Setting an operating bias current for a magnetoresistive head by computing a target operating voltage

[0001] This application is related to co-pending U.S. patent application titled “SETTING AN OPERATING BIAS CURRENT FOR A MAGNETORESISTIVE HEAD USING RATIO OF TARGET VOLTAGE AND MEASURED VOLTAGE”, Ser. No. 11/761,224, filed on the same day as the present application and incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] 1. Field

[0003] The present invention relates to magnetoresistive heads. In particular, the present invention relates to setting an operating bias current for a magnetoresistive head by computing a target operating voltage.

[0004] 2. Description of the Related Art

[0005] Magnetoresistive (MR) heads are typically employed in data storage devices, such as magnetic tape drives and disk drives, for transducing the magnetic transitions recorded on a magnetic medium into a read signal that is demodulated by a read channel. A MR head comprises an MR element having a resistance that varies in response to the magnetic field emanating from the recording medium. The read signal may be generated by applying a constant bias voltage to the MR element and measuring the change in current flowing through the MR element as the resistance varies. Alternatively, the read signal may be generated by applying a constant bias current to the MR element and measuring the change in voltage across the MR element as the resistance varies.

[0006] Increasing the bias current of the MR element typically increases the quality of the read signal (increases signal-to-noise); however, setting the bias current too high reduces the lifetime of the MR element. For example, setting the bias current too high can reduce the lifetime of a giant MR element (GMR) due to self-heating and concomitant high current density, and it can reduce the lifetime of a tunneling MR element (TMR) due to dielectric breakdown. The lifetime of the MR element is also typically affected by other operating characteristics, such as the ambient temperature. The prior art has suggested to characterize the MR element using various lifetime testing procedures which applies stresses in order to accelerate the time to failure (e.g., increasing the bias current). The lifetime information is then used to select a nominal bias current setting (taking into account tolerance) for a family of MR elements employed in the field, such as in a family of disk drives. The prior art has also suggested to correlate the bias current settings with MR resistance and ambient temperature during the lifetime testing, and to use this information to adjust the bias current setting while in the field.

[0007] Certain MR elements, such as tunneling MR elements, exhibit a negative voltage coefficient of resistance resulting in a non-linear voltage drop at higher current densities as illustrated in FIG. 1. The negative voltage coefficient of resistance makes it very difficult to determine an accurate bias current setting directly as a function of resistance and ambient temperature. An alternative is to generate a multi-dimensional lookup table having parameters such as resistance and temperature as input, and the corresponding bias current setting as the output. However, the size of this table becomes unwieldy, particular as the number of input parameters increases beyond just resistance and ambient temperature.

[0008] There is, therefore, a need for an efficient technique to set an operating bias current for an MR element.

[0009] An embodiment of the present invention comprises a disk drive having a disk, and a head actuated over the disk, the head comprising a magnetoresistive (MR) element. Control circuitry within the disk drive sets an operating bias current for the MR element by computing a target voltage for the MR element, applying a bias current to the MR element, measuring a voltage across the MR element corresponding to the bias current, and adjusting the bias current applied to the MR element until the measured voltage substantially equals the target voltage.

[0010] In one embodiment, the control circuitry is further operable to set the operating bias current for the MR element by computing a resistance estimate for the MR element, and computing the target voltage in response to the resistance estimate.

[0011] In another embodiment, the control circuitry is further operable to set the operating bias current for the MR element by measuring an ambient temperature of the MR element, and computing the target voltage in response to the measured ambient temperature.

[0012] In still another embodiment, the disk drive comprises a heater for heating the MR element in order to adjust a fly-height of the MR element, wherein the control circuitry computes the target voltage in response to a parameter setting for the heater. In one embodiment, the parameter setting comprises at least one of a heater current, a heater voltage, and a heater power. In another embodiment, the control circuitry computes the target voltage according to:
b₀+(b₁·R)+(b₂·W)+(b₃·R·W)+(b₄·Ftemp)+(b₅·Ftemp·R)
where:

[0013] R is a resistance estimate for the MR element;

[0014] Ftemp is a measured ambient temperature of the MR element;

[0015] W is the heater power; and

[0016] b₀-b₅ are coefficients.

[0017] In yet another embodiment, the control circuitry computes the target voltage using a function comprising a DC offset. The control circuitry determines a first DC offset of the function corresponding to a first ambient temperature, determines a second DC offset of the function corresponding to a second ambient temperature, measures an ambient temperature of the disk drive, and adjusts the DC offset of the function in response to the first DC offset, the second DC offset, and the measured ambient temperature. In one embodiment, the control circuitry adjusts the target voltage in response to the adjusted DC offset, and adjusts the bias current applied to the MR element until the measured voltage substantially equals the adjusted target voltage.

[0018] Another embodiment of the present invention comprises a disk drive having a disk, and a head actuated over the disk, the head comprising a magnetoresistive (MR) element. A heater heats the MR element in order to adjust a fly-height of the MR element, and control circuitry sets an operating bias current for the MR element in response to a parameter setting of the heater.

[0019] Another embodiment of the present invention comprises a method of setting an operating bias current for a magnetoresistive (MR) element of a disk drive, the disk drive comprising a disk, and a head actuated over the disk, wherein the head comprises the MR element. A target voltage for the MR element is computed, a bias current is applied to the MR element, a voltage across the MR element is measured corresponding to the bias current, and the bias current applied to the MR element is adjusted until the measured voltage substantially equals the target voltage.

[0028] FIG. 2A shows a disk drive according to an embodiment of the present invention including a disk 2, a head 4 actuated over the disk 2, the head 4 comprising a magnetoresistive (MR) element, and control circuitry 6 operable to set an operating bias current for the MR element. FIG. 2B is a flow diagram according to an embodiment of the present invention executed by the control circuitry 6. At step 8 a target voltage for the MR element is computed, and at step 10 a bias current is applied to the MR element. At step 12 a voltage across the MR element is measured corresponding to the bias current, and at step 16 the bias current applied to the MR element is adjusted until at step 14 the measured voltage substantially equals the target voltage.

[0029] In the embodiment of FIG. 2A, the disk 2 comprises a plurality of radially spaced, concentric tracks 20 defined by embedded servo sectors 22₀-22_N. The head 4 is attached to a distal end of an actuator arm 24 which is rotated about a pivot by a voice coil motor (VCM) 26 in order to access a selected track. The control circuitry 6 processes the read signal emanating from the head 4 to demodulate the embedded servo sectors 22₀-22_N into a position error signal (PES) representing the radial location of the head 4 relative to a target location. The PES is converted into a control signal 28 (e.g., using appropriate compensation filtering) which is applied to the VCM 26 in order to servo the head 4. During a write operation, the control circuitry 6 applies a write signal to the head 4 in order to record a sequence of magnetic transitions onto the disk surface representing the recorded data. During read operations, the control circuitry 6 applies a bias current to the MR element and measures the change in voltage across the MR element (or the change in current flowing through the MR element) as it passes over the magnetic transitions. This read signal is then demodulated by the control circuitry 6 into an estimated data sequence representing the recorded data. The control circuitry 6 may send/receive other signals to/from the head 4 or other portions of the disk drive, such as ambient temperature, heating power, etc., as will be described below.

[0030] In one embodiment, a target voltage is computed and a corresponding bias current is determined for each MR element (e.g., for each head in each individual disk drive). FIG. 3 shows a flow diagram that may be implemented by control circuitry 6 according to an embodiment of the present invention for setting the bias current corresponding to the target voltage. At step 30 the bias current (Ib) is initialized to the target voltage (nominal voltage in this embodiment) divided by a default resistance (e.g., a typical maximum resistance for the MR element). The bias current is applied to the MR element, and at step 32 the corresponding voltage across the MR element is measured. If at step 34 the measured voltage across the MR element does not substantially equal the target voltage, then at step 36 the bias current is increased by multiplying the bias current by the target voltage divided by the measured voltage. Steps 32 and 34 are repeated and the bias current increased until the measured voltage substantially equals the target voltage at step 36. If at step 38 the measured voltage is greater than the target voltage, then at step 40 the bias current is decremented to ensure the measured voltage does not exceed the target voltage. At step 42 the voltage across the MR element is measured, and at step 44 a resistance estimate is computed for the MR element as the measured voltage divided by the bias current. The bias current returned from the flow diagram of FIG. 3 is then used during normal operation of the MR element.

[0031] The flow diagram of FIG. 3 determines the bias current that corresponds to the target voltage in a manner that accounts for a negative voltage coefficient of resistance resulting in a non-linear voltage drop at higher current densities as illustrated in FIG. 1. Rather than employ a linear transfer function that attempts to estimate the correct bias current setting to achieve the target voltage, the flow diagram of FIG. 3 adjusts the bias current until the voltage measured across the MR element actually equals (substantially) the target voltage which avoids the error associated with a linear transfer function. In addition, multiplying the bias current by a ratio of the target voltage and the measured voltage quickly converges to the correct value within only a few iterations.

[0032] FIG. 4 is a flow diagram that may be implemented by control circuitry 6 according to an embodiment of the present invention wherein the target voltage of the MR element is adjusted in response to a resistance estimate for the MR element. At step 46 a maximum voltage Vmax across the MR element is initialized to a minimum value Vmin that is sufficiently less than the overstressing voltage to ensure the MR element is not damaged (taking tolerances into account). For example, referring to FIG. 1, if the threshold voltage that will overstress the MR element is 140 mV, the minimum voltage Vmin at step 46 of FIG. 4 may be selected at about 120 mV.

[0033] At step 48 the flow diagram of FIG. 3 is executed to determine the bias current that will generate a measured voltage across the MR element of Vmax. The initial resistance for the MR element is set to a typical maximum value Rmax to ensure the initial bias current applied at step 30 of FIG. 3 does not overstress the MR element. The flow diagram of FIG. 3 returns a resistance estimate R for the MR element which is used at step 50 of FIG. 4 to adjust the maximum voltage Vmax (which in this embodiment is the target voltage). At step 52 the flow diagram of FIG. 3 is executed again to determine the bias current that will generate a measured voltage across the MR element of the adjusted Vmax (the adjusted target voltage). The resistance value for selecting the initial bias current at step 30 of FIG. 3 is the resistance estimate determined at step 48 of FIG. 4. At step 54 the operating bias current for the MR element is set to the bias current returned by the flow diagram of FIG. 3.

[0034] The target voltage may be adjusted in response to any suitable parameter that affects the longevity of the MR element. In one embodiment, an ambient temperature of the MR element is measured and the target voltage is adjusted in response to the ambient temperature. In one embodiment, a single ambient temperature measurement is taken for the disk drive, and in an alternative embodiment, an ambient temperature measurement is taken for each head in the disk drive. In another embodiment, the MR element is heated to adjust a fly-height of the MR element, and the target voltage is adjusted in response to one or more characteristics of the heating process, such as the heating power, the heating voltage, and/or the heating current. In other embodiments, the target voltage may be adjusted in response to a write current applied to a write coil of the head, the magnitude of the bias current applied to the MR element, and/or a detected altitude of the MR element.

[0035] In addition, the target voltage may be adjusted using any suitable algorithm in response to the parameters that affect the longevity of the MR element. For example, in one embodiment the target voltage is adjusted according to:
b₀+(b₁·R)+(b₂·W)+(b₃·R·W)+(b₄·Ftemp)+(b₅·Ftemp·R)
where:

[0036] R is a resistance estimate for the MR element;

[0037] Ftemp is an ambient temperature of the MR element;

[0038] W is the heating power; and

[0039] b₀-b₅ are coefficients.

[0040] In one embodiment, the coefficients b₀-b₅ are determined using any well known testing techniques for determining time-to-failure of a typical MR element. For example, a number of MR elements may be tested by adjusting the above parameters (ambient temperature, heating power, resistance) and determining the coefficients b_O-b₅ for the above equation that provides the best estimate of the maximum target voltage (from a lifetime perspective) using any suitable curve fitting technique.

[0041] In one embodiment, the coefficient b₀ in the above equation (which represents a DC offset for the target voltage) is adjusted to obtain an optimal target voltage that minimizes a bit error rate of the disk drive, as well as compensates for temperature changes. In one embodiment, a nominal temperature coefficient b_0—nom is determined as well as a hot temperature coefficient b_0—hot. In one embodiment, the nominal and hot coefficients (b_0—nom and b_0—hot) are determined for each production disk drive in a temperature controlled chamber during manufacturing. In an alternative embodiment, the nominal and hot coefficients (b_0—nom and b_0—hot) are determined for a number of disk drives, and average coefficient values employed in each production disk drive to avoid having to calibrate the coefficients for each disk drive.

[0042] FIG. 5 is a flow diagram that may be implemented by control circuitry 6 according to an embodiment of the present invention wherein nominal and hot coefficients (b_0—nom and b_0—hot) are determined for a nominal and hot temperature (Ftemp) as well as relative to a minimum bit error rate of the disk drive. The disk drive is first subject to a nominal temperature (Ftemp=nominal) and then at step 56 a maximum voltage Vmax is set to the minimal voltage similar to step 46 of FIG. 4 described above. At step 58 the flow diagram of FIG. 3 is executed to determine the bias current and resistance estimate for the MR element that corresponds to the maximum voltage Vmax. At step 60 the Vmax is adjusted using the above equation for the current parameter settings (resistance estimate R, temperature Ftemp, and heating power W) using a nominal value for coefficient b₀. At step 62 the flow diagram of FIG. 3 is executed to determine the bias current and resistance estimate that correspond to the adjusted Vmax. At step 66 the bias current is swept from a minimal value to a maximum value (Ib_max=Ib; Ib_min=Ib−n at step 64) and at step 68 an optimal bias current Ib_opt is selected that generated the minimum bit error rate for the disk drive. For example, in one embodiment the disk drive writes and reads a test pattern for each bias current setting, records the corresponding bit error rate, and selects the bias current that generated the minimum bit error rate. At step 70 an optimal voltage Vopt is computed as the optimal bias current Ib_opt multiplied by the resistance estimate R. At step 72 the nominal temperature coefficient b_0—nom is calculated using the above equation. The disk drive is then subject to a hot temperature and the flow diagram of FIG. 5 is re-executed to determine the hot temperature coefficient b_0—hot.

[0043] The nominal and hot coefficients (b_0—nom and b_0—hot) are saved and used during normal operation of the disk drive to adjust the bias current as the temperature changes. This embodiment is understood from the flow diagram of FIG. 6 that may be implemented by control circuitry 6, wherein at step 74 the previously measured temperature is saved and the current temperature measured. If at step 76 the difference between the previously measured temperature and the current temperature exceeds a threshold (i.e., the temperature change exceeds a threshold), then at step 78 the current temperature Ftemp is compared to the nominal temperature F_t—nom (corresponding to the nominal temperature coefficient b_0—nom) and the hot temperature

[0044] F_t—hot (corresponding to the hot temperature coefficient b_0—hot). If at step 78 the current temperature Ftemp is not between F_t—nom and F_t—hot, then if at step 80 the current temperature Ftemp is less than or equal to F_t—nom, at step 82 the coefficient b₀′ is set to the nominal temperature coefficient b_0—nom; otherwise, at step 84 the coefficient b₀′ is set to the hot temperature coefficient b_0—hot. If at step 78 the current temperature Ftemp is between F_t—nom and F_t—hot, then the coefficient b₀′ is computed as an appropriate function of the current temperature Ftemp, such as with the linear regression equation shown at step 86.

[0045] After determining the adjusted coefficient b₀′ corresponding to the current temperature Ftemp, at step 88 a corresponding optimal voltage Vopt is computed using the above equation. The flow diagram of FIG. 3 is then executed at step 90 to determine the bias current and resistance estimate for the MR element that correspond to the optimal voltage Vopt, wherein in one embodiment the resistance value R used as the input to the flow diagram of FIG. 3 is the previous resistance estimate for the MR element. The adjusted bias current is then used to operate the disk drive until the next temperature change exceeds the threshold at step 76.

[0046] Using an equation based technique for determining the target operating voltage for the MR element as a function of certain parameters (e.g., resistance, and/or temperature, etc.), and then determining the corresponding bias current (e.g., using the flow diagram of FIG. 3) avoids the complexity as well as potential inaccuracy of an equation that attempts to estimate the bias current directly as a function of the parameters (e.g., resistance, and/or temperature, etc.). In addition, adjusting a coefficient b₀ of the equation that represents a DC offset of the target operating voltage provides a convenient and extremely fast technique for adjusting the target operating voltage (and corresponding bias current) relative to temperature changes.

[0047] FIG. 7 shows a flow diagram executed by the control circuitry 6 according to an embodiment of the present invention wherein the disk drive further comprises a heater for heating the MR element in order to adjust a fly-height of the MR element. At step 92, the control circuitry 6 adjusts a parameter setting of the heater (e.g., a heater current, a heater voltage, and/or a heater power). At step 94, the control circuitry 6 sets the operating bias current for the MR element in response to the parameter setting. In one embodiment, the control circuitry 6 sets the operating bias current for the MR element by computing a target voltage for the MR element in response to the parameter setting. A bias current is applied to the MR element, and a voltage across the MR element is measured corresponding to the bias current. The bias current applied to the MR element is adjusted until the measured voltage substantially equals the target voltage.

[0048] Any suitable control circuitry 6 may be employed in the embodiments of the present invention, such as any suitable integrated circuit or circuits. For example, the control circuitry 6 may be implemented within a read channel integrated circuit, or in a component separate from the read channel, such as a disk controller, or certain steps described above may be performed by a read channel and others by a disk controller. In one embodiment, the read channel and disk controller are implemented as separate integrated circuits, and in an alternative embodiment they are fabricated into a single integrated circuit or “system on a chip” (SOC). In addition, the control circuitry may include a suitable preamp circuit implemented as a separate integrated circuit, integrated into the read channel or disk controller circuit, or integrated into an SOC, wherein the preamp circuit comprises suitable circuitry for generating and applying the bias current to the MR element and for measuring the voltage across the MR element.

[0049] In one embodiment, the control circuitry 6 comprises a microprocessor executing instructions, the instructions being operable to cause the microprocessor to perform the steps of the flow diagrams described herein. The instructions may be stored in any computer-readable medium. In one embodiment, they may be stored on a non-volatile semiconductor memory external to the microprocessor, or integrated with the microprocessor in a system on a chip (SOC). In another embodiment, the instructions are stored on the disk 2 and read into a volatile semiconductor memory when the disk drive is powered on. In yet another embodiment, the control circuitry 6 comprises suitable logic circuitry, such as state machine circuitry.

[0050] Any suitable MR element may be employed in the embodiments of the present invention, including giant MR elements (GMR), spin-valve MR elements (SVMR), tunneling MR elements (TMR), and current-perpendicular-to-plane MR elements (CPPMR).