US 6,686,703 B2Grant
High frequency electronic ballast
Issue Date:2004-02-03
•12 Claims
•9 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
An improved high frequency ballast is disclosed. The high frequency ballast establishes a lamp current for a gas discharge lamp during a starting operation of the gas discharge lamp wherein an operating ampere level of the lamp current facilitates a substantial achievement by the gas discharge lamp of a color specification associated with the gas discharge lamp. Thereafter, during a stable operation of the gas discharge lamp, the high frequency ballast applies a frequency modulation to an operating frequency of the lamp current and/or an amplitude modulation of the lamp current.
Metadata
Assignee
- Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.
Inventors
- Robert A. Erhardt
- Oscar J. Deurloo
- Jerzy Janczak
- Hendrik A. Van Esveld
- Winston D. Couwenberg
- Ronald H. Van Der Voort
Application Information
Application Number:US 10/043,586
Filing Date:2002-01-10
Priority Date:2002-01-10
Art Unit:7
Classifications
IPC:
H05B 3702
Field of Search:
315246315247315209 R315224
Patent Drawings (9 sheets)
Description
Background of the Invention
[0002] 1. Field of the Invention
[0003] The present invention generally relates to controlling an operation of various types of gas discharge lamps. The present invention specifically relates to an improvement in the operational performance of electronic ballast within a high frequency range of a gas discharge lamp.
[0004] 2. Description of the Related Art
[0005] A high intensity discharge (“HID”) gas discharge lamps as known in the art suffer from acoustic resonances when such lamps are operated within a high frequency HF operation between a few kHz and hundreds of kHz, depending on the type of lamp. However, the acoustic resonances significantly weaken within such gas discharge lamps whereby the acoustic resonance do not have negative affect on the performance of the gas discharge lamp when the gas discharge lamps are operated within a very high frequency operation that is above the highest acoustic resonance (e.g., 150 kHz for a 400 W MH lamp). A consequence of operating the gas discharge lamp in the VHF operation is a generation of electromagnetic interference. Additionally, when a gas discharge lamp is operated at HF lamp current, the electrode temperature modulation (i.e., difference in anode and cathode temperatures) will vanish. This results in a different electrode operating conditions, which could cause changes in the arc attachment on the electrode. Arc instabilities related with arc-electrode attachment have been found when 400 W MH lamps are operated on high frequencies even up to as high as 500 kHz. Also, large coil differences between individual lamps are also found when lamps are operated on high frequencies.
[0006] Back-arcing of a gas discharge lamp involves an arc attachment of the arc on the back of the electrode coil of the lamp as opposed to an ideal arc attachment of the arc on the tip of the electrode. This can affect thermal balance of the end of the arc tube, which in turn can affect the vapor pressures. Consequently, the color properties of the lamp are affected. Currently, related prior art has failed to address back-arcing.
[0007] The present invention addresses the shortcomings of the prior art.
Summary of the Invention
[0008] The present invention relates to an improved high frequency ballast. Various aspects of the present invention are novel, non-obvious, and provide various advantages. While the actual nature of the present invention covered herein can only be determined with reference to the claims appended hereto, certain features, which are characteristic of the embodiments disclosed herein, are described briefly as follows.
[0009] One form of the present invention is a first method of operating a half-bridge coupled to a gas discharge lamp. First, the half-bridge is operated to establish an operating frequency of a lamp current above all acoustic resonances within a high frequency operation range of the gas discharge lamp. Second, the half-bridge is operated to apply a frequency modulation to the operating frequency.
[0010] A second form of the present invention is a second method of operating a half-bridge coupled to a gas discharge lamp. First, the half-bridge is operated to establish an operating frequency of a lamp current. Second, the half-bridge is operated to apply an amplitude modulation to the lamp current in response to a reception by the half-bridge of a drive voltage having a waveform.
[0011] A third form of the present invention is a third method of operating a half-bridge coupled to a gas discharge lamp. First, the half-bridge is operated to establish an operating frequency of a lamp current above all acoustic resonances within a high frequency operation range of the gas discharge lamp. Second, the half-bridge is operated to apply a frequency modulation to the operating frequency. Finally, the half-bridge is operated to apply an amplitude modulation to the lamp current in response to a reception by the half-bridge of a drive voltage having a waveform.
[0012] A fourth form of the present invention is a fourth method of operating a half-bridge coupled to a gas discharge lamp. First, the half-bridge is operated to provide a lamp current to the lamp during a start-up operation of the gas discharge lamp. Second, the half-bridge is operated to establish the lamp current at an operating ampere level during an arc heating phase of the gas discharge lamp. The operating ampere level is equal to or greater than a minimum run-up ampere level to thereby impede any back-arcing within the gas discharge lamp whereby the gas discharge lamp substantially achieves a color specification for the gas discharge lamp.
[0013] The foregoing forms and other forms, features and advantages of the present invention will become further apparent from the following detailed description of the presently preferred embodiments, read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. The detailed description and drawings are merely illustrative of the present invention rather than limiting, the scope of the present invention being defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
Brief Description of the Drawings
[0014] FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of a ballast in accordance with the present invention;
[0015] FIG. 2 illustrates one embodiment of a half-bridge in accordance with the present invention;
[0016] FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary graph of a lamp voltage over time;
[0017] FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary graph of a back-arcing risk vs. a lamp current;
[0018] FIG. 5 illustrates a first set of exemplary graphs of a drive voltage, a modulation voltage, and a lamp current;
[0019] FIG. 6 illustrates a second set of exemplary graphs of the drive voltage, the modulation voltage, and the lamp current;
[0020] FIG. 7 illustrates a third set of exemplary graphs of the drive voltage, the modulation voltage, and the lamp current;
[0021] FIG. 8 illustrates a fourth set of exemplary graphs of the drive voltage, the modulation voltage, and the lamp current; and
[0022] FIG. 9 illustrates a fifth set of exemplary graphs of the drive voltage, the modulation voltage, and the lamp current.
Detailed Description of the Presently Preferred Embodiments
[0023] FIG. 1 illustrates a ballast 20 of the present invention for providing a lamp current ILto a conventional lamp 10. Ballast 20 comprises a electromagnetic interference filter 30, a MAINS rectifier 40, a boost converter 50, an energy buffer 60, and a half-bridge 70 coupled in a conventional arrangement whereby a drive voltage VDis applied to half-bridge 70.
[0024] FIG. 2 illustrates half-bridge 70 including a micro-controller 71, a voltage controlled oscillator 72 (“VCO 72”), a half-bridge driver 73, a transistor T1, a transistor T2, a transformer TF, an inductor L, a capacitor C1, a capacitor C2, and an impedance component Z. Micro-controller 71 and a drain of transistor T1are coupled to a node N1 to receive drive voltage VD. A source of transistor T1, a drain of transistor T2and transformer TF are coupled to a node N2. Micro-controller 71, a source of transistor T2and impedance component Z are coupled to a node N3 whereby micro-controller 71 receives a drive current ID. Micro-controller 71 is also coupled to transform TF to receive a feedback current IF. Transformer TF, inductor L and capacitor C1are coupled in series. Capacitor C1, capacitor C2and lamp 10 are coupled to a node N4 with capacitor C2and lamp 10 coupled in parallel between node N4 and a node N5.
[0025] VCO 72 conventionally establishes an operating frequency of lamp current ILabove all acoustic resonances within the high frequency range of operation. Micro-controller 71 comprises analog circuitry, digital circuitry, or a combination of analog circuitry and digital circuitry in generating a modulation voltage VFMSin response to a reception of drive voltage VD, a drive current ID, and a feedback current IF. In response to frequency modulation voltage VFMS, VCO 72 applies a corresponding frequency modulation to the operating frequency of lamp current IL. VCO 72 provides a control voltage VCas an indication of the frequency modulation to the operating frequency of lamp current IL. In response to control voltage VC, half-bridge driver 73 operates transistor T1and transistor T2whereby lamp current ILis provided to lamp 10.
[0026] Micro-controller 71 determines an input power PINto half bridge 70 by measuring drive voltage VDand averaging drive current ID. In one embodiment, input power PINis determined by multiplying both drive voltage VDand the average drive current ID. The lamp voltage VLcan be derived by subtracting any power losses PLOSSby half bridge 70 of the computed input power PINand dividing this result by the lamp current ILunder the following equation [1]:
[0027] (PIN−PLOSS)/IL [1]
[0028] FIG. 3 illustrates the lamp voltage VLover time. A starting operation of the gas discharge lamp 10 consists of a lag time phase, a breakdown (“BD”) phase, an electrode heating phase, and an arc tube heating phase. It is imperative during the arc tube heating phase to minimize, if not eliminate, any back-arcing within the gas discharge lamp 10 to thereby facilitate a substantial achievement by the gas discharge lamp of a color specification associated with the gas discharge lamp 10. As such, micro-controller 71 establishes an operating ampere level of the lamp current ILthat is equal to or greater than a run-up ampere level IRUN-UPas shown in FIG. 4. In one embodiment, the run-up ampere level IRUN-UPis 85% of a maximum ampere level IMAXfor the lamp current ILas established for the gas discharge lamp 10.
[0029] FIG. 5 illustrates one embodiment of drive voltage VDand modulation voltage VFMShaving a frequency modulation Δf (e.g., 5 kHz) and a frequency sweep Fsweep(e.g., 200 Hz) in deriving lamp current IL. The result is a stabilization of an arc (not shown) of lamp 10.
[0030] FIG. 6 illustrates a second embodiment of drive voltage VDand modulation voltage VFMShaving a frequency modulation Δf (e.g., k5 Hz) and a frequency sweep Fsweep(e.g., 200 Hz) in deriving lamp current IL.
[0031] FIG. 7 illustrates a third embodiment of drive voltage VDhaving an amplitude modulation and a frequency (e.g., 120 Hz) and modulation voltage VFMSin deriving lamp current IL. Those having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the ballast 20 provides drive voltage VDbased upon a valley fill technique.
[0032] FIG. 8 illustrates a third embodiment of drive voltage VDhaving an amplitude modulation and a frequency (e.g., 120 Hz) and modulation voltage VFMSin deriving lamp current IL. Those having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the ballast 20 provides drive voltage VDbased upon a follower boost technique.
[0033] FIG. 9 illustrates a fifth embodiment of drive voltage VDhaving an amplitude modulation and a frequency (e.g., 120 Hz) and modulation voltage VFMShaving a frequency modulation Δf (e.g., k5 Hz) and a frequency sweep Fsweep(e.g., 200 Hz) in deriving lamp current IL.
[0034] While the embodiments of the present invention disclosed herein are presently considered to be preferred, various changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. The scope of the present invention is indicated in the appended claims, and all changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalents are intended to be embraced therein.
Claims
We claim:
1. A method of operating a half-bridge coupled to a gas discharge lamp, said method comprising:
operating the half-bridge to establish an operating frequency of a lamp current above all acoustic resonances within a high frequency operation range of the gas discharge lamp; and
operating the half-bridge to apply a frequency modulation to the operating frequency.
2. A method of operating a half-bridge coupled to a gas discharge lamp, said method comprising:
operating the half-bridge to establish an operating frequency of a lamp current; and
operating the half-bridge to apply an amplitude modulation to the lamp current in response to a reception by the half-bridge of a drive voltage having a waveform.
3. A method of operating a half-bridge coupled to a gas discharge lamp, said method comprising:
operating the half-bridge to establish an operating frequency of a lamp current above all acoustic resonances within a high frequency operation range of the gas discharge lamp;
operating the half-bridge to apply a frequency modulation to the operating frequency; and
operating the half-bridge to apply an amplitude modulation to the lamp current in response to a reception by the half-bridge of a drive voltage having a waveform.
4. A method of operating a half-bridge coupled to a gas discharge lamp, said method comprising:
operating the half-bridge to provide a lamp current to the lamp during a start-up operation of the gas discharge lamp; and
operating the half-bridge to establish the lamp current at an operating ampere level during an arc heating phase of the gas discharge lamp, the operating ampere level being equal to or greater than a minimum run-up ampere level to thereby impede any back-arcing within the gas discharge lamp whereby the gas discharge lamp substantially achieves a color specification for the gas discharge lamp.
5. The method of claim 4, further comprising:
operating the half-bridge to establish an operating frequency of the lamp current during a stable operation of the gas discharge lamp, the operating frequency being above all acoustic resonances within a high frequency operation range of the gas discharge lamp; and
operating the half-bridge to apply a frequency modulation to the operating frequency.
6. The method of claim 4, further comprising:
operating the half-bridge to establish an operating frequency of the lamp current; and
operating the half-bridge to apply an amplitude modulation to the lamp current in response to a reception by the half-bridge of a drive voltage having a waveform.
7. The method of claim 4, further comprising:
operating the half-bridge to establish an operating frequency of the lamp current during a stable operation of the gas discharge lamp, the operating frequency being above all acoustic resonances within a high frequency operation range of the gas discharge lamp;
operating the half-bridge to apply a frequency modulation to the operating frequency; and
operating the half-bridge to apply an amplitude modulation to the lamp current in response to a reception by the half-bridge of a drive voltage having a waveform.
8. The method of claim 4, wherein the operating ampere level of the lamp current during an arc heating phase of the gas discharge lamp is at least 85% of the maximum ampere level for the lamp current.
9. A half-bridge coupled to a gas discharge lamp, said half-bridge comprising:
means for establishing an operating frequency of a lamp current above all acoustic resonances within a high frequency operation range of the gas discharge lamp; and
means for applying a frequency modulation to the operating frequency.
10. A half-bridge coupled to a gas discharge lamp, said half-bridge comprising:
means for establishing an operating frequency of a lamp current; and
means for applying an amplitude modulation to the lamp current in response to a reception by the half-bridge of a drive voltage having a waveform.
11. A half-bridge coupled to a gas discharge lamp, said half-bridge comprising:
means for establishing an operating frequency of a lamp current above all acoustic resonances within a high frequency operation range of the gas discharge lamp;
means for applying a frequency modulation to the operating frequency; and
means for applying an amplitude modulation to the lamp current in response to a reception by the half-bridge of a drive voltage having a waveform.
12. A half-bridge coupled to a gas discharge lamp, said half-bridge comprising:
means for providing a lamp current to the lamp during a start-up operation of the gas discharge lamp; and
means for establishing the lamp current at an operating ampere level during an arc heating phase of the gas discharge lamp, the operating ampere level being equal to or greater than a minimum run-up ampere level to thereby impede any back-arcing within the gas discharge lamp whereby the gas discharge lamp substantially achieves a color specification for the gas discharge lamp.
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