US 5,469,028 AGrant
Electronic Ballast Drawing Sinusoidal Line Current
Issue Date:1995-11-21
•27 Claims
•13 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
In an electronic ballast, a half-bridge inverter drives a series-connected LC circuit near the LC circuit's natural resonance frequency. A relatively high-magnitude substantially sinusoidal 30 kHz output voltage develops across the tank-capacitor of the LC circuit. Each of several instant-start fluorescent lamps is series-connected with a current-limiting capacitor, thereby resulting in several lamp-capacitor series-combinations, each of which is connected across the tank-capacitor. The ballast is powered from ordinary 120 Volt/60 Hz power line voltage by way of a full-wave rectifier. At the DC output terminals of this rectifier exists a DC voltage having an instantaneous absolute magnitude equal to that of the power line voltage. Within the ballast, the inverter is powered from a DC supply voltage of constant magnitude about equal to the peak magnitude of the power line voltage. By interposing power-drawing circuitry in series with each lamp-capacitor combination, an auxiliary DC voltage is developed across a pair of auxiliary DC terminals. When no current flows from the auxiliary DC terminals, the magnitude of the auxiliary DC voltage is equal to that of the DC supply voltage. The maximum DC current available from the auxiliary DC terminals varies with the magnitude of the combined lamp currents and is adjusted so as to be equal to the peak magnitude of the current drawn from the power line; which current, as a result, is nearly sinusoidal.
Metadata
Inventor
- Ole K. Nilssen
Application Information
Application Number:US 9019898
Filing Date:1992-06-22
Priority Date:1978-03-20
Art Unit:252
Classifications
IPC:
G05F 100
Field of Search:
315291;174;219;DIG. 7;223;307;160
Patent Drawings (13 sheets)
Description
Background of the Invention
1. Field of Invention
This invention relates to electronic ballasts, especially ballasts for powering plural gas discharge lamps in parallel.
2. Description of Prior Art
For a description of pertinent prior art, reference is made to U.S. Pat. No. 4,677,345 to Nilssen; which patent issued from a Division of application Ser. No. 06/178,107 filed Aug. 14, 1980; which application is a progenitor of instant application. Otherwise, reference is made to the following U.S. Pat. No. 3,263,122 to Genuit; U.S. Pat. No. 3,320,510 to Locklair; U.S. Pat. No. 3,996,493 to Davenport et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,100,476 to Ghiringhelli; U.S. Pat. No. 4,262,327 to Kovacik et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,370,600 to Zansky; U.S. Pat. No. 4,634,932 to Nilssen; U.S. Pat. No. 4,857,806 to Nilssen; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,952,849 to Fellows et al.
Summary of the Invention
Objects of the Invention
A main object of the present invention is that of providing a cost-effective ballasting means for gas discharge lamps.
This as well as other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description and claims.
Brief Description of the Invention
In an electronic ballast, a half-bridge inverter drives a series-connected LC circuit near the LC circuit's natural resonance frequency. A relatively high-magnitude substantially sinusoidal 30 kHz output voltage develops across the tank-capacitor of the LC circuit. Each of several instant-start fluorescent lamps is series-connected with a current-limiting capacitor, thereby resulting in several lamp-capacitor series-combinations, each of which is connected across the tank-capacitor.
The ballast is powered from ordinary 120 Volt/60 Hz power line voltage by way of a full-wave rectifier. At the DC output terminals of this rectifier exists a DC voltage having an instantaneous absolute magnitude equal to that of the power line voltage. Within the ballast, the inverter is powered from a DC supply voltage of constant magnitude about equal to the peak magnitude of the power line voltage.
By interposing power-drawing circuitry in series with each lamp-capacitor combination, a current-limited auxiliary DC voltage is developed across a pair of auxiliary DC terminals. When no current flows from the auxiliary DC terminals, the magnitude of the auxiliary DC voltage is equal to that of the DC supply voltage. The maximum DC current available from the auxiliary DC terminals varies with the magnitude of the combined lamp currents and is adjusted so as to be equal to the peak magnitude of the current drawn from the power line; which current, as a result, becomes substantially sinusoidal.
Brief Description of the Drawings
FIG. 1 is a front elevation of a folded fluorescent lamp unit adapted for screw-in insertion into a standard Edison incandescent socket;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating the essential features of a push-pull inverter circuit particularly suitable for energizing the lamp unit of FIG. 1;
FIGS. 3A-3D is a set of waveform diagrams of certain significant voltages and currents occurring in the circuit of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a DC power supply connectable to both 120 and 240 volt AC inputs;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram which illustrates the connection of a non-self-ballasted gas discharge lamp unit to the FIG. 2 inverter circuit;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram which illustrates the use of a toroid heater for regulation of the inverter frequency and thereby its output;
FIG. 7 is an alternate form of push-pull inverter circuit according to the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram showing the connection of a gas discharge lamp of the "rapid-start" type to an inductor-capacitor-loaded inverter according to the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram illustrating an inverter ballast circuit arrangement wherein a pair of series-connected fluorescent lamps is powered, by way of a reactance transformer, from an inverter output voltage having a trapezoidal (i.e. truncated sinewave) waveform like that of FIG. 3A.
FIG. 10 is a schematic illustration of the leakage transformer used in the circuit arrangement of FIG. 9.
FIGS. 11A-11H show various voltage and current waveforms associated with the circuit arrangement of FIG. 9.
FIG. 12 shows the orientation of the leakage transformer within a conventional steel ballast housing.
FIG. 13 illustrates the addition, to the circuit arrangement in FIG. 9, of a pre-converter-type DC power supply with means for controlling the magnitude DC voltage by way of a control input at the pre-converter.
FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram illustrating an electronic ballast including a controllable full-bridge inverter.
FIG. 15 illustrates magnitudes-versus-time of various currents and voltages associated with the electronic ballast of FIG. 14.
FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram illustrating a frequency-controlled series-resonant half-bridge ballast independently powering plural instant-start fluorescent lamps.
FIG. 17 illustrates magnitudes-versus-time of various currents and voltage associated with the circuit of FIG. 16.
FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram illustrating a half-bridge inverter across the output of which is connected a series-combination of a tank-inductor and a tank-capacitor, with plural lamp-capacitor series-combinations parallel-connected across the tank-capacitor. This circuit arrangement represents the presently preferred embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 19 shows various key voltage and current waveforms associated with the circuit arrangement of FIG. 18.
FIG. 20 is a schematic diagram of a modification of the circuit arrangement of FIG. 18.
FIG. 21 shows various key voltage and current waveforms associated with the circuit arrangement of FIG. 20.
Description of Various Embodiments
FIG. 1 illustrates a screw-in gas discharge lamp unit 10 comprising a folded fluorescent lamp 11 suitably secured to an integral base 12. The lamp comprises two cathodes 13, 14 which are supplied with the requisite high operating voltage from a frequency-converting power supply and ballasting circuit 16; which, because of its compact size, conveniently fits within the base 12.
The inverter circuit 16 is connected by leads 17, 18 to a screw-type plug 19 adapted for screw-in insertion into a standard Edison-type incandescent lamp socket at which ordinary 120 Volt/60 Hz power line voltage is available. A ground plane comprising a wire or metallic strip 21 is disposed adjacent a portion of the fluorescent lamp 11 as a starting aid.
Finally, a manually rotatable external knob 22 is connected to a shaft for mechanical adjustment of the air gap of a ferrite core inductor to vary the inductance value thereof in order to effect adjustment of the inverter voltage output connected to electrodes 13, 14 for controlled variation of the lamp illumination intensity.
With reference to FIG. 2, a power supply 23, connected to a conventional AC input, provides a DC output for supplying a high-efficiency inverter circuit 24. The inverter is operable to provide a high voltage to an external load 26, which may comprise a gas discharge device such as the fluorescent lamp 11 of FIG. 1.
The power supply 23 comprises bridge rectifier having four diodes 27, 28, 29 and 31 connectable to a 240 volt AC supply at terminals 32, 33. Capacitors 34, 36 are connected between a ground line 37 (in turn directly connected to the inverter 24) and to a B+ line 38 and a B- line 39, respectively. The power supply 23 also comprises a voltage doubler and rectifier optionally connectable to a 120 volt AC input taken between the ground line 37 and terminal 33 or 32. The voltage doubler and rectifier means provides a direct electrical connection by way of line 37 between one of the 120 volt AC power input lines and the inverter 24, as shown in FIG. 2. The bridge rectifier and the voltage doubler and rectifier provide substantially the same DC output voltage to the inverter 24 whether the AC input is 120 or 240 volts. Typical voltages are +160 volts on the B+ line 38 and -160 volts on the B- line 39.
With additional reference to FIG. 4, which shows an alternate power supply 23', the AC input, whether 120 or 240 volts, is provided at terminals 32' and 39. Terminal 39 is in turn connected through a single-pole double-throw selector switch 41 to terminal 37' (for 120 volt operation) or terminal 33' (for 240 volt operation). In all other respects, power supplies 23 and 23' are identical.
The inverter circuit 24 of FIG. 2 is a half-bridge inverter comprising transistors 42, 43 connected in series across the DC voltage output of the power supply 23 on B+ and B- lines 38 and 39, respectively. The collector of transistor 42 is connected to the B+ line 38, the emitter of transistor 42 and the collector of transistor 43 are connected to a midpoint line 44 (designated "M") and the emitter of transistor 43 is connected to the B- line 39. The midpoint line 44 is in turn connected to the ground line 37 through primary winding 46 of a toroidal saturable core transformer 47, a primary winding 48 on an identical transformer 49, an inductor 51 and a series-connected capacitor 52. The inductor 51 and capacitor 52 are energized upon alternate transistor conduction in a manner to be described later.
An external load 26 is preferably taken off capacitor 52, as shown in FIG. 2. The inductor 51, preferably a known ferrite core inductor, has an inductance variable by mechanical adjustment of the air gap in order to effect variation in the level of the inductor and capacitor voltage and hence the power available to the load, as will be described. When the load is a gas discharge lamp such as lamp 11 in FIG. 1, variation in this inductance upon rotation of knob 22 accomplishes a lamp dimming effect.
Drive current to the base terminals of transistors 42 and 43 is provided by secondary windings 53, 54 of transformers 49, 47, respectively. Winding 53 is also connected to midpoint lead 44 through a bias capacitor 56, while winding 54 is connected to the B- lead 39 through an identical bias capacitor 57. The base terminals of transistors 42 and 43 are also connected to lines 38 and 44 through bias resistors 58 and 59, respectively. For a purpose to be described later, the base of transistor 42 can be optionally connected to a diode 61 and a series Zener diode 62 in turn connected to the midpoint line 44; similarly, a diode 63 and series Zener diode 64 in turn connected to the B- line 39 can be connected to the base of transistor 43. Shunt diodes 66 and 67 are connected across the collector-emitter terminals of transistors 42 and 43, respectively. Finally, a capacitor 68 is connected across the collector-emitter terminals of transistor 43 to restrain the rate of voltage rise across those terminals, as will be seen presently.
The operation of the circuit of FIG. 2 can best be understood with additional reference to FIG. 3, which illustrates significant portions of the waveforms of the voltage at midpoint M (FIG. 3A), the base-emitter voltage on transistor 42 (FIG. 3B), the current through transistor 42 (FIG. 3C), and the capacitor 52 voltage and the inductor 51 current (FIG. 3D).
Assuming that transistor 42 is first to be triggered into conduction, current flows from the B+ line 38 through windings 46 and 48 and the inductor 51 to charge capacitor 52 and returns through capacitor 34 (refer to the time period designated I in FIG. 3). When the saturable inductor 49 saturates at the end of period I, drive current to the base of transistor 42 will terminate, causing voltage on the base of the transistor to drop to the negative voltage stored on the bias capacitor 56 in a manner to be described, causing this transistor to become non-conductive. As shown in FIG. 3c, current-flow in transistor 43 terminates at the end of period I.
Because the current through inductor 51 cannot change instantaneously, current will flow from the B- bus 39 through capacitor 68, causing the voltage at midpoint line 44 to drop to -160 volts (period II in FIG. 3). The capacitor 68 restrains the rate of voltage change across the collector and emitter terminals of transistor 42. The current through the inductor 51 reaches its maximum value when the voltage at the midpoint line 44 is zero. During period III, the current will continue to flow through inductor 51 but will be supplied from the B- bus through the shunt diode 67. It will be appreciated that during the latter half of period II and all of period III, positive current is being drawn from a negative voltage; which, in reality, means that energy is being returned to the power supply through a path of relatively low impedance.
When the inductor current reaches zero at the start of period IV, the current through the primary winding 46 of the saturable inductor 47 will cause a current to flow out of its secondary winding 54 to cause transistor 43 to become conductive, thereby causing a reversal in the direction of current through inductor 51 and capacitor 52. When transformer 47 saturates at the end of period IV, the drive current to the base of transistor 43 terminates and the current through inductor 51 will be supplied through capacitor 68, causing the voltage at midpoint line 44 to rise (period V). When the voltage at the midpoint line M reaches -160 volts, the current will then flow through shunt diode 66 (period VI). The cycle is then repeated.
As seen in FIG. 3, saturable transformers 47, 49 provide transistor drive current only after the current through inductor 51 has diminished to zero. Further, the transistor drive current is terminated before the current through inductor 51 has reached its maximum amplitude. This coordination of base drive current and inductor current is achieved because of the series-connection between the inductor 51 and the primary windings 46, 48 of saturable transformers 47, 49, respectively.
The series-connected combination of the inductor 51 and the capacitor 52 is energized upon the alternate conduction of transistors 42 and 43. With a large value of capacitance of capacitor 52, very little voltage will be developed across its terminals. As the value of this capacitance is decreased, however, the voltage across this capacitor will increase. As the value of the capacitor 52 is reduced to achieve resonance with the inductor 51, the voltage on the capacitor will rise and become infinite in a loss-free circuit operating under ideal conditions.
It has been found desirable to regulate the transistor inversion frequency, determined mainly by the saturation time of the saturable inductors 47, 49, to be equal to or higher than the natural resonance frequency of the inductor and capacitor combination in order to provide a high voltage output to external load 26. A high voltage across capacitor 52 is efficiently developed as the transistor inversion frequency approaches the natural resonant frequency of the inductor 51 and capacitor 52 combination. Stated another way, the conduction period of each transistor is desirably shorter in duration than one quarter of the full period corresponding to the natural resonant frequency of the inductor and capacitor combination. When the inverter 24 is used with a self-ballasted gas discharge lamp unit, it has been found that the inversion frequency can be at least equal to the natural resonant frequency of the tank circuit. If the capacitance value of capacitor 52 is reduced still further beyond the resonance point, unacceptably high transistor currents will be experienced during transistor switching and transistor burn-out will occur.
It will be appreciated that the sizing of capacitor 52 is determined by the application of the inverter circuit 24. Variation in the values of the capacitor 52 and the inductor 51 will determine the voltages developed in the inductor-capacitor tank circuit. The external load 26 may be connected in circuit with the inductor 51 (by a winding on the inductor, for example) and the capacitor may be omitted entirely. If the combined circuit loading of the inductor 51 and the external load 26 has an effective inductance of value sufficient to effect periodic energy storage for self-sustained transistor inversion, the current feedback provided by the saturable inductors 47,49 will effect alternate transistor conduction without the need for additional voltage feedback. When the capacitor 52 is omitted, the power supply 23 provides a direct electrical connection between one of the AC power input lines and the inverter load circuit.
Because the voltages across transistors 42, 43 are relatively low (due to the effect of capacitors 34, 36), the half-bridge inverter 24 is very reliable. The absence of switching transients minimizes the possibility of transistor burn-out.
The inverter circuit 24 comprises means for supplying reverse bias to the conducting transistor upon saturation of its associated saturable inductor. For this purpose, the capacitors 56 and 57 are charged to negative voltages as a result of reset current flowing into secondary windings 53, 54 from the bases of transistors 42, 43, respectively. This reverse current rapidly turns off a conducting transistor to increase its switching speed and to achieve inverter circuit efficiency in a manner described more fully in my U.S. patent application Ser. No. 103,624 filed Dec. 14, 1979 and entitled "Bias Control for High Efficiency Inverter Circuit" (now U.S. Pat. No. 4,307,353). The more negative the voltage on the bias capacitors 56 and 57, the more rapidly charges are swept out of the bases of their associated transistors upon transistor turn-off.
When a transistor base-emitter junction is reversely biased, it exhibits the characteristics of a Zener diode having a reverse breakdown voltage on the order of 8 to 14 Volt for transistors typically used in high-voltage inverters. As an alternative, to provide a negative voltage smaller in magnitude on the base lead of typical transistor 42 during reset operation, the optional diode 61 and Zener diode 62 combination can be used. For large values of the bias capacitor 56, the base voltage will be substantially constant.
If the load 26 comprises a gas discharge lamp, the voltage across the capacitor 52 will be reduced once the lamp is ignited to prevent voltages on the inductor 51 and the capacitor 52 from reaching destructive levels. Such a lamp provides an initial time delay during which a high voltage, suitable for instant starting, is available.
FIG. 5 illustrates the use of an alternate load 26' adapted for plug-in connection to an inverter circuit such as shown in FIG. 2. The load 26' consists of a gas discharge lamp 71 having electrodes 72, 73 and connected in series with a capacitor 74. The combination of lamp 71 and capacitor 74 is connected in parallel with a capacitor 52' which serves the same purpose as capacitor 52 in the FIG. 2 circuit. However, when the load 26' is unplugged from the circuit, the inverter stops oscillating and the development of high voltages in the inverter is prevented. The fact that no high voltages are generated by the circuit if the lamp is disconnected while the circuit is oscillating is important for safety reasons.
FIG. 6 illustrates a capacitor 52" connected in series with an inductor 51" through a heater 81 suitable for heating the toroidal inductors 47, 49 in accordance with the level of output. The load 26" is connected across the series combination of the capacitor 52" and the toroid heater. The heater 81 is preferably designed to controllably heat the toroidal saturable inductors in order to decrease their saturation flux limit and hence their saturation time. The result is to decrease the periodic transistor conduction time and thereby increase the transistor inversion frequency. When a frequency-dependent impedance means, that is, an inductor or a capacitor, is connected in circuit with the AC voltage output of the inverter, change in the transistor inversion frequency will modify the impedance of the frequency-dependent impedance means and correspondingly modify the inverter output. Thus as the level of the output increases, the toroid heater 81 is correspondingly energized to effect feedback regulation of the output. Further, transistors 42, 43 of the type used in high voltage inverters dissipate heat during periodic transistor conduction. As an alternative, the toroid heater 81 can use this heat for feedback regulation of the output or control of the temperature of transistors 42, 43.
The frequency dependent impedance means may also be used in a circuit to energize a gas discharge lamp at adjustable illumination levels. Adjustment in the inversion frequency of transistors 42, 43 results in control of the magnitude of the AC current supplied to the lamp. This is preferably accomplished where saturable inductors 47, 49 have adjustable flux densities for control of their saturation time.
FIG. 7 schematically illustrates an alternate form of inverter circuit, shown without the AC to DC power supply connections for simplification. In this Figure, the transistors are connected in parallel rather than in series but the operation is essentially the same as previously described.
In particular, this circuit comprises a pair of alternately conducting transistors 91, 92. The emitter terminals of the transistors are connected to a B- line 93. A B+ lead 94 is connected to the center-tap of a transformer 96. In order to provide drive current to the transistors 91, 92 for control of their conduction frequency, saturable inductors 97, 98 have secondary windings 99, 101, respectively, each secondary winding having one end connected to the base of its associated transistor; the other ends are connected to a common terminal 102. One end of transformer 96 is connected to the collector of transistor 91 through a winding 103 on inductor 98 in turn connected in series with a winding 104 on inductor 97. Likewise, the other end of transformer 96 is connected to the collector of transistor 92 through a winding 106 on inductor 97 in series with another winding 107 on inductor 98.
The B+ terminal is connected to terminal 102 through a bias resistor 108. A bias capacitor 109 connects terminal 102 to the B- lead 93. This resistor and capacitor serve the same function as resistors 58, 59 and capacitors 56, 57 in the FIG. 2 circuit.
The bases of transistors 91, 92 are connected by diodes 111, 112, respectively, to a common Zener diode 113 in turn connected to the B- lead 93. The common Zener diode 113 serves the same function as individual Zener diodes 62, 64 in FIG. 2.
Shunt diodes 114, 116 are connected across the collector-emitter terminals of transistors 91, 92, respectively.
A capacitor 117 connecting the collectors of transistors 91, 92 restrains the rate of voltage rise on the collectors in a manner similar to the collector-emitter capacitor 68 in FIG. 2.
Inductive-capacitive loading of the FIG. 7 inverter is accomplished by a capacitor 118 connected in series with with an inductor 119, the combination being connected across the collectors of the transistors 91, 92. A load 121 is connected across the capacitor 118.
FIG. 8 illustrates how an inverter loaded with a series capacitor 122 and inductor 123 can be used to energize a "rapid-start" fluorescent lamp 124 (the details of the inverter circuit being omitted for simplication). The lamp 124 has a pair of cathodes 126, 127 connected across the capacitor 122 for supply of operating voltage in a manner identical to that previously described. In addition, the inductor 123 comprises a pair of magnetically-coupled auxiliary windings 128, 129 for electrically heating the cathodes 126, 127, respectively. A small capacitor 131 is connected in series with lamp 124.
FIG. 9 shows an embodiment of the present invention that is expressly aimed at an alternative way of taking advantage of the fact that the inverter output voltage of the inverter circuit arrangement of FIG. 2 has the particular trapezoidal waveshape illustrated by FIG. 3A.
In FIG. 9, a DC supply voltage of about 320 Volt is assumed to be provided between a B- bus and a B+ bus.
A first high-frequency bypass capacitor BPC1 is connected between the B- bus and a junction Jc; and a second high-frequency bypass capacitor BPC2 is connected between junction Jc and the B+ bus. The source of a first field effect transistor FET1 is connected with the B- bus, while the drain of this same transistor is connected with a junction Jf. The source of a second field effect transistor FET2 is connected with junction Jf, while the drain of this same transistor is connected with "the B+ bus. As shown in dashed outline, each field effect transistor has a commutating diode built-in between its drain and source. A slow-down capacitor SDC is connected between junction Jf and the B- bus.
The primary winding PW of a leakage transformer LT is connected between junction Jc and a junction Jx; the primary winding PW1 of a first saturable current transformer SCT1 is series-connected with the primary winding PW2 of a second saturable current transformer SCT2 between junctions Jf and Jx.
A secondary winding SW1 of transformer SCT1 is connected between the source and gate terminals of FET1; and a secondary winding SW2 of transformer SCT2 is connected between the source and gate terminals of FET2. A resistor R1 is connected across secondary winding SW1; and a resistor R2 is connected across secondary winding SW2. A Zener diode Z1a is connected with its cathode to the source of FET1 and with its anode to the anode of a Zener diode Z1b, whose cathode is connected with the gate of FET1. A Zener diode Z2a is connected with its cathode to the source of FET2 and with its anode to the anode of a Zener diode Z2b, whose cathode is connected with the gate of FET2.
A secondary winding SW of leakage transformer LT is connected between ballast output terminals BOT1 and BOT2.
A first fluorescent lamp FL1 is series-connected with a second fluorescent lamp FL2 to form a series-combination; which series-combination is connected between ballasts output terminals BOT1 and BOT2. Lamp FL1 has a first cathode C1a and a second cathode C1b; while lamp FL2 has a first cathode C2a and a second cathode C2b. Each cathode has two cathode terminals. Each of the terminals of cathode C1b is connected with one of the with the terminals of one of three separate cathode heater windings CHW.
The leakage transformer of FIG. 9 is illustrated in further detail in FIG. 10. In particular and by way of example, leakage transformer LT includes a first and a second ferrite core element FC1 and FC2, each of which is an extra long so-called E-core; which E-cores abut each other across an air gap AG. Primary winding PW is wound on a first bobbin B1; and secondary winding SW is wound on a second bobbin B2. Cathode heating windings CHW are wound on a small third bobbin B3; which bobbin B3 is adjustably positioned between bobbins B1 and B2.
The operation of the circuit arrangement of FIG. 9 may best be understood by referring to the voltage and current waveforms of FIGS. 11A to 11F.
FIG. 11A snows the waveform of the voltage provided at the output of the half-bridge inverter of FIG. 9 during a situation where lamps FL1 and FL2 are being fully powered. In particular, FIG. 11A shows the waveform of the voltage provided at junction Jf as measured with reference to junction Jc. (The voltage at Jx is substantially equal to the voltage at Jf).
This waveform is substantially equal to that of FIG. 3A.
FIG. 11B shows the corresponding waveform of the gate-to-source voltage (i.e. the control voltage) of FET2.
FIG. 11C shows the corresponding drain current flowing through FET2; which is the current drawn by the upper half of the half-bridge inverter from the DC supply voltage (i.e., from the B+ bus).
FIG. 11D shows the corresponding current flowing through fluorescent lamps FL1 and FL2.
FIG. 11E shows the waveform of the voltage provided at the output of the half-bridge inverter of FIG. 9 for a situation where ballast output terminals BOT1/BOT2 are unloaded except for stray (or parasitic) capacitance associated with the wiring extending between ballast output terminals BOT1/BOT2 and lamp cathodes C1a and C2b.
The waveform of FIG. 11E is substantially equal to that of FIG. 11A except for an increase in the duration of each cycle period.
FIG. 11F shows the corresponding open circuit output voltage present across ballast output terminals BOT1 and BOT2.
FIG. 11G shows the waveform of the voltage provided at the output of the half-bridge inverter of FIG. 9 for a situation where: (i) slowdown capacitor SDC has been removed; and (ii) ballast output terminals BOT1/BOT2 are unloaded except for stray (or parasitic) capacitance associated with the wiring extending between ballast output terminals BOT1/BOT2 and lamp cathodes C1a and C2b.
It is noted that the waveform of FIG. 11G is substantially a true squarewave as opposed to the trapezoidal (or truncated sinusoidal) waveforms of FIGS. 11A and 11E.
FIG. 11H shows the waveform of the corresponding voltage present across ballast output terminals BOT1 and BOT2.
The basic inverter part of FIG. 9 operates much like the inverter part of FIG. 2, except that the switching transistors are field effect transistors instead of bi-polar transistors.
The loading of the inverter, however, is different. In the circuit of FIG. 9, the inverter's output voltage is applied to the primary winding of a leakage transformer (LT); and the output is drawn from a primary winding of this leakage transformer. In this connection, it is important to notice that a leakage transformer is a transformer wherein there is substantial leakage of magnetic flux between the primary winding and the secondary winding; which is to say that a substantial part of the flux generated by the transformer's primary winding does not link with the transformer's secondary winding.
The flux leakage aspect of transformer LT is illustrated by the structure of FIG. 10. Magnetic flux generated by (and emanating from) primary winding PW passes readily through the high-permeability ferrite of ferrite core FC1. However, as long as secondary winding SW is connected with a load at its output (and/or if there is an air gap, as indeed there is), the flux emanating from the primary winding has to overcome magnetic impedance to flow through the secondary winding; which implies the development of a magnetic potential difference between the legs of the long E-cores--especially between the legs of ferrite core FC1. In turn, this magnetic potential difference causes some of the magnetic flux generated by the primary winding to flow directly between the legs of the E-cores (i.e. directly across the air gap between the legs of the E-cores), thereby not linking with (i.e. flowing through) the secondary winding. Thus, the longer the legs of the E-cores and/or the larger the air gap, the less of the flux generated by the primary winding links with the secondary winding--and conversely. As a result, the magnitude of the current available from the secondary winding is limited by an equivalent internal inductance.
Due to the substantial air gap (AG), the primary winding of leakage transformer LT is capable of storing a substantial amount of inductive energy (just as is the case with inductor 51 of FIG. 2). Stated differently but equivalently, leakage transformer LT has an equivalent input-shunt inductance (existing across the input terminals of its primary or input winding) capable of storing a substantial amount of energy. It also has an equivalent output-series inductance (effectively existing in series with the output terminals of its secondary or output winding) operative to limit the magnitude of the current available from its output. It is important to recognize that the input-shunt inductance is an entity quite separate and apart from the output-series inductance.
Just as in the circuit of FIG. 2, when one of the transistors is switched OFF, the current flowing through primary winding PW can not instantaneously stop flowing. Instead, it must continue to flow until the energy stored in the input-shunt inductance is dissipated and/or discharged. In particular and by way of example, at the moment FET2 is switched OFF, current flows through primary winding PW, entering at the terminal connected with junction Jx and exiting at the terminal connected with junction Jc. Just after the point in time where FET2 is switched OFF, this current will continue to flow, but--since it can not any longer flow through transistor FET2--it must now flow through slow-down capacitor SDC. Thus, the current drawn out of capacitor SDC will cause this capacitor to change its voltage: gradually causing it to decrease from a magnitude of about +160 Volt (which is the magnitude of the DC supply voltage present at the B+ bus as referenced-to junction Jc) to about -160 Volt (which is the magnitude of the DC supply voltage present at the B- bus as referended- to junction Jc). Of course, as soon as it reaches about -160 Volt, it gets clamped by the commutating (or shunting, or clamping) diode built-into FET1; which built-in diode corresponds to shunting diode 67 of the FIG. 2 circuit.
The resulting waveform of the inverter's output voltage will be as illustrated by FIGS. 11A and 11E. The slope of the inverter output voltage as it alternatingly changes between -160 Volt and +160 Volt is determined by two principal factors: (i) the value of the input-shunt inductance of primary winding PW; and (ii) the magnitude of slow-down capacitor SDC. The lower the capacitance of the slow-down capacitor, the steeper the slope. The lower the inductance of the input-shunt inductance, the steeper the slope. Without any slow-down capacitor, the slope will be very steep: limited entirely by the basic switching speed of the inverter's transistors; which, for field effect transistors is particularly high (i.e. fast).
In particular, in the circuit of FIG. 9, the relatively modest up- and down-slopes of the inverter's output voltage (see waveforms of FIGS. 11A and 11E)--which are determined by the capacitance of the slow-down capacitor--are chosen to be far lower than the very steep slopes that result when the slow-down capacitor is removed; which latter situation is illustrated by FIG. 11G. In fact, the slopes of the inverter's output voltage are chosen in such manner as to result in this output voltage having a particularly low content of harmonic components, thereby minimizing potential problems associated with unwanted resonances of the output-series inductance with parasitic capacitances apt to be connected with ballast output terminals BOT1/BOT2 by way of more-or-less ordinary wiring harness means used for connecting between these output terminals and the associated fluorescent lamps (FL1 and FL2).
With the preferred capacitance value of slow-down capacitor SDC, the inverter output voltage waveform will be as shown in FIGS. 11E, and the output voltage provided from secondary winding SW--under a condition of no load other than that resulting from a parasitic resonance involving a worst-value of parasitic output capacitance--will be as shown in FIG. 11F.
On the other hand, without having any slow-down capacitor, the inverter output voltage waveform will be as shown in FIG. 11G, and the output voltage provided from secondary winding SW--under a condition of no load other than that resulting from a parasitic resonance involving a worst-value of parasitic output capacitance--will be as shown in FIG. 11H. Under this condition, the power drawn by the inverter from its DC supply is more than 50 Watt; which power drain result from power dissipations within the inverter circuit and--if permitted to occur for more than a very short period--will cause the inverter to self-destruct.
On the other hand, the power drawn by the inverter under the same identical condition except for having modified the shape of the inverter's output voltage to be like that of FIG. 11E (instead of being like that of FIG. 11G) is only about 3 Watt; which amount of power drain is small enough not to pose any problem with respect to inverter self-destruction, nor even with respect to excessive power usage during extended periods where the inverter ballast is connected with its power source but without actually powering its fluorescent lamp load.
One difference between the circuit of FIG. 2 and that of FIG. 9 involves that fact that the FIG. 9 circuit uses field effect transistors. Never-the-less, the control of each transistor is effected by way of saturable current feedback transformers. However, instead of delivering its output current to a base-emitter junction, each current transformer now delivers its output current to a pair of series-connected opposed-polarity Zener diodes (as parallel-connected with a damping resistor and the gate-source input capacitance). The resulting difference in each transistor's control voltage is seen by comparing the waveform of FIG. 3B with that of FIG. 11B. In either case, however, the transistor is not switched into its ON-state until after the absolute magnitude of the voltage across its switched terminals (i.e. the source-drain terminals for a FET) has substantially diminished to zero.
In further contrast with the arrangement of FIG. 2, the inverter circuit of FIG. 9 is not loaded by way of a series-tuned L-C circuit. Instead, it is in fact loaded with a parallel-tuned L-C circuit; which parallel-tuned L-C circuit consists of the slow-down capacitor SDC as parallel-connected with the input-shunt inductance of primary winding PW. Yet, in complete contrast with other inverters loaded with parallel-tuned L-C circuits, the inverter of FIG. 9 is powered from a voltage source providing a substantially fixed-magnitude (i.e. non-varying) DC voltage.
Also in complete contrast with other inverters loaded with parallel-tuned L-C circuits, the inverter circuit of FIG. 9 provides for clamping (or clipping or truncating) of the naturally sinusoidal resonance voltage that would otherwise (i.e. in the absence of clamping) develop across the parallel-tuned L-C circuit; which naturally sinusoidal resonance voltage is illustrated by the dashed waveform of FIG. 11E.
In the FIG. 9 circuit, the indicated voltage clamping (or clipping or truncating) is accomplished by way of the commutating (or shunting) diodes built into each of the field effect switching transistors. In the FIG. 2 circuit, this clamping is accomplished by shunting diodes 66 and 67.
As previously indicated, to minimize the spurious and potentially damaging resonances which might occur due to an unknown parasitic capacitance becoming connected with ballast output terminals BOT1 and BOT2, it is important to minimize the harmonic content of the inverter's output voltage (which harmonic content--for a symmetrical inverter waveform--consists of all the odd harmonics in proportionally diminishing magnitudes). To attain such harmonic minimization, it is important that the inverter's output voltage be made to match or fit as nearly as possible the waveform of a sinusoidal voltage; which "best fit" occurs when the duration of the up/down-slopes equals about 25% of the total cycle period; which, as can readily be seen by direct visual inspection, corresponds closely to the waveforms actually depicted by FIGS. 3A, 11A and 11E.
However, substantial beneficial effects actually results even if the total duration of the up/down slopes were to be less than 25% of the total duration of the inverter output voltage period. In fact, substantial beneficial effects are attained with up-down slopes constituting as little as 10% of the total cycle period.
Description of Special Embodiment
A special embodiment of the present invention includes the circuit illustrated in FIG. 9 mounted within a steel housing such as that illustrated by FIG. 12.
A steel housing SH has a longitudinal axis LA, a bottom wall BW, a top wall TW, side walls SW1 and SW2, and end walls EW1 and EW2.
Within steel housing SH is mounted a power supply circuit PSC (such as that indicated by element 23 in FIG. 2). This power supply circuit is connected with a ballast circuit BC; which ballast circuit preferably includes the circuitry of FIG. 9, except for its leakage transformer LT; which leakage transformer is shown as a separate entity mounted in such manner as to have its main plane MP--i.e., a plane parallel to the magnetic flux in its ferrite core--disposed perpendicularly to longitudinal axis LA of the steel housing SH. Also, leakage transformer LT is mounted a substantial distance away from end walls EW1 and EW2 of steel housing SH.
As with any leakage transformer, leakage transformer LT has a magnetic leakage flux; which magnetic leakage flux--for the E-core-type leakage transformer actually illustrated--extends mainly into the air space at each side of the leakage transformer's main plane. However, the density (or intensity) of the leakage flux diminishes sharply with distance away from the leakage transformer's main plane. Thus, to minimize the degree to which this leakage flux couples with the walls of the steel housing (thereby to minimize concomitant wasteful power dissipation) it is important to locate these walls as far away as reasonably possible from the leakage flux.
Since it is indeed for several practical reasons desirable that the housing be made of steel, and since the size and shape of the steel housing is to a large extent given, the only realistic option available for minimizing useless power dissipation in an electronic ballasts with a leakage transformer is to locate this leakage transformer within the steel housing in such manner as to minimize the degree with which the leakage flux couples with the steel walls of the housing.
Ideally, minimum coupling would result with the leakage transformer disposed in the exact middle of the steel housing, with its main plain perpendicular to the housing's longitudinal axis. However, for most practical purposes, it is entirely sufficient to position the leakage transformer somewhat off center, such as indicated in FIG. 12.
Ordinarily, for ease of assembly, E-core-type transformers in electronic ballasts are located within the steel housing such that the transformer's main plane is parallel with the housing's bottom/top walls BW/TW; which is the absolute worst location with respect to generating unnecessary power losses.
The dimensions of a commonly used steel casing for electronic ballasts are as follows: bottom wall BW and top wall TW are each about 2.3" wide and 8.2" long; side walls SW1 and SW2 are each about 1.5" high and 8.2" long; and end walls EW1 and EW2 are each about 2.3" wide and 1.5" high.
Thus, for ballast housings with aspect ratios approximately like those of the above-indicated commonly used steel housing, a most energy-efficient location for the leakage transformer is as shown in FIG. 12. Never-the-less, any position where the transformer's main plane is substantially perpendicular to the plane of bottom wall BW is substantially more efficient that a position where the transformer's main plane is parallel with the bottom wall.
It is also important to position the leakage transformer about in the middle between bottom wall BW and top wall TW.
Additional Explanations and Comments
(a) With reference to FIGS. 2 and 5, adjustment of the amount of power supplied to load 26', and thereby the amount of light provided by lamp 71, may be accomplished by applying a voltage of adjustable magnitude to input terminals IP1 and IP2 of the Toroid Heater; which is thermally coupled with the toroidal ferrite cores of saturable transformers 47, 49.
(b) With commonly available components, inverter circuit 24 of FIG. 2 can be made to operate efficiently at any frequency between a few kHz to perhaps as high as 50 kHz. However, for various well-known reasons (i.e., eliminating audible noise, minimizing physical size, and maximizing efficiency), the frequency actually chosen is in the range of 20 to 40 kHz.
(c) The fluorescent lighting unit of FIG. 1 could be made in such manner as to permit fluorescent lamp 11 to be disconnectable from its base 12 and ballasting means 16. However, if powered with normal line voltage without its lamp load connected, frequency-converting power supply and ballasting circuit 16 is apt to self-destruct.
To avoid such self-destruction, arrangements can readily be made whereby the very act of removing the load automatically establishes a situation that prevents the possible destruction of the power supply and ballasting means. For instance, with the tank capacitor (52) being permanently connected with the lamp load (11)--thereby automatically being removed whenever the lamp is removed--the inverter circuit is protected from self-destruction.
(d) At frequencies above a few kHz, the load represented by a fluorescent lamp--once it is ignited--is substantially resistive. Thus, with the voltage across lamp 11 being of a substantially sinusoidal waveform (as indicated in FIG. 3d), the current through the lamp will also be substantially sinusoidal in waveshape.
(e) In the fluorescent lamp unit of FIG. 1, fluorescent lamp 11 is connected with power supply and ballasting circuit 16 in the exact same manner as is load 26 connected with the circuit of FIG. 2. That is, it is connected in parallel with the tank capacitor (52) of the L-C series-resonant circuit. As is conventional in instant-start fluorescent lamps--such as lamp 11 of FIG. 1--the two terminals from each cathode are shorted together, thereby to constitute a situation where each cathode effectively is represented by only a single terminal. However, it is not necessary that the two terminals from each cathode be shorted together; in which case--for instant-start operation--connection from a lamp's power supply and ballasting means need only be made with one of the terminals of each cathode.
(f) In FIG. 9, a Parasitic Capacitance is shown as being connected across terminals BOT1 and BOT2. The value of this parasitic capacitance may vary over a wide range, depending on unpredictable details of the particular usage situation at hand. Values for the parasitic capacitance will expectedly vary between 100 and 1000 pico-Farad--depending on the nature of the wiring harness used for connecting between the output of secondary winding SW and the plural terminals of lamps FL1/FL2.
(g) The worst case of parasitic oscillation associated with the circuit arrangement of FIG. 9 is apt to occur when the value of the parasitic capacitance (i.e., the capacitance of the ballast-to-lamp wiring harness) is such as to cause series-resonance with the output-series inductance of secondary winding SW at the third harmonic component of the inverter's output voltage. The next worst case of parasitic oscillation is apt to occur when the value of the parasitic capacitance is such as to series-resonate with the output-series inductance at the fifth harmonic component of the inverter's output voltage. With the typical value of 5.4 milli-Henry for the output-series inductance, it takes a total of about 600 pico-Farad to resonate at the third harmonic component of the inverter's 30 kHz output voltage; and it takes about 220 pico-Farad to resonate at the fifth harmonic component of the inverter's output voltage. These capacitance values are indeed of such magnitudes that they may be encountered in an actual usage situation of an electronic ballast. Moreover, at higher inverter frequencies, the magnitudes of the critical capacitance values become even lower.
(h) FIG. 10 shows cathode heater windings CHW placed on a bobbin separate from that of primary winding PW as well as separate from that of secondary winding SW. However, in many situations, it would be better to place the cathode heater windings directly onto the primary winding bobbin B1. In other situations it would be better to place the cathode heater windings directly onto the secondary winding bobbin B2.
If the cathode heater windings are wound on bobbin B1 (i.e. in tight coupling with the primary winding), the magnitude of the cathode heating voltage will remain constant regardless of whether or not the lamp is ignited; which effect is conducive to maximixing lamp life. On the other hand, if the cathode heater windings are wound on bobbin B2 (i.e. in tight coupling with the secondary winding), the magnitude of the cathode heating voltage will be high prior to lamp ignition and low after lamp ignition; which effect is conducive to high luminous efficacy.
By placing the cathode heater windings in a location between primary winding PW and secondary winding SW, it is possible to attain an optimization effect: a maximization of luminous efficacy combined with only a modest sacrifice in lamp life. That is, by adjusting the position of bobbin B3, a corresponding adjustment of the ratio of pre-ignition to post-ignition cathode heater voltage magnitude may be accomplished.
(i) For easier lamp starting, a starting aid capacitor may be used in shunt across one of the fluorescent lamps FL1/FL2.
Also, a starting aid electrode (or ground plane) may advantageously be placed adjacent the fluorescent lamps; which starting aid electrode should be electrically connected with the secondary winding, such as via a capacitor of low capacitance value.
(j) To control (reduce) the degree of magnetic coupling between primary winding PW and secondary winding SW, a magnetic shunt may be positioned across the legs of the E-cores--in a position between bobbins B1 and B3.
(k) Considering the waveforms of FIGS. 1A, 11A and lie each to include 360 degrees for each full and complete cycle: (i) each half-cycle would include 180 degrees; (ii) each total up-slope would include almost or about 60 degrees; (iii) each total down-slope would include almost or about 60 degrees; and (iv) each horizontal segment would include about 120 degrees or more. Yet, as previously indicated, substantial utility may be attained even if each complete up-slope and down-slope were to include as little 18 degrees.
(l) In the FIG. 9 circuit, the inverter's operating frequency is not ordinarily (or necessarily) equal to the natural resonance frequency of the parallel-tuned L-C circuit that consists of slow-down capacitor SDC and the input-shunt inductance of primary winding PW. Rather, the inverter's actual operating frequency is ordinarily lower than would be this natural resonance frequency.
(m) In a trapezoidal waveform that constitutes a best fit for a sinusoidal waveform, the peak magnitude is lower than that of the sinusoidal waveform, and the up-slope and down-slope are each steeper that the corresponding slopes of the sinusoidal waveform.
(n) The FIG. 9 inverter arrangement has to be triggered into self-oscillation. A suitable automatic triggering means would include a resistor, a capacitor, and a so-called Diac. However , manual triggering may be accomplished by merely momentarily connecting a discharged capacitor (of relatively small capacitance value) between the gate of transistor FET1 and the B+ bus.
(o) Most switching-type field effect transistors have built-in commutating (or shunting) diodes, as indicated in FIG. 9. However, if such were not to be the case, such diodes should be added externally, as indicated in the FIG. 2 circuit.
(p) In ordinary inverter circuits, the inverter output voltage is effectively a squarewave voltage with very steep up-slopes and down-slopes. In inverters using so-called field effect transistors, the time required for the inverter's squarewave output voltage to change between its extreme negative potential to its extreme positive potential is usually on the order of 100 nano-seconds or less. In inverters using bi-polar transistors, this time is usually on the order of 500 nano-seconds or less. In the inverter of the FIG. 9 circuit, however, this time has been extended--by way of the large-capacitance-value slow-down capacitor SDC--to be on the order of several micro-seconds, thereby achieving a substantial reduction of the magnitudes of the harmonic components of the inverter's (now trapezoidal) output voltage.
(q) In an actual prototype of the FIG. 9 ballast circuit--which prototype was designed to properly power two 48 inch 40 Watt T-12 fluorescent lamps--the following approximate parameters and operating results prevailed:
1. operating frequency: about 30 kHz;
2. slow-down capacitor: 0.02 micro-Farad;
3. shunt-input inductance: 1.4 milli-Henry;
4. up-slope duration: about 4 micro-seconds;
5. down-slope duration: about 4 micro-seconds;
6. series-output inductance: 5.4 milli-Henry;
7. parasitic capacitance across BOT1/BOT2 terminals; 800 pico-Farad;
8. power consumption when unloaded: about 4 Watt;
9. power consumption when loaded with two F40/T12 fluorescent lamps: about 70 Watt;
10. power consumption when unloaded but with slow-down capacitor removed: about 80 Watt.
It is be noted that the natural resonance frequency of the L-C circuit consisting of a slow-down capacitor of 0.02 micro-Farad as parallel-combined with a shunt-input inductance of about 1.4 milli-Henry is about 30 kHz. This means that--as far as the fundamental component of the 30 kHz inverter output voltage is concerned--the parallel-tuned L-C circuit represents a very high impedance, thereby constituting no substantive loading on the inverter's output.
(r) Of course, the FIG. 9 ballast circuit can be made in the form of a push-pull circuit such as illustrated by FIG. 7; in which case center-tapped transformer 96 would be modified in the sense of being made as a leakage transformer in full correspondence with leakage transformer LT of FIG. 9. Also, of course, inductor 119, capacitor 118, and load 121 would be removed. Instead, the load would be placed at the output of the secondary winding of the modified center-tapped transformer 96; which would be made such as to have appropriate values of input-shunt inductance and output-series inductance. Capacitor 117 would constitute the slow-down capacitor.
(s) The ballast housing illustrated in FIG. 12 would ordinarily be made of steel. However, it might be made of other materials, such as aluminum. Never-the-less, except if properly orienting the leakage transformer, substantial losses may still result due to coupling of the leakage flux to the walls of the housing.
(t) The shape of the ballast housing of FIG. 12 may be described as parallelepiped. Alternatively, it may be described as being a cylinder with a substantially rectangular cross-section. This cylinder would typically be about 8.2" long; and its approximately rectangular cross-section would be about 2.3" wide and about 1.5" high.
(u) The magnetic core of leakage transformer LT is actually a ferro-magnetic core made of ferrite. The magnetic flux lines in this ferro-magnetic core are substantially parallel with each other; and the a plane passing through the middle of the ferrite core and oriented parallel with the magnetic flux lines therein is referred-to as the main plane of the magnetic core or of the leakage transformer.
Description of Another Embodiment
FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram representing another embodiment of the invention.
Basically, FIG. 13 represents a ballast, such as that of FIG. 9, but with a pre-converter-type power supply operative to draw power from the power line with a particularly high power factor. The pre-converter uses a conventional integrated circuit controller, such as Motorola's MC34261; which controller, via a FET and an energy-storing inductor, is operable to provide a DC supply voltage of chosen constant magnitude; which magnitude can be set by feeding back, to a control input at the controller, a proportional measure of the DC magnitude. Then, by choosing the proportion of the DC voltage fed back, the magnitude of the DC voltage can be set to a desired constant level.
Details of Construction of Other Embodiment
FIG. 13 includes the circuit of FIG. 9 in its totality. However, for current-magnitude control purposes, primary winding CTp of a current transformer CT has been series-connected with the lead connecting ballast output terminal BOT1 with cathode Cla.
Otherwise, FIG. 13 includes a pre-converter circuit PCC; which pre-converter circuit has a bridge rectifier BR with a pair of power input terminals PIT1 and PIT2 connected with a source S of ordinary power line voltage. Across DC output terminals DC- and DC+ of the bridge rectifier is connected a high-frequency filter capacitor HFFC. The DC- terminal is connected directly with the B- bus.
A controller means CM has a positive power input terminal A+ and a negative power input terminal A-, which A- terminal is connected with the B- bus. An "A" battery AB is connected with its positive terminal to the A+ terminal and with its negative terminal to the B- bus.
The controller means has: (i) a first control input terminal CIT1, which is connected with the B- bus via a resistor R1 and with the DC+ terminal via a resistor R2; (ii) a second control input terminal CIT2, which is connected with the B- bus via a sampling resistor SR; (iii) a third control input terminal CIT3, which is connected with the B- bus via a resistor R3 and with the B+ bus via a resistor R4; and (iv) a control output terminal COT1, which is connected with the gate terminal of a field effect transistor FET.
An energy-storing inductor ESI is connected between the DC+ terminal and the drain terminal of transistor FET; which drain terminal is also connected with the anode of a high-speed rectifier HSR, whose cathode is connected with the B+ bus. The source terminal of transistor FET is connected with the B- bus via sampling resistor SR as well as with terminal CIT2 of controller means CM. An energy-storing capacitor ESC is connected between the B- bus and the B+ bus.
The output terminals of secondary winding CTs of current transformer CT are connected between the B- bus and the anode of a diode D1, whose cathode is connected with the B- bus via a resistor R5. A resistor R6 is connected between the cathode of diode D1 and terminal CIT3 of controller means CM; and a capacitor C1 is connected between the cathode of diode D1 and the B- bus. A resistor R7 is connected across the output terminals of secondary winding CTs.
Details of Operation Other Embodiment
As far as the basic ballasting function is concerned, the operation of the circuit arrangement of FIG. 13 is substantially the same as that of the circuit arrangement of FIG. 9. The only significant differences relate to how the DC supply voltage is obtained and how its magnitude is controlled.
The pre-converter circuit PCC operates in a conventional manner, with energy being periodically stored in energy-storing inductor ESI and periodically dumped into energy-storing capacitor ESC--all being effectuated by switching transistor FET ON/OFF in a controlled and well known manner.
For the pre-converter circuit to operate properly, the absolute magnitude of the B+ voltage (i.e., the DC supply voltage present between the B- bus and the B+ bus) must be substantially higher than the absolute peak magnitude of the power line voltage provided from source C.
The controller means, which mainly includes a conventional pre-converter IC (such as Motorola's MC34261), functions in such manner that when the magnitude of the control voltage provided at control input terminal CIT3 exceeds a certain pre-determined level, the drive signal provided to the gate of transistor FET--which signal is normally provided from control output terminal COT1--ceases to be provided; which means that no further energy will be pumped into energy-storing capacitor ESC. As the magnitude of the control voltage decreases below this pre-determined level, drive signal will again be provided, and energy will again be pumped into capacitor ESC--with the amount of energy pumped being proportional (up to a point) to the degree by which the magnitude of the control signal is lower than the pre-determined level.
Thus, at a given amount of power being drawn by the ballast circuit connected with the DC supply voltage, to maintain the magnitude of this DC supply voltage at a constant level, the magnitude of the control voltage provided to terminal CIT3 will have to be a certain small amount lower than the pre-determined level.
By providing to terminal CIT3 a control voltage of magnitude proportional to that of the DC supply voltage, the magnitude of the DC supply voltage will keep increasing until reaching a magnitude that causes the control voltage to attain the particular magnitude that corresponds to the magnitude of the DC supply voltage.
Thus, in the circuit arrangement of FIG. 13, with no current flowing in the fluorescent lamps, by way of the voltage divider consisting of resistors R4 and R3 (neglecting the effect of resistor R5), the magnitude of the DC supply voltage will be determined be the R4/R3 ratio.
Using a typical pre-converter IC (such as Motorola's MC34261) in controller means CM, the magnitude of the control voltage at terminal CIT3 needs to be about 2.5 Volt before the control output signal ceases to be provided to the gate of transistor FET; which means that, if the desired magnitude of the DC supply voltage be 400 Volt, the R4/R3 ratio must be 160.
The magnitude of the lamp current delivered to lamps FL1 and FL2 is approximately proportional to the magnitude of the DC supply voltage. Thus, by controlling the magnitude of the DC supply voltage, the magnitude of the lamp current can be controlled.
Conversely, by using a measure for the magnitude of the lamp current to control the magnitude of the DC supply voltage, the magnitude of the lamp current can be controlled.
In particular, in the circuit arrangement of FIG. 13, with no lamp current flowing, the magnitude of the DC supply voltage--which is now solely determined by the feedback provided from the DC supply voltage by way of the R4/R3 voltage divider -will be at a certain higher level. However, when lamp current is flowing, a positive voltage will develop at the cathode of diode D1; which positive voltage will cause the magnitude of the control voltage at terminal CIT3 to be higher than it would be otherwise. Thus, with lamp current flowing, the pre-converter circuit will regulate the magnitude of the DC supply voltage to a certain lower level that when lamp current is not flowing.
By arranging for the magnitude of the lamp current to be higher than desired when the ballast inverter is powered with a DC supply voltage at said certain higher level, and by properly adjusting the values of the magnitude of the DC voltage developing at the cathode of diode D1, as soon as lamp current starts flowing, the magnitude of the DC supply voltage will--by negative feedback action--be reduced to the point where the magnitude of the lamp current is at the desired level.
In particular, the various components are selected and adjusted such that at any lamp current of magnitude higher than the desired level, the magnitude of the voltage developing at the cathode of diode D1 is sufficiently high to cause the pre-converter circuit to reduce the flow of power to energy-storing capacitor ESC; which, in turn, will have the effect of reducing the magnitude of the DC supply voltage; which, in turn, will reduce the magnitude of the lamp current; etc.
Thus, when unloaded, the circuit arrangement of FIG. 13 regulates the magnitude of the DC supply voltage to some desired no-load voltage level. When loaded, the circuit arrangement of FIG. 13 regulates the magnitude of the output current to some desired load current level by way of automatically reducing the magnitude of the DC supply voltage to be lower than said desired no-load voltage level. For this control arrangement to work, it is necessary that the load current level resulting when the magnitude of the DC supply voltage is at the desired no-load voltage level be higher than said desired load current level.
Additional Comments re Other Embodiment
(v) A basic element of the present invention relates to using the pre-converter circuit for regulating not only the magnitude of the DC supply voltage, but also some other parameter, such as the magnitude of an output current or voltage.
For this concept to apply, it is desirable that--in the absence of feedback--the magnitude of the resulting DC supply voltage will keep on increasing to some very high value. Then by application of negative feedback control, this magnitude can be cut back to any one of several potentially desirable levels. However, it is necessary that these multiple levels not conflict with each other; which is why it is necessary that the no-load DC supply voltage be regulated to a level that is higher than the DC supply voltage level that results when loading is at a desired level.
In other words, by way of the pre-converter circuit, the magnitude of the DC voltage can be controlled to prevent any one of several variables from exceeding some given level.
For instance, with reference to the transient voltages depicted in FIG. 11H, by appropriate feedback, the magnitude of these transient voltages can be prevented from exceeding some pre-determined level.
(w) With respect to the ballast arrangement of FIG. 13, a main purpose for controlling the magnitude of the lamp current is that of compensating for possible inaccuracies in the parameters of the various components in the ballast circuit (including the lamps), thereby--for mass production purposes--not having to specify the parameters of the components with accuracies as high as otherwise necessary.
(x) In the circuit arrangement of FIG. 13, it is possible by very simple means to use the very presence of lamp current to de-activate the feedback provided to control input terminal CIT3 from the B+ voltage, in which case it be possible to control the magnitude of the lamp current in a more flexible manner.
For instance, with no lamp current flowing, the magnitude of the DC supply voltage could be regulated to a given substantially constant level (regardless of variations in the magnitude of the power line voltage supplied from source S); yet, after lamp current starts to flow, the magnitude of this lamp current could now be increase or decreased from the level associated with this given level.
In other words, prior to lamp ignition, the magnitude of the DC supply voltage may be regulated to a magnitude such as to provide for a lamp ignition voltage of proper magnitude; whereas, after lamp ignition, the magnitude of the DC supply voltage may (in total independence of the prior regulation of the pre-ignition DC voltage magnitude) be controlled so as to achieve a lamp current of a particular desired magnitude.
(y) Within a limited degree, the magnitude of the DC supply voltage may be controlled so as to attain a dimming function; in which case, a dimmed level of light output may be attained without thereby (in the dimmed position) compromising the ballast's ability to ignite the gas discharge lamp.
Description of Yet Another Embodiment
FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram representing yet another embodiment of the invention.
In FIG. 14, source S represents an ordinary electric utility power line. The power line voltage provided by source S is applied to power input terminals PIT1 and PIT2 of bridge rectifier BR, whose unfiltered DC output voltage is provided between a DC- terminal and a DC+ terminal. The DC- terminal is connected with a B- bus. A high-frequency filter capacitor HFFC is connected between the DC- and the DC+ terminals.
A pre-converter means PCM has an A+ terminal connected with the positive terminal of an A-battery AB, whose negative terminal is connected with the B- bus.
Pre-converter means PCM has a signal output terminal SOT connected with the gate terminal of a field effect transistor FET.
Pre-converter means also has control input terminals CIT1, CIT2 and CIT3. A resistor R1 is connected between the DC+ terminal and control input terminal CIT1; and a resistor R2 is connected between control input terminal CIT1 and the B- bus. A resistor R3 is connected between a B+ terminal and control input terminals CIT3; while a resistor R4 is connected between control input terminal CIT3 and the B- bus.
An energy-storing capacitor ESC is connected between the B- bus and the B+ bus. An energy storing inductor ESI is connected between the DC+ terminal and the drain terminal of field effect transistor FET. The anode of a high speed rectifier HSR is connected with the FET's drain terminal; while the cathode of high speed rectifier HSR is connected with the B+ bus. The FET's source terminal is connected with the B- bus by way of a low resistance resistor LRR. Control input terminal CIT2 of pre-conditioner means PCM is connected with the FET's source terminal.
A field effect transistor FETa1 has its drain terminal connected with the B+ bus and its source terminal connected with a junction Ja. Another field effect transistor FETa2 has its drain terminal connected with junction Ja and its source terminal connected with the B- bus.
The cathode of a diode Da1 is connected with the gate terminal of field effect transistor FETa1; while the anode of diode Da1 is connected with junction Ja. A resistor Ra1 is connected in series with secondary winding SWx1 of a first drive transformer DTx, thereby to form a series combination; which series-combination is connected between junction Ja and the gate terminal of field effect transistor FETa1.
The cathode of a diode Da2 is connected with the gate terminal of field effect transistor FETa2; while the anode of diode Da2 is connected with the B- bus. A resistor Ra2 is connected in series with secondary winding SWx2 of first drive transformer DTx, thereby to form a series combination; which series-combination is connected between the B- bus and the gate terminal of field effect transistor FETa2.
A field effect transistor FETb1 has its drain terminal connected with the B+ bus and its source terminal connected with a junction Jb. Another field effect transistor FETb2 has its drain terminal connected with junction Jb and its source terminal connected with the B- bus.
The cathode of a diode Db1 is connected with the gate terminal of field effect transistor FETb1; while the anode of diode Db1 is connected with junction Jb. A resistor Rb1 is connected in series with secondary winding SWy1 of a second drive transformer DTy, thereby to form a series combination; which series-combination is connected between junction Jb and the gate terminal of field effect transistor FETb1.
The anode of a diode Dx is connected with the junction between resistor Ra2 and secondary winding SWx2. A capacitor Cx is connected between the B- bus and the cathode of diode Dx. A resistor Rx is connected between the cathode of diode Dx and the gate terminal of field effect transistor FETb2.
The drain terminal of a field effect transistor FETy is connected with the gate terminal of field effect transistor FETb2; the source terminal of field effect transistor FETy is connected with the B- bus; and the gate terminal of field effect transistor FETy is connected with the cathode of a diode Dy, whose anode is connected with the B- bus. A resistor Ry and secondary winding SWy2 of drive transformer DTy are connected in series to form a series-combination; which series-combination is connected between the B- bus and the gate terminal of field effect transistor FETy.
A DC and low-frequency blocking capacitor BCa is connected between junction Ja and a junction J1; an inductor L is connected between junction J1 and ballast output terminal BOTa; an instant-start fluorescent lamp ISFL is disconnectably connected between ballast output terminal BOTa and another ballast output terminal BOTb; and another DC and low-frequency blocking capacitor BCb is connected between ballast output terminal BOTb and junction Jb.
A drive voltage generator DVG has two drive voltage output terminals DVOT1 and DVOT2; which drive voltage output terminal DVOT1 is connected with the B- bus. Drive voltage generator DVG has a trigger input terminal TIT, which is connected with a junction Jt by way of a trigger Diac TDt. A capacitor Ct is connected between junction Jt and the B- bus; and a resistor Rt is connected between junction Jt and the DC+ terminal.
Primary winding PWx of drive transformer DTx is connected between the B- bus and drive voltage output terminal DVOT2. One terminal of primary winding PWy of drive transformer DTy is connected with drive voltage output terminal DVOT2; the other terminal of primary winding PWy is, by way of a DC blocking capacitor BCy, connected with the drain terminal of a field effect transistor FETy1, whose source terminal is connected with the B- bus. A diode Dy1 is connected with its anode to terminal DVOT2 and, by way of resistor Ry1, to the gate terminal of transistor FETy1. A capacitor Cy1 is connected between the the gate terminal of transistor FETy1 and the B- bus.
The gate terminal of field effect transistor FETy1 is connected with the drain terminal of a field effect transistor FETy2, whose source terminal is connected with the B- bus. A capacitor Cy2 and a resistor Ry2 are both connected between the B- bus and the gate terminal of transistor FETy2.
A trigger Diac TDy is connected between a junction Jy and the gate terminal of transistor FETy2. A capacitor Cy3 and a resistor Ry3 are both connected between junction Jy and the B- bus. Junction Jy is connected with the cathode of a diode Dy2, whose anode is connected with an auxiliary terminal ATy by way of a resistor Ry4.
Inductor L has an auxiliary winding AWl whose output terminals n-n are connected between the B- bus and an auxiliary terminal ATy.
Connected with the drain terminal of transistor FETy1 is the anode of a diode Dy3, whose cathode is connected with a junction Jc. A capacitor Cc1 and a resistor Rc1 are both connected between junction Jc and the B- bus. A resistor Rc2 is connected between junction Jc and control input terminal CIT3 of pre-conditioner means PCM.
Details of Operation of Yet Other Embodiment
The operation of the ballast arrangement of FIG. 14 may best be understood with reference to the various current and voltage time-plots and/or waveforms of FIG. 15.
In FIG. 15:
Time-plot (a) shows the magnitude of the DC supply voltage provided between the B- bus and the B+ bus; which magnitude takes about 20 milli-second to reach its maximum level, and then reduces to a lower level after about 120 milli-seconds.
Time-plot (b) shows the squarewave-like voltage provided between junctions J1 and Jb; which squarewave-like voltage starts being provided only after the magnitude of the DC supply voltage has reached its maximum level.
Time-plot (c) shows the voltage present across the terminals of instant-start fluorescent lamp ISFL; which voltage has the same magnitude as does the voltage across junctions Ja and Jb until the lamp starts drawing current, which it normally does after a fraction of one milli-second. As soon as the lamp starts drawing current, the the magnitude of the voltage across the lamp falls by about one third.
Time-plot (d) shows the current flowing through instant-start fluorescent lamp ISFL.
Now, with reference to the time-plots of FIG. 15, the operation of the circuit arrangement of FIG. 14. may be explained as follows.
Drive voltage generator DVG is a substantially conventional squarewave voltage generator of a type that needs to be triggered into operation by being supplied with a trigger pulse at a trigger input (i.e., terminal TIT). Such a trigger pulse is provided by way of Diac TDt about 20 milli-seconds after initial power-up. That is, the squarewave voltage from DVG starts being provided about 20 milli-seconds after power line voltage is initially applied to power input terminals PIT1 and PIT2.
Details of the power supply and other circuitry of drive voltage generator DVG are omitted for reasons of clarity. However, power to DVG is in reality derived from the main DC voltage present between the B- bus and the B+ bus. For similar reasons, the pre-converter means (PCM) is shown to be powered from a battery (AB). In reality, however, it is powered from an internally-derived DC voltage.
The pre-converter means is based on a conventional so-called Power Factor Controller, such as Motorola's MC 34261; which Power Factor Controller is used in a conventional manner for effecting both power factor control as well as magnitude control of the DC supply voltage.
Within a few milli-seconds after initial power-up, the pre-converter means starts to operate, thereby to start pumping energy into energy-storing capacitor ESC. After about 20 milli-seconds, the magnitude of the DC voltage across capacitor ESC reaches a certain pre-determined level (about 500 Volt); which pre-determined level--which is determined by the DC feedback provided to control input terminal CIT3 of pre-converter means PCM--will thereafter be maintained until an adjustment of the DC feedback to terminal CIT3 is made.
Capacitor Ct charges up and causes Diac TDt to provide a trigger pulse to trigger input terminal TIT of drive voltage generator DVG with a timing such that the squarewave drive voltage from DVG starts being provided just after the magnitude of the DC supply voltage has reached its pre-determined level. As soon as this drive voltage starts being provided via transformers DTx and DTy to the gate terminals of transistors FETal, FETa2, FETb1, and FETb2, the full bridge inverter will start providing a corresponding squarewave-like voltage at its output terminals, which are junctions Ja and Jb.
The squarewave-like inverter output voltage provided between terminals Ja and Jb, which has a fundamental frequency in the range of 30 to 40 kHz, is applied to the terminals of lamp ISFL by way of current-limiting inductor L. (Capacitors BCa and BCb provide for DC and low-frequency blocking, but offer substantially no impedance to the flow of currents at the relatively high frequency of the inverter's squarewave-like output voltage.)
With this high-magnitude squarewave-like voltage provided arcoss the terminals of lamp ISFL, lamp current will start flowing within a fraction of a milli-second, after which point the magnitude of the voltage across the lamp will diminish to a level determined by the lamp characteristics.
With an ordinary instant-start fluorescent lamp--such as a 48" T-8 F32 so-called Octron lamp from Sylvania--the magnitude of the voltage required for proper lamp ignition is about 500 Volt RMS. However, after the lamp initially ionizes, lamp current starts flowing and the voltage across the lamp falls to about 350 Volt RMS, at which magnitude the lamp voltage will remain until the lamp's cathodes have become thermionic; after which point the lamp voltage falls to a level of about 140 Volt RMS. With sufficient lamp current being provided, the time required for the lamp's cathodes to become thermionic is on the order of 10 to 50 milli-seconds.
A short time after the magnitude of the lamp voltage has dropped to its minimum level, the full-bridge inverter operated by transistors FETa1, FETa2, FETb1 and FETb2 changes its mode of operation and becomes a half-bridge inverter; which half-bridge inverter results from deactivating transistors FETb1 and FETb2 and is now operated by transistors FETa1 and FETa2 only.
More particularly, about 100 milli-seconds after the full-bridge inverter started to supply a 50 Volt RMS squarewave-like output voltage (which inherently results when a full-bridge inverter is powered with a 500 Volt DC supply voltage), this full-bridge inverter "transforms itself" into a half-bridge inverter, thereby causing the magnitude of the inverter's output voltage to be reduced by a factor of two. That is, converting from full-bridge operation half-bridge operation, the magnitude of the inverter's squarewave-like output voltage diminishes by half.
In the circuit arrangement of FIG. 14, changing from full-bridge inverter operation to half-bridge inverter operation results from de-activating the left half (i.e., the half with the FETb1/FETb2 transistors) of the full-bridge inverter.
The deactivation of the left half of the full-bridge inverter is accomplished by rendering transistor FETb1 continuously non-conductive and transistor FETb2 continuously conductive; which is accomplished by rendering transistor FETy1 non-conductive; which, in turn, has the effect of disconnecting primary winding PWy of transformer DTy from the drive voltage provided from drive voltage generator DVG.
By virtue of being provided with a positive gate voltage derived directly from the drive voltage by way of diode Dy1 and resistor Ry1, transistor FETy1 will be conductive except if transistor FETy2 were to be rendered conductive. In fact, about 100 milli-second after lamp current starts flowing, transistor FF. Ty2 is indeed rendered conductive, which therefore does render transistor FETy1 non-conductive. More particularly, as soon as lamp current starts to flow, an auxiliary voltage of magnitude proportional to the magnitude of the lamp current starts to be provided from the terminals of auxiliary winding AW1 on inductor L. In turn, this auxiliary voltage causes capacitor Cy3 to charge up by way of resistor Ry4 and diode D2. When the voltage on capacitor Cy3 reaches a sufficient magnitude (about 30 Volt), Diac TDy breaks down and deposits a positive charge on capacitor Cy2; which positive charge is sufficient to bring the gate voltage on transistor FETy2 high enough to cause transistor FETy2 to become conductive, thereby rendering transistor FETy1 non-conductive. Thus, the time-constant associated with charging up capacitor Cy3 is arranged to be such that it takes about 100 milli-seconds after lamp current starts to flow before the operation of the inverter of FIG. 14 is changed from full-bridge mode to half-bridge mode.
More particularly, as a result of rendering transistor FETy1 non-conductive, secondary winding SWy1 ceases to provide a drive voltage, thereby stopping the supply of drive voltage to the gate of transistor FETb1; which, in turn, means that the voltage at the gate of transistor FETb1 will become zero, thereby indeed rendering that transistor continuously non-conductive.
At the same time, removal of the drive voltage provided from secondary winding SWy2 renders transistor FETy non-conductive; which, in turn, renders transistor FETb2 continously conductive by way of the voltage on capacitor Cx; which voltage is derived via peak rectification of the drive voltage provided from secondary winding SWx2 of drive transformer DTx.
Also , as a result of transistor FETy1 becoming non-conductive, by virtue of the diode built into FETy1, a pulsing positive voltage now appears at the drain terminal of transistor FETy1. These positive voltage pulses are used for charging up capacitor Cc1 to a given constant positive voltage; which constant positive voltage will, by way of resistor Rc2, affect the control point of pre-converter means in such manner that is will now cause the magnitude of the DC supply voltage to decrease by a certain amount; which certain amount is determined by the magnitude of the DC voltage developing on capacitor Cc1 in combination with the resistance value of resistor Rc2.
Thus, after inverter operation is changed from full-bridge operation to half-bridge operation (thereby reducing the magnitude of the inverter's output voltage by half), the magnitude of the DC supply voltage is reduced by some percentage, thereby to further reduce the magnitude of the squarewave-like inverter output voltage.
In a situation where lamp ISFL is a 48" T-8 F32 so called Octron lamp, for proper lamp ignition, the inverter's output voltage should be at least 500 Volt RMS. However, the lamp's normal operating voltage is only about 140 Volt RMS; which, if this 140 Volt RMS lamp operating voltage were to be obtained from a source of 500 Volt RMS by way of a reactive voltagedropping means, a very large amount of Volt-Amperes would have to be handled by this voltage-dropping means on a continuous basis; which implies either a very large and costly reactive impedance means or significant energy losses. Thus, in a ballast for an instant-start gas discharge lamp, reducing the magnitude of the inverter's output voltage after the lamp has fully ignited obviates the need for using an extra large reactive impedance means or for accepting unduly high energy losses.
In fact, after lamp ignition, the magnitude of the inverter's output voltage could be reduced to being not much higher than the lamp's operating voltage. In the embodiment represented by FIG. 14, the magnitude of the inverter's output voltage is reduced from 500 Volt RMS to about 200 Volt RMS.
Additional Comments re Yet Other Embodiment
(aa) Pre-converter means PCM of FIG. 14 is actually the same as controller means CM of FIG. 13.
(ab) To provide for proper lamp current during the various phases of lamp ignition and operation, it is desirable to modify--as a function of time and/or voltage/current values--the frequency of the drive voltage provided from drive voltage generator DVG.
In particular, prior to lamp ignition, the frequency should be relatively high (e.g., 40 kHz). After lamp ignition is completely accomplished (e.g., after about 100 milli-seconds), the frequency should be reduced so as to result in the desired lamp current at the particular voltage-magnitude then provided from the inverter's output: the lower then ultimate magnitude, the lower the ultimate frequency.
In the embodiment of FIG. 14, the inverter frequency is presumed not to be changed during the lamp's ignition period. As a consequence, to attain the proper ultimate lamp current magnitude, the lamp current magnitude during part of the ignition period will be higher than necessary; which, within reasonable limits, is totally acceptable. However, as a net overall result, the magnitude of the inverter's output voltage was not reduced by as much as otherwise would have been permissible.
(ac) As an alternative to reducing by half the magnitude of the inverter's output voltage by changing the inverter from full-bridge operation to half-bridge operation, this magnitude can be reduced by half simply by reducing the inverter's DC supply voltage by half (i.e., from 500 Volt to 250 Volt).
Of course, further reduction in the magnitude of the inverter's output voltage can be obtained by further reduction of the magnitude of the inverter's DC supply voltage.
However, when using a pre-converter means of the type indicated in FIG. 14 for attaining the DC supply voltage, there are practical limits on how low the magnitude of the DC supply voltage can be made without seriously affecting the power factor by which the inverter draws current from the power line.
(ad) A field effect transistor of the type used in instant embodiment has a built-in diode connected across its source/drain terminals--with the anode connected with the source terminal. Thus, reverse current can flow through such a field effect transistor at any time, irrespective of the presence of gate voltage. Thus, as long as a forward bias is provided to the gate terminal, the field effect transistor will in effect exhibit a short circuit between its source and drain terminals.
(ae) Although only a single series-combination of an instant-start fluorescent lamp (ISFL) and a current-limiting inductor (L) is shown in the circuit arrangement of FIG. 14, plural such series-combinations will be used in most situations.
These plural series-combinations will be parallel-connected with each other between junctions J1 and J2. The current-limiting inductor of each series-combination will have its own auxiliary winding, the output from which will connect with junction Jy by way of its own resistor-rectifier series-combination similar to the Ry4/Dy2 series-combination.
(af) It is emphasized that the ballast circuit arrangement of FIG. 14 will in some situations operate most appropriately without providing the feature of switching over from full-bridge to half-bridge operation. Of course, to prevent such switch-over from taking place, it is only necessary to disconnect auxiliary winding AW (or, alternatively, Diac TDy); in which case full-bridge operation will prevail.
(ag) With reference to the B- bus (or, for that matter, to the B+ bus), and as long as full-bridge operation prevails, the AC voltage provided at junction J1 is--except for being of opposite phase--substantially identical to the AC voltage provided at junction J2.
That is, the AC voltage observed between the B- bus and junction J1 is--except for being of opposite phase--substantially identical to the AC voltage observed between the B- bus and junction J2.
Thus, in effect, the B- bus (or the B+ bus, for that matter) represents a center-tap (or neutral point) for the AC voltage provided at the output of the inverter; which output is represented by junctions J1 and J2. In still other words, the 30-40 kHz AC output voltage provided between the J1/J2 terminals is completely balanced with respect to the B- bus; which further implies that it is completely balanced with reference to earth ground. (Effects due to the 60 Hz power line voltage are mitigated by way of the BCa/BCb blocking capacitors.)
This feature of balanced output is important for the reason that it makes it permissible to power instant-start fluorescent lamps in a manner acceptable to U.L. (i.e. , Underwriters Laboratories) without requiring an isolation transformer, which is the usual practice in electronic ballasts for instant start fluorescent lamps used in bi-pin sockets.
(ah) In the arrangement of FIG. 14, the waveform of the current flowing through lamp ISFL will have a good crest factor as long as the peak magnitude of the squarewave voltage delivered by the inverter at junction Ja is not larger than about twice the RMS magnitude of the lamp's operating voltage.
Description of an Initially Preferred Embodiment
FIG. 16 is a schematic circuit diagram representing an initially preferred embodiment of the invention.
Briefly, FIG. 16 shows an arrangement of a half-bridge FET inverter whose frequency of operation is controllable in response to the magnitude of a control voltage. The high-frequency squarewave voltage provided from the inverter is applied to a series-resonant LC circuit, thereby causing a substantially sinusoidal high-frequency high-magnitude output voltage to be developed (via so-called Q-multiplication) across the LC circuit's tank capacitor. The magnitude of this high-frequency output voltage is controlled by controlling the inverter's operating frequency to be higher than the natural resonance frequency of the LC circuit: the further above the resonance frequency, the lower the magnitude.
The high-frequency output voltage is applied to an AC bus, across which is parallel-connected three lamp-capacitor series-combinations--with each lamp-capacitor series-combination consisting of a 48" T-8 instant-start fluorescent lamp and a current-limiting capacitor.
On power-up, the magnitude of the high-frequency output voltage at the AC bus (i.e., the AC bus voltage) is sufficiently high (at least 500 Volt RMS) to cause proper instant-starting of the three instant-start fluorescent lamps. However, after the lamps have fully ignited and stabilized (i.e., after about 50 milli-seconds), the magnitude of the AC bus voltage is reduced by about one third (to about 350 Volt RMS); at which lower level it will remain as long as the three lamps are drawing an appropriate amount of power.
However, if one of the lamps were to fail, thereby causing a reduction in the amount of power drawn by the lamps, the RMS magnitude of the AC bus voltage starts to pulse at a frequency of about 120 Hz. In particular, the RMS magnitude of the AC bus voltage will periodically alternate between the lower operating level (i.e., about 350 Volt) and the higher ignition level (i.e., at least 500 Volt): spending about 90% of the time at the lower level and 10% of the time at the higher level.
The reason for pulsing the AC bus voltage is related to the fact that a replacement lamp would not ionize and ignite at the reduced level (350 Volt RMS) lamp operating voltage; but it will ionize and ignite as a result of the indicated pulsing.
Yet, due to increased lamp current crest-factor, pulsing would be undesirable to provide-for on a continuous basis.
To provide for proper ignition of instant-start fluorescent lamps, the circuit arrangement of FIG. 16 provides for the amount of power available from the AC bus to be about twice as large as the amount of power required for normal lamp operation. This is necessary for the reason that--to avoid premature lamp failure--each lamp requires about twice its normal power during the initial 50 milli-seconds.
More particularly, during the first 50 milli-seconds or so after initial application of lamp starting voltage (e.g., 500 Volt RMS), the lamp cathodes are in the process of developing--but have not yet developed--their thermionic emission capability; which means that during these initial 50 milli-seconds each cathode exhibits a cathode voltage drop that is about 100 Volt RMS higher than it will be after having attained its thermionic emission capability. Yet, in order for the cathode to attain its thermionic emission capability, it has to be supplied with lamp current of nearly full normal operating magnitude. Thus, during the initial 50 milli-seconds, the RMS magnitude of the voltage across the lamp is about 200 Volt higher than normal lamp operating voltage--or, in case of 48" T-8 lamps, more than twice that of the normal lamp operating voltage. Yet, the RMS magnitude of the lamp current during the ignition process must be nearly the same as that of the normal lamp operating current; which therefore leads to the requirement of providing about twice normal lamp power during the lamp's 50 milli-second ignition period.
Thus, the ballast arrangement of FIG. 16 provides for and/or is characterized by:
(1) independent operation of three fluorescent lamps, each connected in parallel-circuit across the tank capacitor of a series-excited resonating LC circuit;
(2) extra high efficiency by substantially reducing the magnitude of the AC bus voltage after lamp ignition, thereby correspondingly reducing the power dissipation inevitably resulting from the reactive current necessarily circulating through the LC circuit;
(3) in spite of reduced-magnitude AC bus voltage for normal lamp operation, forceful lamp ignition on power-up, thereby providing for long lamp life of instant-start lamps;
(4) in spite of reduced-magnitude AC bus voltage for normal lamp operation, functional lamp ignition upon relamping;
(5) providing a controlled-magnitude AC bus voltage across the tank-capacitor of a series-excited resonating LC circuit;
(6) during the lamp ignition process, making available from the AC bus an amount of power about twice as high as required for normal post-ignition lamp operation.
Details of Construction of the Initially Preferred Embodiment
In FIG. 16, a DC supply voltage is provided between a B- bus and a B+ bus. A first field-effect transistor Q1 is connected with its source terminal to the B- bus and with its drain terminal to a center rail CR. The source terminal of a second field-effect transistor Q2 is connected with center rail CR and with its drain terminal to the B+ bus.
A tank inductor TI is connected between center rail CR and an AC bus AC. A tank capacitor TC is connected between the AC bus and the B- bus.
A first instant-start fluorescent lamp ISL1 is connected in series with a first current-limiting capacitor CLC1 to form a first lamp-ballast series-combination; which first lamp-ballast series-combination is connected between the AC bus and an output rail OR. A second instant-start fluorescent lamp ISL2 is connected in series with a second current-limiting capacitor CLC2 to form a second lamp-ballast series-combination; which second lamp-ballast series-combination is also connected between the AC bus and output rail OR. A third instant-start fluorescent lamp ISL3 is connected in series with a third current-limiting capacitor CLC3 to form a third lamp-ballast series-combination; which third lamp-ballast series-combination is also connected between the AC bus and output rail OR. A current-sensing and DC blocking capacitor CSC1 is connected between output rail OR and the B- bus.
A capacitor Cz1 is connected between output rail OR and the cathode of a diode Dz1, whose anode is connected with the B- bus. The anode of a diode Dz2 is connected with the cathode of diode Dz1; the cathode of diode Dz2 is connected with the cathode of a Zener diode Dz3, whose anode is connected with the base of a transistor Qz1 via a resistor Rz1. The emitter of transistor Qz1 is connected with the B- bus. A resistor Rz2 is connected between the base of transistor Qz1 and the B- bus. The collector of transistor Qz1 is connected with the base of a transistor Qw1.
A capacitor Cz2 is connected between the B- bus and the cathode of diode Dz2. A pulser means PM is connected between the B- bus and the base of transistor Qw1, as is also a resistor Rz3. The emitter of transistor Qw1 is connected with the B- bus; the collector of transistor Qw1 is connected with a junction Jw by way of a resistor Rz4. A capacitor Cz3 is connected between the B+ bus and the cathode of a diode Dz4, whose anode is connected with the B- bus. The anode of a diode Dz5 is connected with the cathode of diode Dz4. A capacitor Cz4 is connected between the cathode of diode Dz5 and the B- bus. A resistor Rz5 is connected between the cathode of diode Dz5 and the base of transistor Qw1.
A capacitor Cw4 is connected between the AC bus and junction Jw, and a capacitor Cw5 is connected between junction Jw and the B- bus. The cathode of a diode Dw4 is connected with junction Jw, while the anode of diode Dw4 is connected with the B- bus.
The anode of a diode Dw5 is connected with junction Jw, and the cathode of diode Dw5 is connected with the cathode of a Zener diode Dw6, whose anode is connected with a junction Jw1. A capacitor Cw6 is connected between junction Jw1 and the B- bus, as is also a resistor Rw4. The anode of a diode Dw7 is connected with junction Jw1; the cathode of diode Dw7 is connected with a junction Jw2. A capacitor Cw7 and a resistor Rw5 are parallel-connected between junction Jw2 and center rail CR.
An A-battery AB is connected with its negative terminal to the B- bus and with its positive terminal to an A'+ bus. A diode Dw8 is connected with its anode to the A'+ bus and with its cathode to an A"+ bus. A capacitor Cw8 is connected between center rail CR and the A"+ bus.
A first IC controller means ICCM1 has: (i) a terminal T11 connected with the B- bus: (ii) a terminal T12 connected with the A'+ bus; (iii) a terminal T13 connected via a resistor Rw6 to the cathode of a diode D'w6, whose anode is connected with junction Jw1; (iv) a terminal T14 connected with the B- bus via a resistor Rw7; and (v) a terminal T15 connected with the gate terminal of transistor Q1.
A capacitor Cw9 is connected between terminal T13 and the B- bus; a resistor Rw10 is connected between terminal T13 and the A'+ bus; the anode and the cathode of a diode Dw9 are connected with terminal T14 and the B- bus, respectively; and a capacitor Cw10 is connected between terminals T14 and T25.
A second IC controller means ICCM2 has: (i) a terminal T21 connected with center rail CR; (ii) a terminal T22 connected with the A"+ bus; (iii) a terminal T23 connected via a resistor Rw8 to the cathode of a diode D'w8, whose anode is connected with junction Jw2; (iv) a terminal T24 connected with center rail CR via a resistor Rw9; and (v) a terminal T25 connected with the gate terminal of transistor Q2.
A capacitor Cw11 is connected between terminal T23 and center rail CR; a resistor Rw11 is connected between terminal T23 and the A"+ bus; the anode and the cathode of a diode Dw10 are connected with terminal T24 and center rail CR, respectively; and a capacitor Cw12 is connected between terminals T24 and T15.
Details of Operation of the Initially Preferred Embodiment
FIG. 17 illustrates various voltage and current waveforms characteristic of the operation of the ballast arrangement of FIG. 16.
In FIG. 17, as a function of time, starting at the moment of power-up:
(1) with three operable lamps connected: (i) waveform (a) illustrates the magnitude of the 30-40 kHz substantially sinusoidal AC voltage provided at the AC bus; (ii) waveform (b) illustrates the magnitude of the AC voltage present across the terminals of one of the three lamps; and (iii) waveform (c) illustrates the corresponding magnitude of the current in one of the three lamps;
(2) with two operable lamps connected: (i) waveform (d) illustrates the magnitude of the 30-40 kHz substantially sinusoidal AC voltage provided at the AC bus; (ii) waveform (e) illustrates the magnitude of the AC voltage present across the terminals of one of the two lamps; and (iii) waveform (f) illustrates the corresponding magnitude of the current in one of the two lamps.
With reference to the waveforms of FIG. 17, the operation of the circuit arrangement of FIG. 16 may be explained as follows.
After it is triggered into operation, the half-bridge inverter of FIG. 16 is controlled by the two control means ICCM1 and ICCM2; each of which control means is basically a so-called One-Shot.
With initial reference to ICCM1, a negative-polarity trigger pulse provided at its terminal T14 causes a positive output voltage to be provided at its terminal T15; which positive output voltage is of sufficient magnitude to cause transistor Q1 to change from a non-conductive state to a conductive state.
As a collateral result of providing the negative trigger pulse to terminal T14, capacitor Cw9 (which is connected with terminal T13) discharges suddenly and completely; whereafter it immediately starts recharging by way of resistors Rw10 and Rw6. As soon as the magnitude of the voltage at terminal T13 reaches a certain predetermined level (typically about two thirds of the voltage at terminal T12), the magnitude of the output voltage at terminal T15 abruptly falls to zero, thereby causing transistor Q1 to re-enter a non-conductive state.
Thus, the length of time that transistor Q1 exists in a conductive (or ON-) state depends on the values of capacitor Qw9, resistors Rw6 and Rw10, as well as one the magnitude of the control voltage present at junction Jw1. Without any voltage present at junction Jw1, the duration of the ON-time of transistor Q1 depends only on the values of Cw9 and Rw10; which values are chosen such as to provide--in the absence of a control voltage at junction Jw1--an ON-time of duration commensurate with an inverter frequency of about 30 kHz.
As a result of the sudden drop in magnitude of the output voltage provided at terminal T15, a negative-polarity trigger pulse is provided--by way of capacitor Cw11--to terminal T24 of control means ICCM2, thereby causing it to provide at its terminal T25 a positive-polarity output voltage of sufficient magnitude to cause transistor Q2 to change from a non-conductive state to a conductive state; while at the same time suddenly and completely discharging capacitor Cw11 connected at its terminal T23. In a manner like that of control means ICCM1, control means ICCM2 will now keep on providing its positive-polarity output voltage until capacitor Cw11 charges up to a pre-determined level, at which point the output voltage at terminal T25 will abruptly drop to zero, thereby causing transistor Q2 to re-enter a non-conductive state.
In a symmetrical manner, as a result of the sudden drop in magnitude of the output voltage provided at terminal T25, a negative-polarity trigger pulse is provided--by way of capacitor Cw10--to terminal T14 of control means ICCM1, thereby causing it to provide at its terminal T15 a positive-polarity output voltage of sufficient magnitude to cause transistor Q1 again to change from a non-conductive state to a conductive state; while at the same time, just as before, suddenly and completely discharging capacitor Cw9 connected at its terminal T13; etc.
In a manner identical to that associated with control means ICCM1, the time it takes for the magnitude of the voltage on capacitor Cw11 (which is connected at terminal T23 of control means ICCM2) to reach the point at which the positive-polarity output voltage at terminal T25 abruptly drops to zero, depends on the impedance values of elements Cw11, Rw11 and Rw8, as well as on the magnitude of the control voltage provided at junction Jw2.
In the particular arrangement of FIG. 16, the impedance values of elements Cw11, Rw11 and Rw8 associated with control means ICCM2 are substantially equal to those of elements Cw9, Rw10 and Rw6 associated with control means ICCM1, all respectively.
Moreover, the magnitude of the control voltage provided at junction Jw2 is arranged to be about equal to that provided at junction Jw1; which therefore implies that control means ICCM1 and ICCM2 provide for symmetrical switching of transistors Q1 and Q2; which, in turn, means that the inverter output voltage provided to central rail CR is a substantially symmetrical squarewave voltage with frequency inversely proportional to the ON-time of each transistor.
The inverter's squarewave output voltage is provided to the LC series circuit consisting of tank inductor TI series-connected with tank-capacitor TC; thereby, in the absence of a control voltage present at junction Jw1, to cause resonant action that results in a high-magnitude substantially sinusoidal voltage being developed at the AC bus.
{In the absence of any control signal at junction Jw1, the inverter's operating frequency is substantially equal to (or only slightly higher than) the natural resonance frequency of the LC circuit represented mainly by the tank inductor TI and tank capacitor TC.}
By way of voltage-division brought about by low-capacitance capacitors Cw4 and Cw5, an AC voltage of magnitude approximately proportional to that of the AC voltage at the AC bus develops at junction Jw. This relatively low-magnitude AC voltage is rectified via diodes Dw4 and Dw5. To the extent the peak-to-peak magnitude of this relatively low-magnitude AC voltage is higher than necessary to cause Zener diode Dw6 to conduct, a DC control voltage of corresponding magnitude will develop at junction Jw1.
{The magnitude of this DC control voltage will be roughly proportional to the degree by which the magnitude of the AC bus voltage exceeds a certain level, as determined by the magnitude of the Zenering voltage of Zener diode Dw6.}
Thus, as long as transistor Qw1 is non-conductive, and as long as the inverter frequency is equal or near to the natural resonance frequency of the tank inductor and the tank capacitor, the magnitude of the AC voltage at the AC bus will increase until a DC control voltage develops at junction Jw1. Thereafter, as the magnitude of this DC control voltage increases, the duration of the ON-time of the inverter transistors becomes shorter and the inverter frequency becomes higher, thereby causing de-tuning from resonance. Eventually, the inverter frequency will reach a point where the magnitude of the AC voltage at the AC bus will stabilize. In the arrangement of FIG. 16, this stabilized point corresponds to an RMS magnitude of about 350 Volt for the AC voltage at the AC bus.
However, with an AC voltage of no more than 350 Volt RMS at the AC bus, the fluorescent lamps connected therewith will not instant-start.
To provide for a higher-magnitude AC bus voltage, transistor Qw1 is made conductive, thereby connecting resistor Rz4 in parallel with capacitor Cw5. With resistor Rz4 so connected, the magnitude of the AC voltage at the AC bus stabilizes at 550 Volt RMS (versus 350 Volt RMS); which is indeed sufficiently high to cause the lamps to instant-start.
On initially applying DC voltage between the B- bus and the B+ bus, by action of capacitor Cz3, diodes DDz4/Dz5, filter capacitor Cz4, and resistor Rz5, transistor Qw1 is caused to be conductive for a period of about 50-100 milli-seconds, which is the length of time it takes to discharge capacitor Cz4 by way of resistor Rz5 into the base of transistor Qw1. In other words, with reference to waveform (a) of FIG. 17, each time on power-up the magnitude of the AC bus voltage will be about 550 Volt RMS for an initial period of about 50-100 milli-seconds.
With further reference to waveforms (b) and (c) of FIG. 17, since it normally takes less than 50 milli-seconds to fully ignite an operational instant-start fluorescent lamp, by the time transistor Qw1 ceases to be conductive, the lamps will be fully ignited and they will draw full normal operating current from the AC bus; which full normal operating current will be sustained with the AC bus voltage having a magnitude of about 350 Volt RMS.
The total operating current from all the three lamps flows through capacitor CSC1; and the magnitude of the AC voltage developing across this capacitor CSC1 will be a measure of the magnitude of the total lamp current.
The AC voltage developed across capacitor CSC1 is rectified via rectifiers Dz1 and Dz2 and filtered by capacitor Cz2. By way of Zener diode Dz3 and resistor Rz1, the DC voltage on capacitor Dz2 is applied to the base of transistor Qz1, keeping this transistor conductive as long as full lamp current flows through all three lamps.
With transistor Qz1 conductive, the voltage on the base of transistor Qw1 is prevented from going high enough to cause this transistor Qw1 to become conductive. Thus, as long as all three lamps are carrying their normal magnitude of lamp current, the magnitude of the AC bus voltage will be maintained at about 350 Volt RMS.
However, if one of the lamps were to be removed (or otherwise fail to draw its normal full level of current), the magnitude of the DC voltage developed across capacitor Cz2 would be of magnitude insufficient to overcome the Zener voltage of diode Dz3; which would therefore cause transistor Qz1 not to become (or remain) conductive. Under such circumstances, current pulses from pulsing means PM would cause transistor Qw1 to become conductive periodically and intermittently. In particular, once each 5-10 milli-seconds, pulsing means PM would provide a 0.5-1.0 milli-second current pulse to the base of transistor Qw1; which means that the magnitude of the AC bus voltage would be increased from about 350 Volt RMS to about 550 Volt RMS for about 0.5-1.0 milli-second once each 5-10 milli-seconds.
With one lamp thus removed or otherwise non-operational, the voltage and current waveforms will be as illustrated by waveforms (d), (e) and (f) of FIG. 17.
Additional Comments re the Initially Preferred Embodiment
(ba) In the ballast circuit arrangement of FIG. 16, the DC supply voltage required for powering control means ICCM2 (i.e., the A"+ voltage required for control means ICCM2) is developed across filter capacitor Cw8 in that this filter capacitor is charged from A-battery AB via diode Dw8 each time transistor Q1 is conductive--which, of course, brings the potential of center rail CR down to the level of the B- bus. That is, A-battery AB powers both ICCM1 and ICCM2.
Of course, in an actual commercial ballast circuit, the DC voltage required for ICCM1 and ICCM2 would be obtained from a source other than a battery. Instead, it might be obtained by way of a secondary winding on the inductor in a pre-converter circuit used for generating the main DC supply voltage.
(bb) To prevent simultaneous conduction of the two main inverter transistors, Q1 and Q2, it is important that one transistor not be switched ON until after the other transistor is fully switched OFF. This feature is readily attained by way of building a delay action into control means ICCM1 and ICCM2. Thus: (i) the positive-polarity control voltage will not be provided at terminal T15 of control means ICCM1 until--for instance--250 nano-seconds after the negative-going pulse has been received by its T14 terminal; and (ii) the positive-polarity control voltage will not be provided at terminal T25 of control means ICCM2 until--for instance--250 nano-seconds after the negative-going pulse has been received by its T24 terminal.
(bc) Each of the three 48" T-8 instant-start lamps of FIG. 16 requires about 500 Volt RMS for causing initial ionization of the gas within the lamp. With about 500 Volt RMS applied across its terminals, it takes about 250 micro-seconds to ionize the gas within the lamp to a degree that permits the flow of a current of magnitude equal to (or on the order of) that of the lamp's normal operating current (i.e., about 200 milli-Ampere).
Once that level of ionization has occurred, but prior to the lamp cathodes having developed thermionic hot spots, the lamp voltage required to sustain a current of such magnitude is about 350 Volt RMS. Thus, after a fraction of a milli-second, when powered from a 550 Volt RMS source by way of a properly sized current-limiting (i.e., ballasting) capacitor, the magnitude of the AC voltage across the lamp will diminish to about 350 Volt RMS while the current flowing through the lamp will have a magnitude nearly as high as the lamp's normal operating current. Then, after anywhere from 10 to 50 milli-seconds, both cathodes will have developed stable thermionic hot spots, and the magnitude of the voltage across the lamp will diminish to about 140 Volt RMS.
If, immediately after lamp ionization a current of magnitude much lower than the lamp's normal operating current were to be supplied, it would take substantially longer than 50 milli-seconds for the hot spots to develop; and, as a result, more sputtering of cathode material would occur and lamp life would be foreshortened.
That is, to prevent foreshortened lamp life, it is important to provide nearly full lamp operating current immediately after lamp ionization; which implies the need for providing during the lamp ignition period power substantially higher than the lamps' normal operating power.
In particular, for proper ignition, while normal lamp operating power is about 28 Watt, during the ignition period the lamp should be provided with about twice that level of power.
(bd) With reference to waveform (c) of FIG. 17, with all three lamps in operation, the lamp current is approximately sinusoidal and substantially un-modulated in amplitude. Hence, the lamp current crest-factor is about 1.4.
With reference to waveform (f) of FIG. 17, with only two lamps in operation, the lamp current is still approximately sinusoidal; but its amplitude is now modulated as a result of the pulsing provided by pulsing means PL. As an overall net result, the lamp current crest-factor is now substantially higher than 1.4--being in fact about 2.8.
A lamp current crest-factor of 2.0 would normally be considered excessive. However, situations where one of the three lamps fails to function normally occurs only when the lamps are close to their end of life anyway; in which type of situations a crest-factor somewhat higher than normal would not constitute a significant drawback.
Yet, providing the pulsing under such conditions, as well as under conditions where no lamps are connected, greatly facilitates re-lamping; which means that a newly inserted lamp will ignite upon insertion, without the need to interrupt the supply of power to the ballast.
(be) In some cases, however, it will be desirable to maintain low crest-factor even in situations where one of the lamps is removed or otherwise non-operational. These cases can be accommodated by another approach, yet without resorting to the inefficient means of continuously maintaining the AC bus voltage at the full magnitude required for lamp ignition.
By way of this other approach, pulsing is eliminated (i.e., pulsing means PM is removed) and substituted with a feature by which any substantive sudden reduction in the magnitude of the AC voltage across capacitor CSC1 will cause capacitor Cz4 to be charged up to a degree sufficient to cause transistor Qw1 to become conductive and to remain conductive for a period of at least 50 milli-seconds. That way, by causing a sudden substantive reduction in the magnitude of the total lamp current flowing through capacitor CSC1, the magnitude of the AC bus voltage will be increased to about 550 Volt RMS for a period of about 50 milli-seconds, thereby providing for proper lamp ignition.
Thus, in a situation where power is being supplied to the ballast while a lamp is being replaced, the replacement lamp will not ignite except if the magnitude of the total lamp current flowing through capacitor CSC1 were to be reduced suddenly by a significant amount. One way to cause such a sudden reduction is by momentarily disconnecting one of the remaining (powered) lamps.
To avoid the necessity of reconnecting the momentarily disconnected lamp within a few milli-seconds, a delay is provided for, such that the 50 milli-second-long ignition voltage pulse will not actually be provided until a few (2-5) seconds after the disconnection of a powered lamp.
Otherwise, to accommodate a situation where all lamps have been removed and then replaced with new lamps, provisions can readily be made whereby, with zero total lamp current flowing through capacitor CSC1, 50 milli-second-long pulses will be provided periodically (e.g., once every few seconds) to the base of transistor Qw1, thereby causing the AC bus voltage to pulse to 550 Volt RMS magnitude for a total duration of about 50 milli-seconds each 2-5 seconds.
(bf) With reference to waveform (a) of FIG. 17, the ballasting arrangement of FIG. 16 will work perfectly well without reducing the magnitude of the AC bus voltage after the initial 50-100 milli-seconds. However, the efficiency of operation won't be as high then.
More particularly, it takes a significant amount of power dissipation to develop a high-magnitude AC voltage at the AC bus. In one particular design, with a 325 Volt DC supply voltage provided between the B- bus and the B+ bus, and without actually powering any lamps: (i) it took about 6.5 Watt to develop 550 Volt RMS at the AC bus; (ii) it took about 2.5 Watt to develop 350 Volt RMS at the AC bus; while (iii) it took only about 1.0 Watt to develop 250 Volt RMS at the AC bus.
Thus, reducing the magnitude of the AC bus voltage to 350 Volt RMS after lamp ignition provides for a power saving of 4.0 Watt versus maintaining the magnitude at 550 Volt RMS.
Of course, reducing the magnitude of the AC bus voltage all the way down to 250 Volt RMS after lamp ignition may yield additional power saving. However, to assure stable operation with plural parallel-connected lamps with an AC bus voltage of only 250 Volt RMS magnitude, it is necessary to increase the capacitance of the tank capacitor; which, in turn, has the effect of increasing the no-load power.
(bg) In the ballasting arrangement of FIG. 16, the individual ballasting capacitors (i.e., CLC1, CLC2, CLC3) may each be a ballasting inductor instead; in which case the magnitude of the current having to be handled by the tank inductor will significantly diminish, thereby yielding additional power savings. However, limiting the lamp current by way of a ballasting inductor is normally less efficient as compared with using a ballasting capacitor.
(bh) In the circuit arrangement of FIG. 17, control of the magnitude of the AC bus voltage may be accomplished by way of controlling the symmetry of the inverter's squarewave output voltage as contrasted with the frequency thereof. Such symmetry control would in fact result by merely eliminating diode Dw7.
(bi) In the circuit arrangement of FIG. 16, inverter control is accomplished by way of two separate control means: ICCM1 and ICCM2. In effect, each of these two control means is activated to do its pre-programmed "thing" by providing a negative-polarity pulse at its trigger input (i.e., terminal T14 for control means ICCM1). A fixed component of this pre-programming is provided-for in the form of the particular values chosen for the various resistors and capacitors associated with the two control means; while a variable component of this pre-programming is provided in the form of the magnitude of the control voltage provided at junction Jw1.
With respect to control means ICCM2, it is emphasized that the variable component of its pre-programming is in effect done once each cycle. More particularly, it is accomplished each time transistor Q1 is in its ON state (which brings the potential of central rail CR down to the level of the B- bus); and it is effectuated by diode Dw7, which conveys to capacitor Cw7 a voltage magnitude corresponding to that of the control voltage at junction Jw1. Then, as soon as transistor Q1 switches into its OFF state, the potential of central rail CR rises to that of the B+ bus; which means that the whole pre-programmed control means ICCM2 rises in potential along with the rising potential of central rail CR.
In other words, the circuit arrangement of FIG. 16 provides for a means of driving or controlling the "upper" transistor in a half-bridge inverter by way of: (i) conveying both operating energy and programming information to a control entity or module (e.g., ICCCM2) at times when the potential of this control entity or module is at or near that of the B- bus; and (ii) using this operating energy and programming information at times when the potential of this control means is at the level of the B+ bus.
Thus, controlled driving or switching of the upper transistor of a half-bridge inverter is accomplished without using either electrical isolation means (such as a transformer and/or an optical coupler) or high-voltage electronic switching devices (such as high-voltage transistors); which controlled driving or switching is accomplished from a source of power and control signal that is directly connected with the control terminals of the lower transistor in this half-bridge inverter.
(bj) In the circuit arrangement of FIG. 16, the negative-polarity trigger pulses provided to trigger input terminals T14 & T24 of control means ICCM1 & ICCM2 are supplied from control signal output terminals T25 & T15 of control means ICCM2 & ICCM1, all respectively. Since terminals T25 & T15 are connected with terminals T14 & T24 (respectively) by way of capacitors, and since terminals T14 & T24 are each shunted with a diode constituting a short circuit for positive-going pulses, only negative-going signals provided from terminals T25 & T15 will result in negative-polarity pulses to terminals T14 & T24, all respectively.
Thus, a negative-polarity pulse will appear at terminals T14 simultaneously with the drop in magnitude of the control voltage provided at terminal T25. The fact that--after the initial reduction of the magnitude of the control voltage provided between the source and gate of transistor Q2--the voltage at terminal T25 continues to drop all the way down to the level of the B- bus is of no consequence with respect to the triggering of control means ICCM1: once control means ICCM1 has received its initiating trigger pulse at terminal T14, it will proceed to execute the function it is programmed for. Of course, when at a later time the voltage level at terminal T25 rises--even up to a level higher than that of the B+ bus--no consequential results will occur with respect to control means ICCM1 due to the shunting action of diode Dw9.
(bk) In the circuit arrangement of FIG. 16, control of inverter frequency is effected by controlling the magnitude of the voltage present at junction Jw1: the higher the magnitude of the voltage at junction Jw1, the higher the frequency.
When the DC voltage present at juntion Jw1 is of zero or very low magnitude, the time it takes for capacitor Cw9 to charge to a level high enough to reverse the action initiated by the negative trigger pulse provided at terminal T14 is determined solely by the resistance of resistor Rw10 and the capacitance of capacitor Cw9; which resistance and capacitance are chosen such that--with no voltage of significant magnitude present at junction Jw1--the inverter will oscillate with a minimum frequency about equal to or a little higher than the natural resonance frequency of the LC circuit constituted mainly by tank inductor TI and tank capacitor TC.
With the magnitude of the DC voltage at junction Jw1 being of magnitude substantively higher than the forward junction drop of diode D'w6, the time it takes for the voltage on capacitor Cw9 to reach the level high enough to reverse the action initiated by the negative trigger pulse provided at terminal T14 is determined additionally by the exact magnitude of the DC voltage at junction Jw1 as combined with the resitance of resistor Rw6: the higher the magnitude of the DC voltage at junction Jw1, the shorter the time it takes for control means ICCM1 to become reset after its initiation; which is to say that the higher the magnitude of the DC voltage at junction Jw1, the higher the inverter frequency.
Of course, with control means ICCM2 having ancillary components identical to thos of control means ICCM1, due to the actions of diodes Dw7 and Dw8, control means ICCM2 behaves in a manner substantially identical (though obverse) to that of control means ICCMI.
With the resistance of resistor Rw6 being quite small compared with that of resistor Rw10, a relatively small increase in the magnitude of the DC voltage at junction Jw1 causes a relatively large increase in inverter frequency.
(bl) The purpose of resistor Rw4 is that of causing capacitor Cw6 to discharge a certain small percentage between each charging pulse received from junction Jw. That way, the magnitude of the DC voltage at junction Jw1 is assured of being resonably commensurate with the amount by which the RMS magnitude of the AC voltage present across capacitor Cw5 exceeds a certain predetermined level; which predetermined level is chosen by choice of the Zener voltage of diode Dw6.
The purpose of resistor Rw5 is to cause capacitor Cw7 to discharge a given small percentage between charging pulses, thereby keeping the magnitude of the voltage across capacitor properly commensurate with that of the voltage at junction Jw1.
(bm) An AC voltage having a 350 Volt RMS magnitude 90% of the time and a 550 Volt RMS magnitude 10% of the time will--when considering 100% of the time--have a composite RMS magnitude of 375 Volt. This value is attained by: (i) squaring each of the two voltage numbers, (ii) multiplying each resulting squared number with the percentage associated therewith, (iii) adding the two squared numbers, and (iv) taking the square root of the sum of the two squared numbers.
(bn) With reference to the circuit arrangement of FIG. 16, the control means (e.g., ICCM1) may either be constructed from off-the-shelf components (such as by using a dual "One Shot" combined with a Buffer) or by having a custom IC provided by a semiconductor manufacturer, such as Motorola Inc.
All that is needed for a semiconductor manufacturer to provide such a custom IC are the functional specifications provided herein.
(bo) With reference to the circuit arrangement of FIG. 16, it is important to notice that--for a given set of parameters for the tank-capacitor, tank-inductor, inverter DC supply voltage, etc.--the magnitudes of the alternating current and the AC power available from the AC bus are manifestly limited.
Thus, it is necessary that the current/power available from the AC bus be high enough to ignite each one of the plural lamps within the required time limits. With ordinary instantstart 48" T-8 fluorescent lamps, the power-per-lamp required for proper ignition is about 50 Watt; which compares with about 26 Watt for steady-state lamp operating power.
In other words, with the particular fluorescent lamps indicated, while the power available from each pair of lamp socket terminals (such as the socket terminals to which lamp ISL1 is connected) must be about 50 Watt (or more); the maximum total power available from the AC bus must be about 150 Watt (or more) for the particular case of having a total number of three lamps.
To minimize component cost, size, and weight, while maximizing efficiency, it is important to choose component values so as not to provide for more power availability than actually neeeded.
Hence, to provide for the above-indicated values, the circuit arrangement of FIG. 16 provides for the AC power available from the AC bus to be limited to about three times the maximum amount needed for properly igniting each individual fluorescent lamp.
As considered from a different perspective, the circuit arrangement of FIG. 16 provides-for a main power-limited output at a main AC output terminal; from which main AC output terminal power is channeled via individual power-limiting means to plural individual AC output terminals, with each individual AC output terminal is therefore independently limited in respect to available power. As a consequence, although a given limited amount of power is available from the main AC output terminals (e.g., 150 Watt), a substantially reduced limited amount of power (e.g., 50 Watt) is available from each individual AC output terminal--regardless of whether or not each of those individual AC output terminals is loaded.
Thus, the circuit arrangement of FIG. 16 provides for a dual level of power output limitation: a first relatively high level of power from the main AC output terminal, a second relatively low level from each of the individual AC output terminals. This feature is contrary to what is the case in other ballasts for plural parallel-connected instant-start lamps, in which other ballasts there is no manifest power limitation associated with the equivalent of the main AC output terminal, the only power limitation being accomplished by a current-limiting (or ballasting) capacitor in series-connection with the AC output to each individual lamp.
(bp) Although the DC power supply for the circuit arrangement of FIG. 16 is not illustrated in FIG. 16, it is nevertheless illustrated in FIG. 13. In FIG. 13 it is identified as PCC; the DC voltage output from which pre-conditioner circuit can be applied directly between the B- bus and the B+ bus of the circuit arrngement of FIG. 16. Note, however, that for the latter application, the lamp current feedback provided by way of current transformer CT is not needed, such that element CT may be eliminated.
However, it is very important to recognize that--when being applied to the circuit arrangement of FIG. 16--the pre-converter circiit PPC must be so arranged as to deliver the much-higher-than-usual amount of power required for proper ignition of instant-start lamps; which amount of power is about twice the amount required for rapid-start lamps of the same power rating.
Thus, when used with the circuit arrangement of FIG. 16, pre-converter circuit PCC of FIG. 13, is configured in such a way as to provide (at least for a brief period of time--e.g., about 100 milli-seconds) an amount of power that is about twice as high as what is required from it on a steady-state basis.
Description of Presently Preferred Embodiment
Details of Construction of Presently Preferred Embodiment
FIG. 18 is a schematic circuit diagram representing a first version of the presently preferred embodiment of the invention.
In FIG. 18, in correspondence with the circuit arrangement of FIG. 13, an ordinary electric power line is represented by source S, whose power line voltage is applied to power input terminals PIT1 and PIT2 of bridge rectifier BR, whose DC output voltage is provided between the DC- terminal and the DC+ terminal, with the DC- terminal being of negative polarity. Between the DC- and the DC+ terminals is connected high-frequency filtering capacitor HFFC.
Still in correspondence with the circuit arrangement of FIG. 13, energy-storing capacitor ESC is connected between the B- bus and the B+ bus. Also, field-effect transistor FET1 is connected with the B- bus by way of its source terminal, while its drain terminal is connected with junction Jr; while field-effect transistor FET2 is connected with junction Jf by way of its source terminal while its drain terminal is connected with the B+ bus.
An inverter drive means IDM has: (i) control signal output terminals CSOT1a and CSOT1b connected with the B- bus and the gate terminal of transistor FET1, respectively; and (ii) control signal output terminals CSOT2a and CSOT2b connected with junction Jf and the gate terminal of transistor FET2, respectively. Inverter drive means IDM also has control signal input terminals CSITa and CSITb connected with the B- bus and junction Jac, respectively.
In substantial correspondence with the circuit arrangement of FIG. 16, tank inductor TI is connected between junction Jf and a junction Jac; and tank-capacitor TC is connected between junction Jac and the B- bus. A high-pass capacitor HPC is connected between junction Jac and AC bus AC.
A first instant-start fluorescent lamp ISFL1 is series-connected with a first ballast capacitor BC1 to form a first lamp-ballast series-combination; and a second instant-start fluorescent lamp ISFL2 is series-connected with a second ballast capacitor BC2 to form a second lamp-ballast series-combination.
The first lamp-ballast series-combination is connected between the AC bus and the B- bus by way of primary winding IT1p of inductor-transformer IT1. The second lamp-ballast series-combination is connected between the AC bus and the B- bus by way of primary winding IT2p of inductor-transformer IT2.
Secondary winding IT1s of inductor-transformer IT1 has a center-tap connected with the B- bus, while its other two terminals are connected with the DC- terminal by way of diodes IT1Da and IT1Db. Secondary winding IT2s of inductor-transformer IT2 has a center-tap connected with the B- bus, while its other two terminals are connected with the DC- terminal by way of diodes IT2Da and IT2Db.
A high-frequency smoothing capacitor HFSC is connected between the B- bus and the DC- terminal.
Details of Operation of Presently Preferred Embodiment
To properly understand the operation of the circuit arrangement of FIG. 18, reference should be made to the voltage and current waveforms of FIG. 19.
In FIG. 19:
Waveform (a) shows the 120 Volt/60 Hz power line voltage applied between power input terminals PIT1/PIT2;
Waveform (b) shows the power line current flowing into power input terminals PIT1/PIT2 whenever both lamps ISFL1/ISFL2 are connected and powered;
Waveform (c) shows the power line current flowing into power input terminals PIT1/PIT2 when only one of lamps ISFL1/ISFL2 is connected and powered;
Waveform (d) shows the DC voltage provided between output terminals DC- and DC+ of bridge rectifier BR;
Waveform (e) shows the DC voltage provided between the DCbus and terminal DC-, which is to say: across high-frequency smoothing capacitor HFSC.
Waveform (f) shows the current delivered from the output of diodes IT1Da/IT1Db when lamp ISFL1 is powered (or from the output of diodes IT2Da/IT2Db when lamp ISFL is powered), which is to say: the current forced, by way of transformer IT1 (or transformer IT2) and associated rectifier and filter/smoothing means, to flow from the B- bus to the DC- terminal;
Waveform (g) shows the power delivered to power input terminals PIT1/PIT2 from the 120 Volt/60 Hz power line whenever both lamps ISFL1/ISFL2 are connected and powered; and
Waveform (h) shows the power delivered to the terminals connected across high-frequency smoothing capacitor HFSC (i.e., to the terminals represented by the B- bus and the DC- terminal) from (or by way of) inductor-transformers IT1/IT2 and their associated rectifier and filter/smoothing means.
Waveforms (i) and (j) of FIG. 19 show the current drawn from the power line in two different actual embodiments of the circuit arrangement of FIG. 18; and waveforms (k) and (1) show the envelopes of the high-frequency lamp current under two different conditions: without and with feedback to inverter drive means IDM of the auxiliary DC voltage.
Now, with reference to the waveforms of FIG. 19, the operation of the circuit arrangement of FIG. 18 may be explained as follows.
Bridge rectifier BR full-wave-rectifies the 120 Volt/60 Hz power line voltage {waveform (a)} to provide a full-wave-rectified DC voltage between the DC- and the DC+ terminals {waveform (b)}. A DC supply voltage of constant magnitude, approximately equal to the peak magnitude of the power line voltage, develops across energy-storing capacitor ESC. Thus, the half-bridge inverter represented by transistors FET1 and FET2, gets supplied with a DC voltage of constant magnitude approximately equal to 170 Volt.
Inverter drive means IDM periodically and alternatingly switches the two transistors ON and OFF at a frequency of about 30 kHz, thereby generating a 30 kHz squarewave voltage at junction Jr. This squarewave voltage is applied to the series-combination of tank-inductor TI and tank-capacitor TC; which series-combination has a natural resonance frequency about equal to or lower that the fundamental frequency of the inverter squarewave output voltage.
Due to so-called Q-multiplication, the magnitude of the AC voltage developing at junction Jac will be higher than that of the inverter squarewave output voltage. Moreover, it will be of sinusoidal waveshape. By adjusting the fundamental frequency of the inverter squarewave output voltage, the magnitude of this high-magnitude AC output voltage may be adjusted; and, by applying this AC output voltage between control signal input terminals CSITa/CSITb, the magnitude of this AC output voltage is in fact automatically controlled such as to remain substantially constant regardless of normal levels of loading.
That is, in response to the AC output voltage being applied across its control signal input terminals CSITa/CSITb, inverter drive means IDM is so constituted as to cause the fundamental frequency of the inverter squarewave output voltage to increase sharply whenever the magnitude of the AC output voltage increases above a certain predetermined level; thereby, via negative feedback, to maintain the AC output voltage at a constant magnitude.
The high-magnitude AC output voltage provided at junction Jac--which AC output voltage is maintained substantially constant in magnitude at about 550 Volt RMS--is connected to the AC bus by way of high-pass capacitor HPC; which high-pass capacitor provides blocking for DC and low-frequency currents, while representing negligible impedance to currents at frequencies like those of the high-magnitude AC output voltage.
Each of instant-start fluorescent lamps ISFL1/ISFL2 is connected in series with a current-limiting or ballasting capacitor (BC1 and BC2, respectively) which serves to manifestly limit the magnitude of the current supplied to each lamp after lamp ignition.
With these lamps being ordinary 48" instant-start T-8 fluorescent lamps, such as Sylvania Octron lamps, the lamp operating voltage after ignition is about 140 Volt RMS with lamp operating current of about 170 milli-Ampere.
The current flowing through lamps ISFL1 and ISFL2 also flows through primary windings IT1p and IT2p, respectively. As a result of this current, a high-frequency auxiliary AC voltage develops across each of the primary windings; which, in turn, causes an auxiliary DC voltage to develop across high-frequency smoothing capacitor HFSC. As long as no current is flowing from the transformers' secondary windings, the magnitude of this auxiliary AC voltage is determined by the inductance of the primary windings; which inductance is selected to such that--with no current flowing from the transformers' secondary windings the magnitude of the auxiliary DC voltage is about equal to the magnitude of the inverter's DC supply voltage (i.e., the DC voltage across capacitor ESC).
In the circuit arrangement of FIG. 18, the only time when no current is flowing from the transformer's secondary windings is when the instantaneous magnitude of the power line voltage is zero; in which case the voltage between the DC- terminal and the DC+ terminal is zero, thereby indeed leaving the voltage across high-frequency smoothing capacitor equal to that of the inverter's DC supply voltage.
When the instantaneous absolute magnitude of the power line voltage is equal to that of the inverter's DC supply voltage, the voltage across high-frequency smoothing capacitor HFSC must be zero; which means that the magnitude of the auxiliary DC voltage must be zero at that moment. In this case, which corresponds to a short-circuit condition across high-frequency smoothing capacitor HFSC, the maximum possible DC current is being delivered to high-frequency smoothing capacitor HFSC from transformers IT1/IT2.
Thus, at the time when the absolute instantaneous magnitude of the power line voltage is at its maximum, the instantaneous absolute magnitude of the current delivered from the power line is likewise at its maximum. The magnitude of the DC current delivered to the high-frequency smoothing capacitor HFSC (via transformers IT1/IT2) when the magnitude of the auxiliary DC voltage is zero should be made equal to the maximum magnitude of the current delivered from the power line.
In other words, the turns-ratio of transformers IT1/IT2 must be such as to cause the maximum magnitude of the DC current delivered to smoothing capacitor HFSC (i.e., under the equivalent of a short circuit condition) to be equal to the maximum magnitude of the current delivered from the power line; which implies that the effective turns-ratio must be such as to cause the lamp current flowing through the primary winding of one of transformers IT1/IT2 to be approximately equal to the maximum magnitude of the power line current attributable to one lamp.
As a bottom line result, when the magnitude of the DC current delivered from the source of auxiliary DC voltage under short-circuit conditions is about equal to the maximum magnitude of the current drawn from the power line (assuming perfect power factor), and when the magnitude of the auxiliary DC voltage under open-circuit conditions is equal to that of the inverter's DC supply voltage, then the current actually drawn from the power line will indeed be approximately sinusoidal and therefore of substantially perfect power factor; all of which is based on the assumption that the magnitude of the DC current delivered from the source of auxiliary DC voltage diminishes approximately linearly with increasing magnitude of this auxiliary DC voltage.
Since the magnitude of the AC output voltage (i.e., about 550 Volt RMS) is very high compared with the magnitude of the sum of the lamp operating voltage and the voltage actually resulting across the primary winding of each of transformers IT1/IT2, the above-indicated assumption is in fact approximately borne out.
Since the magnitude of the power line current is roughly proportional to the number of lamps powered, and since each individual lamp when powered contributes a given amount of short-circuit current from the source of auxiliary DC voltage, the power line current will in fact be nearly sinusoidal regardless of the number of lamps being being powered.
In reality, the magnitude of the current delivered from the source of auxiliary DC voltage is not completely linearly related to the magnitude of this auxiliary DC voltage.
For instance, with the circuit arrangement being as indicated in FIG. 18, with the open-circuit auxiliary DC voltage and the short-circuit auxiliary DC current being established in accordance with the above-indicated procedure, with the magnitude of the AC output voltage being as indicated, and with the particular lamps indicated, the resulting waveshape of the power line current will not be entirely sinusoidal but will instead be like that of waveform (i) of FIG. 19; which, in contrast with the initially assumed situation, indicates a non-linear relationship between the magnitude of the auxiliary DC voltage and the magnitude of the auxiliary DC current.
By connecting an inductor of relatively small inductance in series with the DC current output from each of the pairs of high-frequency rectifiers (IT1Da/IT1Db and IT2Da/IT2Db), the waveshape of the power line current can be changed to be like that of waveform (j) of FIG. 19.
Waveform (k) of FIG. 19 shows the envelope of the high-frequency lamp current flowing through lamps ISFL1/ISFL2. As may be seen, the magnitude of the lamp current envelope is substantially higher during times when the magnitude of the power line current is low; which corresponds to times when the magnitude of the voltage across primary windings IT1p/IT2p is high; which, in turn, is at times when the magnitude of the auxiliary DC voltage is high. Because of these magnitude modulations on the lamp current envelope, the lamp current crest factor is higher than it otherwise would have been; and, in some circumstance, the lamp current crest factor may in fact be unacceptably high.
To improve the lamp current crest factor, optional feedback is provided for. By way of this feedback, a measure of the magnitude of the auxiliary DC voltage is fed back to the inverter drive means (IDM), thereby to cause the magnitude of the AC output voltage to decrease during times when the magnitude of the auxiliary DC voltage is high; thereby, as indicated by waveform (l), to reduce the magnitude modulations on the lamp current envelope.
Details of Construction of a Modified Preferred Embodiment
FIG. 20 is a schematic circuit diagram representing a modified version of the preferred embodiment of the invention; which circuit diagram is identical to that of FIG. 18 except as follows.
Elements IT1 and IT2 and their directly associated components have been removed and substituted with a single inductor transformer IT. This inductor transformer IT has: (i) a primary winding ITp interposed in series with tank capacitor TC, and (ii) a secondary winding ITs having a center-tap connected with the B- bus as well as two other terminals connected with the anodes of two high-frequency rectifier diodes ITDa and ITDb, the cathodes of which are both connected with the DC- terminal.
Rather than being connected with the B- bus by way of primary windings IT1p and ITp2, ballasting capacitors BC1 and BC2 are now connected directly with the B- bus.
An auxiliary control transistor ACT is connected with its collector to the DC- terminal and with its emitter to the B- bus. The base of transistor ACT is connected with a control signal output terminal CSOT of a bistable control element BCE; which control element also has a common terminal CT connected with the B- bus, as well as a control signal input terminal CSIT. A resistor Rcl is connected between control signal input terminal CSIT and the B- bus; and a resistor Rc2 is connected between control signal input terminal CSIT and the B+ bus.
Details of Operation of Modified Preferred Embodiment
The operation of the circuit arrangement of FIG. 20 may best be understood with reference to the waveforms of FIG. 21.
In FIG. 21:
Waveform (a) shows the 120 Volt/60 Hz power line voltage applied between power input terminals PIT1/PIT2;
Waveform (b) shows the power line current flowing into power line terminals PIT1/PIT2 at full load, which is whenever both lamps ISFL1/ISFL2 are connected and powered;
Waveform (c) shows the power line current flowing into power line terminals PIT1/PIT2 at half load, which is whenever oly one of lamps ISFL1/ISFL2 is connected and powered;
Waveform (d) shows the power line current flowing into power line terminals PIT1/PIT2 at no load, which is whenever the inverter is operating but neither of lamps ISFL1/ISFL2 is connected;
Waveform (e) shows the power line current flowing into power line terminals PIT1/PIT2 at full load, but with the open-circuit magnitude of the auxiliary DC voltage (i.e., the voltage across capacitor HFSC when no net current is flowing from its terminals) being lower than that of the inverter's DC supply voltage; and
Waveform (f) shows the power line current flowing into power line terminals PIT1/PIT2 at full load, but with the short-circuit magnitude of the auxiliary DC current (i.e. the DC current flowing through a perfect short-circuit placed directly across the terminals of capacitor HFSC) being lower than the peak magnitude of the power line current that would have been drawn from the power line under condition of perfect power factor.
Now, with reference to the waveforms of FIG. 21, the operation of the circuit arrangement of FIG. 20 may be explained as follows.
The operation of the circuit arrangement of FIG. 20 is identical to that of the circuit arrangement of FIG. 18, except as follows.
The auxiliary DC voltage (as well as the auxiliary DC current) is derived from the current flowing through the tank capacitor (TC) rather that from the current flowing through the load (i.e., through lamps ISFL1/ISFL2).
However, since the current flowing through the tank capacitor is substantially independent of the load, it is necessary to provide for a means to block the feedback of power whenever the circuit is unloaded. Otherwise, the magnitude of the inverter's DC supply voltage would increase to unacceptably high levels.
So, in the circuit arrangement of FIG. 20, whenever the magnitude of the inverter's DC supply voltage exceeds a first predetermined level, transistor ACT will be made conductive, thereby stopping the feedback of power. However, as soon as the magnitude of the inverter's DC supply voltage decreases below a second (lower) predetermined level, transistor ACT will be rendered non-conductive, and feedback of power will resume.
The first predetermined level is at least slightly higher than the peak magnitude of the power line voltage. The second predetermined level is lower than the first predetermined level by some 15%.
Under conditions of full load, the magnitude of the inverter's DC supply voltage will remain lower than the first predetermined level; and transistor ACT will remain in a non-conductive condition at all times; which condition results in a continuous flow of line current, such as illustrated by waveform (b). Under conditions of half load, and with energy-storing capacitor ESC being of just sufficient capacity, transistor ACT will alternate with a frequency of about 30 Hz between being conductive and being non-conductive; which condition results in an interrupted flow of (sinusoidal) line current, such as illustrated by waveform (c). Under conditions of no load, the magnitude of the inverter's DC supply voltage will rapidly increase to the first predetermined level, and will only very slowly decline from there, thereby resulting in an interrupted flow of line current like that illustrated by waveform (d).
It is noted that whenever current is indeed drawn from the power line, it is of instantaneous magnitude approximately proportional to the instantaneous magnitude of the power line voltage; which implies near perfect power factor.
With a higher capacitance value for capacitor ESC, waveform (b) will be the same. However, waveforms (c) and (d) will change in that the rate of interruption in the flow of line current will decrease. For instance, doubling the capacitance of capacitor ESC will cause it to take twice as many cycles of the power line voltage to increase the magnitude of the inverter's DC supply voltage from the lower (or second) level to the higher (or first) level (or to decrese the magnitude of this DC voltage from the high level to the lower level).
Additional Comments re Preferred Embodiments
(ca) For reasons of simplification and clarity, and since a person of ordinary skill in the art pertinent hereto would know how to design and/or to obtain such means, inverter drive means IDM of FIGS. 18 and 20, and bistable control means BCM of FIG. 20, are not described in detail.
In particular , by specifying their functional requirements in accordance with the details provided hereinabove, a number of semiconductor manufacturers (such as Motorola Inc.) will be able to design and supply appropriate inverter drive means and/or bistable control means.
(cb) The two inductor-transformer combinations (TI1/TI2) of FIG. 18 may be combined into a single inductor-transformer whose primary winding would then be supplied with the sum of the two lamp currents and whose output current would represent the sum of these two lamp currents. Doing so would provide for substantially sinusoidal power line current in case of full load. However, at partial load the power line current would be non-sinusoidal; which, of course, may be completely acceptable in many applications.
(cc) Each inductor-transformer IT1/IT2 could be an ordinary high-frequency (i.e., gap-less ferrite-cored) transformer with an inductor shunting its primary winding. However, for cost-effectivity purposes, IT1 and IT2 are each arranged as a gapped ferrite-cored transformer, thereby including a shunt inductance as an inherent part of its primary winding.
The size of the gap in the ferrite core should be adjusted such that the auxiliary DC voltage developing across capacitor HFSC (when no current is delivered to the DC- terminal) equals the inverter's DC supply voltage.
(cd) Instead of (or in addition to) having an inductor shunting its primary winding, each inductor-transformer could have a capacitor shunting its primary winding. By balancing the relationship between inductive and capacitive shunting impedances, various useful effects may be attained with respect to trimming the shape of the waveform of the power line current.
(ce) Since energy-storing capacitor ESC is essentially a short circuit for currents at the 30 kHz inverter frequency, high-frequency smoothing capacitor HFSC is--for high-frequency purposes--connected in parallel with high-frequency filter capacitor HFFC. Thus, the function of capacitor HFSC may effectively be served by capacitor HFFC.
(cf) A basic concept inherent in the present invention may be described as:
a source of non-current-limited DC voltage (such as obtained from unfiltered full-wave-rectified AC power line voltage)
connected in series with
a source of manifestly current-limited DC voltage, where this current-limited DC voltage has an open circuit voltage of magnitude equal to the peak magnitude of the non-current-limited DC voltage and a short-circuit current equal to the peak magnitude of the current drawn from the source of non-current-limited DC voltage
thereby to form a series-combination connected across and delivering power power to a load across which exists a constant-magnitude DC voltage
thereby, in turn, to cause the instantaneous magnitude of the current drawn from the non-current-limited DC source to be substantially proportional to the instantaneous magnitude of the non-current-limited DC voltage.
(cg) Another basic concept inherent in the present invention may be compactly expressed as:
an electronic ballast intermittently drawing current from the AC power line in such manner that, when in fact being drawn, the instantaneous magnitude of the power line current is proportional to the instantaneous magnitude of the power line voltage.
(ch) Yet another basic concept inherent in the present invention may be expressed as:
a ballast drawing current from the AC power line in such manner that the instantaneous magnitude of the power line current is proportional to the instantaneous magnitude of the AC power line voltage; the ballast including an inverter being powered from a DC voltage having constant magnitude about equal to the absolute peak magnitude of the AC power line voltage.
(ci) Still yet another basic concept inherent in the present invention may be expressed as:
a ballast for plural gas discharge lamps, where the ballast includes an inverter exciting a resonating series-connection of a tank-inductor and a tank-capacitor, and where the plural gas discharge lamps are effectively parallel-connected across the tank capacitor.
(cj) One of the concepts inherent in the present invention may be expressed as:
a power-line-operated ballast including an inverter powered from a DC voltage of magnitude equal to the peak magnitude of the power line voltage yet functional to draw a current from the power line having an instantaneous magnitude proportional to the instantaneous magnitude of the power line voltage.
(ck) Another one of the concepts inherent in the present invention may be expressed as:
an inverter-type ballast circuit powered from a source of DC voltage and functional to supply high-frequency power from a ballast output, and where part of the power provided from the source of DC voltage to the inverter-type ballast circuit is supplied to the source of DC voltage in the form of high-frequency power from the ballast output.
(cl) Another one of the concepts inherent in the present invention may be expressed as:
a ballast powered from a source of DC voltage and functional to supply high-frequency current-limited output power from a ballast output; a first part of the high-frequency output power being used for powering a gas discharge lamp and a second part of the high-frequency output power being rectified and fed back to the source of DC voltage.
(cm) Yet another one of the concepts inherent in the present invention may be expressed as:
an inverter-type power supply powered from a main DC voltage of substantially constant magnitude and operative to provide high-frequency power output from a set of high-frequency power output terminals; the DC voltage being supplied from two series-connected DC sources: (i) a first DC source powered from the AC power line voltage of an ordinary electric utility power line and operative to provide across a pair of first DC output terminals a first DC voltage of instantaneous absolute magnitude substantially equal to that of the AC power line voltage; and (ii) a second DC source powered from the high-frequency power output of the inverter-type power supply and operative to provide across a pair of second DC terminals a second DC voltage of instantaneous absolute magnitude substantially equal to the instantaneous absolute magnitude of the difference between the main DC voltage and the first DC voltage.
(cn) Still another one of the concepts inherent in the present invention may be expressed as:
an inverter-type power supply powered from a main DC voltage of substantially constant magnitude and operative to provide high-frequency power output from a set of high-frequency power output terminals; the DC voltage being supplied from two series-connected DC sources: (i) a first DC source powered from the AC power line voltage of an ordinary electric utility power line and operative to provide across a pair of first DC output terminals a first DC voltage of instantaneous absolute magnitude substantially equal to that of the AC power line voltage; and (ii) a second DC source powered from the high-frequency power output of the inverter-type power supply and operative to provide to a pair of second DC terminals a undirectional current of magnitude substantially proportional to the difference between the main DC voltage and the first DC voltage.
(co) In the circuit arrangements of FIGS. 18 and 20, when a unidirectional current flows from the DC+ terminal to the B+ bus, an equal unidirectional current must flow from to the DCterminal from the positive terminal of capacitor HFSC (i.e., actually, in case of FIG. 18, from the cathodes of diodes IT1Da/IT1Db and/or IT2Da/IT2Db).
(cp) It is noted that electronic ballasts using so-called pre-converters may be arranged to draw power line current of instantaneous magnitude substantially proportional to the instantaneous magnitude of the power line voltage. However, to attain this pre-converter function with presently known means, the magnitude of the DC voltage supplied to the inverter in such ballasts must be substantially higher than the peak magnitude of the power line voltage.
Claims
I claim:
1. An arrangement comprising: an ordinary electric utility power line providing an AC power line voltage at a pair of power line terminals; and an electronic ballast having input terminals connected with the power line terminals and output terminals connected in circuit with a gas discharge lamp; the electronic ballast being characterized by: (i) including pre-conditioning circuitry functional to cause a substantially sinusoidal current to be drawn from the power line terminals; (ii) having other circuitry operative to provide a high-frequency current from its output terminals, the high-frequency current having a fundamental frequency several times higher than that of the AC power line voltage; and (iii) including yet additional electronic circuitry connected with its input terminals and operative to provide a substantially constant DC voltage at a pair of DC terminals, the absolute magnitude of the DC voltage being substantially equal to the absolute peak magnitude of the AC power line voltage, the DC terminals being connected with an inverter circuit disposed within the electronic ballast and operative to cause the provision of said high-frequency current.
2. The arrangement of claim 1 wherein the substantially sinusoidal current is being characterized as having less than 20% total harmonic distortion.
3. The arrangement of claim 1 wherein the magnitude of the DC voltage is constant to within plus/minus 10%.
4. The arrangement of claim 1 wherein the absolute instantaneous magnitude of the DC voltage never exceeds the peak instantaneous magnitude of the AC power line voltage.
5. The arrangement of claim 1 wherein the electronic ballast is further characterized by including: (i) an inverter connected in circuit between the DC terminals and the output terminals; and (ii) a feedback circuit operative to draw high-frequency power from the output terminals and supply a certain amount of DC power to the DC terminals.
6. The arrangement of claim 5 wherein: (i) the electronic ballast draws a certain amount of AC power from the power line terminals; and (ii) the certain amount of DC power is about equal to or lower than one fourth of the certain amount of AC power.
7. The arrangement of claim 1 wherein the gas discharge lamp is powered with high-frequency current having a crest-factor not higher than 1.7.
8. The arrangement of claim 1 wherein the gas discharge lamp is supplied with a high-frequency current having no more than about 10% amplitude-modulation.
9. An arrangement comprising: a first element having a first pair of terminals across which exists a constant-magnitude DC voltage; the first element including a power supply connected with the constant-magnitude DC voltage and having a high-frequency output connected in circuit with a gas discharge lamp; a second element having a second pair of terminals across which exists a pulsating DC voltage; the second element being connected with, and supplied with an alternating current from, a source of substantially sinusoidal AC voltage; the instantaneous absolute magnitude of the pulsating DC voltage being substantially equal to that of the AC voltage; and a third element having a third pair of terminals from which is supplied a pulsating unidirectional current; the third element being connected in circuit with the high-frequency output; the instantaneous absolute magnitude of the pulsating unidirectional current being substantially equal to that of the alternating current; the first, second and third elements being series-connected with one another by way of the first, second and third pairs of terminals, such that any current flowing through one of the elements must also flow through the other two elements.
10. The arrangement of claim 9 wherein the pulsating unidrectional current is pulsating at a fundamental frequency four times higher than the fundamental frequency of the AC voltage.
11. The arrangement of claim 9 wherein the instantaneous magnitude of the unidirectionally pulsating current varies in a substantially sinusoidal manner.
12. The arrangement of claim 9 wherein: (i) an auxiliary DC voltage exists across the third pair of terminals; and (ii) the instantaneous magnitude of the auxiliary DC voltage is approximately equal to the difference between the instantaneous magnitude of the constant-magnitude DC voltage and the instantaneous magnitude of the pulsating DC voltage.
13. The arrangement of claim 9 wherein the third element draws a certain amount of power from the high-frequency output; which certain amount of power is equal to about one fourth of the amount of power drawn by the second element from the source of substantially sinusoidal AC voltage.
14. The arrangement of claim 9 wherein the alternating current has a substantially sinusoidal waveshape.
15. An arrangement comprising: a first source providing a first DC voltage across a pair of first DC terminals; the instantaneous absolute magnitude of the first DC voltage being about equal to that of a substantially sinusoidal AC voltage; a second source providing a second DC voltage across a pair of second DC terminals; the instantaneous magnitude of the second DC voltage being approximately equal to the difference between the peak magnitude of the first DC voltage and the instantaneous magnitude of the first DC voltage; connect means operative to connect the first and the second source together across a pair of main DC terminals; thereby to cause a DC voltage of substantially constant magnitude to exist between the main DC terminals; an inverter circuit connected with the main DC terminals and operative to provide an alternating current from a pair of high-frequency output terminals; the fundamental frequency of the alternating current being several times higher than that of the AC voltage; and a gas discharge lamp connected in circuit with the high-frequency output terminals.
16. An arrangement comprising: a source operative to provide a substantially sinusoidal AC voltage at a pair of AC terminals; rectifier-filter circuit connected with the AC terminals and operative to provide a DC supply voltage at a pair of DC terminals; the absolute magnitude of the DC supply voltage being substantially constant and approximately equal to the absolute peak magnitude of the AC voltage; inverter circuit connected with the DC terminals and operative to provide an alternating current from a pair of high-frequency output terminals; the fundamental frequency of the alternating current being several times higher than that of the AC voltage; gas discharge lamp connected in circuit with the high-frequency output terminals, thereby to be supplied with a high-frequency lamp current that is substantially void of amplitude modulation; and power feedback circuit connected between the high-frequency output terminals and the rectifier-filter circuit; the power feedback circuit being operative to cause the rectifier-filter circuit to draw a substantially sinusoidal current from the AC terminals.
17. An arrangement comprising: a power line providing an AC power line voltage at a pair of power line terminals; and an inverter-type power supply powered by way of a main DC voltage of substantially constant magnitude; the inverter-type power supply being operative to supply high-frequency power to one or more gas discharge lamps from a set of high-frequency output terminals; the main DC voltage being provided from two series-connected DC sources: (i) a first DC source connected with the power line terminals and operative to provide across a pair of first DC terminals a first DC voltage of instantaneous absolute magnitude substantially equal to that of the AC power line voltage; and (ii) a second DC source connected with the high-frequency output terminals and operative to supply a unidirectional current of instantaneous magnitude substantially proportional to the instantaneous difference between the substantially constant main DC voltage and the first DC voltage.
18. The arrangement of claim 17 wherein the absolute magnitude of the substantially constant main DC voltage is approximately equal to the absolute peak magnitude of the AC power line voltage.
19. The arrangement of claim 17 wherein the first DC source draws from the power line terminals a substantially sinusoidal power line current, where a substantially sinusoidal power line current is defined as being an alternating current having no more than about 20% harmonic distortion.
20. The arrangement of claim 17 wherein the substantially constant magnitude of the main DC voltage is defined as having an absolute magnitude that may vary between the peak absolute magnitude of the AC power line voltage and about 90% of the peak absolute magnitude of the AC power line voltage.
21. An arrangement comprising: a DC voltage source operative to provide a main DC voltage of substantially constant magnitude between a main negative terminal and a main positive terminal of a frequency-converting power supply operative to power a gas discharge lamp with a high-frequency current provided from a high-frequency output; the fundamental frequency of the high-frequency current being several times higher than that of the AC power line voltage of an ordinary electric utility power line; a first source of DC voltage connected with the AC power line voltage of an ordinary electric utility power line and operative to provide a first DC voltage between a first negative terminal and a first positive terminal; the first positive terminal being connected with the main positive terminal; the first DC voltage having an instantaneous absolute magnitude substantially equal to that of the AC power line voltage; and a second source of DC voltage connected in circuit with the power supply output and operative to provide a second DC voltage between a second negative terminal and a second positive terminal; the second positive terminal being connected with the first negative terminal; the second negative terminal being connected with the main negative terminal; the second DC voltage having an instantaneous absolute magnitude about equal to the difference between the main DC voltage and the first DC voltage.
22. The arrangement of claim 21 wherein the first source draws a substantially sinusoidal current from the power line.
23. The arrangement of claim 21 wherein the second source of DC voltage is characterized by having an instantaneous magnitude that decreases in proportion with the instantaneous magnitude of any DC current supplied by it.
24. The arrangement of claim 21 wherein the instantaneous magnitude of the second DC voltage is substantially zero at a point where the instantaneous magnitude of any DC current supplied by it is about equal to the maximum instantaneous magnitude of the current supplied by the power line to the first source.
25. The arrangement of claim 21 wherein the absolute magnitude of the main DC voltage is about equal to the absolute peak magnitude of the AC power line voltage.
26. An arrangement comprising: an ordinary electric utility power line providing an AC power line voltage at a pair of power line terminals; and an electronic ballast having input terminals connected with the power line terminals and output terminals connected in circuit with a gas discharge lamp; the electronic ballast being characterized by: (i) including circuitry operative to cause a substantially sinusoidal current to be drawn from the power line terminals, a substantially sinusoidal current being defined as a current having less than 20% total harmonic distortion; (ii) having an electronic circuit operative to cause a high-frequency current to be provided from its output terminals, the high-frequency current having a fundamental frequency several times higher than that of the AC power line voltage; and (iii) including additional electronic circuitry connected with its input terminals and operative to provide a substantially constant DC voltage at a pair of DC terminals; the absolute magnitude of the substantially constant DC voltage being, within about plus/minus 10%, equal to the absolute peak magnitude of the AC power line voltage, the DC terminals being connected with an inverter instrumental in providing said high-frequency current.
27. An arrangement comprising: an ordinary electric utility power line providing an AC power line voltage at a pair of power line terminals; and an electronic ballast having input terminals connected with the power line terminals and output terminals connected in circuit with a gas discharge lamp; the electronic ballast being characterized by: (i) including circuitry operative to cause a substantially sinusoidal current to be drawn from the power line terminals, a substantially sinusoidal current being defined as a current having less than 20% total harmonic distortion; (ii) having electronic circuitry operative to cause a high-frequency current to be provided from its output terminals, the high-frequency current having a fundamental frequency several times higher than that of the AC power line voltage; and (iii) including an assembly of electronic components connected in circuit between the input terminals and the output terminals; the assembly being further characterized by providing a substantially constant DC voltage at a pair of DC terminals; which terminals being connected with an inverter instrumental in providing said high-frequency current; the absolute magnitude of the substantially constant DC voltage being, within about plus/minus 10%, equal to the absolute peak magnitude of the AC power line voltage, the DC terminals being connected with an inverter circuit instrumental in providing said high-frequency current.
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| Patent | Date | Inventor | Cited By |
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| US3845350 | 1974-10-01 | Luursema | |
| US3906302 | 1975-09-01 | Wijsboom | |
| US4045711 | 1977-08-01 | Pitel |