US 5,616,443 AGrant

Substrate Having a Mutable Colored Composition Thereon

Issue Date:1997-04-01

•16 Claims

Abstract

A solid colored composition which includes a colorant and an ultraviolet radiation transorber. The colorant, in the presence of the ultraviolet radiation transorber, is adapted, upon exposure of the transorber to ultraviolet radiation, to be mutable. The ultraviolet radiation transorber is adapted to absorb ultravioiet radiation and interact with the colorant to effect the irreversible mutation of the colorant. By way of example, the solid colored composition can be a toner adapted to be utilized in an electrophotographic process. The toner includes the colorant and ultraviolet radiation transorber as just described, and a carrier. The carrier can be a polymer, and the toner may contain a charge carrier. The ultraviolet radiation in general will have wavelengths of from about 100 to about 375 nanometers. Especially useful incoherent pulsed ultraviolet radiation is produced by a dielectric barrier discharge excimer lamp.

Metadata

Assignee

Kimberly-Clark Corporation

Inventors

Ronald S. Nohr
John G. MacDonald
Vincent D. McGinniss
Robert S. Whitmore, Jr.

Application Information

Application Number:US 4567846

Filing Date:1995-06-01

Priority Date:1993-08-05

Art Unit:113

Classifications

IPC:

G03G 909

Field of Search:

430106;109;110

Patent Drawings

This patent does not have any drawings.

Description

Background of the Invention

The present invention relates to a solid colored composition, which in some embodiments may be employed as an electrophotographic toner, e.g., a toner employed in a photocopier which is based on transfer xerography.

Electrophotography is broadly defined as a process in which photons are captured to create an electrical image analogue of the original. The electrical analogue in turn is manipulated through a number of steps which result in a physical image. The most commonly used form of electrophotography presently in use is called transfer xerography. Although first demonstrated by C. Carlson in 1938, the process was slow to gain acceptance. Today, however, transfer xerography is the foundation of a multibillion dollar industry.

The heart of the process is a photoreceptor, usually the moving element of the process, which is typically either drum-shaped or a continuous, seamless belt. A corona discharge device deposits gas ions on the photoreceptor surface. The ions provide a uniform electric field across the photoreceptor and a uniform charge layer on its surface. An image of an illuminated original is projected through a lens system and focused on the photoreceptor. Light striking the charged photoreceptor surface results in increased conductivity across the photoreceptor with the concomitant neutralization of surface charges. Unilluminated regions of the photoreceptor surface retain their charges. The resulting pattern of surface charges is the latent electrostatic image.

A thermoplastic pigmented powder or toner, the particles of which bear a charge opposite to the surface charges on the photoreceptor, is brought close to the photoreceptor, thereby permitting toner particles to be attracted to the charged regions on the photorecepor surface. The result is a physical image on the photoreceptor surface consisting of electrostatically held toner particles.

A sheet of plain paper is brought into physical contact with the toner-bearing photoreceptor. A charge applied to the back side of the paper induces the attraction of the toner image to the paper. The image is a positive image of the original. The paper then is stripped from the photoreceptor, with the toner image clinging to it by electrostatic attraction. The toner image is permanently fused to the paper by an appropriate heating means, such as a hot pressure roll or a radiant heater.

Because there is incomplete transfer of toner to the paper, it is necessary to clean the photoreceptor surface of residual toner. Such toner is wiped off with a brush, cloth, or blade. A corona discharge or reverse polarity aids in the removal of toner. A uniform light source then floods the photoreceptor to neutralize any residual charges from the previous image cycle, erasing the previous electrostatic image completely and conditioning the photoreceptor surface for another cycle.

The toner generally consists of 1-15 micrometer average diameter particles of a thermoplastic powder. Black toner typically contains 5-10 percent by weight of carbon black particles of less than 1 micrometer dispersed in the thermoplastic powder. For toners employed in color xerography, the carbon black may be replaced with cyan, magenta, or yellow pigments. The concentration and dispersion of the pigment must be adjusted to impart a conductivity to the toner which is appropriate for the development system. For most development processes, the toner is required to retain for extended periods of time the charge applied by contact electrification. The thermoplastic employed in the toner in general is selected on the basis of its melting behavior. The thermoplastic must melt over a relatively narrow temperature range, yet be stable during storage and able to withstand the vigorous agitation which occurs in xerographic development chambers.

The success of electrophotography, and transfer xerography in particular, no doubt is a significant factor in the efficient distribution of information which has become essential in a global setting. It also contributes to the generation of mountains of paper which ultimately must either be disposed of or recycled. While paper is recycled, it presently is converted to pulp and treated to remove ink, toner, and other colored materials, i.e., deinked, an expensive and not always completely successful operation. Moreover, deinking results in a sludge which typically is disposed of in a landfill. The resulting deinked pulp then is used, often with the addition of at least some virgin pulp, to form paper, cardboard, cellulosic packaging materials, and the like.

The simplest form of recycling, however, is to reuse the paper intact, thus eliminating the need to repulp. To this end, toners for copier machines have been reported which are rendered colorless on exposure to near infrared or infrared radiation. Although the spectrum of sunlight ends at about 375 nanometers, it has a significant infrared component. Hence, such toners have a salient disadvantage in that they are transitory in the presence of such environmental factors as sunlight and heat; that is, such toners become colorless. This result is unsatisfactory because the documents can be rendered illegible before their function or purpose has ended. Accordingly, there is a need for toners for copy machines which will permit the recycling of paper intact, but which are stable to normally encountered environmental factors.

Summary of the Invention

It is an object of the present invention to provide a solid substrate with an electrophotographic toner thereon which is adapted to become colorless upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation.

This and other objects will be apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art from a consideration of the specification and claims which follow.

Accordingly, the present invention provides a solid substrate with an electrophotographic toner thereon which includes:

(A) a colorant which, in the presence of an ultraviolet radiation transorber, is adapted, upon exposure of the transorber to ultraviolet radiation, to be mutable; and

(B) an ultraviolet radiation transorber which is adapted to absorb ultraviolet radiation and interact with the colorant to effect the irreversible mutation of the colorant.

The electrophotographic toner also comprises a carrier for the mutable colorant and the ultraviolet radiation transober. The carrier comprises a polymer. The substrate with the electrophotographic toner thereon can be made by creating an image of a pattern on a photoreceptor surface, applying the toner to the photoreceptor surface to form a toner image which replicates the pattern, transferring the toner image to the substrate, and fixing the toner image to the substrate. The colorant in the toner can then be mutated by exposing the toner image to ultraviolet radiation at a dosage level sufficient to irreversibly mutate the mutable colorant. Desirably, the ultraviolet radiation has a wavelength of from about 100 to about 400 nanometers, and even more desirably, is incoherent, pulsed radiation from a dielectric barrier discharge excimer lamp.

Detailed Description of the Invention

The term "composition" and such variations as "solid colored composition" and "colored composition" are used herein to mean a colorant and an ultraviolet radiation transorber. When reference is being made to a solid colored composition which is adapted for a specific application, such as a toner to be used in an electrophotographic process, the term "composition-based" is used as a modifier to indicate that the material, e.g., a toner, includes a colorant and an ultraviolet radiation transorber.

As used herein, the term "colorant" is meant to include, without limitation, any material which, in the presence of an ultraviolet radiation transorber, is adapted upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation to be mutable. As a practical matter, the colorant typically will be an organic material, such as an organic dye or pigment, including toners and lakes. Desirably, the colorant will be substantially transparent to, that is, will not significantly interact with, the ultraviolet radiation to which it is exposed. The term is meant to include a single material or a mixture of two or more materials.

Organic dye classes include, by way of illustration only, triaryl methyl dyes, such as Malachite Green Carbinol base {4-(dimethylamino)-.alpha.-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-.alpha.-phenylbenzene methanol}, Malachite Green Carbinol hydrochloride {N-4-[[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]phenylmethylene]-2,5-cyclohexyldien-1-ylide ne]-N-methylmethanaminium chloride or bis[p-(dimethylamino)phenyl]phenylmethylium chloride}, and Malachite Green oxalate {N-4-[[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]phenylmethylene]-2,5-cyclohexyldien-1-ylide ne]-N-methylmethanaminium chloride or bis[p-(dimethylamino)phenyl]phenylmethylium oxalate}; monoazo dyes, such as Cyanine Black, Chrysoidine [Basic Orange 2; 4-(phenylazo)-1,3-benzenediamine monohydrochloride], and .beta.-Naphthol Orange; thiazine dyes, such as Methylene Green, zinc chloride double salt [3,7-bis(dimethylamine)-6-nitrophenothiazin-5-ium chloride, zinc chloride double salt]; oxazine dyes, such as Lumichrome (7,8-dimethylalloxazine); naphthalimide dyes, such as Lucifer Yellow CH {6-amino-2-[(hydrazinocarbonyl)amino]-2,3-dihydro-1,3-dioxo-1H-benz[de]iso quinoline-5,8-disulfonic acid dilithium salt}; azine dyes, such as Janus Green B {3-(diethylamino)-7-[[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]azo]-5-phenylphenazinium chloride}; cyanine dyes, such as Indocyanine Green {Cardio-Green or Fox Green; 2-[7-[1,3-dihydro-1,1-dimethyl-3-(4-sulfobutyl)-2H-benz[e]indol-2-ylidene] -1,3,5-heptatrienyl]-1,1-dimethyl-3-(4-sulfobutyl)-1H-benz[e]indolium hydroxide inner salt sodium salt}; indigo dyes, such as Indigo {Indigo Blue or Vat Blue 1; 2-(1,3-dihydro-3-oxo-2H-indol-2-ylidene)-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-one}; coumarin dyes, such as 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin (4-methylumbelliferone); benzimidazole dyes, such as Hoechst 33258 [bisbenzimide or 2'-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-2,5'-bi-1H-benzimidazole trihydrochloride pentahydrate]; paraquinoidal dyes, such as Hematoxylin {Natural Black 1; 7,11b-dihydrobenz[b]indeno[1,2-d]pyran-3,4,6a,9,10(6H)-pentol}; fluorescein dyes, such as Flouresceinamine (5-aminofluorescein); diazomum salt dyes, such as Diazo Red RC (Azoic Diazo No. 10 or Fast Red RC salt; 2-methoxy-5-chlorobenzenediazonium chloride, zinc chloride double salt); azoic diazo dyes, such as Fast Blue BB salt (Azoic Diazo No. 20; 4-benzoylamino-2,5-diethoxybenzene diazonium chloride, zinc chloride double salt); phenylenediamine dyes, such as Disperse Yellow 9 [N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-1,4-phenylenediamine or Solvent Orange 53]; disazo dyes, such as Disperse Orange 13 [Solvent Orange 52; 1-phenylazo-4-(4-hydroxyphenylazo)naphthalene]; anthraquinone dyes, such as Disperse Blue 3 [Celliton Fast Blue FFR; 1-methylamino-4-(2-hydroxyethylamino)-9,10-anthraquinone], Disperse Blue 14 [Celliton Fast Blue B; 1,4-bis(methylamino)-9,10-anthraquinone], and Alizarin Blue Black B (Mordant Black 13); trisazo dyes, such as Direct Blue 71 {Benzo Light Blue FFL or Sirius Light Blue BRR; 3-[(4-[(4-[(6-amino-1-hydroxy-3-sulfo-2-naphthalenyl)azo]-6-sulfo-1-naphth alenyl)azo]-1-naphthalenyl)azo]-1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid tetrasodium salt}; xanthene dyes, such as 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein; profiavine dyes, such as 3,6-diaminoacfidine hemisulfate (Proflavine); sulfonephthalein dyes, such as Cresol Red (o-cresolsulfonephthalein); phthalocyanine dyes, such as Copper Phthalocyanine {Pigment Blue 15; (SP-4-1)-[29H,31H-phthalocyanato(2-)-N.sup.29,N.sup.30,N.sup.31,N.sup.32 ]-copper}; carotenoid dyes, such as trans-.beta.-carotene (Food Orange 5); carminic acid dyes, such as Carmine, the aluminum or calcium-aluminum lake of carminic acid (7-.alpha.-D-glucopyranosyl-9,10-dihydro-3,5,6,8-tetrahydroxy-1-methyl-9,1 0-dioxo-2-anthracenecarboxylic acid); azure dyes, such as Azure A [3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium chloride or 7-(dimethylamino)-3-imino-3H-phenothiazine hydrochloride]; and acridine dyes, such as Acridine Orange [Basic Orange 14; 3,8-bis(dimethylamino)acridine hydrochloride, zinc chloride double salt] and Acriflavine (Acriflavine neutral; 3,6-diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixture with 3,6-acridinediamine).

The term "mumble" with reference to the colorant is used to mean that the absorption maximum of the colorant in the visible region of the electro-magnetic spectrum is capable of being mutated or changed by exposure to ultraviolet radiation when in the presence of the ultraviolet radiation transorber. In general, it is only necessary that such absorption maximum be mutated to an absorption maximum which is different from that of the colorant prior to exposure to the ultraviolet radiation, and that the mutation be irreversible. Thus, the new absorption maximum can be within or without the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. In other words, the colorant can rotate to a different color or be rendered colorless. The latter, of course, is desirable when the colorant is used in a solid colored composition adapted to be utilized as a toner in an electrophotographic process which muses the electrophotographic copy by first rendering the colored composition colorless and then placing a new image thereon.

As used herein, the term "irreversible" means only that the colorant will not revert to its original color when it no longer is exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Desirably, the mutated colorant will be stable, i.e., not appreciably adversely affected by radiation normally encountered in the environment, such as natural or artificial light and heat. Thus, desirably a colorant rendered colorless will remain colorless indefinitely.

The term "ultraviolet radiation transorber" is used herein to mean any material which is adapted to absorb ultraviolet radiation and interact with the colorant to effect the mutation of the colorant. In some embodiments, the ultraviolet radiation transorber may be an organic compound. The term "compound" is intended to include a single material or a mixture of two or more materials. If two or more materials are employed, it is not necessary that all of them absorb ultraviolet radiation of the same wavelength.

While the mechanism of the interaction of the ultraviolet radiation transorber with the colorant is not totally understood, it is believed that it may interact with the colorant in a variety of ways. For example, the ultraviolet radiation transorber, upon absorbing ultraviolet radiation, may be converted to one or more free radicals which interact with the colorant. Such free radical-generating compounds typically are hindered ketones, some examples of which are benzildimethyl ketal (available commercially as Irgacure.RTM. 651, Ciba-Geigy Corporation, Hawthorne, N.Y.), 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone (Irgacure.RTM. 500), 2-methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-morpholino-propan-1-one](Irgacure.RTM. 907), 2-benzyl-2-dimethylamino-1-(4-morpholinophenyl)butan-1-one (Irgacure.RTM. 369), and 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone (Irgacure.RTM. 184).

Alternatively, the ultraviolet radiation may initiate an electron transfer or reduction-oxidation reaction between the ultraviolet radiation transorber and the colorant. In this case, the ultraviolet radiation transorber may be Michler's ketone (p-dimethylaminophenyl ketone) or benzyl trimethyl stannate. Or, a cationic mechanism may be involved, in which case the ultraviolet radiation transorber could be, for example, bis[4-(diphenylsulphonio)phenyl)] sulfide bis(hexafiuorophosphate) (Degacure.RTM. KI85, Ciba-Geigy Corporation, Hawthorne, N.Y.); Cyracure.RTM. UVI-6990 (Ciba-Geigy Corporation), which is a mixture of bis[4-(diphenylsulphonio)phenyl] sulfide bis(hexafluorophosphate) with related monosulphonium hexafluorophosphate salts; and .eta..sup.5 -2,4-(cyclopentadienyl)[1,2,3,4,5,6-.eta.-(methylethyl)benzene]-iron(II) hexafluorophosphate (Irgacure.RTM. 261 ).

The term "ultraviolet radiation" is used herein to mean electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths in the range of from about 100 to about 400 nanometers. Thus, the term includes the regions commonly referred to as ultraviolet and vacuum ultraviolet. The wavelength ranges typically assigned to these two regions are from about 180 to about 400 nanometers and from about 100 to about 180 nanometers, respectively.

In some embodiments, the molar ratio of ultraviolet radiation transorber to colorant generally will be equal to or greater than about 0.5. As a general rule, the more efficient the ultraviolet radiation transorber is in absorbing the ultraviolet radiation and interacting with, i.e., transferring absorbed energy to, the colorant to effect irreversible mutation of the colorant, the lower such ratio can be. Current theories of molecular photochemistry suggest that the lower limit to such ratio is 0.5, based on the generation of two free radicals per photon. As a practical matter, however, higher ratios are likely to be required, perhaps as high as about 50. At the present time, ratios of about 20 to about 30 appear to be typical. In any event, the present invention is not bound by any specific lower molar ratio range. The important feature is that the transorber is present in an amount sufficient to effect mutation of the colorant.

As a practical matter, both the colorant and the ultraviolet radiation transorber are likely to be solids. However, the colorant and/or the transorber can be liquid. It is only necessary for the composition to be a solid.

Because the solid colored composition of the present invention is a solid, the effectiveness of the ultraviolet radiation transorber in effecting the mutation of the colorant is aided if the colorant and the ultraviolet radiation transorber are in intimate contact. To this end, the thorough blending of the two components, along with other components which may be present, is desirable. Such blending generally is accomplished by any of the means known to those having ordinary skill in the art. When the colored composition includes a polymer, blending is facilitated if the colorant and the ultraviolet radiation transorber are at least partly soluble in softened or molten polymer. In such case, the composition is readily prepared in, for example, a two-roll mill.

For some applications, the solid colored composition of the present invention should be utilized in particulate form. In other applications, the particles of the composition should be very small. For example, the particles of a solid colored composition adapted for use as a toner in an electrophotographic process typically consist of 7-15 micrometer average diameter particles, although smaller or larger particles can be employed. Methods of forming such particles are well known to those having ordinary skill in the art.

Photochemical processes involve the absorption or light quanta, or photons, by a molecule, e.g., the ultraviolet radiation transorber, to produce a highly reactive electronically excited state. However, the photon energy, which is proportional to the wavelength of the radiation, cannot be absorbed by the molecule unless it matches the energy difference between the unexcited, or original, state and an excited state. Consequently, while the wavelength range of the ultraviolet radiation to which the solid colored composition is exposed is not directly of concern, at least a portion of the radiation must have wavelengths which will provide the necessary energy to raise the ultraviolet radiation transorber to an energy level which is capable of interacting with the colorant.

It follows, then, that the absorption maximum of the ultraviolet radiation transorber ideally will be matched with the wavelength range of the ultraviolet radiation in order to increase the efficiency of the mutation of the colorant. Such efficiency also will be increased if the wavelength range of the ultraviolet radiation is relatively narrow, with the maximum of the ultraviolet radiation transorber coming within such range. For these reasons, especially suitable ultraviolet radiation has a wavelength of from about 100 to about 375 nanometers. Ultraviolet radiation within this range desirably may be incoherent pulsed ultraviolet radiation from a dielectric barrier discharge excimer lamp.

The term "incoherent, pulsed ultraviolet radiation" has reference to the radiation produced by a dielectric barrier discharge excimer lamp (referred to hereinafter as "excimer lamp"). Such a lamp is described, for example, by U. Kogelschatz, "Silent discharges for the generation of ultraviolet and vacuum ualtraviolet excimer radiation," Pure & Appl. Chem., 62, No. 9, pp. 1667-1674 (1990); and E. Eliasson and U. Kogelschatz, "UV Excimer Radiation from Dielectric-Barrier Discharges," Appl. Phys. B, 46, pp. 299-303 (1988). Excimer lamps were developed originally by ABB Infocom Ltd., Lenzburg, Switzerland. The excimer lamp technology since has been acquired by Har aus Noblelight AG, Hanau, Germany.

The excimer lamp emits radiation having a very narrow bandwidth, i.e., radiation in which the half width is of the order of 5-15 nanometers. This emitted radiation is incoherent and pulsed, the frequency of the pulses being dependent upon the frequency of the alternating current power supply which typically is in the range of from about 20 to about 300 kHz. An excimer lamp typically is identified or referred to by the wavelength at which the maximum intensity of the radiation occurs, which convention is followed throughout this specification. Thus, in comparison with most other commercially useful sources of ultraviolet radiation which typically emit over the entire ultraviolet spectrum and even into the visible region, excimer lamp radiation is essentially monochromatic.

Excimers are unstable molecular complexes which occur only under extreme conditions, such as those temporarily existing in special types of gas discharge. Typical examples are the molecular bonds between two rare gaseous atoms or between a rare gas atom and a halogen atom. Excimer complexes dissociate within less than a microsecond and, while they are dissociating, release their binding energy in the form of ultraviolet radiation. Known excimers in general emit in the range of from about 125 to about 360 nanometers, depending upon the excimer gas mixture.

Although the colorant and the ultraviolet radiation transorber have been described as separate compounds, they can be part of the same molecule. For example, they can be covalently coupled to each other, either directly, or indirectly through a relatively small molecule, or spacer. Alternatively, the colorant and ultraviolet radiation transorber can be covalently coupled to a large molecule, such as an oligomer or a polymer, particularly when the solid colored composition of the present invention is adapted to be utilized as a toner in an electrophotographic process. Other variations will be readily apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art.

When the solid colored composition is adapted to be utilized as a toner in an electrophotographic process, the composition also will contain a carrier, the nature of which is well known to those having ordinary skill in the art. For many applications, the carrier will be a polymer, typically a thermosetting or thermoplastic polymer, with the latter being the more common.

Examples of thermoplastic polymers include, by way of illustration only, end-capped polyacetals, such as poly(oxymethylene) or polyformaldehyde, poly(trichloroacetaldehyde), poly(n-valeraldehyde), poly(acetaldehyde), poly(propionaldehyde), and the like; acrylic polymers, such as polyacrylamide, poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid), poly(ethyl acrylate), poly(methyl methacrylate), and the like; fluorocarbon polymers, such as poly(tetrafluoroethylene), perfluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymers, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymers, poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene), ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymers, poly(vinylidene fluoride), poly(vinyl fluoride), and the like; epoxy resins, such as the condensation products of epichlorohydrin and bisphenol A; polyamides, such as poly(6-aminocaproic acid) or poly(.epsilon.-caprolactam), poly(hexamethylene adipamide), poly(hexamethylene sebacamide), poly(11-aminoundecanoic acid), and the 1-ike; polyaramides, such as poly(imino-1,3-phenyleneiminoisophthaloyl) or poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide), and the like; parylenes, such as poly-p-xylylene, poly(chloro-p-xylylene), and the like; polyaryl ethers, such as poly(oxy-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ) or poly(p-phenylene oxide), and the like; polyaryl sulfones, such as poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenylene-isopropylide ne-1,4-phenylene), poly(sulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenylehesulfonyl-4,4'-biphenylene), and the like; polycarbonates, such as poly(bisphenol A) or poly(carbonyldioxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene), and the like; polyesters, such as poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(tetramethylene terephthalate), poly(cyclohexylene-1,4-dimethylene terephthalate) or poly(oxymethylene-1,4-cyclohexylenemethyleneoxyterephthaloyl), and the like; polyaryl sulfides, such as poly(p-phenylene sulfide) or poly(thio-1,4-phenylene), and the like; polyimides, such as poly(pyromellitimido-1,4-phenylene), and the like; polyolefins, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(1-butene), poly(2-butene), poly(1-pentene), poly(2-pentene), poly(3-methyl-1-pentene), poly(4-methyl-1-pentene), 1,2-poly-1,3-butadiene, 1,4-poly-1,3-butadiene, polyisoprene, polychloroprene, polyacrylonitrile, poly(vinyl acetate), poly(vinylidene chloride), polystyrene, and the like; and copolymers of the foregoing, such as acrylonitrile-butadienestyrene (ABS) copolymers, styrene-n-butylmethacrylate copolymers, ethylenevinyl acetate copolymers, and the like.

Some of the more commonly used thermoplastic polymers include styrene-n-butyl methacrylate copolymers, polystyrene, styrene-n-butyl acrylate copolymers, styrene-butadiene copolymers, polycarbonates, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(vinylidene fluoride), polyamides (nylon-12), polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-vinyl acetatate copolymers, and epoxy resins.

Examples of thermosetting polymers include, again by way of illustration only, alkyd resins, such as phthalic anhydride-glycerol resins, maleic acid-glycerol resins, adipic acid-glycerol resins, and phthalic anhydridepentaerythritol resins; allylic resins, in which such monomers as diallyl phthalate, diallyl isophthalate diallyl maleate, and diallyl chlorendate serve as nonvolatile cross-linking agents in polyester compounds; amino resins, such as aniline-formaldehyde resins, ethylene area-formaldehyde resins, dicyandiamideformaldehyde resins, melamine-formldehyde resins, sulfonamide-formaldehyde resins, and urea-formaldehyde resins; epoxy resins, such as cross-linked epichlorohydrin-bisphenol A resins; phenolic resins, such as phenol-formaldehyde resins, including Novolacs and resols; and thermosetting polyesters, silicones, and urethanes.

In addition to the colorant, ultraviolet radiation transorber, and optional carrier, the solid colored composition of the present invention also can contain additional components, depending upon the application for which it is intended. For example, a composition which is to be utilized as a toner in an electrophotographic process also can contain, for example, charge carriers, stabilizers against thermal oxidation, viscolastic properties modifiers, cross-linking agents, plasticizers, and the like. For some applications, the charge carrier will be the major component of the toner. Charge carriers, of course, are well known to those having ordinary skill in the art and typically are polymercoated metal particles.

The amount or dosage level of ultraviolet radiation in general will be that amount which is necessary to mutate the colorant. The dosage level, in turn, typically is a function of the time of exposure and the intensity or flux of the radiation source which irradiates the solid colored composition. The latter is effected by the distance of the composition from the source and, depending upon the wavelength range of the ultraviolet radiation, can be effected by the atmosphere between the radiation source and the composition. Accordingly, in some instances it may be appropriate to expose the composition to the radiation in a controlled atmosphere or in a vacuum, although in general neither approach is desired.

The solid colored composition of the present invention can be utilized on or in any substrate. If the composition is present in a substrate, however, the substrate should be substantially transparent to the ultraviolet radiation which is employed to mutate the colorant. That is, the ultraviolet radiation will not significantly interact with or be absorbed by the substrate. As a practical matter, the composition typically will be placed on a substrate, with the most common substrate being paper. Other substrates, such as woven and nonwoven webs or fabrics, films, and the like, can be used, however.

When the solid colored composition is employed as a toner for an electrophotographic process, several variations are possible and come within the scope of the present invention. For example, the composition-based toner can be used to form a first image on a virgin paper sheet. The sheet then can be recycled by exposing the sheet to ultraviolet radiation in accordance with the present invention to render the colorant, and, as a consequence, the composition, colorless. A second image then can be formed on the sheet. The second image can be formed from a standard, known toner, or from a composition-based toner which is either the same as or different from the composition-based toner which was used to form the first image. If a composition-based toner is used to form the second image, the sheet can be recycled again, with the number of cycles being limited by the build-up of now colorless composition on the surface of the paper. However, any subsequent image can be placed on either side of the sheet. That is, it is not required that a second image be formed on the side of the sheet on which the first image was formed.

In addition, the conversion of the composition-based toner image on the sheet to a colorless form does not have to take place on the sheet. For example, sheets having images formed from composition-based toners can be recycled in the traditional way. In place of the usual deinking step, however, the sheets are exposed to ultraviolet radiation, either before or after being converted to pulp. The colorless toner then simple becomes incorporated into the paper formed from the resulting pulp.

The present invention is further described by the examples which follow. Such examples, however, are not to be construed as limiting in any way either the spirit or scope of the present invention. In the examples, all parts are parts by weight unless stated otherwise.

Example 1

This example describes the preparation of films consisting of colorant, ultraviolet radiation transorber, and thermoplastic polymer. The colorant and ultraviolet radiation transorber were ground separately in a mortar. The desired amounts of the ground components were weighed and placed in an aluminum pan, along with a weighed amount of a thermoplastic polymer. The pan was placed on a hot plate set at 150.degree. C. and the mixture in the pan was stirred until molten. A few drops of the molten mixture were poured onto a steel plate and spread into a thin film by means of a glass microscope slide. Each steel plate was 3.times.5 inches (7.6 cm.times.12.7 cm) and was obtained from Q-Panel Company, Cleveland, Ohio. The film on the steel plate was estimated to have a thickness of the order of 10-20 micrometers.

In every, instance, the colorant was Malachite Green oxalate (Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc., Milwaukee, Wis.), referred to hereinafter as Colorant A for convenience. The ultraviolet radiation transorber (UVRT) consisted of one or more of Irgacure.RTM. 500 (UVRT A), Irgacure.RTM. 651 (UVRT B). and Irgacure.RTM. 907 (UVRT C), each of which was described earlier and is available from Ciba-Geigy Corporation, Hawthorne, N.Y. The polymer was one of the following: an epichlorohydrin-bisphenol A epoxy resin (Polymer A), Epon.RTM. 1004F (Shell Oil Company, Houston, Tex.); a poly(ethylene glycol) having a weight-average molecular weight of about 8,000 (Polymer B), Carbowax 8000 (Aldrich Chemical Company); and a poly(ethylene glycol) having a weight-average molecular weight of about 4,600 (Polymer C), Cirbowax 4600 (Aldrich Chemical. Company). A control film was prepared which consisted only of colorant and polymer. The compositions of the films are summarized in Table 1-1.

While still on the steel plate, each film was exposed to ultraviolet radiation. In each case, the steel plate having the film sample on its surface was placed on a moving conveyor belt having a variable speed control. Three different ultraviolet radiation sources, or lamps, were used. Lamp A was a 222-nanometer excimer lamp and Lamp B was a 308-nanometer excimer lamp, as already described. Lamp C was a fusion lamp system having a "D" bulb (Fusion Systems Corporation, Rockville, Md.). The excimer lamps were organized in banks of four cylindrical lamps having a length of about 30 cm, with the lamps being oriented normal to the direction of motion of the belt. The lamps were cooled by circulating water through a centrally located or inner tube of the lamp and, as a consequence, they operated at a relatively low temperature, i.e., about 50.degree. C. The power density at the lamp's outer surface typically is in the range of from about 4 to about 20 joules per square meter (J/m.sup.2). However, such range in reality merely reflects the capabilities of current excimer lamp power supplies; in the future, higher power densities may be practical. With Lamps A and B, the distance from the lamp to the film sample was 4.5 cm and the belt was set to move at 20 ft/min (0.1 m/sec). With Lamp C, the belt speed was 14 ft/min (0.07 m/see) and the lamp-to-sample distance was 10 cm. The results of exposing the film samples to ultraviolet radiation are summarized in Table 1-2. Except for Film F, the table records the number of passes under a lamp which were required in order to render the film colorless. For Film F, the table records the number of passes tried, with the film in each case remaining colored (no change).

Example 2

This example describes the preparation of solid colored compositions adapted to be utilized as toners in an electrophotographic process. In every instance, the toner included Colorant A as described in Example 1; a polymer, DER 667, an epichlorohydfin-bisphenol A epoxy resin (Polymer D), Epon.RTM. 1004F (Dow Chemical Company. Midland, Mich.); and a charge cartier, Carrier A, which consisted of a very finely divided polymer-coated metal. The ultraviolet radiation transorber (UVRT) consisted of one or more of UVRT B from Example 1, Irgacure.RTM. 369 (UVRT D), and Irgacure.RTM. 184 (UVRT E); the latter two transorbers were described earlier and are available from Ciba-Geigy Corporation, Hawthorne, N.Y. In one case, a second polymer also was present, styrene acrylate 1221, a styrene-acrylic acid copolymer (Hercules Incorporated, Wilmington, Del.).

To prepare the toner, colorant, ultraviolet radiation transorber, and polymer were melt-blended in a Model 3VV 800E, 3 inch.times.7 inch (7.6 cm.times.17.8 cm) two-roll research mill (Farrel Corporation, Ansonia, Conn.). The resulting melt-blend was powdered in a Mikropul hammermill with a 0.010-inch herringbone screen (R. D. Kleinfeldt, Cincinnati, Ohio) and then sieved for proper particle sizes in a Sturtvant, air two-inch micronizer (R. D. Kleinfeldt) to give what is referred to herein as a pretoner. Charge carrier then was added to the pretoner and the resulting mixture blended thoroughly. Table 2-1 summarizes the compositions of the pretoners and Table 2-2 summarizes the compositions of the toners.

Each toner was placed separately in a Sharp Model ZT-50TD1 toner cartridge and installed in either a Sharp Model Z-76 or a Sharp Model Z-77 xerographic copier (Sharp Electronics Corporation, Mahwah, N.J.). Images were made in the usual manner on bond paper (Neenah Bond). The image-bearing sheets then were exposed to ultraviolet radiation from Lamp B as described in Example 1. In each case, the image was rendered colorless with one pass.

Having thus described the invention, numerous changes and medifications hereof will be readily apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A substrate having an electrophotographic toner thereon, the electrophotographic toner comprising a mutable colorant, an ultraviolet radiation transorber, and a carrier for the colorant and the ultraviolet radiation transorber, the carrier comprising a polymer and the ultraviolet radiation transorber being adapted, upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation, to interact with the mutable colorant to irreversibly mutate the mutable colorant from an initial absorption maximum to a new absorption maximum different from the initial absorption maximum.

2. The substrate of claim 1, wherein the toner further comprises a charge carrier.

3. The substrate of claim 1, wherein the mutable colorant and the ultraviolet radiation transorber are in intimate contact.

4. The substrate of claim 1, wherein the ultraviolet radiation transorber is adapted to absorb ultraviolet light at a wavelength of from about 100 to about 375 nanometers.

5. The substrate of claim 1, wherein the ultraviolet radiation transorber is adapted to absorb incoherent, pulsed ultraviolet radiation from a dielectric barrier discharge excimer lamp having a wavelength of from about 125 to about 360 nanometers.

6. The substrate of claim 1 wherein the mutable colorant is a triaryl methyl dye, monoazo dye, thiazine dye, oxazine dye, naphthalimide dye, azine dye, cyanine dye, indigo dye, coumarin dye, benzimidazole dye, paraquinoidal dye, fluorescein dye, diazonium salt dye, azoic diazo dye, phenylenediamine dye, disazo dye, anthraquinone dye, trisazo dye, xanthene dye, proflavine dye, sulfonephthalein dye, phthalocyanine dye, carotenoid dye, carminic acid dye, azure dye, or acridine dye.

7. The substrate of claim 1 wherein the ultraviolet radiation transorber is benzildimethyl ketal, 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, 2-methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-morpholino-propan-1-one], 2-benzyl-2-dimethyl-amino-1-(4-morpholinophenyl)butan-1-one, p-dimethylaminophenyl ketone), trimethyl stannate, bis[4-(diphenyl-sulphonio)phenyl)]sulfide bis(hexafluorophosphate), or .eta..sup.5 -2,4-(cyclopenta-dienyl)[1,2,3,4,5,6-.eta.-(methylethyl)benzene]-iron(II) hexa-fluorophosphate.

8. The substrate of claim 6 wherein the ultraviolet radiation transorber is benzildimethyl ketal, 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, 2-methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-morpholino-propan-1-one], 2-benzyl-2-dimethyl-amino-1-(4-morpholinophenyl)butan-1-one, p-dimethylaminophenyl ketone), trimethyl stannate, bis[4-(diphenyl-sulphonio)phenyl)]sulfide bis(hexafluorophosphate), or .eta..sup.5 -2,4-(cyclopenta-dienyl)[1,2,3,4,5,6-.eta.-(methylethyl)benzene]-iron(II) hexa-fluorophosphate.

9. A substrate having an electrophotographic toner thereon, the electrophotographic toner comprising a mutable colorant, an ultraviolet radiation transorber in intimate contact with the mutable colorant, and a carrier for the colorant and the ultraviolet radiation transorber, wherein the carrier comprises a polymer, and the ultraviolet radiation transorber is adapted, upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation having a wavelength of from about 120 to about 375 nanometers, to interact with the mutable colorant to irreversibly mutate the mutable colorant from an initial absorption maximum to a new absorption maximum which is different from the initial absorption maximum.

10. The substrate of claim 9 wherein the mutable colorant is a triaryl methyl dye, monoazo dye, thiazine dye, oxazine dye, naphthalimide dye, azine dye, cyanine dye, indigo dye, coumarin dye, benzimidazole dye, paraquinoidal dye, fluorescein dye, diazonium salt dye, azoic diazo dye, phenylenediamine dye, disazo dye, anthraquinone dye, trisazo dye, xanthene dye, proflavine dye, sulfonephthalein dye, phthalocyanine dye, carotenoid dye, carminic acid dye, azure dye, or acridine dye.

11. The substrate of claim 9 wherein the ultraviolet radiation transorber is benzildimethyl ketal, 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, 2-methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-morpholino-propan-1-one], 2-benzyl-2-dimethyl-amino-1-(4-morpholinophenyl)butan-1-one, p-dimethylaminophenyl ketone), trimethyl stannate, bis[4-(diphenyl-sulphonio)phenyl)]sulfide bis(hexafluorophosphate), or .eta..sup.5 -2,4-(cyclopenta-dienyl)[1,2,3,4,5,6-.eta.-(methylethyl)benzene]-iron(II) hexa-fluorophosphate.

12. The substrate of claim 10 wherein the ultraviolet radiation transorber is benzildimethyl ketal, 1-hvdroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, 2-methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-morpholino-propan-1-one], 2-benzyl-2-dimethyl-amino-1-(4-morpholinophenyl)butan-1-one, p-dimethylaminophenyl ketone), trimethyl stannate, bis[4-(diphenyl-sulphonio)phenyl)]sulfide bis(hexafluorophosphate), or .eta..sup.5 -2,4-(cyclopenta-dienyl)[1,2,3,4,5,6-.eta.-(methylethyl)benzene]-iron(II) hexa-fluorophosphate.

13. A substrate having an electrophotographic toner thereon, the electrophotographic toner comprising a mutable colorant, an ultraviolet radiation transorber in intimate contact with the mutable colorant, and a carrier for the colorant and the ultraviolet radiation transorber, wherein the carrier comprises a polymer, and the ultraviolet radiation transorber is adapted, upon exposure to incoherent, pulsed ultraviolet radiation from a dielectric barrier discharge excimer lamp and having a wavelength of from about 125 to about 360 nanometers, to interact with the mutable colorant to irreversibly mutate the mutable colorant from an initial absorption maximum to a new absorption maximum which is different from the initial absorption maximum.

14. The substrate of claim 13 wherein the mutable colorant is a triaryl methyl dye, monoazo dye, thiazine dye, oxazine dye, naphthalimide dye, azine dye, cyanine dye, indigo dye, coumarin dye, benzimidazole dye, paraquinoidal dye, fluorescein dye, diazonium sail dye, azoic diazo dye, phenylenediamine dye, disazo dye, anthraquinone dye, trisazo dye, xanthene dye, proflavine dye, sulfonephthalein dye, phthalocyanine dye, carotenoid dye, carminic acid dye, azure dye, or acridine dye.

15. The substrate of claim 13 wherein the ultraviolet radiation transorber is benzildimethyl ketal, 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, 2-methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-morpholino-propan-1-one], 2-benzyl-2-dimethyl-amino-1-(4-morpholinophenyl)butan-1-one, p-dimethylaminophenyl ketone), trimethyl stannate, bis[4-(diphenyl-sulphonio)phenyl)]sulfide bis(hexafluorophosphate), or .eta..sup.5 -2,4-(cyclopenta-dienyl)[1,2,3,4,5,6-.eta.-(methylethyl)benzene]-iron(II) hexa-fluorophosphate.

16. The substrate of claim 14 wherein the ultraviolet radiation transorber is benzildimethyl ketal, 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, 2-methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-morpholino-propan1-one], 2-benzyl-2-dimethyl-amino1-(4-morpholinophenyl)butan-1-one, p-dimethylaminophenyl ketone), trimethyl stannate, bis[4-(diphenyl-sulphonio)phenyl)]sulfide bis(hexafluorophosphate), or .eta..sup.5 -2,4-(cyclopenta-dienyl)[1,2,3,4,5,6-.eta.-(methylethyl)benzene]-iron(II) hexafluorophosphate.

Patent Citations (584)

Patent	Date	Inventor
USRe28225	1974-11-01	Heseltine et al.
USRe28789	1976-04-01	Chang
US575228	1897-01-01	von Gallois
US582853	1897-05-01	Feer
US1013544	1912-01-01	Fuerth
US1325971	1919-12-01	Akashi
US1364406	1921-01-01	Olsen
US1436856	1922-11-01	Brenizer et al.
US1744149	1930-01-01	Staehlin
US1803906	1931-05-01	Krieger et al.
US1876880	1932-09-01	Drapal
US1880572	1932-10-01	Wendt et al.
US1880573	1932-10-01	Wendt et al.
US1916350	1933-07-01	Wendt et al.
US1916779	1933-07-01	Wendt et al.
US1955898	1934-04-01	Wendt et al.
US1962111	1934-06-01	Bamberger
US2049005	1936-07-01	Gaspar
US2054390	1936-09-01	Rust et al.
US2062304	1936-12-01	Gaspar
US2097119	1937-10-01	Eggert
US2106539	1938-01-01	Schnitzsphan
US2111692	1938-03-01	Saunders et al.
US2125015	1938-07-01	Gaspar
US2130572	1938-09-01	Wendt
US2132154	1938-10-01	Gaspar
US2145960	1939-02-01	Wheatley et al.
US2159280	1939-05-01	Mannes et al.
US2171976	1939-09-01	Erickson
US2185153	1939-12-01	Lecher et al.
US2220178	1940-11-01	Schneider
US2230590	1941-02-01	Eggert et al.
US2237885	1941-04-01	Markush et al.
US2242431	1941-12-01	Hara et al.
US2268324	1941-12-01	Polgar
US2281895	1942-05-01	van Poser et al.
US2328166	1943-08-01	Poigar et al.
US2346090	1944-04-01	Staehle
US2349090	1944-05-01	Haddock
US2356618	1944-08-01	Rossander et al.
US2361301	1944-10-01	Libby, Jr. et al.
US2364359	1944-12-01	Kienle et al.
US2381145	1945-08-01	von Glahn et al.
US2382904	1945-08-01	Federsen
US2386646	1945-10-01	Adams et al.
US2402106	1946-06-01	von Glahn et al.
US2416145	1947-02-01	Biro
US2477165	1949-07-01	Bergstrom
US2527347	1950-10-01	Bergstrom
US2601669	1952-06-01	Tullsen
US2612494	1952-09-01	von Glahn et al.
US2612495	1952-09-01	von Glahn et al.
US2628959	1953-02-01	von Glahn et al.
US2728784	1955-12-01	Tholstrup et al.
US2732301	1956-01-01	Robertson et al.
US2744103	1956-05-01	Koch
US2757090	1956-07-01	Meugebauer et al.
US2763550	1956-09-01	Lovick
US2768171	1956-10-01	Clarke et al.
US2773056	1956-12-01	Helfaer
US2798000	1957-07-01	Monterman
US2809189	1957-10-01	Stanley et al.
US2834773	1958-05-01	Scalera et al.
US2897187	1959-07-01	Koch
US2936241	1960-05-01	Sharp et al.
US2940853	1960-06-01	Sagura et al.
US2992198	1961-07-01	Funahashi
US3030208	1962-04-01	Schellenberg et al.
US3071815	1963-01-01	MacKinnon
US3104973	1963-09-01	Sprague et al.
US3114634	1963-12-01	Brown et al.
US3121632	1964-02-01	Sprague et al.
US3133049	1964-05-01	Hertel et al.
US3140949	1964-07-01	Sprague et al.
US3154416	1964-10-01	Fidelman
US3155509	1964-11-01	Roscow
US3175905	1965-03-01	Wiesbaden
US3178285	1965-04-01	Anderau et al.
US3242215	1966-03-01	Heitmiller
US3284205	1966-11-01	Sprague et al.
US3300314	1967-01-01	Rauner et al.
US3304297	1967-02-01	Wegmann et al.
US3305361	1967-02-01	Gaynor et al.
US3313797	1967-04-01	Kissa
US3359109	1967-12-01	Harder et al.
US3361827	1968-01-01	Biletch
US3385700	1968-05-01	Willems et al.
US3397984	1968-08-01	Williams et al.
US3418118	1968-12-01	Thommes et al.
US3479185	1969-11-01	Chambers
US3502476	1970-03-01	Kohei et al.
US3503744	1970-03-01	Itano et al.
US3514597	1970-05-01	Haes et al.
US3547646	1970-12-01	Hori et al.
US3563931	1971-02-01	Horiguchi
US3574624	1971-04-01	Reynolds et al.
US3595655	1971-07-01	Robinson et al.
US3595657	1971-07-01	Robinson et al.
US3595658	1971-07-01	Gerlach et al.
US3607639	1971-09-01	Krefeld et al.
US3607693	1971-09-01	Heine et al.
US3607863	1971-09-01	Dosch
US3615562	1971-10-01	Harrison et al.
US3617288	1971-11-01	Hartman et al.
US3637337	1972-01-01	Pilling
US3637581	1972-01-01	Horioguchi et al.
US3642472	1972-02-01	Mayo
US3647467	1972-03-01	Grubb
US3667954	1972-06-01	Itano et al.
US3668188	1972-06-01	King et al.
US3669925	1972-06-01	King et al.
US3671096	1972-06-01	Mackin
US3671251	1972-06-01	Houle et al.
US3676690	1972-07-01	McMillin et al.
US3678044	1972-07-01	Adams
US3695879	1972-10-01	Laming et al.
US3697280	1972-10-01	Strilko
US3707371	1972-12-01	Files
US3729313	1973-04-01	Smith
US3737628	1973-06-01	Azure
US3765896	1973-10-01	Fox
US3775130	1973-11-01	Enomoto et al.
US3788849	1974-01-01	Taguchi et al.
US3799773	1974-03-01	Watarai et al.
US3800439	1974-04-01	Sokolski et al.
US3817752	1974-06-01	Laridon et al.
US3840338	1974-10-01	Zviak et al.
US3870524	1975-03-01	Watanabe et al.
US3873500	1975-03-01	Kato et al.
US3887450	1975-06-01	Gilano et al.
US3895949	1975-07-01	Akamatsu
US3914166	1975-10-01	Rudolph et al.
US3915824	1975-10-01	McGinniss
US3919323	1975-11-01	Houlihan et al.
US3960685	1976-06-01	Sano et al.
US3978132	1976-08-01	Houlihan et al.
US3984248	1976-10-01	Sturmer
US3988154	1976-10-01	Sturmer
US4012256	1977-03-01	Levinos
US4043819	1977-08-01	Baumann
US4048034	1977-09-01	Martan
US4056665	1977-11-01	Tayler et al.
US4058400	1977-11-01	Crivello
US4067892	1978-01-01	Thorne et al.
US4073968	1978-02-01	Miyamoto et al.
US4079183	1978-03-01	Green
US4090877	1978-05-01	Streeper
US4100047	1978-07-01	McCarty
US4107733	1978-08-01	Schickedanz
US4110112	1978-08-01	Roman et al.
US4111699	1978-09-01	Krueger
US4114028	1978-09-01	Baio et al.
US4148658	1979-04-01	Kondoh et al.
US4162162	1979-07-01	Dueber
US4171977	1979-10-01	Hasegawa et al.
US4179577	1979-12-01	Green
US4181807	1980-01-01	Green
US4229172	1980-10-01	Baumann et al.
US4232106	1980-11-01	Iwasaki et al.
US4239843	1980-12-01	Hara et al.
US4239850	1980-12-01	Kita et al.
US4241155	1980-12-01	Hara et al.
US4242430	1980-12-01	Hara et al.
US4245018	1981-01-01	Hara et al.
US4245995	1981-01-01	Hugl et al.
US4246330	1981-01-01	Hara et al.
US4248949	1981-02-01	Hara et al.
US4250096	1981-02-01	Kvita et al.
US4251622	1981-02-01	Kimoto et al.
US4254195	1981-03-01	Hara et al.
US4256493	1981-03-01	Yokoyama et al.
US4256817	1981-03-01	Hara et al.
US4258123	1981-03-01	Nagashima et al.
US4259432	1981-03-01	Kondoh et al.
US4262936	1981-04-01	Miyamoto
US4268605	1981-05-01	Hara et al.
US4268667	1981-05-01	Anderson
US4269926	1981-05-01	Hara et al.
US4270130	1981-05-01	Houle et al.
US4271252	1981-06-01	Hara et al.
US4271253	1981-06-01	Hara et al.
US4272244	1981-06-01	Schlick
US4279982	1981-07-01	Iwasaki et al.
US4279985	1981-07-01	Nonogaki et al.
US4284485	1981-08-01	Berner
US4289844	1981-09-01	Specht et al.
US4290870	1981-09-01	Kondoh et al.
US4298679	1981-11-01	Shinozaki et al.
US4300123	1981-11-01	McMillin et al.
US4306014	1981-12-01	Kunikane et al.
US4307182	1981-12-01	Dalzell et al.
US4308400	1981-12-01	Felder et al.
US4315807	1982-02-01	Felder et al.
US4318705	1982-03-01	Nowak et al.
US4318791	1982-03-01	Felder et al.
US4335054	1982-06-01	Blaser et al.
US4335055	1982-06-01	Blaser et al.
US4336323	1982-06-01	Winslow
US4343891	1982-08-01	Aasen et al.
US4345011	1982-08-01	Drexhage
US4347111	1982-08-01	Gehlhaus et al.
US4349617	1982-09-01	Kawashiri et al.
US4350753	1982-09-01	Shelnut et al.
US4351893	1982-09-01	Anderson
US4356255	1982-10-01	Tachikawa et al.
US4359524	1982-11-01	Masuda et al.
US4362806	1982-12-01	Whitmore
US4367072	1983-01-01	Vogtle et al.
US4367280	1983-01-01	Kondo et al.
US4369283	1983-01-01	Altschuler
US4370401	1983-01-01	Winslow et al.
US4373020	1983-02-01	Winslow
US4376887	1983-03-01	Greenaway et al.
US4390616	1983-06-01	Sato et al.
US4391867	1983-07-01	Derick et al.
US4399209	1983-08-01	Sanders et al.
US4416961	1983-11-01	Drexhage
US4424325	1984-01-01	Tsunoda et al.
US4425162	1984-01-01	Sugiyama et al.
US4425424	1984-01-01	Altland et al.
US4434035	1984-02-01	Eichler et al.
US4447521	1984-05-01	Tiers et al.
US4450227	1984-05-01	Holmes et al.
US4460676	1984-07-01	Fabel
US4467112	1984-08-01	Matsuura et al.
US4475999	1984-10-01	Via
US4495041	1985-01-01	Goldstein
US4496447	1985-01-01	Eichler et al.
US4510392	1985-04-01	Litt et al.
US4523924	1985-06-01	Lacroix
US4524122	1985-06-01	Weber et al.
US4548896	1985-10-01	Sabongi et al.
US4555474	1985-11-01	Kawamura
US4565769	1986-01-01	Dueber et al.
US4567171	1986-01-01	Mangum
US4571377	1986-02-01	McGinniss et al.
US4595745	1986-06-01	Nakano et al.
US4604344	1986-08-01	Irving et al.
US4613334	1986-09-01	Thomas et al.
US4617380	1986-10-01	Hinson et al.
US4632891	1986-12-01	Banks et al.
US4632895	1986-12-01	Patel et al.
US4634644	1987-01-01	Irving et al.
US4638340	1987-01-01	Iiyama et al.
US4662286	1987-05-01	Sheets
US4663275	1987-05-01	West et al.
US4663641	1987-05-01	Iiyama et al.
US4668533	1987-05-01	Miller
US4672041	1987-06-01	Jain
US4698291	1987-10-01	Koibuchi et al.
US4701402	1987-10-01	Patel et al.
US4702996	1987-10-01	Griffing et al.
US4707161	1987-11-01	Thomas et al.
US4707425	1987-11-01	Sasagawa et al.
US4707430	1987-11-01	Ozawa et al.
US4720450	1988-01-01	Ellis
US4721734	1988-01-01	Gehlhaus et al.
US4724021	1988-02-01	Martin et al.
US4724201	1988-02-01	Okazaki et al.
US4725527	1988-02-01	Robillard
US4737438	1988-04-01	Ito et al.
US4740451	1988-04-01	Kohara
US4745042	1988-05-01	Sasago et al.
US4755450	1988-07-01	Sanders et al.
US4761181	1988-08-01	Suzuki
US4766055	1988-08-01	Kawabata et al.
US4771802	1988-09-01	Tannenbaum
US4772291	1988-09-01	Shibanai et al.
US4772541	1988-09-01	Gottschalk
US4775386	1988-10-01	Reinert et al.
US4776050	1988-10-01	Jerry
US4786586	1988-11-01	Lee et al.
US4800149	1989-01-01	Gottschalk
US4808189	1989-02-01	Oishi et al.
US4812139	1989-03-01	Brodmann
US4812517	1989-03-01	West
US4813970	1989-03-01	Kirjanov et al.
US4822714	1989-04-01	Sanders
US4837106	1989-06-01	Ishikawa et al.
US4837331	1989-06-01	Yamanishi et al.
US4838938	1989-06-01	Tomida et al.
US4839269	1989-06-01	Okazaki et al.
US4849320	1989-07-01	Irving et al.
US4853395	1989-08-01	Carr et al.
US4853398	1989-08-01	Carr et al.
US4857438	1989-08-01	Loerzer et al.
US4861916	1989-08-01	Kohler et al.
US4865942	1989-09-01	Gottschalk et al.
US4874391	1989-10-01	Reinert
US4886774	1989-12-01	Doi
US4895880	1990-01-01	Gottschalk
US4900581	1990-02-01	Stuke et al.
US4902299	1990-02-01	Anton
US4902725	1990-02-01	Moore
US4902787	1990-02-01	Freeman
US4925770	1990-05-01	Ichiura et al.
US4933948	1990-06-01	Herkstroeter
US4937161	1990-06-01	Kita et al.
US4942113	1990-06-01	Trundle
US4952478	1990-08-01	Miyagawa et al.
US4952680	1990-08-01	Schmeidl
US4954380	1990-09-01	Kanome et al.
US4956254	1990-09-01	Washizu et al.
US4968813	1990-11-01	Rule et al.
US4985345	1991-01-01	Hayakawa et al.
US4987056	1991-01-01	Imahashi et al.
US4997745	1991-03-01	Kawamura et al.
US5001330	1991-03-01	Koch
US5002853	1991-03-01	Aoai et al.
US5002993	1991-03-01	West et al.
US5003142	1991-03-01	Fuller
US5006758	1991-04-01	Gellert et al.
US5013959	1991-05-01	Kogelschatz
US5023129	1991-06-01	Morganti et al.
US5025036	1991-06-01	Carson et al.
US5026427	1991-06-01	Mitchell et al.
US5028792	1991-07-01	Mullis
US5034526	1991-07-01	Bonham et al.
US5045435	1991-09-01	Adams et al.
US5045573	1991-09-01	Kohler et al.
US5053320	1991-10-01	Robbillard
US5055579	1991-10-01	Pawlowski et al.
US5070001	1991-12-01	Stahlhofen
US5076808	1991-12-01	Hahn et al.
US5085698	1992-02-01	Ma et al.
US5087550	1992-02-01	Blum et al.
US5089374	1992-02-01	Saeva
US5096489	1992-03-01	Laver
US5098806	1992-03-01	Robillard
US5106723	1992-04-01	West et al.
US5108505	1992-04-01	Moffat
US5108874	1992-04-01	Griffing et al.
US5110706	1992-05-01	Yumoto et al.
US5110709	1992-05-01	Aoai et al.
US5114832	1992-05-01	Zertani et al.
US5124723	1992-06-01	Laver
US5130227	1992-07-01	Wade et al.
US5130778	1992-07-01	Shor et al.
US5133803	1992-07-01	Moffatt
US5135940	1992-08-01	Belander et al.
US5139572	1992-08-01	Kawashima
US5141556	1992-08-01	Matrick
US5141797	1992-08-01	Wheeler
US5147901	1992-09-01	Rutsch et al.
US5153104	1992-10-01	Rossman et al.
US5153105	1992-10-01	Sher et al.
US5153166	1992-10-01	Jain et al.
US5160372	1992-11-01	Matrick
US5166041	1992-11-01	Murofushi et al.
US5169436	1992-12-01	Matrick
US5169438	1992-12-01	Matrick
US5173112	1992-12-01	Matrick et al.
US5176984	1993-01-01	Hipps, Sr. et al.
US5178420	1993-01-01	Shelby
US5180425	1993-01-01	Matrick et al.
US5180652	1993-01-01	Yamaguchi et al.
US5185236	1993-02-01	Shiba et al.
US5187045	1993-02-01	Bonham et al.
US5187049	1993-02-01	Sher et al.
US5190565	1993-03-01	Berenbaum et al.
US5190845	1993-03-01	Hashimoto et al.
US5196295	1993-03-01	Davis
US5198330	1993-03-01	Martic et al.
US5202209	1993-04-01	Winnik et al.
US5202210	1993-04-01	Matsuoka et al.
US5202211	1993-04-01	Vercoulen
US5202212	1993-04-01	Shin et al.
US5202213	1993-04-01	Nakahara et al.
US5202215	1993-04-01	Kanakura et al.
US5202221	1993-04-01	Imai et al.
US5205861	1993-04-01	Matrick
US5208136	1993-05-01	Zanoni et al.
US5209814	1993-05-01	Felten et al.
US5219703	1993-06-01	Bugner et al.
US5221334	1993-06-01	Ma et al.
US5224197	1993-06-01	Zanoni et al.
US5224476	1993-06-01	Schultz et al.
US5224987	1993-06-01	Matrick
US5241059	1993-08-01	Yoshinaga
US5244476	1993-09-01	Schulz et al.
US5250109	1993-10-01	Chan et al.
US5254429	1993-10-01	Gracia et al.
US5258274	1993-11-01	Helland et al.
US5262276	1993-11-01	Kawamura
US5268027	1993-12-01	Chan et al.
US5270078	1993-12-01	Walker et al.
US5271765	1993-12-01	Ma
US5272201	1993-12-01	Ma et al.
US5275646	1994-01-01	Marshall et al.
US5279652	1994-01-01	Kaufmann et al.
US5284734	1994-02-01	Blum et al.
US5294528	1994-03-01	Furutachi
US5296275	1994-03-01	Goman et al.
US5296556	1994-03-01	Frihart
US5300403	1994-04-01	Angelopolus et al.
US5302195	1994-04-01	Helbrecht
US5302197	1994-04-01	Wickramanayke et al.
US5312713	1994-05-01	Yokoyama et al.
US5312721	1994-05-01	Gesign
US5324349	1994-06-01	Sano et al.
US5328504	1994-07-01	Ohnishi
US5330860	1994-07-01	Grot et al.
US5334455	1994-08-01	Noren et al.
US5340631	1994-08-01	Matsuzawa et al.
US5340854	1994-08-01	Martic et al.
US5356464	1994-10-01	Hickman et al.
US5362592	1994-11-01	Murofushi et al.
US5372917	1994-12-01	Tsuchida et al.
US5376503	1994-12-01	Audett et al.
US5393580	1995-02-01	Ma et al.
US5401303	1995-03-01	Stoffel et al.
US5415976	1995-05-01	Zaki
US5426164	1995-06-01	Babb et al.
US5432274	1995-07-01	Luong et al.
US5455143	1995-10-01	Ali
AUX103085	1937-04-01
AUX12624/88	1988-09-01
BEX620075	1962-05-01
BEX637169	1964-03-01
CAX275245	1928-10-01
CAX458808	1936-12-01
CAX460268	1949-10-01
CAX461082	1949-11-01
CAX463022	1950-02-01
CAX463021	1950-02-01
CAX465495	1950-05-01
CAX465496	1950-05-01
CAX465499	1950-05-01
CAX483214	1952-05-01
CAX517364	1955-10-01
CAX537687	1957-03-01
CAX552565	1958-02-01
CAX571792	1959-03-01
CAX779239	1968-02-01
CAX930103	1973-07-01
CAX2053094	1992-04-01
CSX94118	1958-05-01
EPX127574	1984-12-01
EPX223587	1987-05-01
EPX280458	1988-08-01
EPX308274	1989-03-01
EPX375160	1990-06-01
EPX371304	1990-06-01
EPX390439	1990-10-01
EPX458140A1	1991-10-01
EPX468465	1992-01-01
EPX542286	1993-05-01
EPX571190	1993-11-01
DEX1047787	1957-12-01
DEX1022801	1958-01-01
DEX1039835	1958-09-01
DEX1045062	1958-10-01
DEX1045414	1958-12-01
DEX1047013	1958-12-01
DEX1132540	1962-07-01
DEX1132450	1962-07-01
DEX1154069	1963-09-01
DEX1240811	1967-05-01
DEX2437380	1975-02-01
DEX244520	1975-03-01
DEX2416259	1975-10-01
DEX2714978	1977-10-01
DEX3415033A1	1984-10-01
DEX3921600	1990-01-01
DEX3833438	1990-04-01
DEX3833437	1990-04-01
DEX4036328	1991-07-01
DEX4132288	1992-04-01
ITX662500	1964-04-01
JPX43-15663	1968-07-01
JPX47-26653	1972-07-01
JPX47-45409	1972-11-01
JPX49-8909	1974-02-01
JPX50-65592	1975-06-01
JPX55-90506	1980-07-01
JPX56-14569	1981-02-01
JPX14233	1981-02-01
JPX56-36556	1981-04-01
JPX57-61055	1982-04-01
JPX57-128283	1982-08-01
JPX57-171775	1982-10-01
JPX58-125770	1983-07-01
JPX58-211426	1983-12-01
JPX58-222164	1983-12-01
JPX59-89360	1984-05-01
JPX29219270	1984-12-01
JPX59-219270	1985-04-01
JPX60-192729	1985-10-01
JPX60-239739	1985-11-01
JPX60-239741	1985-11-01
JPX60-239740	1985-11-01
JPX60-239743	1985-11-01
JPX61-288	1986-01-01
JPX61-3781	1986-01-01
JPX61-14994	1986-01-01
JPX61-21184	1986-01-01
JPX61-40366	1986-02-01
JPX61-30592	1986-02-01
JPX61-25885	1986-02-01
JPX61-97025	1986-09-01
JPX61-222789	1986-10-01
JPX61-247703	1986-11-01
JPX61-285403	1986-12-01
JPX62-7703	1987-01-01
JPX62-97881	1987-05-01
JPX62-100557	1987-05-01
JPX62-127281	1987-06-01
JPX63-43959	1988-02-01
JPX63-48370	1988-03-01
JPX63-95449	1988-04-01
JPX63-95447	1988-04-01
JPX63-95448	1988-04-01
JPX63-95446	1988-04-01
JPX63-95440	1988-04-01
JPX63-95439	1988-04-01
JPX63-95450	1988-04-01
JPX63-95445	1988-04-01
JPX63-151946	1988-06-01
JPX63-223078	1988-09-01
JPX63-223077	1988-09-01
JPX63-243101	1988-10-01
JPX63-199781	1988-12-01
JPX64-29337	1989-01-01
JPX64-40948	1989-02-01
JPX64-014948	1989-03-01
JPX1128063	1989-05-01
JPX1146974	1989-06-01
JPX1210477	1989-08-01
JPX1-210477	1989-08-01
JPX1288854	1989-11-01
JPX292957	1990-04-01
JPX2179642	1990-07-01
JPX2282261	1990-11-01
JPX3-163566	1991-07-01
JPX3163566	1991-07-01
JPX3-206439	1991-09-01
JPX5134447	1991-11-01
JPX3-203694	1991-12-01
JPX3284668	1991-12-01
JPX4023885	1992-01-01
JPX4023884	1992-01-01
JPX4-45174	1992-02-01
JPX4100801	1992-04-01
JPX4-136075	1992-05-01
JPX4356087	1992-12-01
JPX543806	1993-02-01
JPX561220	1993-03-01
JPX5080506	1993-04-01
JPX5119506	1993-05-01
JPX5-134447	1993-05-01
JPX5-140498	1993-06-01
JPX2-219869	1993-09-01
JPX5263067	1993-10-01
JPX680915	1994-03-01
JPX6116557	1994-04-01
JPX6116556	1994-04-01
JPX6116555	1994-04-01
JPX6214339	1994-08-01
JPX6256633	1994-09-01
JPX6256494	1994-09-01
NLX7113828	1972-04-01
CHX603767	1978-08-01
CHX197808	1988-05-01
SUX1310767	1987-05-01
SUX1772118	1992-10-01
GBX349339	1931-05-01
GBX355686	1931-08-01
GBX399753	1933-10-01
GBX441085	1936-01-01
GBX463515	1937-04-01
GBX492711	1938-09-01
GBX518612	1940-03-01
GBX539912	1941-09-01
GBX626727	1947-07-01
GBX600451	1948-04-01
GBX616362	1949-01-01
GBX618616	1949-02-01
GBX779389	1957-07-01
GBX1372884	1974-11-01
GBX2146357	1985-04-01
WOX9211295	1992-07-01
WOX93/06597	1993-04-01
WOX94/22501	1994-10-01
WOX94/22500	1994-10-01

Non-Patent Literature (189)

Maki, Y. et al. "A novel heterocyclic N-oxide, pyrimido[5,4-g]pteridinetetrone 5-oxide, with multifunctional" Chemical Abstracts 122 925 [no 122:31350 F] 1995.
Abstract of patent, JP 0643573 1994.
Pitchumani, K. et al. "Modification of chemical reactivity upon cyclodextrin encapsulation" Chemical Abstracts 121 982 [No. 121:13362 4v] 1994.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, JP 05297627 (Fujitsu Ltd.), Nov. 12, 1993. (Abstract) 1993.
Patent Abstracts of Japan, JP 5241369 (Bando Chem Ind Ltd et al.), Sep. 21, 1993. (Abstract) 1993.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, JP 05232738 (Yamazaki, T.), Sep. 10, 1993. (Abstract) 1993.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, EP 000559310 (Zeneca Ltd.), Sep. 8, 1993. (Abstract) 1993.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 5-230410 (Seiko Epson Corp), Sep. 7, 1993. (Abstract) 1993.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, JP 5-230407 (Mitsubishi Kasei Corp), Sep. 7, 1993. (Abstract) 1993.
Patent Abstracts of Japan, JP 5197198 (Bando Chem Ind Ltd et al.), Aug. 6, 1993. (Abstract) 1993.
Database WPI-Week 9336, Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 5197069 (Bando Chem), Aug. 6, 1993. 1993.
Patent Abstracts of Japan, JP5181308 (Bando Chem Ind Ltd et al.), Jul. 23, 1993. (Abstract) 1993.
Patent Abstracts of Japan, JP 5181310 (Bando Chem Ind Ltd et al.), Jul. 23, 1993. (Abstract) 1993.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, JP 5-132638 (Mitsubishi Kasei Corp), May 28, 1993. (Abstract) 1993.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, JP 5-125318 (Mitsubishi Kasei Corp), May 21, 1993. (Abstract) 1993.
Abstract of patent, JP 05 117200 1993.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, JP 05061246 (Ricoh KK), Mar. 12, 1993. (Abstract) 1993.
Husain, N. et al. "Cyclodextrins as mobile-phase additives in reversed-phase HPLC" American Laboratory 82 80-87 1993.
Hamilton, D.P. "Tired of Shredding? New Ricoh Method Tries Different Tack" Wall Street Journal B2 1993.
Duxbury "The Photochemistry and Photophysics of Triphenylmethane Dyes in Solid Liquid Media" Chemical Review 93 381-433 1993.
Abstract of patent, JP 04351603 1992.
Abstract of patent, JP 04351602 1992.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, JP 4-314769 (Citizen Watch Co Ltd), Nov. 5, 1992. (Abstract) 1992.
Abstract of patent, JP 04315739 1992.
Abstract of patent, JP 04315739 1992.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, JP 04300395 (Funai Denki KK), Oct. 23, 1992. (Abstract) 1992.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London JP 4-213374 (Mitsubishi Kasei Corp), Aug. 4, 1992. (Abstract) 1992.
Abstract of patent, JP 04210228 1992.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,P, 4-202271 (Mitsubishi Kasei Corp), Jul. 23, 1992. (Abstract) 1992.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 4-202571 (Canon Inc), Jul. 23, 1992. (Abstract) 1992.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, JP 4-189877 (Seiko Epson Corp), Jul. 8, 1992. (Abstract) 1992.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 4-170479 (Seiko Epson Corp), Jun. 18, 1992. (Abstract) 1992.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, JP 4-189876 (Seiko Epson Corp), Jun. 18, 1992. (Abstract) 1992.
Abstract of patent, JP 0481402 1992.
Abstract of patent, JP 0481401 1992.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J0 3247676 (Canon KK), Nov. 5, 1991. (Abstract) 1991.
Abstract of patent, JP 03-220384 1991.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, JP 3167270 (Mitsubishi Kasei Corp), Jul. 19, 1991. (Abstract) 1991.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J0 3093870 (Dainippon Ink Chem KK), Apr. 18, 1991. (Abstract) 1991.
Abstract of patent, JP 06369890 1991.
Abstract of patent, JP 03 41165 1991.
"Coloring/Decoloring Agent for Tonor Use Developed" Japan Chemical Week 1991.
Braithwaite, M., et al. "Formulation" Chemistry & Technology of UV & EB Formulation for Coatings, Ink & Paints IV11-12 1991.
Scientific Polymer Products, Inc. Brochure 24-31 1991.
Dietliker, K. "Photoiniators for Free Radical and Catinoic Polymerisation" Chemistry & Technology of UV & EB Formulation for Coatings, Inks & Paints III 1991.
"Coloring/Decoloring Agent for Tonor Use Developed" Japan Chemical Week 1991.
Abstract of patent, JP 02289652 1990.
Abstract of Patent, JP 0297957, (Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd.) 1990.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, JP 2091166 (Canon KK), Mar. 30, 1990. (Abstract) 1990.
Kogelschatz, U. "Silent Discharges for the Generation of ultraviolet and vacuum ultraviolet excimer radiation" Pure & Applied Chem, 62 1667-74 1990.
Abstract of patent, JP 01299083 1989.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,0, 1182379 (Canon KK), Jul. 20, 1989. (Abstract) 1989.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,0, 1011171 (Mitsubishi Chem Ind KK), Jan. 13, 1989. (Abstract) 1989.
"Xerographic Materials" Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering 17 918-943 1989.
Pappas, S.P. "Photocrosslinking" Comph. Pol. Sci. 6 135-148 1989.
Pappas, S.P. "Photoinitiated Polymerization" Comph. Pol. Sci. 4 337-355 1989.
Kirilenko, G.V. et al. "An analog of the vesicular process with amplitude modulation of the incident ligh beam" Chemical Abstracts 111 569 [No. 111:12363 3b]1989.
Abstract of patent, JP 63190815 1988.
Abstract of patent, JP 63144329 1988.
Abstract of patent, JP 63130164 1988.
Abstract of patent, JP 6177846 1988.
Abstract of patent, JP 6373241 1988.
Abstract of patent, JP 6347762, 1988.
Abstract of patent, JP 63 47763, 1988.
Abstract of patent, JP 63-47764, 1988.
Abstract of patent, JP 63-47765, 1988.
Eliasson, B., et al. "UV Excimer Radiation from Dielectric-Barrier Discharges" Applied Physics B 46 299-303 1988.
Abstract of patent, JP 62215261 1987.
Abstract of patent, JP 6232082 1987.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J6 2007772 (Alps Electric KK), Jan. 14, 1987. (Abstract) 1987.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, JA 0284478 (Sanyo Chem Ind Ltd), Dec. 12, 1986. (Abstract) 1986.
Abstract of patent, JP 61251842 1986.
Abstract of patent, JP 6197025 1986.
Abstract of patent, JP 6187760 1986.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, DL 0234731 (Karl Marx Univ. Leipzig), Apr. 9, 1986. (Abstract) 1986.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J, 0226575 (Sumitomo Chem Ind KK), Oct. 11, 1985. (Abstract) 1985.
Abstract of patent, JP 60156761 1985.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 0011451 (Fugi Photo Film KK), Jan. 21, 1985. (Abstract) 1985.
Roos, G. et al. "Textile applications of photocrosslinkable polymers" Chemical Abstracts 103 57 [No. 103:23690j ] 1985.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, JP 0198187 (Canon KK), Nov. 9, 1984. (Abstract) 1984.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 0169883 (Ricoh KK), Sep. 25, 1984. (Abstract) 1984.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 0053563 (Dainippon Toryo KK), Mar. 28, 1984. (Abstract) 1984.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 0053562 (Dainippon Toryo KK), Mar. 28, 1984. (Abstract) 1984.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 0051961 (Dainippon Toryo KK), Mar. 26, 1984. (Abstract) 1984.
Saenger, W. "Structural Aspects of Cyclodextrins and Their Inclusion Complexes" Inclusion Compounds--Structural Aspects of Inclusion Compounds 2 231-259 1984.
Szejtli "Industrial Applications of Cyclodextrins" Inclusion Compounds: Physical Prop. & Applns 3 331-390 1984.
"Clathrate Compounds, Molecular Inclusion Phenomena, and Cyclodextrins" D. Reidel Publishing 714-746 1984.
van Beek, H.C.A. "Light-Induced Colour Changes in Dyes and Materials" Color Res. and Appl. 8 176-181 1983.
Connors, K.A. "Application of a stoichiometric model of cyclodextrin complex formation" Chemical Abstracts 98 598 [No. 98:53067g]1983.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, EP 0065617 (IBM Corp.), Dec. 1, 1982. (Abstract) 1982.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 0187289 (Honshu Paper Mfg KK), Nov. 17, 1982. (Abstract) 1982.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, JA 0185364 (Ricoh KK), Nov. 15, 1982. (Abstract) 1982.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 0090069 (Canon KK), Jun. 4, 1982. (Abstract) 1982.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 0010661 (Canon KK), Jan. 20, 1982. (Abstract) 1982.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 0010659 (Canon KK), Jan. 20, 1982. (Abstract) 1982.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 0155263 (Canon KK), Dec. 1, 1981. (Abstract) 1981.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 0147861 (Canon KK), Nov. 17, 1981. (Abstract) 1981.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 0143273 (Canon KK), Nov. 7, 1981. (Abstract) 1981.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 0136861 (Canon KK), Oct. 26, 1981. (Abstract) 1981.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 6133378 (Canon KK), Oct. 19, 1981. (Abstract) 1981.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 6133377 (Canon KK), Oct. 19, 1981. (Abstract) 1981.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 6093775 (Canon KK), Jul. 29, 1981. (Abstract) 1981.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 0008135 (Ricoh KK), Jan. 27, 1981. (Abstract) 1981.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 0004488 (Canon KK), Jan. 17, 1981. (Abstract) 1981.
Rosanske et al. "Stoichiometric Model of Cyclodextrin Complex Formation" Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69 564-567 1980 (5).
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 0005422 (Fuji Photo Film KK), Jan. 16, 1979. (Abstract) 1979.
"Color imaging devices and color filter arrays using photo-bleachable dyes" Research Disclosure 22-23 1979.
"Electrophotography" Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 8 794-826 1979.
Derwent Publication Ltd., London, J,A, 0012037 (Pentel KK), Jan. 29, 1977. (Abstract) 1977.
"Photo-bleachable dyes and processes" Research Disclosure 85-87 1975.
Jenkins, P.W. et al. "Photobleachable dye material" Research Disclosure 18 [No. 12932] 1975.
Lamberts, R.L. "Recording color grid patterns with lenticules" Research Disclosure 18-19 [No. 12923] 1975.
Karmanova, L.S. et al. "Light stabilizers of daytime fluorescent paints" Chemical Abstracts 82 147 [No. 59971p] 1975.
Prokopovich, B. et al. "Selection of effective photoinducers for rapid hardening of polyester varnish PE-250" Chemical Abstracts 83 131 [No. 81334a] 1975.
"Variable Contrast Printing System" Research Disclosure 19 [No. 12931] 1975.
Chang, I.F., et al. "Color Modulated Dye Ink Jet Printer" IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin 17(5 1520-1521) 1974.
"Darocur 1173: Liquid Photoiniator for Ultraviolet Curing of Coatings" 1974.
Fischer, "Submicroscopic contact imaging with visible light by energy transfer".
Rigdon, J.E. "In Search of Paper that Spies Can't Copy" Wall Street Journal.
Chatterjee,S. et al. "Photochemistry of Carbocyanine Alkyltriphenylborate Salts: Intra-Ion-Pair Electron Transfer and" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 112 6329-6338.
"Assay --Physical and Chemical Analysis of Complexes" AMAIZO.
"Cyclodextrin" AMAIZO.
"Beta Cyclodextrin Polymer (BCDP)" AMAIZO.
"Chemically Modified Cyclodextrins" AMAIZO.
"Cyclodextrin Complexation" American Maize Products Co..
"Cyclodextrins: A Breakthrough for Molecular Encapsulation" American Maize Products Co. (AMAIZO) 1993.
"Monomers" Scientific Polymer Products Inc..
Suppan, Paul "Quenching of Excited States" Chemistry and Light 65-69.
Yamaguchi, H. "Supersensitization. Aromatic ketones as supersensitizers" Chemical Abstracts 53 107 (d).
Stecher, H. "Ultraviolet-absorptive additives in adhesives, lacquers and plastics" Chemical Abstracts 53 14579 (c).
Maslennikov, A.S. "Coupling of diazonium salts with ketones" Chemical Abstracts 60 3128e.
Derwent Publications, Ltd., London SU 292698-S Jan. 15, 1971 (abstract).
Derwent Publications, Ltd., London, JA 7226653.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, 2416259.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, 4 9128022.
Derwent Publications Ltd., London, 47 45409.
Derwent Publications, Ltd., London, 7112489.
Derwent Publications, Ltd., London, J6 2270665 (Konishiroku Photo KK), Nov. 25, 1987 (Abstract).
Derwent Publications, Ltd., London EP 0280653, Aug. 31, 1988 (Abstract).
Derwent Publications, Ltd., London, SU 1423656 (Kherson Ind Inst), Sep. 15, 1988 (Abstract).
Abstract of Patent, JP 405195450.
Derwent Publications, Ltd., London, J6 1041381 (Osaka Prefecture), Feb. 27, 1986 (Abstract).
Derwent Publications, Ltd., London, JA 0061785 (Nippon Senka KK), Apr. 14, 1982 (Abstract).
Derwent Publications, Ltd., London, EP 0072775 (Ciba Geigy AG), Feb. 23, 1983 (Abstract).
Derwent Publications, Ltd., London, J6 3108074 (Konishiroku Photo KK), May 12, 1988 (Abstract).
Derwent Publications, Ltd., London, J6 3108073 (Konishiroku Photo KK), May 12, 1988 (Abstract).
Derwent Publications, Ltd., London, J6 3112770 (Toray Ind Inc), May 17, 1988 (Abstract).
Derwent Publications, Ltd., London, JP 403269167 (Japan Wool Textile KK), Nov. 29, 1991 (Abstract).
Gafney et al. Photochemical Reactions of Copper (II)-1,3-Diketonate Complexes Journal of the Americqal Chemical Society.
Gross et al. "Laser direct-write metallization in thin palladium acetate films" J. App. Phys. 61 1628-1632 (4).
Al-Ismail et al. Some experimental results on thin polyporpylene films loaded with finely-dispersed copper Journal of Materials Science 415-418.
Baufay et al. Oprtical self-regulation during laser-induced oxidation of copper J. Appl. Phys 61 4640-4651 (9).
Esrom et al. Large area Photochemical Dry Etching of Polymers iwth Incoherent Excimer UV Radiation MRS Materials Research Society 1-7.
Derwent Publications, Ltd., London CA, 1086-719, (Sherwood Medical) Sep. 3, 1980 (Abstract).
New Excimer UV Sources for Industrial Applications ABB Review 391 1-10.
Kogelschatz Silent-discharge driven excimer UV soures and their applications Applied Surface Science 410-423.
Eliasson et al. New Trends in High Intensity UV Generation EPA Newsletter (32) 29-40.
Esrom et al. Excimer Laser-Induced Decompostion of Aluminum Nitride Materials Research Society Fall Meeting 1-6.
Esrom et al. Investrigation of the mechanism of the UV-induced palladium depostions processf from thin solid Applied Surface Science 46 158-162.
Kogelschatz et al. New Incoherent Ultraviolet Excimer Sources for Photolytic Material Deposition.
Esrom et al. Metal deposition with a windowless VUV excimer source Applied Surface Science 1-5.
esrom et al. UV excimer laser-induced pre-nucleation of surfaces followed by electroless metallization Chemtronics 4 216-223.
Esrom et al. Excimer Laser-Induced Surface Activation of Aln for Electroless Metal Deposition Mat. Res. Soc.1Symp. Proc. 204 457-465.
Zhang et al. UV-induced decompositin of adsorbed Cu-acetylacetonate films at room temperature for electroless Applied Surface Science 1-6.
Esrom et al. VUV light-induced deposition of palladium using an incoherent Xe2* excimer source Chemtronics 4.
Lakshman Electronic Absroption Spectrum of Copper Formate Tetrahydrate Chemical Physics Letters 31 331-334 (2).
Esrom et al. UV Light-Induced Depostion of Copper Films C5-719 -C5-725.
Esrom et al. Metal Deposition with Incoherent Excimer Radiation mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 158 189-198.
Zhang et al. VUV synchrotron radiation processing of thin palladium acetate spin-on films for metallic surface Applied Surface Science 46 153-157.
Esrom et al. UV Excimer Laer-Induced Deposition of Palladium from palladiym Acetate Films Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 158 109-117.
German company develops reuseable paper Pulp & Paper.
Derwent Publications, Ltd. London J6 0011-449-A (Taoka Chemical KK) Jan. 21, 1985 (abstract).
Derwent Publications, Ltd., London J5 7139-146 (Showa Kako KK) Aug. 27, 1982(abstract).
Derwent Publications, Ltd., London J4 9131-226 (TNational Cash Register C) Dec. 16, 1974 (abstract).
Derwent Publications, Ltd., London CA 1086-719 (Sherwood Medical) Sep. 30, 1980 (abstract).
Abstract for WO95/00343-A1, Textiles: Paper: Cellulose, p. 7, (1995).
Brennan et al., "Stereoelectronic effects in ring closure reactions: the 2'-hydroxychalcone-flavanone equilibrium, and related systems," Canadian J. Chem., 68:17-80-1785 (1990).
Sakai et al., "A Novel and Practical Synthetic Method of 3(2H)-Furanone Derivatives," J. Heterocyclie Chem., 23:1199-1201 (1986).
Kano et al., "Three-Component Complexes of Cyclodextrins. Exciplex Formation in Cyclodextrin Cavity," J. Inclusion Phenomena 2, pp. 737-746 (1984).
Susuki et al., "Spectroscopic Investigation of Cyclodextrin Monomers, Derivatives, Polymers and Azo Dyes," J. Inclusion Phenomena 2, pp. 715-724 (1984).
Semple et al., "Synthesis of Functionalized Tetrahydrofurans," Tetrahedron Letters, 81:4561-4564 (1980).
Hosokawa et al., "Ascofuranone, an antibiotic from Ascochyta," Japan Kokai 73 91,278 (Nov. 28, 1973), MERCK Index, 80:p.283; abstract 94259t (1974).
Chatterjee, S., et al., "Photochemistry of Carbocyanine Alkyltriphenylborate Salts: Intra-Ion-Pair Electron Transfer and the Chemistry of Boranyl Radicals", J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, pp. 6329-6338 1990.
"Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology", Third Edition vol. 8, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1989, pp. 794-826 1989.
"Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering", vol. 17, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1989, pp. 918-943 1989.
"Coloring/Decoloring Agent for Toner Use Developed", Japan Chemical Week, Jun. 20, 1991.
Rigdon, J. E., "In Search of Paper that Spies Can't Copy", The Wall Street Journal, (Date Unknown).
Hamilton, D.P., "Tired of Shredding? New Ricoh Method Tries Different Tack", The Wall Street Journal, Aug. 20, 1993, B2.
Husain, N., and Warner, I.M., "Cyclodextrins as Mobile-phase Additives in Reversed-phase HPLC-An Overview", American Laboratory, 82, Oct. 1993, pp. 80-87.

Abstract

Description

Background of the Invention

Summary of the Invention

It is an object of the present invention to provide a solid substrate with an electrophotographic toner thereon which is adapted to become colorless upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation.

This and other objects will be apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art from a consideration of the specification and claims which follow.

Accordingly, the present invention provides a solid substrate with an electrophotographic toner thereon which includes:

(A) a colorant which, in the presence of an ultraviolet radiation transorber, is adapted, upon exposure of the transorber to ultraviolet radiation, to be mutable; and

(B) an ultraviolet radiation transorber which is adapted to absorb ultraviolet radiation and interact with the colorant to effect the irreversible mutation of the colorant.

Detailed Description of the Invention

Example 1

Example 2

Claims

What is claimed is:

2. The substrate of claim 1, wherein the toner further comprises a charge carrier.

3. The substrate of claim 1, wherein the mutable colorant and the ultraviolet radiation transorber are in intimate contact.

4. The substrate of claim 1, wherein the ultraviolet radiation transorber is adapted to absorb ultraviolet light at a wavelength of from about 100 to about 375 nanometers.

Patent Citations (584)

Patent	Date	Inventor
USRe28225	1974-11-01	Heseltine et al.
USRe28789	1976-04-01	Chang
US575228	1897-01-01	von Gallois
US582853	1897-05-01	Feer
US1013544	1912-01-01	Fuerth
US1325971	1919-12-01	Akashi
US1364406	1921-01-01	Olsen
US1436856	1922-11-01	Brenizer et al.
US1744149	1930-01-01	Staehlin
US1803906	1931-05-01	Krieger et al.
US1876880	1932-09-01	Drapal
US1880572	1932-10-01	Wendt et al.
US1880573	1932-10-01	Wendt et al.
US1916350	1933-07-01	Wendt et al.
US1916779	1933-07-01	Wendt et al.
US1955898	1934-04-01	Wendt et al.
US1962111	1934-06-01	Bamberger
US2049005	1936-07-01	Gaspar
US2054390	1936-09-01	Rust et al.
US2062304	1936-12-01	Gaspar
US2097119	1937-10-01	Eggert
US2106539	1938-01-01	Schnitzsphan
US2111692	1938-03-01	Saunders et al.
US2125015	1938-07-01	Gaspar
US2130572	1938-09-01	Wendt
US2132154	1938-10-01	Gaspar
US2145960	1939-02-01	Wheatley et al.
US2159280	1939-05-01	Mannes et al.
US2171976	1939-09-01	Erickson
US2185153	1939-12-01	Lecher et al.
US2220178	1940-11-01	Schneider
US2230590	1941-02-01	Eggert et al.
US2237885	1941-04-01	Markush et al.
US2242431	1941-12-01	Hara et al.
US2268324	1941-12-01	Polgar
US2281895	1942-05-01	van Poser et al.
US2328166	1943-08-01	Poigar et al.
US2346090	1944-04-01	Staehle
US2349090	1944-05-01	Haddock
US2356618	1944-08-01	Rossander et al.
US2361301	1944-10-01	Libby, Jr. et al.
US2364359	1944-12-01	Kienle et al.
US2381145	1945-08-01	von Glahn et al.
US2382904	1945-08-01	Federsen
US2386646	1945-10-01	Adams et al.
US2402106	1946-06-01	von Glahn et al.
US2416145	1947-02-01	Biro
US2477165	1949-07-01	Bergstrom
US2527347	1950-10-01	Bergstrom
US2601669	1952-06-01	Tullsen
US2612494	1952-09-01	von Glahn et al.
US2612495	1952-09-01	von Glahn et al.
US2628959	1953-02-01	von Glahn et al.
US2728784	1955-12-01	Tholstrup et al.
US2732301	1956-01-01	Robertson et al.
US2744103	1956-05-01	Koch
US2757090	1956-07-01	Meugebauer et al.
US2763550	1956-09-01	Lovick
US2768171	1956-10-01	Clarke et al.
US2773056	1956-12-01	Helfaer
US2798000	1957-07-01	Monterman
US2809189	1957-10-01	Stanley et al.
US2834773	1958-05-01	Scalera et al.
US2897187	1959-07-01	Koch
US2936241	1960-05-01	Sharp et al.
US2940853	1960-06-01	Sagura et al.
US2992198	1961-07-01	Funahashi
US3030208	1962-04-01	Schellenberg et al.
US3071815	1963-01-01	MacKinnon
US3104973	1963-09-01	Sprague et al.
US3114634	1963-12-01	Brown et al.
US3121632	1964-02-01	Sprague et al.
US3133049	1964-05-01	Hertel et al.
US3140949	1964-07-01	Sprague et al.
US3154416	1964-10-01	Fidelman
US3155509	1964-11-01	Roscow
US3175905	1965-03-01	Wiesbaden
US3178285	1965-04-01	Anderau et al.
US3242215	1966-03-01	Heitmiller
US3284205	1966-11-01	Sprague et al.
US3300314	1967-01-01	Rauner et al.
US3304297	1967-02-01	Wegmann et al.
US3305361	1967-02-01	Gaynor et al.
US3313797	1967-04-01	Kissa
US3359109	1967-12-01	Harder et al.
US3361827	1968-01-01	Biletch
US3385700	1968-05-01	Willems et al.
US3397984	1968-08-01	Williams et al.
US3418118	1968-12-01	Thommes et al.
US3479185	1969-11-01	Chambers
US3502476	1970-03-01	Kohei et al.
US3503744	1970-03-01	Itano et al.
US3514597	1970-05-01	Haes et al.
US3547646	1970-12-01	Hori et al.
US3563931	1971-02-01	Horiguchi
US3574624	1971-04-01	Reynolds et al.
US3595655	1971-07-01	Robinson et al.
US3595657	1971-07-01	Robinson et al.
US3595658	1971-07-01	Gerlach et al.
US3607639	1971-09-01	Krefeld et al.
US3607693	1971-09-01	Heine et al.
US3607863	1971-09-01	Dosch
US3615562	1971-10-01	Harrison et al.
US3617288	1971-11-01	Hartman et al.
US3637337	1972-01-01	Pilling
US3637581	1972-01-01	Horioguchi et al.
US3642472	1972-02-01	Mayo
US3647467	1972-03-01	Grubb
US3667954	1972-06-01	Itano et al.
US3668188	1972-06-01	King et al.
US3669925	1972-06-01	King et al.
US3671096	1972-06-01	Mackin
US3671251	1972-06-01	Houle et al.
US3676690	1972-07-01	McMillin et al.
US3678044	1972-07-01	Adams
US3695879	1972-10-01	Laming et al.
US3697280	1972-10-01	Strilko
US3707371	1972-12-01	Files
US3729313	1973-04-01	Smith
US3737628	1973-06-01	Azure
US3765896	1973-10-01	Fox
US3775130	1973-11-01	Enomoto et al.
US3788849	1974-01-01	Taguchi et al.
US3799773	1974-03-01	Watarai et al.
US3800439	1974-04-01	Sokolski et al.
US3817752	1974-06-01	Laridon et al.
US3840338	1974-10-01	Zviak et al.
US3870524	1975-03-01	Watanabe et al.
US3873500	1975-03-01	Kato et al.
US3887450	1975-06-01	Gilano et al.
US3895949	1975-07-01	Akamatsu
US3914166	1975-10-01	Rudolph et al.
US3915824	1975-10-01	McGinniss
US3919323	1975-11-01	Houlihan et al.
US3960685	1976-06-01	Sano et al.
US3978132	1976-08-01	Houlihan et al.
US3984248	1976-10-01	Sturmer
US3988154	1976-10-01	Sturmer
US4012256	1977-03-01	Levinos
US4043819	1977-08-01	Baumann
US4048034	1977-09-01	Martan
US4056665	1977-11-01	Tayler et al.
US4058400	1977-11-01	Crivello
US4067892	1978-01-01	Thorne et al.
US4073968	1978-02-01	Miyamoto et al.
US4079183	1978-03-01	Green
US4090877	1978-05-01	Streeper
US4100047	1978-07-01	McCarty
US4107733	1978-08-01	Schickedanz
US4110112	1978-08-01	Roman et al.
US4111699	1978-09-01	Krueger
US4114028	1978-09-01	Baio et al.
US4148658	1979-04-01	Kondoh et al.
US4162162	1979-07-01	Dueber
US4171977	1979-10-01	Hasegawa et al.
US4179577	1979-12-01	Green
US4181807	1980-01-01	Green
US4229172	1980-10-01	Baumann et al.
US4232106	1980-11-01	Iwasaki et al.
US4239843	1980-12-01	Hara et al.
US4239850	1980-12-01	Kita et al.
US4241155	1980-12-01	Hara et al.
US4242430	1980-12-01	Hara et al.
US4245018	1981-01-01	Hara et al.
US4245995	1981-01-01	Hugl et al.
US4246330	1981-01-01	Hara et al.
US4248949	1981-02-01	Hara et al.
US4250096	1981-02-01	Kvita et al.
US4251622	1981-02-01	Kimoto et al.
US4254195	1981-03-01	Hara et al.
US4256493	1981-03-01	Yokoyama et al.
US4256817	1981-03-01	Hara et al.
US4258123	1981-03-01	Nagashima et al.
US4259432	1981-03-01	Kondoh et al.
US4262936	1981-04-01	Miyamoto
US4268605	1981-05-01	Hara et al.
US4268667	1981-05-01	Anderson
US4269926	1981-05-01	Hara et al.
US4270130	1981-05-01	Houle et al.
US4271252	1981-06-01	Hara et al.
US4271253	1981-06-01	Hara et al.
US4272244	1981-06-01	Schlick
US4279982	1981-07-01	Iwasaki et al.
US4279985	1981-07-01	Nonogaki et al.
US4284485	1981-08-01	Berner
US4289844	1981-09-01	Specht et al.
US4290870	1981-09-01	Kondoh et al.
US4298679	1981-11-01	Shinozaki et al.
US4300123	1981-11-01	McMillin et al.
US4306014	1981-12-01	Kunikane et al.
US4307182	1981-12-01	Dalzell et al.
US4308400	1981-12-01	Felder et al.
US4315807	1982-02-01	Felder et al.
US4318705	1982-03-01	Nowak et al.
US4318791	1982-03-01	Felder et al.
US4335054	1982-06-01	Blaser et al.
US4335055	1982-06-01	Blaser et al.
US4336323	1982-06-01	Winslow
US4343891	1982-08-01	Aasen et al.
US4345011	1982-08-01	Drexhage
US4347111	1982-08-01	Gehlhaus et al.
US4349617	1982-09-01	Kawashiri et al.
US4350753	1982-09-01	Shelnut et al.
US4351893	1982-09-01	Anderson
US4356255	1982-10-01	Tachikawa et al.
US4359524	1982-11-01	Masuda et al.
US4362806	1982-12-01	Whitmore
US4367072	1983-01-01	Vogtle et al.
US4367280	1983-01-01	Kondo et al.
US4369283	1983-01-01	Altschuler
US4370401	1983-01-01	Winslow et al.
US4373020	1983-02-01	Winslow
US4376887	1983-03-01	Greenaway et al.
US4390616	1983-06-01	Sato et al.
US4391867	1983-07-01	Derick et al.
US4399209	1983-08-01	Sanders et al.
US4416961	1983-11-01	Drexhage
US4424325	1984-01-01	Tsunoda et al.
US4425162	1984-01-01	Sugiyama et al.
US4425424	1984-01-01	Altland et al.
US4434035	1984-02-01	Eichler et al.
US4447521	1984-05-01	Tiers et al.
US4450227	1984-05-01	Holmes et al.
US4460676	1984-07-01	Fabel
US4467112	1984-08-01	Matsuura et al.
US4475999	1984-10-01	Via
US4495041	1985-01-01	Goldstein
US4496447	1985-01-01	Eichler et al.
US4510392	1985-04-01	Litt et al.
US4523924	1985-06-01	Lacroix
US4524122	1985-06-01	Weber et al.
US4548896	1985-10-01	Sabongi et al.
US4555474	1985-11-01	Kawamura
US4565769	1986-01-01	Dueber et al.
US4567171	1986-01-01	Mangum
US4571377	1986-02-01	McGinniss et al.
US4595745	1986-06-01	Nakano et al.
US4604344	1986-08-01	Irving et al.
US4613334	1986-09-01	Thomas et al.
US4617380	1986-10-01	Hinson et al.
US4632891	1986-12-01	Banks et al.
US4632895	1986-12-01	Patel et al.
US4634644	1987-01-01	Irving et al.
US4638340	1987-01-01	Iiyama et al.
US4662286	1987-05-01	Sheets
US4663275	1987-05-01	West et al.
US4663641	1987-05-01	Iiyama et al.
US4668533	1987-05-01	Miller
US4672041	1987-06-01	Jain
US4698291	1987-10-01	Koibuchi et al.
US4701402	1987-10-01	Patel et al.
US4702996	1987-10-01	Griffing et al.
US4707161	1987-11-01	Thomas et al.
US4707425	1987-11-01	Sasagawa et al.
US4707430	1987-11-01	Ozawa et al.
US4720450	1988-01-01	Ellis
US4721734	1988-01-01	Gehlhaus et al.
US4724021	1988-02-01	Martin et al.
US4724201	1988-02-01	Okazaki et al.
US4725527	1988-02-01	Robillard
US4737438	1988-04-01	Ito et al.
US4740451	1988-04-01	Kohara
US4745042	1988-05-01	Sasago et al.
US4755450	1988-07-01	Sanders et al.
US4761181	1988-08-01	Suzuki
US4766055	1988-08-01	Kawabata et al.
US4771802	1988-09-01	Tannenbaum
US4772291	1988-09-01	Shibanai et al.
US4772541	1988-09-01	Gottschalk
US4775386	1988-10-01	Reinert et al.
US4776050	1988-10-01	Jerry
US4786586	1988-11-01	Lee et al.
US4800149	1989-01-01	Gottschalk
US4808189	1989-02-01	Oishi et al.
US4812139	1989-03-01	Brodmann
US4812517	1989-03-01	West
US4813970	1989-03-01	Kirjanov et al.
US4822714	1989-04-01	Sanders
US4837106	1989-06-01	Ishikawa et al.
US4837331	1989-06-01	Yamanishi et al.
US4838938	1989-06-01	Tomida et al.
US4839269	1989-06-01	Okazaki et al.
US4849320	1989-07-01	Irving et al.
US4853395	1989-08-01	Carr et al.
US4853398	1989-08-01	Carr et al.
US4857438	1989-08-01	Loerzer et al.
US4861916	1989-08-01	Kohler et al.
US4865942	1989-09-01	Gottschalk et al.
US4874391	1989-10-01	Reinert
US4886774	1989-12-01	Doi
US4895880	1990-01-01	Gottschalk
US4900581	1990-02-01	Stuke et al.
US4902299	1990-02-01	Anton
US4902725	1990-02-01	Moore
US4902787	1990-02-01	Freeman
US4925770	1990-05-01	Ichiura et al.
US4933948	1990-06-01	Herkstroeter
US4937161	1990-06-01	Kita et al.
US4942113	1990-06-01	Trundle
US4952478	1990-08-01	Miyagawa et al.
US4952680	1990-08-01	Schmeidl
US4954380	1990-09-01	Kanome et al.
US4956254	1990-09-01	Washizu et al.
US4968813	1990-11-01	Rule et al.
US4985345	1991-01-01	Hayakawa et al.
US4987056	1991-01-01	Imahashi et al.
US4997745	1991-03-01	Kawamura et al.
US5001330	1991-03-01	Koch
US5002853	1991-03-01	Aoai et al.
US5002993	1991-03-01	West et al.
US5003142	1991-03-01	Fuller
US5006758	1991-04-01	Gellert et al.
US5013959	1991-05-01	Kogelschatz
US5023129	1991-06-01	Morganti et al.
US5025036	1991-06-01	Carson et al.
US5026427	1991-06-01	Mitchell et al.
US5028792	1991-07-01	Mullis
US5034526	1991-07-01	Bonham et al.
US5045435	1991-09-01	Adams et al.
US5045573	1991-09-01	Kohler et al.
US5053320	1991-10-01	Robbillard
US5055579	1991-10-01	Pawlowski et al.
US5070001	1991-12-01	Stahlhofen
US5076808	1991-12-01	Hahn et al.
US5085698	1992-02-01	Ma et al.
US5087550	1992-02-01	Blum et al.
US5089374	1992-02-01	Saeva
US5096489	1992-03-01	Laver
US5098806	1992-03-01	Robillard
US5106723	1992-04-01	West et al.
US5108505	1992-04-01	Moffat
US5108874	1992-04-01	Griffing et al.
US5110706	1992-05-01	Yumoto et al.
US5110709	1992-05-01	Aoai et al.
US5114832	1992-05-01	Zertani et al.
US5124723	1992-06-01	Laver
US5130227	1992-07-01	Wade et al.
US5130778	1992-07-01	Shor et al.
US5133803	1992-07-01	Moffatt
US5135940	1992-08-01	Belander et al.
US5139572	1992-08-01	Kawashima
US5141556	1992-08-01	Matrick
US5141797	1992-08-01	Wheeler
US5147901	1992-09-01	Rutsch et al.
US5153104	1992-10-01	Rossman et al.
US5153105	1992-10-01	Sher et al.
US5153166	1992-10-01	Jain et al.
US5160372	1992-11-01	Matrick
US5166041	1992-11-01	Murofushi et al.
US5169436	1992-12-01	Matrick
US5169438	1992-12-01	Matrick
US5173112	1992-12-01	Matrick et al.
US5176984	1993-01-01	Hipps, Sr. et al.
US5178420	1993-01-01	Shelby
US5180425	1993-01-01	Matrick et al.
US5180652	1993-01-01	Yamaguchi et al.
US5185236	1993-02-01	Shiba et al.
US5187045	1993-02-01	Bonham et al.
US5187049	1993-02-01	Sher et al.
US5190565	1993-03-01	Berenbaum et al.
US5190845	1993-03-01	Hashimoto et al.
US5196295	1993-03-01	Davis
US5198330	1993-03-01	Martic et al.
US5202209	1993-04-01	Winnik et al.
US5202210	1993-04-01	Matsuoka et al.
US5202211	1993-04-01	Vercoulen
US5202212	1993-04-01	Shin et al.
US5202213	1993-04-01	Nakahara et al.
US5202215	1993-04-01	Kanakura et al.
US5202221	1993-04-01	Imai et al.
US5205861	1993-04-01	Matrick
US5208136	1993-05-01	Zanoni et al.
US5209814	1993-05-01	Felten et al.
US5219703	1993-06-01	Bugner et al.
US5221334	1993-06-01	Ma et al.
US5224197	1993-06-01	Zanoni et al.
US5224476	1993-06-01	Schultz et al.
US5224987	1993-06-01	Matrick
US5241059	1993-08-01	Yoshinaga
US5244476	1993-09-01	Schulz et al.
US5250109	1993-10-01	Chan et al.
US5254429	1993-10-01	Gracia et al.
US5258274	1993-11-01	Helland et al.
US5262276	1993-11-01	Kawamura
US5268027	1993-12-01	Chan et al.
US5270078	1993-12-01	Walker et al.
US5271765	1993-12-01	Ma
US5272201	1993-12-01	Ma et al.
US5275646	1994-01-01	Marshall et al.
US5279652	1994-01-01	Kaufmann et al.
US5284734	1994-02-01	Blum et al.
US5294528	1994-03-01	Furutachi
US5296275	1994-03-01	Goman et al.
US5296556	1994-03-01	Frihart
US5300403	1994-04-01	Angelopolus et al.
US5302195	1994-04-01	Helbrecht
US5302197	1994-04-01	Wickramanayke et al.
US5312713	1994-05-01	Yokoyama et al.
US5312721	1994-05-01	Gesign
US5324349	1994-06-01	Sano et al.
US5328504	1994-07-01	Ohnishi
US5330860	1994-07-01	Grot et al.
US5334455	1994-08-01	Noren et al.
US5340631	1994-08-01	Matsuzawa et al.
US5340854	1994-08-01	Martic et al.
US5356464	1994-10-01	Hickman et al.
US5362592	1994-11-01	Murofushi et al.
US5372917	1994-12-01	Tsuchida et al.
US5376503	1994-12-01	Audett et al.
US5393580	1995-02-01	Ma et al.
US5401303	1995-03-01	Stoffel et al.
US5415976	1995-05-01	Zaki
US5426164	1995-06-01	Babb et al.
US5432274	1995-07-01	Luong et al.
US5455143	1995-10-01	Ali
AUX103085	1937-04-01
AUX12624/88	1988-09-01
BEX620075	1962-05-01
BEX637169	1964-03-01
CAX275245	1928-10-01
CAX458808	1936-12-01
CAX460268	1949-10-01
CAX461082	1949-11-01
CAX463022	1950-02-01
CAX463021	1950-02-01
CAX465495	1950-05-01
CAX465496	1950-05-01
CAX465499	1950-05-01
CAX483214	1952-05-01
CAX517364	1955-10-01
CAX537687	1957-03-01
CAX552565	1958-02-01
CAX571792	1959-03-01
CAX779239	1968-02-01
CAX930103	1973-07-01
CAX2053094	1992-04-01
CSX94118	1958-05-01
EPX127574	1984-12-01
EPX223587	1987-05-01
EPX280458	1988-08-01
EPX308274	1989-03-01
EPX375160	1990-06-01
EPX371304	1990-06-01
EPX390439	1990-10-01
EPX458140A1	1991-10-01
EPX468465	1992-01-01
EPX542286	1993-05-01
EPX571190	1993-11-01
DEX1047787	1957-12-01
DEX1022801	1958-01-01
DEX1039835	1958-09-01
DEX1045062	1958-10-01
DEX1045414	1958-12-01
DEX1047013	1958-12-01
DEX1132540	1962-07-01
DEX1132450	1962-07-01
DEX1154069	1963-09-01
DEX1240811	1967-05-01
DEX2437380	1975-02-01
DEX244520	1975-03-01
DEX2416259	1975-10-01
DEX2714978	1977-10-01
DEX3415033A1	1984-10-01
DEX3921600	1990-01-01
DEX3833438	1990-04-01
DEX3833437	1990-04-01
DEX4036328	1991-07-01
DEX4132288	1992-04-01
ITX662500	1964-04-01
JPX43-15663	1968-07-01
JPX47-26653	1972-07-01
JPX47-45409	1972-11-01
JPX49-8909	1974-02-01
JPX50-65592	1975-06-01
JPX55-90506	1980-07-01
JPX56-14569	1981-02-01
JPX14233	1981-02-01
JPX56-36556	1981-04-01
JPX57-61055	1982-04-01
JPX57-128283	1982-08-01
JPX57-171775	1982-10-01
JPX58-125770	1983-07-01
JPX58-211426	1983-12-01
JPX58-222164	1983-12-01
JPX59-89360	1984-05-01
JPX29219270	1984-12-01
JPX59-219270	1985-04-01
JPX60-192729	1985-10-01
JPX60-239739	1985-11-01
JPX60-239741	1985-11-01
JPX60-239740	1985-11-01
JPX60-239743	1985-11-01
JPX61-288	1986-01-01
JPX61-3781	1986-01-01
JPX61-14994	1986-01-01
JPX61-21184	1986-01-01
JPX61-40366	1986-02-01
JPX61-30592	1986-02-01
JPX61-25885	1986-02-01
JPX61-97025	1986-09-01
JPX61-222789	1986-10-01
JPX61-247703	1986-11-01
JPX61-285403	1986-12-01
JPX62-7703	1987-01-01
JPX62-97881	1987-05-01
JPX62-100557	1987-05-01
JPX62-127281	1987-06-01
JPX63-43959	1988-02-01
JPX63-48370	1988-03-01
JPX63-95449	1988-04-01
JPX63-95447	1988-04-01
JPX63-95448	1988-04-01
JPX63-95446	1988-04-01
JPX63-95440	1988-04-01
JPX63-95439	1988-04-01
JPX63-95450	1988-04-01
JPX63-95445	1988-04-01
JPX63-151946	1988-06-01
JPX63-223078	1988-09-01
JPX63-223077	1988-09-01
JPX63-243101	1988-10-01
JPX63-199781	1988-12-01
JPX64-29337	1989-01-01
JPX64-40948	1989-02-01
JPX64-014948	1989-03-01
JPX1128063	1989-05-01
JPX1146974	1989-06-01
JPX1210477	1989-08-01
JPX1-210477	1989-08-01
JPX1288854	1989-11-01
JPX292957	1990-04-01
JPX2179642	1990-07-01
JPX2282261	1990-11-01
JPX3-163566	1991-07-01
JPX3163566	1991-07-01
JPX3-206439	1991-09-01
JPX5134447	1991-11-01
JPX3-203694	1991-12-01
JPX3284668	1991-12-01
JPX4023885	1992-01-01
JPX4023884	1992-01-01
JPX4-45174	1992-02-01
JPX4100801	1992-04-01
JPX4-136075	1992-05-01
JPX4356087	1992-12-01
JPX543806	1993-02-01
JPX561220	1993-03-01
JPX5080506	1993-04-01
JPX5119506	1993-05-01
JPX5-134447	1993-05-01
JPX5-140498	1993-06-01
JPX2-219869	1993-09-01
JPX5263067	1993-10-01
JPX680915	1994-03-01
JPX6116557	1994-04-01
JPX6116556	1994-04-01
JPX6116555	1994-04-01
JPX6214339	1994-08-01
JPX6256633	1994-09-01
JPX6256494	1994-09-01
NLX7113828	1972-04-01
CHX603767	1978-08-01
CHX197808	1988-05-01
SUX1310767	1987-05-01
SUX1772118	1992-10-01
GBX349339	1931-05-01
GBX355686	1931-08-01
GBX399753	1933-10-01
GBX441085	1936-01-01
GBX463515	1937-04-01
GBX492711	1938-09-01
GBX518612	1940-03-01
GBX539912	1941-09-01
GBX626727	1947-07-01
GBX600451	1948-04-01
GBX616362	1949-01-01
GBX618616	1949-02-01
GBX779389	1957-07-01
GBX1372884	1974-11-01
GBX2146357	1985-04-01
WOX9211295	1992-07-01
WOX93/06597	1993-04-01
WOX94/22501	1994-10-01
WOX94/22500	1994-10-01

Non-Patent Literature (189)

Maki, Y. et al. "A novel heterocyclic N-oxide, pyrimido[5,4-g]pteridinetetrone 5-oxide, with multifunctional" Chemical Abstracts 122 925 [no 122:31350 F] 1995.

Abstract of patent, JP 0643573 1994.

Pitchumani, K. et al. "Modification of chemical reactivity upon cyclodextrin encapsulation" Chemical Abstracts 121 982 [No. 121:13362 4v] 1994.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, JP 05297627 (Fujitsu Ltd.), Nov. 12, 1993. (Abstract) 1993.

Patent Abstracts of Japan, JP 5241369 (Bando Chem Ind Ltd et al.), Sep. 21, 1993. (Abstract) 1993.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, JP 05232738 (Yamazaki, T.), Sep. 10, 1993. (Abstract) 1993.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, EP 000559310 (Zeneca Ltd.), Sep. 8, 1993. (Abstract) 1993.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 5-230410 (Seiko Epson Corp), Sep. 7, 1993. (Abstract) 1993.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, JP 5-230407 (Mitsubishi Kasei Corp), Sep. 7, 1993. (Abstract) 1993.

Patent Abstracts of Japan, JP 5197198 (Bando Chem Ind Ltd et al.), Aug. 6, 1993. (Abstract) 1993.

Database WPI-Week 9336, Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 5197069 (Bando Chem), Aug. 6, 1993. 1993.

Patent Abstracts of Japan, JP5181308 (Bando Chem Ind Ltd et al.), Jul. 23, 1993. (Abstract) 1993.

Patent Abstracts of Japan, JP 5181310 (Bando Chem Ind Ltd et al.), Jul. 23, 1993. (Abstract) 1993.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, JP 5-132638 (Mitsubishi Kasei Corp), May 28, 1993. (Abstract) 1993.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, JP 5-125318 (Mitsubishi Kasei Corp), May 21, 1993. (Abstract) 1993.

Abstract of patent, JP 05 117200 1993.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, JP 05061246 (Ricoh KK), Mar. 12, 1993. (Abstract) 1993.

Husain, N. et al. "Cyclodextrins as mobile-phase additives in reversed-phase HPLC" American Laboratory 82 80-87 1993.

Hamilton, D.P. "Tired of Shredding? New Ricoh Method Tries Different Tack" Wall Street Journal B2 1993.

Duxbury "The Photochemistry and Photophysics of Triphenylmethane Dyes in Solid Liquid Media" Chemical Review 93 381-433 1993.

Abstract of patent, JP 04351603 1992.

Abstract of patent, JP 04351602 1992.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, JP 4-314769 (Citizen Watch Co Ltd), Nov. 5, 1992. (Abstract) 1992.

Abstract of patent, JP 04315739 1992.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, JP 04300395 (Funai Denki KK), Oct. 23, 1992. (Abstract) 1992.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London JP 4-213374 (Mitsubishi Kasei Corp), Aug. 4, 1992. (Abstract) 1992.

Abstract of patent, JP 04210228 1992.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,P, 4-202271 (Mitsubishi Kasei Corp), Jul. 23, 1992. (Abstract) 1992.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 4-202571 (Canon Inc), Jul. 23, 1992. (Abstract) 1992.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, JP 4-189877 (Seiko Epson Corp), Jul. 8, 1992. (Abstract) 1992.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 4-170479 (Seiko Epson Corp), Jun. 18, 1992. (Abstract) 1992.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, JP 4-189876 (Seiko Epson Corp), Jun. 18, 1992. (Abstract) 1992.

Abstract of patent, JP 0481402 1992.

Abstract of patent, JP 0481401 1992.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J0 3247676 (Canon KK), Nov. 5, 1991. (Abstract) 1991.

Abstract of patent, JP 03-220384 1991.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, JP 3167270 (Mitsubishi Kasei Corp), Jul. 19, 1991. (Abstract) 1991.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J0 3093870 (Dainippon Ink Chem KK), Apr. 18, 1991. (Abstract) 1991.

Abstract of patent, JP 06369890 1991.

Abstract of patent, JP 03 41165 1991.

"Coloring/Decoloring Agent for Tonor Use Developed" Japan Chemical Week 1991.

Braithwaite, M., et al. "Formulation" Chemistry & Technology of UV & EB Formulation for Coatings, Ink & Paints IV11-12 1991.

Scientific Polymer Products, Inc. Brochure 24-31 1991.

Dietliker, K. "Photoiniators for Free Radical and Catinoic Polymerisation" Chemistry & Technology of UV & EB Formulation for Coatings, Inks & Paints III 1991.

"Coloring/Decoloring Agent for Tonor Use Developed" Japan Chemical Week 1991.

Abstract of patent, JP 02289652 1990.

Abstract of Patent, JP 0297957, (Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd.) 1990.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, JP 2091166 (Canon KK), Mar. 30, 1990. (Abstract) 1990.

Kogelschatz, U. "Silent Discharges for the Generation of ultraviolet and vacuum ultraviolet excimer radiation" Pure & Applied Chem, 62 1667-74 1990.

Abstract of patent, JP 01299083 1989.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,0, 1182379 (Canon KK), Jul. 20, 1989. (Abstract) 1989.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,0, 1011171 (Mitsubishi Chem Ind KK), Jan. 13, 1989. (Abstract) 1989.

"Xerographic Materials" Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering 17 918-943 1989.

Pappas, S.P. "Photocrosslinking" Comph. Pol. Sci. 6 135-148 1989.

Pappas, S.P. "Photoinitiated Polymerization" Comph. Pol. Sci. 4 337-355 1989.

Kirilenko, G.V. et al. "An analog of the vesicular process with amplitude modulation of the incident ligh beam" Chemical Abstracts 111 569 [No. 111:12363 3b]1989.

Abstract of patent, JP 63190815 1988.

Abstract of patent, JP 63144329 1988.

Abstract of patent, JP 63130164 1988.

Abstract of patent, JP 6177846 1988.

Abstract of patent, JP 6373241 1988.

Abstract of patent, JP 6347762, 1988.

Abstract of patent, JP 63 47763, 1988.

Abstract of patent, JP 63-47764, 1988.

Abstract of patent, JP 63-47765, 1988.

Eliasson, B., et al. "UV Excimer Radiation from Dielectric-Barrier Discharges" Applied Physics B 46 299-303 1988.

Abstract of patent, JP 62215261 1987.

Abstract of patent, JP 6232082 1987.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J6 2007772 (Alps Electric KK), Jan. 14, 1987. (Abstract) 1987.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, JA 0284478 (Sanyo Chem Ind Ltd), Dec. 12, 1986. (Abstract) 1986.

Abstract of patent, JP 61251842 1986.

Abstract of patent, JP 6197025 1986.

Abstract of patent, JP 6187760 1986.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, DL 0234731 (Karl Marx Univ. Leipzig), Apr. 9, 1986. (Abstract) 1986.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J, 0226575 (Sumitomo Chem Ind KK), Oct. 11, 1985. (Abstract) 1985.

Abstract of patent, JP 60156761 1985.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 0011451 (Fugi Photo Film KK), Jan. 21, 1985. (Abstract) 1985.

Roos, G. et al. "Textile applications of photocrosslinkable polymers" Chemical Abstracts 103 57 [No. 103:23690j ] 1985.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, JP 0198187 (Canon KK), Nov. 9, 1984. (Abstract) 1984.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 0169883 (Ricoh KK), Sep. 25, 1984. (Abstract) 1984.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 0053563 (Dainippon Toryo KK), Mar. 28, 1984. (Abstract) 1984.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 0053562 (Dainippon Toryo KK), Mar. 28, 1984. (Abstract) 1984.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 0051961 (Dainippon Toryo KK), Mar. 26, 1984. (Abstract) 1984.

Saenger, W. "Structural Aspects of Cyclodextrins and Their Inclusion Complexes" Inclusion Compounds--Structural Aspects of Inclusion Compounds 2 231-259 1984.

Szejtli "Industrial Applications of Cyclodextrins" Inclusion Compounds: Physical Prop. & Applns 3 331-390 1984.

"Clathrate Compounds, Molecular Inclusion Phenomena, and Cyclodextrins" D. Reidel Publishing 714-746 1984.

van Beek, H.C.A. "Light-Induced Colour Changes in Dyes and Materials" Color Res. and Appl. 8 176-181 1983.

Connors, K.A. "Application of a stoichiometric model of cyclodextrin complex formation" Chemical Abstracts 98 598 [No. 98:53067g]1983.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, EP 0065617 (IBM Corp.), Dec. 1, 1982. (Abstract) 1982.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 0187289 (Honshu Paper Mfg KK), Nov. 17, 1982. (Abstract) 1982.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, JA 0185364 (Ricoh KK), Nov. 15, 1982. (Abstract) 1982.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 0090069 (Canon KK), Jun. 4, 1982. (Abstract) 1982.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 0010661 (Canon KK), Jan. 20, 1982. (Abstract) 1982.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 0010659 (Canon KK), Jan. 20, 1982. (Abstract) 1982.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 0155263 (Canon KK), Dec. 1, 1981. (Abstract) 1981.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 0147861 (Canon KK), Nov. 17, 1981. (Abstract) 1981.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 0143273 (Canon KK), Nov. 7, 1981. (Abstract) 1981.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 0136861 (Canon KK), Oct. 26, 1981. (Abstract) 1981.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 6133378 (Canon KK), Oct. 19, 1981. (Abstract) 1981.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 6133377 (Canon KK), Oct. 19, 1981. (Abstract) 1981.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 6093775 (Canon KK), Jul. 29, 1981. (Abstract) 1981.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 0008135 (Ricoh KK), Jan. 27, 1981. (Abstract) 1981.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 0004488 (Canon KK), Jan. 17, 1981. (Abstract) 1981.

Rosanske et al. "Stoichiometric Model of Cyclodextrin Complex Formation" Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69 564-567 1980 (5).

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, J,A, 0005422 (Fuji Photo Film KK), Jan. 16, 1979. (Abstract) 1979.

"Color imaging devices and color filter arrays using photo-bleachable dyes" Research Disclosure 22-23 1979.

"Electrophotography" Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 8 794-826 1979.

Derwent Publication Ltd., London, J,A, 0012037 (Pentel KK), Jan. 29, 1977. (Abstract) 1977.

"Photo-bleachable dyes and processes" Research Disclosure 85-87 1975.

Jenkins, P.W. et al. "Photobleachable dye material" Research Disclosure 18 [No. 12932] 1975.

Lamberts, R.L. "Recording color grid patterns with lenticules" Research Disclosure 18-19 [No. 12923] 1975.

Karmanova, L.S. et al. "Light stabilizers of daytime fluorescent paints" Chemical Abstracts 82 147 [No. 59971p] 1975.

Prokopovich, B. et al. "Selection of effective photoinducers for rapid hardening of polyester varnish PE-250" Chemical Abstracts 83 131 [No. 81334a] 1975.

"Variable Contrast Printing System" Research Disclosure 19 [No. 12931] 1975.

Chang, I.F., et al. "Color Modulated Dye Ink Jet Printer" IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin 17(5 1520-1521) 1974.

"Darocur 1173: Liquid Photoiniator for Ultraviolet Curing of Coatings" 1974.

Fischer, "Submicroscopic contact imaging with visible light by energy transfer".

Rigdon, J.E. "In Search of Paper that Spies Can't Copy" Wall Street Journal.

Chatterjee,S. et al. "Photochemistry of Carbocyanine Alkyltriphenylborate Salts: Intra-Ion-Pair Electron Transfer and" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 112 6329-6338.

"Assay --Physical and Chemical Analysis of Complexes" AMAIZO.

"Cyclodextrin" AMAIZO.

"Beta Cyclodextrin Polymer (BCDP)" AMAIZO.

"Chemically Modified Cyclodextrins" AMAIZO.

"Cyclodextrin Complexation" American Maize Products Co..

"Cyclodextrins: A Breakthrough for Molecular Encapsulation" American Maize Products Co. (AMAIZO) 1993.

"Monomers" Scientific Polymer Products Inc..

Suppan, Paul "Quenching of Excited States" Chemistry and Light 65-69.

Yamaguchi, H. "Supersensitization. Aromatic ketones as supersensitizers" Chemical Abstracts 53 107 (d).

Stecher, H. "Ultraviolet-absorptive additives in adhesives, lacquers and plastics" Chemical Abstracts 53 14579 (c).

Maslennikov, A.S. "Coupling of diazonium salts with ketones" Chemical Abstracts 60 3128e.

Derwent Publications, Ltd., London SU 292698-S Jan. 15, 1971 (abstract).

Derwent Publications, Ltd., London, JA 7226653.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, 2416259.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, 4 9128022.

Derwent Publications Ltd., London, 47 45409.

Derwent Publications, Ltd., London, 7112489.

Derwent Publications, Ltd., London, J6 2270665 (Konishiroku Photo KK), Nov. 25, 1987 (Abstract).

Derwent Publications, Ltd., London EP 0280653, Aug. 31, 1988 (Abstract).

Derwent Publications, Ltd., London, SU 1423656 (Kherson Ind Inst), Sep. 15, 1988 (Abstract).

Abstract of Patent, JP 405195450.

Derwent Publications, Ltd., London, J6 1041381 (Osaka Prefecture), Feb. 27, 1986 (Abstract).

Derwent Publications, Ltd., London, JA 0061785 (Nippon Senka KK), Apr. 14, 1982 (Abstract).

Derwent Publications, Ltd., London, EP 0072775 (Ciba Geigy AG), Feb. 23, 1983 (Abstract).

Derwent Publications, Ltd., London, J6 3108074 (Konishiroku Photo KK), May 12, 1988 (Abstract).

Derwent Publications, Ltd., London, J6 3108073 (Konishiroku Photo KK), May 12, 1988 (Abstract).

Derwent Publications, Ltd., London, J6 3112770 (Toray Ind Inc), May 17, 1988 (Abstract).

Derwent Publications, Ltd., London, JP 403269167 (Japan Wool Textile KK), Nov. 29, 1991 (Abstract).

Gafney et al. Photochemical Reactions of Copper (II)-1,3-Diketonate Complexes Journal of the Americqal Chemical Society.

Gross et al. "Laser direct-write metallization in thin palladium acetate films" J. App. Phys. 61 1628-1632 (4).

Al-Ismail et al. Some experimental results on thin polyporpylene films loaded with finely-dispersed copper Journal of Materials Science 415-418.

Baufay et al. Oprtical self-regulation during laser-induced oxidation of copper J. Appl. Phys 61 4640-4651 (9).

Esrom et al. Large area Photochemical Dry Etching of Polymers iwth Incoherent Excimer UV Radiation MRS Materials Research Society 1-7.

Derwent Publications, Ltd., London CA, 1086-719, (Sherwood Medical) Sep. 3, 1980 (Abstract).

New Excimer UV Sources for Industrial Applications ABB Review 391 1-10.

Kogelschatz Silent-discharge driven excimer UV soures and their applications Applied Surface Science 410-423.

Eliasson et al. New Trends in High Intensity UV Generation EPA Newsletter (32) 29-40.

Esrom et al. Excimer Laser-Induced Decompostion of Aluminum Nitride Materials Research Society Fall Meeting 1-6.

Esrom et al. Investrigation of the mechanism of the UV-induced palladium depostions processf from thin solid Applied Surface Science 46 158-162.

Kogelschatz et al. New Incoherent Ultraviolet Excimer Sources for Photolytic Material Deposition.

Esrom et al. Metal deposition with a windowless VUV excimer source Applied Surface Science 1-5.

esrom et al. UV excimer laser-induced pre-nucleation of surfaces followed by electroless metallization Chemtronics 4 216-223.

Esrom et al. Excimer Laser-Induced Surface Activation of Aln for Electroless Metal Deposition Mat. Res. Soc.1Symp. Proc. 204 457-465.

Zhang et al. UV-induced decompositin of adsorbed Cu-acetylacetonate films at room temperature for electroless Applied Surface Science 1-6.

Esrom et al. VUV light-induced deposition of palladium using an incoherent Xe2* excimer source Chemtronics 4.

Lakshman Electronic Absroption Spectrum of Copper Formate Tetrahydrate Chemical Physics Letters 31 331-334 (2).

Esrom et al. UV Light-Induced Depostion of Copper Films C5-719 -C5-725.

Esrom et al. Metal Deposition with Incoherent Excimer Radiation mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 158 189-198.

Zhang et al. VUV synchrotron radiation processing of thin palladium acetate spin-on films for metallic surface Applied Surface Science 46 153-157.

Esrom et al. UV Excimer Laer-Induced Deposition of Palladium from palladiym Acetate Films Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 158 109-117.

German company develops reuseable paper Pulp & Paper.

Derwent Publications, Ltd. London J6 0011-449-A (Taoka Chemical KK) Jan. 21, 1985 (abstract).

Derwent Publications, Ltd., London J5 7139-146 (Showa Kako KK) Aug. 27, 1982(abstract).

Derwent Publications, Ltd., London J4 9131-226 (TNational Cash Register C) Dec. 16, 1974 (abstract).

Derwent Publications, Ltd., London CA 1086-719 (Sherwood Medical) Sep. 30, 1980 (abstract).

Abstract for WO95/00343-A1, Textiles: Paper: Cellulose, p. 7, (1995).

Brennan et al., "Stereoelectronic effects in ring closure reactions: the 2'-hydroxychalcone-flavanone equilibrium, and related systems," Canadian J. Chem., 68:17-80-1785 (1990).

Sakai et al., "A Novel and Practical Synthetic Method of 3(2H)-Furanone Derivatives," J. Heterocyclie Chem., 23:1199-1201 (1986).

Kano et al., "Three-Component Complexes of Cyclodextrins. Exciplex Formation in Cyclodextrin Cavity," J. Inclusion Phenomena 2, pp. 737-746 (1984).

Susuki et al., "Spectroscopic Investigation of Cyclodextrin Monomers, Derivatives, Polymers and Azo Dyes," J. Inclusion Phenomena 2, pp. 715-724 (1984).

Semple et al., "Synthesis of Functionalized Tetrahydrofurans," Tetrahedron Letters, 81:4561-4564 (1980).

Hosokawa et al., "Ascofuranone, an antibiotic from Ascochyta," Japan Kokai 73 91,278 (Nov. 28, 1973), MERCK Index, 80:p.283; abstract 94259t (1974).

Chatterjee, S., et al., "Photochemistry of Carbocyanine Alkyltriphenylborate Salts: Intra-Ion-Pair Electron Transfer and the Chemistry of Boranyl Radicals", J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, pp. 6329-6338 1990.

"Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology", Third Edition vol. 8, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1989, pp. 794-826 1989.

"Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering", vol. 17, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1989, pp. 918-943 1989.

"Coloring/Decoloring Agent for Toner Use Developed", Japan Chemical Week, Jun. 20, 1991.

Rigdon, J. E., "In Search of Paper that Spies Can't Copy", The Wall Street Journal, (Date Unknown).

Hamilton, D.P., "Tired of Shredding? New Ricoh Method Tries Different Tack", The Wall Street Journal, Aug. 20, 1993, B2.

Husain, N., and Warner, I.M., "Cyclodextrins as Mobile-phase Additives in Reversed-phase HPLC-An Overview", American Laboratory, 82, Oct. 1993, pp. 80-87.