Polishing pad with controlled abrasion rate

[0002] This is a continuation-in-part to U.S. Pat. application No. 7/468,348, filed Jan. 22, 1990 (allowed, but not yet issued), and of U.S. Pat. application No. 7/562,288, filed Aug. 3, 1990, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,020,283.

[0003] 1. Field of the Invention

[0004] This invention relates to the grinding or polishing of a workpiece, in particular the polishing of a surface, such as a semiconductor wafer surface to a controlled degree of planarity.

[0005] 2. Description of the Related Art

[0006] In the manufacture of integrated circuits, for example, planarity of the underlying semiconductor substrate of wafer is very important. Critical geometries of integrated circuitry are presently in the neighborhood of less than 1 micron. These geometries are by necessity produced by photolithographic means: an image is optically or electromagnetically focused and chemically processed on the wafer. If the wafer surface is not sufficiently planar, some regions will be in focus and clearly defined, and other regions will not be sufficiently well defined, resulting in a nonfunctional or less than optimal circuit. Planarity of semiconductor wafers is therefore necessary.

[0007] In some processes, material is deposited nonuniformly across the wafer, often varying in thickness as a function of radial distance from the center of the wafer. While it is often desired to provide uniform abrasion with a polishing pad, there are also circumstances in which a controlled non-uniformity of abrasion is desired. This would occur in cases in which the non-uniformity of deposit is to be eliminated through polishing, in cases in which a surface is to be made nonuniform, and in order to compensate for non-uniformity of the process.

[0008] Chemical and mechanical means, and their combination (the combination being known as “mechanically enhanced chemical polishing”), have been employed, to effect planarity of a wafer. In mechanically enhanced chemical polishing, a chemical etch rate on high topographies of the wafer is assisted by mechanical energy.

[0009] FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate the basic principles used in prior art mechanical wafer polishing. A ring-shaped section of a polishing pad rotates at W_pradians per second (R/s) about axis O. A wafer to be polished is rotated at W_wR/s, usually in the same sense. The wafer may also be rotated in the opposite sense and may be moved in directions +X and −X relative to some fixed point, the wafer face is pressed against the rotating pad face to accomplish polishing. The pad face, itself, which is typically characterized by low abrasivity, is generally used in combination with a mechanically abrasive slurry, which may also contain a chemical etchant.

[0010] FIG. 2 helps to clarify rotation W_wand the ring shape of the pad in FIG. 1. For a generic circular pad moving at a particular rotational speed, the linear speed of the polishing face at any given radius will vary according to the relationship L=Wp×R, where L is in cm/s, W is in radians/second, and radius R is in cm. It can be seen, for example, that linear speed L₂at large radius R₂is greater than linear speed L₁at small radius R₁. Consider now that the pad has a surface contact rate with a workpiece that varies according to radius. Portions of a workpiece, such as a wafer, contacting the pad face at radius R₁experience a surface contact rate proportional to L₁. Similarly, portions of the wafer contacting the pad face at radius R₂will experience a surface contact rate proportional to L₂. Since L₂>L₁, it is apparent that a workpiece at radius R₂will receive more surface contact than a workpiece at radius R₁. If a wafer is large enough in comparison to the pad to be polished at both R₁and R₂, the wafer will be polished at an uneven rate which is a function of the 2πR, where R is distance from the rotational axis of the pad. The resulting 2πR non-planarity is not acceptable for high precision polishing required for semiconductor wafers.

[0011] While there are instances in which planar abrasion is desired, there are other instances in which a controller variation in abrasion is desired. This would occur where material buildup is non-planar and polishing is used to generate a planar surface, and in instances where a specified degree of nonplanarity is desired. Non-planar abrasion may also be used in order to compensate for non-uniformity of the process, as for example, when an edge of a semiconductor wafer polishes differently from the center of the wafer.

[0012] Referring again to the prior art of FIG. 1, a common approach by which prior art attempts to overcome non-uniform surface contact rate is by using a ring-shaped pad or the outer circumference of a circular pad, to limit the difference between the largest usable radius and smallest usable radius, thus limiting surface contact rate variation across the pad face, and by moving the wafer and positively rotating it, relative to the pad and its rotation. The combination is intended to limit the inherent variableness of the surface contact rate across the wafer, thereby minimizing non-planarity. Such movement of the wafer with respect to the polishing pad's axis of rotation requires special gearing and design tolerances to perform optimally.

[0013] According to the disclosure of U.S. Pat. No. 468,348 5,177,908, of which this is a continuation-in-part, the face of a polishing pad is shaped so as to provide substantially constant arcuate contact with a workpiece for circumferential traces of any radius from the center of the pad. This is accomplished by incorporating both raised and voided areas into the face of the pad in a geometric pattern that results in an increase in voided area density as the radius from the rotational axis of the pad increases. Several possible geometric face patterns are disclosed, each of which substantially achieves the goal of providing substantially constant arcuate contact for any given radius. This, in turn, results in more uniform removal of material from workpiece surfaces during mechanical planarization, thus enhancing planarity of the finished surface.

[0014] Although surface planarity is often the goal of an abrasive operation, the attainment of a non-planar surface may also be the desired result. The creation of non-planar surfaces is more complicated than the creation of planar surfaces. Using contemporary techniques, this generally requires careful control of the movement of the polishing pad's axis of rotation in relation to the position of the workpiece.

[0015] The object of the present invention to provide a polishing pad with which precision non-planar surfaces may be created.

[0016] According to the invention, a polishing pad is provided, having its face shaped to produce controlled nonuniform removal of workpiece material. Non-uniformity is produced as a function of distance from the pad's rotational axis (the working radius). The pad face is configured with both contact regions and voided regions such that arcuate abrasive contact varies nonuniformly with distance from the pad's rotational axis. Void density at any distance may be produced by several techniques such as varying void size as a function of working radius or varying the number of voids per unit area as a function of working radius. Either technique produces variation in voided area per total unit area for rings of pad surface, concentric with the rotational axis, having infinitesimally small width.

[0017] FIGS. 1A and 1B are elevational and side views of an illustrative prior art polishing pad implementation;

[0018] FIG. 2 illustrates different linear velocities for different radii on a generic polishing pad;

[0019] FIG. 3 shows a preferred embodiment of the inventive polishing pad;

[0020] FIG. 4 is a cross-section along line 4—4 of FIG. 3;

[0021] FIG. 5 is a cross-section along line 5—5 of FIG. 3;.

[0022] FIG. 6 shows an additional embodiment of the inventive polishing pad.

[0023] Referring now to FIG. 3, the contact surface of a polishing pad constructed in accordance with the present invention is depicted. Two possible patterns are represented, with the upper half of the pad depicting a four-band pattern, and the lower half of the pad depicting a three-band pattern. The upper half of the pad has a center portion of low void density 31 that is adjacent a band of high void density 32, which is adjacent and indistinctly transistions into a band of low void density 33, which is adjacent an outer-most band of high void density 34. The lower half of the pad, on the other hand, has a center portion of low void density 35, which is adjacent a band of high void density 36, which is adjacent a band of low void density 37. A polishing pad (not shown) 6) having continuous variation of void density as a function of radius, such that the polishing rate is also a function of radius is another embodiment.

[0024] As disclosed in the aforementioned issued patent, voided surface regions on the pad may be created with a variety of patters. For example, patterns having radial, ray-like voided regions and patterns having a multiplicity of circular voided regions are just two of many possibilities.

[0025] Referring now to FIG. 4, a cross-sectional view through line 4—4 of FIG. 3 depicts a first embodiment of the invention. As can be seen in this cross-sectional view, each void 41 is a recessed regions, or depressions, between raised portions 42 of the pad. The surface of the raised portions will contact the workpiece during rotational polishing with the pad. By varying the density of the voids, the total arcuate contact with raised surface portions for any given circumference, as defined by a constant radius R, can be established.

[0026] Referring now to FIG. 5, a cross-sectional view through line 5—5 of FIG. 3 depicts a second embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, the voids 41 of FIG. 4 are replaced by holes 51, which extend entirely through the pad 52.

[0027] In most instances, it is anticipated that there will be rotational movement of the workpiece about a center axis in order to achieve substantial uniformity of abrasion over the workpiece surface. Generally, the rotational movement of the workpiece is slow in comparison to the rotational movement of the pad.

[0028] Although only several embodiments of the invention have been disclosed herein, it will be obvious to those having ordinary skill in the art of polishing and grinding technology that changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the scope and the spirit of the invention as claimed.