence of time interval measurements the values of which generally undulate about an average value due to the power contributions of individual cylinders, and wherein the average value of said time interval measurements and the magnitude of the undulations about the average value generally decrease with time due to the acceleration of said engine, modifying values corresponding to said values of said time interval measurements in said sequence so as to provide a modified sequence having a substantially constant average value and magnitude of undulation regardless of the acceleration of said engine, and comparing characteristics of individual said undulations in said modified sequence so as to diagnose faults in individual cylinders in said engine, wherein said step of modifying includes the steps of matching a first regular, monotonic function to selected peaks of said undulations, matching a second regular, monotonic function to selected valleys of said undulations, and utilizing said first and second matched functions to modify said time interval measurements.
3. A method as set forth in claim 2, wherein at least one of said matching steps includes the step of selecting at least two time interval measurements taken an integral number of engine cycles apart and matching said function to said selected time interval measurements.
4. A method as set forth in claim 2, wherein at least one of said matching steps includes the step of matching a hyperbolic function to said selected values of said undulations.
5. A method as set forth in claim 2, wherein said first and second functions comprise functions F1 and F2, respectively, evaluated in accordance with a number N identifying the numerical location of a corresponding time interval measurement T(N) in said sequence of measurements to provide corresponding values F1(N) and F2(N), respectively, and wherein said step of utilizing said first and second functions to modify said measurements comprises the step of determining the ratio of T(N) minus F2(N) to F1(N) minus F2(N) for each said measurement, said ratio serving as said modified measurement.
6. A method of diagnosing faults in individual cylinders in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: accelerating said engine, measuring the time intervals required for the engine to rotate through successive, equal angular increments as said engine is being accelerated, each increment being a fraction of the rotation required for a single engine cylinder power contribution, thereby producing a sequence of time interval measurements the values of which generally undulate about an average value due to the power contributions of individual cylinders, and wherein the average value of said time interval measurements and the magnitude of the undulations about the average value generally decrease with time due to the acceleration of said engine, modifying values corresponding to said values of said time interval measurements in said sequence so as to provide a modified sequence having a substantially constant average value and magnitude of undulation regardless of the acceleration of said engine, and comparing characteristics of individual said undulations in said modified sequence so as to diagnose faults in individual cylinders in said engine, wherein said step of comparing characteristics of said undulations comprises the step of determining the integral of each one of the plural said undulations occurring in time interval measurements taken over at least one engine cycle, and, for each of said undulations, comparing the integral of that undulation with the integral of the next succeeding undulation to diagnose faults in said engine.
7. A method as set forth in claim 6, wherein the step of comparing said integrals comprises the steps of determining, for each of said undulations, the difference between the associated integral and the integral associated with the next succeeding undulation, adding a predetermined value to each said difference to provide a corresponding sum, dividing each said sum by the average said sum to provide a corresponding quotient, and comparing each said quotient with a predetermined value to determine faults in said engine.
8. Apparatus for diagnosing faults in individual cylinders in an internal combustion engine as the engine is being accelerated, comprising: means responsive to rotation of said engine for providing a plurality of successive signals each having a value indicating the time interval taken by the engine to rotate through a corresponding one of successive, equal angular increments as said engine is being accelerated, each angular increment being a fraction of the rotation required for a single engine cylinder power contribution, thereby producing a sequence of signals the values of which generally undulate about an average value due to the power contributions of individual cylinders and wherein the average value of said signals and the magnitude of the undulations about the average value generally decrease with time due to the acceleration of the engine; means for modifying the values of said sequence of signals so as to provide a modified sequence having a substantially constant average value and magnitude of undulation regardless of the acceleration of the engine, and for comparing characteristics of individual said undulations in the modified sequence so as to diagnose faults in individual cylinders in the engine.
9. Apparatus as set forth in claim 8 wherein said modifying and comparing means comprise programmed computer means programmed to first modify the values of said sequence to provide said modified sequence and then compare characteristics of individual said undulations in the modified sequence.