US RE34,511 EGrant
Method of Radiologically Scanning the Spine for Measuring Bone Density
Issue Date:1994-01-18
•78 Claims
•2 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
An apparatus employing radiation for measuring bone density in which the bone can be scanned from different angles. The multidirectional scanning is accomplished by rotating the radiation source and detector about the stationary object being irradiated.
Metadata
Assignee
- Hologic, Inc.
Inventors
- William O'Neill
- James R. Warne
Application Information
Application Number:US 843512&
Filing Date:1992-02-28
Priority Date:1987-05-15
Art Unit:335
Classifications
IPC:
A61B 600
Field of Search:
128378653.1;65954-56;119;146;193;195-198
Patent Drawings (2 sheets)
Description
Background of the Invention
This invention relates to radiologic measuring devices, and more particularly, to the use of radiation in measuring bone structure.
The diagnostic use of radiation in evaluating bone structure has recently been applied in assessing bone demineralization that occurs with advancing age. Bone mineral is lost from all parts of the skeleton, and at a linear rate from the lumbar spine, starting at about 35 years of age. The resultant demineralization results in a high risk of fractures with an increased associated mortality and morbidity. In evaluation of the spine, there is a very good correlation between dual photon densitometry measurements of bone density and fracture resistance in excised vertabrae subjected to compression testing. It is also important to evaluate mineral loss in the hip, as appendicular losses often match or exceed spine loss in patients over 70.
Dual photon absorptiometry enables non-invasive quantitative analysis of bone mineral in regions of the body that were previously inaccessable using single photon absorptiometry. The use of two photon energies minimizes errors that result from irregular body contour and soft tissue inhomogeneities. Essentially, two photon energies are necessary to allow discrimination of two substances of a given system. In this case between bone mineral and soft tissue. The most commonly used photon energies in dual photon scanning are 44 and 100 KeV. The measurements of the attenuation of this radiation as it passes through the body yields the bone mineral density.
Summary of the Invention
The present invention involves the multidirectional measurement of human bone densities of diagnostic purposes. A radiation source, and a detector used for measuring the radiation transmitted through the object being measured, are rigidly aligned by a bracket or arm. This detector is mounted in a telescoping mechanism to permit control over the source/detector distance. The arm and the attached source and detector, are mounted on an "x-y" table that permits scanning of objects over a predetermined planar area. This apparatus is mounted so that the source, detector, and scanning mechanism can be rotated to view a stationary object from different angles.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the pivot axis about which the arm rotates is displaceable so that the source will clear the table upon rotation. The rotating apparatus may be mounted in a drawer with guides or rails that telescope out to support the system during rotation. The rotating elements are weighted so that very little pressure is necessary to rotate the system. The weight is distributed so that if the mechanism is stopped at any point during rotation, it will at most slowly accelerate under its own weight. If the center of gravity of the rotating mechanism is approximately along the pivot axis, this condition will be met. One weight is placed in the detector to vertically adjust the center of gravity. A second weight is placed adjacent the scanning assembly to horizontally adjust the center of gravity.
Brief Description of the Drawings
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the bone densitometer.
FIG. 2 is a side view of the radiation source and detector in the interior position.
FIG. 3 is a side view of the apparatus rotated to the lateral position.
FIG. 4 is a top view of the saddle and drawer assembly.
Detailed Description of the Invention
Existing scanner assemblies used in bone densitometry generally permit unidirectional scanning of patients only. To obtain lateral or side views, for example, the patient must be turned. This movement of the patient is often difficult or impossible depending upon their physical condition.
A dual photon bone densitometer used in diagnosing osteoporosis is illustrated generally in FIG. 1. A table 10 on which the patient lies has a drawer assembly 11 which is pulled out from under the table on the side from which a bracket 12 protrudes. The bracket 12 extends in a "C" shape from the drawer assembly 11 to a detecting apparatus 13. FIG. 2 shows, in a cross-sectional view, the relationship between the detector 13 and the contents of the drawer assembly 11.
A radiation source 14 is mounted on a moveable platform 15. The source 14 is rigidly aligned with the detector 13 by bracket 12 to insure that radiation emitted from the source is received by the detector regardless of the angle to which the source-detector axis is rotated. The entire rotatable apparatus is mounted on a tray or "saddle" 17. The saddle 17 is rotatably mounted onto the assembly plates 19. The plates 19 in one embodiment constitute the side walls of a drawer which compactly houses the source and scanning apparatus.
To rotate the apparatus from the anterior position shown in FIG. 2 to the lateral position shown in FIG. 3, the following steps must be taken. The user releases a locking mechanism and pulls the arm horizontally to one side of the table so that the saddle 17 and plates 19 slide the source from under the center of the table to avoid contact with the table during rotation. In one embodiment of the invention the source is approximately one inch below the table during anterior scanning and thus cannot be rotated without lateral movement. Source proximity to the table is desirable, as the source and detector are preferably as close to one another as possible to yield the best possible image. The drawer assembly plates 19 telescope out along the glides 20 until the pivot point 18 is astride the table 10. The plates 19 are then locked in position by a locking mechanism (not shown). The arm 12 and the attached source and saddle assembly 17 are rotated manually by the user about the axis 18 to the desired position. Note that the pivot axis location must be chosen so that the source and scanning apparatus are rotated into a position just above the plane of the table. This insures that objects positioned on the table can be fully scanned laterally. The pivot location also affects the adjustment of the center of gravity as discussed below. In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the lateral movement of the drawer assembly and/or the rotation may be automatically controlled by adding the necessary motor and control systems.
FIGS. 2 and 3 also illustrate the presence of weights 21 and 24. After initial assembly of the apparatus, the center of gravity of the rotating elements must be adjusted to assure ease of manual rotation. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the center of gravity of the rotating elements is located along the pivot axis 18. When the center of gravity is so situated the rotating elements will not accelerate under their own weight when the bracket 12 is rotated to any chosen angle, stopped and released.
FIG. 4 shows a top view of the drawer assembly 11 and illustrates the location of the pivot axis 18, the glides 20 for displacement of the plates 19, and the tracks 26 on which the platform 15 rides. The platform 15, as well as the attached source 14, bracket 12, and detector 13, are moved in a plane perpendicular to the source-detector axis. The driving mechanism for the scanning motion is a so-called "x-y" table 16. The scanning mechanism is comprised of threaded bars, one running along the longitudinal or "y" axis 26 of the table, the second 25 running perpendicular to the first across the width or "x" axis of the table. The platform 15 has threaded housings which receive, and are driven by, the two threaded bars. The threaded "x" bar 25 is rotated by a motor 13 and the threaded "y" bar 26 is rotated by the motor 22. When the scanning assembly is rotated along with the source and detector, this insures full scanning capability at any angle. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the scanning mechanism is controlled automatically feeding by the scanning rate and the size of the area to be scanned into a computer, which then triggers the radiation source and coordinates the desired scan.
During initial rotation of the system from the vertical position, the weight of the saddle and enclosed elements controls the balancing of the bracket 12 and the attached components. The weights 24 are added to the front wall of the saddle to adjust the center of gravity in the horizontal plane. The weight 21 is added to the detector system to adjust the center of gravity in the vertical plane. As the system is rotated through larger angles from the vertical (e.g. 45.degree.90.degree.), the correct weight of the bracket and detector by weight 21 becomes more important to maintain ease of manual rotation.
By rotating the detector arm, scanning of the lumbar spine in both the anterior and lateral projections is now possible without repositioning the patient. The patient remaining in the supine position for both the lateral and anterior-posterior projection maintains the correct alignment of both projections, permits direct correlation of the two studies, and anatomically is diagnostically correct.
Performing the lateral image as the first study may enable the physician to observe extra-osseous calcification in tissue overlying the lumbar spine. In the anterior-posterior projections, such extra-osseous calcification cannot be distinguished from bone, and could therefore interfere with accurate bone density measurements in that projection. The bone being studied may be examined in real time by amplifying the signal output from the detector and displaying it on a C-T screen.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
Claims
We claim:
1. A method of measuring bone density in the spine comprising: scanning a region of a spinal column at a first angle with a scanning assembly having a dual energy radiation source and a detector, the detector being aligned along an alignment axis with the source to receive radiation transmitted through the region from the source during scanning of the source and detector along an axis of the spinal column; rotating the radiation source and detector, which are mounted on a .[.rotable.]. rotatable platform, about a horizontal axis to a second angle such that the source and detector alignment axis extends laterally through the spinal region at an angle different from the first angle; scanning a region of the spinal column with the scanning assembly to measure radiation from the source that is transmitted laterally through and region to the detector at the second angle; and determining the density of bone within the spinal region from radiation received by the detector during scanning at the first and second angles.
2. The method of measuring bone density of claim 1 further comprising correlating the bone density measurement from the first angle with the bone density measurement from second angle.
3. The method of measuring bone density of claim 1 further comprising determining extra-osseous calcification of bone within the region.
4. The method of measuring bone density of claim 1 wherein each of the scanning steps further .[.comprised.]. comprises displacing the detector in two perpendicular direction in a plane orthogonal to the alignment axis.
5. The method of measuring bone density of claim 1 wherein scanning at the first angle provides an anterior view of the spinal column.
6. The method of measuring bone density of claim 1 further comprising displacing the scanning assembly and the alignment axis to one side of the spinal region before rotating the assembly to the second angle.
7. The method of measuring bone density of claim 6 further comprising displacing the scanner assembly in a drawer such that said scanner assembly is suspended along the horizontal axis within the drawer, and is rotatable about said horizontal axis.
8. The method of measuring bone density of claim 7 wherein said drawer is displaced using telescoping rails in a direction .[.perpendicualr.]. perpendicular to the horizontal axis.
9. The method of measuring bone density of claim .[.5 & 7.]. 5 further comprising balancing the source and detector with a balance element during rotation.
10. The method of measuring bone density of claim 1 further comprising positioning the object to be scanned on a table.
11. A method of radiologically scanning the spine comprising: positioning a patient on a horizontal support surface within an area to be scanned; scanning the patient from a first position with a scanning assembly in two orthogonal directions such that a detector, which is rigidly aligned with the area to be scanned and secured to the assembly by an aligning member, receives radiation from a dual energy radiation source that is directed through a spinal region of the patient being scanned; rotating said aligning member and the attached detector and scanning assembly about a horizontal axis to a lateral position relative to the spinal region; scanning with the scanning assembly in two orthogonal directions from the lateral position such that the detector receives radiation from the dual energy radiation source that is directed laterally through the patient being scanned,; and determining the density of bone within the spinal region utilizing the detected radiation at the first and lateral positions.
12. The method of radialogically scanning objects claim 11 wherein said scanning assembly is translated such that the axis of rotation is displaced in a horizontal plane prior to rotation from an anterior position.
13. The method of radiologically scanning objects of claim 11 wherein an axis of alignment between the detector and the scanner assembly is rotated to a horizontal position above the support surface around said horizontal axis.
14. A method of measuring bone density in the spine comprising: positioning a patient on a stationary support surface; scanning a region of the patient's spinal column at a first angle by actuating a drive mechanism coupled to a scanning assembly for displacing the scanning assembly relative to the stationary support surface, the scanning assembly having a dual energy radiation source and a detector that is aligned along an alignment axis with the source to receive radiation transmitted through the region from the source during scanning along an axis of the spinal column; rotating the radiation source, which is mounted to a rotatable platform, about a horizontal axis to a second angle such that the detector is aligned along an alignment axis with the source, the source and detector alignment axis extending laterally through the spinal region at an angle different from the first angle; scanning a region of the spinal column by actuating the drive mechanism to displace the scanning assembly such that the detector receives radiation from the source that is transmitted laterally through the region at the second angle; and determining the density of bone within the spinal region from radiation received by the detector during scanning at the first and second angles.
15. The method of measuring bone density of claim 14 further comprising correlating the bone density measurement from the first angle with the bone density measurement from the second angle. 16. The method of measuring bone density of claim 14 wherein each of the scanning steps comprises displacing the detector in two perpendicular directions in a plane orthogonal to the alignment axis. 17. The method of measuring bone density of claim 14 wherein scanning at the first angle provides an anterior view of the spinal column. 18. The method of measuring bone density of claim 14 wherein the displacing step comprises extending the scanning assembly and the alignment axis in a horizontal direction perpendicular to the horizontal axis. 19. The method of measuring bone density of claim 14 further comprising providing a tray on which the source is mounted, the tray being rotatably mounted onto assembly plates. 20. The method of measuring bone density of claim 14 further comprising measuring extra-osseous calcification in the spinal region. 21. The method of measuring bone density of claim 14 further comprising programming a computer with scanning rate data and area to be scanned data for coordinating desired anterior and lateral scans. 22. The method of measuring bone density of claim 14 further comprising displacing the source to one side of the spinal region and rotating the source to the second angle such that the source is positioned above the horizontal axis. 23. A method of measuring bone density in the spine comprising: scanning a region of a patient's spinal column at a first angle with a scanning assembly having a substantially C-shaped member coupling a dual energy radiation source and a detector such that the detector is rigidly aligned along an alignment axis with the source by the C-shaped member to receive radiation transmitted through the region from the source during scanning along an axis of the spinal column; rotating the C-shaped member, the radiation source and detector, which are mounted to a rotatable platform, about a horizontal axis to a second angle such that the source and detector alignment axis extends laterally through the spinal region at an angle different from the first angle; scanning a region of the spinal column with the scanning assembly such that the detector receives radiation from the source that is transmitted laterally through the region to the detector at the second angle; and determining the density of bone within the spinal region from radiation received by the detector during scanning at the first and second angle. 24. The method of measuring bone density of claim 23 further comprising correlating the bone density measurement from the first angle with the bone density measurement from the second angle. 25. The method of measuring bone density of claim 23 wherein each of the scanning steps comprises displacing the detector in two perpendicular directions in a plane orthogonal to the alignment axis. 26. The method of measuring bone density of claim 23 wherein scanning at the first angle provides an anterior view of the spinal column. 27. The method of measuring bone density of claim 23 further comprising displacing the scanning assembly and the alignment axis to one side of the spinal region before rotating the assembly to the second angle. 28. The method of measuring bone density of claim 27 wherein the displacing step comprises extending the scanning assembly and the alignment axis in a horizontal direction perpendicular to the horizontal axis. 29. The method of measuring bone density of claim 23 further comprising positioning the patient on a stationary support surface prior to scanning a region of the patient's spinal column. 30. The method of measuring bone density of claim 23 further comprising providing a tray on which the source is mounted, the tray being rotatably mounted onto assembly plates. 31. The method of measuring bone density of claim 23 further comprising measuring extra-osseous calcification in the spinal region. 32. The method of measuring bone density of claim 23 further comprising programming a computer with scanning rate data and area to be scanned data or coordinating desired anterior and lateral scans. 33. The method of measuring bone density of claim 23 further comprising displacing the source to one side of the spinal region and rotating the source to the second angle such that the source is positioned above the horizontal axis. 34. A method of quantitatively measuring bone density in the spine comprising: positioning a patient on a support surface; scanning a region of the patient's spinal column at a first angle by displacing a scanning assembly relative to the support surface, the scanning assembly having a substantially C-shaped member coupling a dual energy radiation source and a detector such that the detector is rigidly aligned along an alignment axis with the source by the C-shaped member to receive radiation transmitted through the region from the source during scanning along an axis of the spinal column; rotating the radiation source and detector, which are mounted to a rotatable platform, with the C-shaped member about a horizontal axis to a second angle such that the source and detector alignment axis extends laterally through the spinal region at an angle different from the first angle, the rotating step further comprising providing relative displacement between the horizontal axis and the support surface; scanning a region of the spinal column by displacing the scanning assembly such that the detector receives radiation from the source that is transmitted laterally through the region to the detector at the second angle; and determining the density of bone within the spinal region from radiation received by the detector during scanning at the first and second angles. 35. The method of measuring bone density of claim 34 further comprising correlating the bone density measurement from the first angle with the bone density measurement from the second angle. 36. The method of measuring bone density of claim 34 further comprising determining extra-osseous calcification of bone within the region. 37. The method of measuring bone density of claim 34 further comprising extending the scanning assembly and the alignment axis in a horizontal direction perpendicular to the horizontal axis before rotating the assembly to the second angle. 38. The method of measuring bone density of claim 34 further comprising providing a tray on which the source is mounted, the tray being rotatably mounted onto assembly plates. 39. The method of measuring bone density of claim 34 wherein the radiation source is positioned under the support surface during scanning at the first angle. 40. The method of measuring bone density of claim 34 further comprising programming a computer with scanning rate data and area to be scanned data for coordinating a desired scan. 41. The method of measuring bone density of claim 34 further comprising displacing the source to one side of the spinal region and rotating the source to the second angle such that the source is positioned above the horizontal axis. 42. A method of measuring bone density in the spine comprising: scanning a region of a spinal column at a first angle by displacing a scanning assembly having a dual energy radiation source positioned below the region of the spinal column being scanned, the source directing radiation through the region to a detector that is aligned along an alignment axis with the source during scanning along an axis of the spinal column; rotating the radiation source and detector, which are mounted to a rotatable platform, about a horizontal axis to a second angle such that the source and detector alignment axis extends laterally through the spinal region at an angle different from the first angle; scanning a region of the spinal column by displacing the scanning assembly such that the detector receives radiation from the source that is transmitted laterally through the region at the second angle; and determining the density of bone within the spinal region from radiation received by the detector during scanning at the first and second angles. 43. The method of measuring bone density of claim 42 further comprising correlating the bone density measurement from the first angle with the bone density measurement from the second angle. 44. The method of measuring bone density of claim 42 wherein each of the scanning steps comprises displacing the detector in two perpendicular directions in a plane orthogonal to the alignment axis. 45. The method of measuring bone density of claim 42 wherein scanning at the first angle provides an anterior view of the spinal column. 46. The method of measuring bone density of claim 42 further comprising displacing the scanning assembly and the alignment axis to one side of the spinal region before rotting the assembly to the second angle. 47. The method of measuring bone density of claim 46 wherein the displacing step comprises extending the scanning assembly and the alignment axis in a horizontal direction perpendicular to the horizontal axis. 48. The method of measuring bone density of claim 42 further comprising providing a tray on which the source is mounted, the tray being rotatably mounted onto assembly plates. 49. The method of measuring bone density of claim 42 further comprising measuring extra-osseous calcification in the spinal region. 50. The method of measuring bone density of claim 42 further comprising programming a computer with scanning rate data and area to be scanned data for coordinating a desired scan. 51. The method of measuring bone density of claim 42 further comprising displacing the source to one side of the spinal region and rotating the source to the second angle such that the source is positioned above the horizontal axis. 52. A method of quantitatively measuring bone density in the spine comprising: scanning a region of a patient's spinal column at a first angle with a scanning assembly having a detector and a dual energy radiation source being mounted on rotatable platform that is actuated by a threaded x-bar or a threaded y-bar such that the platform is capable of being displaced in two perpendicular directions in a plane, the detector being rigidly aligned along an alignment axis with the source to receive radiation transmitted through the region from the source during scanning along an axis of the spinal column; rotating the radiation source and detector, which are mounted to the rotatable platform, about a horizontal axis to a second angle such that the source and detector alignment axis extends laterally through the spinal region at an angle different from the first angle; scanning a region of the spinal column with the scanning assembly such that the detector receives radiation from the source that is transmitted laterally through the region to the detector at the second angle; and determining the density of bone within the spinal region from radiation received by the detector during scanning at the first and second angles. 53. The method of measuring bone density of claim 52 further comprising correlating the bone density measurement from the first angle with the bone density measurement from the second angle. 54. The method of measuring bone density of claim 52 wherein each of the scanning steps comprises displacing the detector in two perpendicular direction in a plane orthogonal to the alignment axis by rotating the threaded x-bar or the threaded y-bar. 55. The method of measuring bone density of claim 52 wherein scanning at the first angle provides an anterior view of the spinal column. 56. The method of measuring bone density of claim 52 further comprising displacing the scanning assembly and the alignment axis to one side of the spinal region before rotating the assembly to the second angle. 57. The method of measuring bone density of claim 56 wherein the displacing step comprises extending the scanning assembly and the alignment axis in a horizontal direction perpendicular to the horizontal axis. 58. The method of measuring bone density of claim 52 further comprising positioning the patient on a stationary support surface prior to scanning a region of the patient's spinal column. 59. The method of measuring bone density of claim 52 further comprising providing a tray on which the source is mounted, the tray being rotatably mounted onto assembly plates. 60. The method of measuring bone density of claim 52 further comprising measuring extra-osseous calcification in the spinal region. 61. The method of measuring bone density of claim 52 further comprising programming a computer with scanning rate data and area to be scanned data for coordinating a desired scan. 62. The method of measuring bone density of claim 52 further comprising displacing the source to one side of the spinal region and rotating the source to the second angle such that the source is positioned above the horizontal axis. 63. A method of measuring bone density in the spine comprising: positioning a patient in a supine position on a stationary support surface; scanning a region of the patient's spinal column at a first angle by actuating a drive mechanism coupled to a scanning assembly for displacing the scanning assembly, the scanning assembly having a substantially C-shaped member coupling a dual energy radiation source positioned below the region of the spinal column being scanned and a detector such that the detector is rigidly aligned along an alignment axis with the source by the C-shaped member to receive radiation transmitted through the region from the source during scanning along an axis of the spinal column, the source being mounted on a rotatable platform that is actuated by rotation of a threaded x-bar and a threaded y-bar that is perpendicular to the x-bar such that the platform is capable of being displaced in two perpendicular directions in a plane; rotating the C-shaped member, the radiation source and detector, which are mounted to the rotatable platform, about a horizontal axis to a second angle such that the source and detector alignment axis extends laterally through the spinal region at an angle different from the first angle; scanning a region of the spinal column with the patient remaining stationary in the supine position by actuating the drive mechanism for displacing the scanning assembly such that the detector receives radiation from the source that is transmitted laterally through the region to the detector at the second angle; and determining the density of bone within the spinal region from radiation received in the detector during scanning at the first and second angles. 64. The method of measuring bone density of claim 63 further comprising correlating the bone density measurement from the first angle with the bone density measurement from the second angle. 65. The method of measuring bone density of claim 63 further comprising determining extra-osseous calcification of bone within the region. 66. The method of measuring bone density of claim 63 further comprising extending the scanning assembly and the alignment axis in a horizontal direction perpendicular to the horizontal axis before rotating the assembly to the first and second angle. 67. The method of measuring bone density of claim 63 further comprising providing a tray on which the source is mounted, the tray being rotatably mounted onto assembly plates. 68. The method of measuring bone density of claim 63 wherein scanning at the first angle provides an anterior view of the spinal column. 69. The method of measuring bone density of claim 63 further comprising programming a computer with scanning rate data and area to be scanned data for coordinating a desired scan. 70. The method of measuring bone density of claim 63 further comprising displacing the source to one side of the spinal region and rotating the source to the second angle such that the source is positioned above the horizontal axis. . The method of quantitatively measuring bone density in the spine comprising: positioning a patient on a stationary support surface; scanning a region of the patient's spinal column at a first angle by displacing a scanning assembly having a detector and a dual energy radiation source positioned below the spinal region being scanned, the source being mounted onto a rotatable platform that is actuated for scanning by rotation of a threaded y-bar or a threaded x-bar such that the platform is capable of being displaced in two perpendicular directions in a plane, the detector being aligned along an alignment axis with the source to receive radiation transmitted through the region from the source during scanning along an axis of the spinal column; displacing the radiation source and detector to one side of the spinal region; rotating the radiation source and detector, which are mounted to the rotatable platform, about a horizontal axis to a second angle such that the source and detector alignment axis extends laterally through the spinal region at an angle different from the first angle, the rotated source being located above the horizontal axis; scanning a region of the spinal column by actuating the drive mechanism for displacing the scanning assembly such that the detector receives radiation from the source that is transmitted laterally through the region at the second angle; and determining the density of bone within the spinal region from radiation received by the detector during scanning at the first and second angles. 72. The method of measuring bone density of claim 71 further comprising correlating the bone density measurement from the first angle with the bone density measurement from the second angle. 73. The method of measuring bone density of claim 71 wherein each of the scanning steps comprises displacing the detector in two perpendicular directions in a plane orthogonal to the alignment axis. 74. The method of measuring bone density of claim 71 wherein scanning at the first angle provides an anterior view of the spinal column. 75. The method of measuring bone density of claim 71 wherein the displacing step comprises extending the scanning assembly and the alignment axis in a horizontal direction perpendicular to the horizontal axis. 76. The method of measuring bone density of claim 71 further comprising providing a tray on which the source is mounted, the tray being rotatably mounted onto assembly plates. 77. The method of measuring bone density of claim 71 further comprising measuring extra-osseous calcification in the spinal region. 78. The method of measuring bone density of claim 71 further comprising programming a computer with scanning rate data and area to be scanned data for coordinating a desired scan.
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