US 5,605,864 AGrant
Method for Forming a Semiconductor Buried Contact With a Removable Spacer
Issue Date:1997-02-25
•17 Claims
•6 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A removable oxide spacer is used to reduce the size of a contact opening in a DRAM cell between polysilicon word lines below a lithographic minimum. The removable spacer is deposited before the buried contact patterning and etching. Since word lines diverge at a cell location, the removable spacer retains a lesser thickness over the divergent area contact opening and a greater thickness elsewhere between word lines due to the more narrow gap therebetween and the spacer being deposited such that if fills the gap. The removable spacer reduces the buried contact size since the actual self-aligned contact area is defined by the spacer sidewall. Etching of the spacer creates a buried contact opening smaller than lithographic minimum because silicon oxide surrounding the buried contact area is protected by the removable spacer. The removable spacer is removed after resist strip leaving a sublithographic buried contact opening.
Metadata
Assignee
- Micron Technology, Inc.
Inventor
- Kirk D. Prall
Application Information
Application Number:US 2853353
Filing Date:1994-08-02
Priority Date:1994-08-02
Art Unit:117
Classifications
IPC:
H01L 2144H01L 2148
Field of Search:
437148156947;195;228;52DIG. 19;DIG. 20644
Patent Drawings (6 sheets)
Description
Technical Field
This invention relates, in general, to a method of forming a buried contact in a semiconductor wafer substrate. More particularly, a sublithographic contact is formed using a removable spacer.
Background of the Invention
In Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) technology wherein a capacitor is used as a storage element, it is necessary to connect the access transistor active area to the capacitor bottom plate (storage plate). This connection is known as a buried contact, i.e., other layers or elements are above the contact surface. Typically, buried contacts are no smaller than the lithographic minimum associated with patterning the wafer.
It is the purpose of this invention to reduce the size of this contact surface for the following reasons: the cell area may be reduced; the capacitor storage plate registration alignment is improved; the soft error rate is improved since there is a smaller buried contact area that intercepts alpha particles; the subthreshold voltage characteristics are improved by moving the buried contact edge away from the access transistor; and it is possible to form the contact as self-aligned in both directions so a single large rectangular mask can be used to etch a plurality of buried contacts.
Summary of the Invention
According to principles of the present invention in its preferred embodiment, a removable spacer, such as ozone tetraethyl orthosilicate (O.sub.3 TEOS), is used to reduce the size of a contact opening between polysilicon word lines below a lithographic minimum. The removable spacer is deposited before patterning and etching of a buried contact.
Since word lines diverge at the location of a DRAM cell where a buried contact exists, the removable spacer is deposited so that it does not completely fill the gap created by the divergence of the word lines, but does fill more narrow gaps at other locations between the word lines. In essence, the divergent area comprises a lesser amount of spacer TEOS than other, more narrow gap areas between the word lines. Accordingly, during etching, the etchant penetrates the lesser amount of TEOS at the buried contact area to create the sublithographic buried contact, but does not penetrate other areas where a thicker layer of TEOS has filled in the narrow gaps between word lines.
The removable spacer reduces the buried contact size since the actual self-aligned contact area is defined by the spacer sidewall. An opening smaller than lithographic minimum is etched because silicon oxide surrounding the buried contact area is protected by the removable spacer. The removable spacer is removed after resist strip leaving a small buried contact opening.
Other objects, advantages, and capabilities of the present invention will become more apparent as the description proceeds.
Brief Description of the Drawings
FIG. 1A is a plan view of a DRAM cell (prior art).
FIG. 1B is a section elevation taken along lines 1B--1B of FIG. 1A (prior art).
FIG. 1C is a section elevation taken along lines 1C--1C of FIG. 1A (prior art).
FIG. 2A is a plan view of a DRAM cell buried contact of the present invention.
FIG. 2B is a section view taken along lines 2B--2B of FIG. 2A.
FIG. 2C is a section view taken along lines 2C--2C of FIG. 2A.
FIGS. 3A-3D are section views of the steps involved in the present invention process for forming a sublithographic buried contact as shown in FIG. 2B.
FIG. 4A is a plan view of a DRAM cell showing divergent and minimum word line widths for deposition of the removable spacer of the present invention.
FIG. 4B is a section view taken along lines 4B--4B of FIG. 4A.
FIG. 4C is a section view taken along lines 4C--4C of FIG. 4A.
FIG. 5 is a plan view of a multicell DRAM layout depicting masking options for use in the present invention process.
FIG. 6 is a cross-section of the present invention after forming a capacitor over the buried contact.
Detailed Description of the Invention
FIGS. 1A-1C depict a buried contact 22 in the prior art. This prior art is shown in order to more fully recognize the value and novelty of the present invention wherein a sublithographic buried contact is formed. Polysilicon capacitor plate 10 covers oxide layer 12 and word line 14. Word line 14 comprises polysilicon 16 and tungsten silicide 18 (WSi.sub.x).
In section view FIG. 1B, polysilicon bottom plate 20 forms the relatively large buried contact at 22 having a width 24, substantially the photolithographic minimum. The overlap, dimension 26, sometimes called the registration budget, is kept minimal because it directly contributes to cell size.
DRAM transistor 28 can be seen in cross-section FIG. 1C with the polysilicon and WSi.sub.x above gate oxide 30. Active areas 32 are adjacent the gate. Buried contact 22 is the surface below patterned capacitor storage or bottom plate 20.
Referring now to FIGS. 2A-2C, a sublithographic buried contact is shown as formed according to principles of the present invention. FIG. 2A is a plan view of a single memory cell 60. Inner oval 62 is the sublithographic contact opening formed by using a removable spacer according to principals of the present invention. Larger oval 64 represents the area surrounding contact opening 62 that is masked by the removable spacer for actual etching of contact 62. The edges of two adjacent word lines 68 (in phantom since they are buried) are separated from each other at substantially the lithographic minimum 69 and communicate with buried contact area 62.
FIG. 2B is a section view taken along lines 2B--2B of FIG. 2A. Phantom lines 66 represent the removable spacer that has been removed but that was previously deposited in order to etch sublithographic contact opening 62. Dimension 70 is sublithographic and represents the size of buried contact opening 62.
FIG. 2C is a section view taken along lines 2C--2C of FIG. 2A. Dimension 72 is also sublithographic and represents the size of contact opening 62 as viewed from this cross-section. This sublithographic dimension improves subthreshold voltage characteristics since buried contact edge 74 is a greater distance from access transistor 76.
FIGS. 3A-3D are section views of the steps involved in the present invention process for achieving a sublithographic buried contact as shown in FIG. 2B. FIG. 3A depicts how a plurality of transistor gate structures 68 have been formed on substrate 98 and field oxide layer 99, and insulator layer 88 (oxide) is deposited over and adjacent the gate structures and substrate.
FIG. 3B depicts how removable spacer layer 66 is subsequently deposited over insulator layer 88. In the preferred embodiment, spacer layer 66 is an oxide, such as ozone tetraethyl orthosilicate (O.sub.3 TEOS), deposited by a conventional tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) process. Alternately, polysilicon or silicon nitride are suitable spacer layer materials. Spacer layer 66 is deposited at a thickness 92 of 1/2 the distance between the two adjacent word lines (gate structures 68) as measured at a minimum width point defined elsewhere along the word lines (FIGS. 4A-4B). In this diagram, gate structures 68 are separated by a divergent gap distance 94 that is greater than the minimum distance elsewhere separating the word lines. Distance 94 is greater because at a cell location the width between word lines increases to accommodate the cell.
When spacer layer 66 is deposited at a thickness of substantially 1/2 the distance measured at the minimum width point, any gap that is existing at that minimum width point is substantially filled in by the spacer layer such that the minimum width gap is bridged by the spacer layer. However, since gap 94 is greater than the minimum gap, gap 94 is not substantially filled in by spacer layer 66 and as such, divergent gap 94 is not bridged by the spacer layer. Rather, spacer layer 66 has a thickness 96 at the bottom of the cell, which is less than the thickness that exists at the minimum width point (not shown) that has been filled in by the spacer layer. Phantom line 90 depicts how gap 94 would be filled in too much if the spacer layer was deposited too thick.
To clarify this concept further, refer now to FIGS. 4A-4C for a moment. In FIGS. 4A-4C the distinction between the deposition of the spacer layer where word lines diverge at a cell location and the deposition at a minimum width area of the word lines is more clearly defined. Specifically, FIG. 4A represents two adjacent word lines 110 and 112 having a divergent width 100 at a location where the word lines communicate with a DRAM cell and buried contact location. FIG. 4A also depicts minimum width 102 elsewhere between word lines 110 and 112.
FIG. 4B shows how thickness 114 of spacer layer 106 is deposited at substantially 1/2 the thickness of width 102, thereby causing gap 116 to be essentially filled in with the spacer. In contrast, FIG. 4C shows how spacer layer 106, although deposited at substantially the same thickness 114, does not completely fill in gap 118 because divergent width 100 is larger than minimum width 102 (FIG. 4A).
Accordingly, when etching occurs, a contact is etched through spacer layer 106 in divergent width 100 of FIG. 4C, but a contact is not etched through minimum width 102 in FIG. 4B, because spacer 106 has a thickness 120 associated with minimum width 102 that is greater than thickness 122 associated with divergent width 100.
Referring back now to FIGS. 3A-3D, buried contact area 62 of FIG. 3C is depicted having sublithographic measurement 70 after spacer layer 66 and insulator layer 88 have been anisotropically etched. Elsewhere along word lines 68 at the previously described minimum distance gap point, any etching that has occurred will not have penetrated completely through the spacer layer at that point because the gap is filled by the spacer layer more so than at the buried contact area (see FIGS. 4A-4C). Consequently, etching connects through to substrate 98 at buried contact area 62, but does not connect through elsewhere at the minimum gap point(s) along word lines 68.
FIG. 3D depicts how spacer 66 is completely removed after being isotropically etched, and sublithographic buried contact area 62 communicates with substrate 98 through insulator layer 88. Complete isotropical etching of spacer layer 66 is performed by any conventional method, such as dipping the DRAM in hydrofluoric acid. Spacer 66 is shown in phantom to depict its previous existence, and accordingly, FIG. 3D is representative of FIG. 2B.
FIG. 5 is a plan view of a layout of multiple DRAM and capacitor cells 40 incorporating the present invention wherein masking options are identified. For clarity, not all the elements of each cell are included in each cell. In this figure, there are four vertically running bitlines: BLA, BLB, BLC, and BLD, and three (phantom) wordlines: WLA, WLB, and WLC, that zigzag horizontally across the figure. Bitlines connect to active areas (source or drain) 42 at each of the contacts 44 (squares). The wordlines WLA, WLB, and WLC connect to gate areas 46. The cell buried contact 48 is the rectangle above and below each of the bitline squares 44. Although the buried contact and storage plate 48 appear rectangular in this drawing, they would typically be more of an oval shape. The larger rectangles 50 (in dotted lines) are the storage plates which completely cover the buried contact. The top plate layer (not shown) covers the entire surface except for octagonal opening 52 around each of the bitline contacts 44.
FIG. 5 demonstrates how a single continuous mask opening is implemented according to the present invention to create the plurality of buried contacts. A single opening in a mask runs parallel to each depicted wordline WLA-C in order to etch the buried contacts. A single, continuous opening in a mask is usable because the present invention spacer layer is thicker at the minimum width points between adjacent parallel word lines than at the locations where the buried contacts are formed. The difference in spacer layer thickness allows for the use of the single opening in the mask and allows for complete etching at the buried contact locations but only partial etching elsewhere along the word lines.
Alternately, a traditional mask could be used wherein each and every buried contact location is singularly and separately defined in the mask.
FIG. 6 illustrates transistor 76 and capacitor 80 after depositing and patterning dielectric layer 50 and top plate 82 over storage plate 84 and buried contact 86. A typical dielectric material is a silicon nitride, and the top plate is a third layer of polysilicon. Buried contact 86 is sublithographic according to principles of the present invention and provides the advantages over the prior art as previously described herein.
While a preferred embodiment of the invention has been disclosed, various modes of carrying out the principles disclosed herein are contemplated as being within the scope of the following claims. Therefore, it is understood that the scope of the invention is not to be limited except as otherwise set forth in the claims.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method of forming a sublithographic buried contact on a semiconductor DRAM comprising: a) forming a plurality of transistor gate structures and word lines adjacent a buried contact area on a substrate; b) depositing an insulator layer over and adjacent the gate structures, word lines, buried contact area, and substrate; c) depositing a removable spacer layer over the insulator layer such that: (i) a narrowest gap width between the word lines outside the buried contact area is essentially filled in by the removable spacer layer; and, (ii) a divergent gap which is wider than said narrowest gap width between the word lines over the buried contact area is not completely filled by the removable spacer layer, whereby a sublithographic dimension is defined between removable spacer walls over the buried contact area, the removable spacer walls being formed by the removable spacer layer adjacent the gate structures; d) patterning the buried contact area in the removable spacer layer; e) anisotropically etching the removable spacer layer and the insulator layer to form the sublithographic buried contact such that the buried contact is sublithographic in at least a dimension parallel to the word lines; and, f) further etching the removable spacer layer to completely remove the removable spacer layer.
2. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein the insulator layer is an oxide deposited by a tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) process.
3. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein the removable spacer layer is selected from the group consisting of ozone tetraethyl orthosilicate (O.sub.3 TEOS), polysilicon, and silicon nitride.
4. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein the removable spacer layer is deposited at a thickness of substantially one-half the narrowest gap width.
5. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein the removable spacer layer is of a lesser thickness over the buried contact area than over the narrowest gap width.
6. The method as recited in claim 1 further including patterning a plurality of buried contact areas defined by a plurality of singular, discrete openings in a mask pattern.
7. The method as recited in claim 1 further including patterning a plurality of buried contact areas defined by a singular, continuous opening in a mask pattern.
8. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein said anisotropical etching to form the buried contact is continuous and parallel to the word lines communicating with the buried contact area, and the buried contact forms only at the buried contact area.
9. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein the further etching to completely remove the removable spacer layer includes an isotropical etch.
10. The method as recited in claim 9 wherein said isotropical etch comprises dipping the DRAM in hydrofluoric acid.
11. A method of forming a connection to a semiconductor wafer having transistor gate structure formations thereon, the method comprising: a) depositing an insulator over the wafer and gate structure formations; b) depositing a removable spacer over the insulator such that: (i) a first gap between the gate structure formations is essentially filled in by the removable spacer; and, (ii) a second gap between the gate structure formations at a location defined for the connection is not completely filled by the removable spacer, whereby a thickness of the removable spacer in the first gap is greater than a thickness of the removable spacer in the second gap; c) patterning the connection in the removable spacer; d) anisotropically etching the removable spacer and insulator to form the connection such that the connection is sublithographic in at least a dimension parallel to the gate structure formations; and, e) further etching the removable spacer to completely remove the removable spacer.
12. A method of forming a buried contact to a semiconductor DRAM substrate between a capacitor and a MOSFET transistor, the method comprising: a forming a plurality of transistor gate structures and word lines, the word lines having a narrowest gap width between the word lines outside the buried contact, and further having a divergent gap between the word lines over the buried contact, which is wider than said narrowest gap width; b) depositing an insulating oxide by a tetraethyl orthosilicate process over and adjacent to the gate structures and word lines; c) depositing a removable ozone tetraethyl orthosilicate (O.sub.3 TEOS) spacer layer over said insulating oxide, whereby the narrowest gap width is essentially filled in by the removable spacer layer and the divergent gap between the word lines over the buried contact is not completely filled by the removable spacer layer; d) patterning a buried contact area in the removable spacer layer, including patterning with a continuous pattern in a direction parallel to the word lines adjacent the buried contact area; e) anisotropically etching the removable spacer layer and the insulating oxide to form the buried contact such that the buried contact is sublithographic in at least a dimension parallel to the word lines; and, f) isotropically etching remaining portions of the removable spacer layer to completely remove the removable spacer layer.
13. The method as recited in claim 11 wherein the removable spacer is selected from the group consisting of ozone tetraethyl orthosilicate (O.sub.3 TEOS), polysilicon, and silicon nitride.
14. The method as recited in claim 11 wherein the removable spacer is deposited at a thickness of substantially one-half of a width of the first gap.
15. The method as recited in claim 11 further including patterning a plurality of connections defined by a plurality of singular, discrete openings in a mask pattern.
16. The method as recited in claim 11 further including patterning a plurality of connections defined by a singular, continuous opening in a mask pattern.
17. The method as recited in claim 11 wherein said anisotropical etching is continuous and parallel to the first and second gaps, and the connection forms only at the second gap.