Seashore paspalum plant named ‘UGP 73’

[0001] Genus and species: Latin name: Paspalum vaginatum Swartz.

[0002] Variety denomination: Variety denomination: The new Paspalum vaginatum Swartz claimed is of the cultivar denominated ‘UGP 73’.

[0003] The present invention relates to a new and distinct cultivar of Seashore Paspalum plant, botanically known as Paspalum vaginatum Swartz, and hereinafter referred to by the cultivar name ‘UGP 73’.

[0004] ‘UGP 73’ is a vegetative clone developed from a single F₁ seed arising from the hand-pollinated cross (‘Durban’ (PI 614678; not patented) X experimental line ‘G05-1743’ (not patented)). This cross was made in the greenhouse at Griffin, Georgia in 2007 by Dr. Paul Raymer. The female parent, ‘Durban’ (not patented), was collected in Durban, South Africa.

[0005] ‘UGP 73’ is a vigorous vegetative seashore Paspalum cultivar that produces excellent quality turf under a range of mowing heights, and is suitable for use on golf courses, athletic fields, and other recreational venues as fine turf. ‘UGP 73’ has been under development and evaluation for 16 years. ‘UGP 73’ has been evaluated extensively in both in the National Turfgrass Evaluation Program (NTEP) at eight southern locations from 2016-2020 and as part of a USDA Specialty Crops Research Grant (SCRI) at six southern locations from 2011-2013 and in SCRI advanced trials at six locations in 2016-2019. In the two-year SCRI trial, ‘UGP 73’ ranked 2^nd in overall turf quality out of 80 entries and ranked 1st in turf quality under non-drought conditions.

[0006] The new Paspalum vaginatum Swartz cultivar ‘UGP 73’ has not been observed under all possible environmental conditions. The phenotype may vary somewhat with variations in environment and cultural practices such as temperature, water and fertility levels, soil types, and light intensity without, however, any variance in genotype.

[0007] The following traits have been repeatedly observed and are determined to be the unique and distinguishing characteristics of the new Paspalum cultivar named ‘UGP 73’. In combination, these traits set ‘UGP 73’ apart from all other existing varieties of Paspalum known to the inventors:

• • [0008] 1. ‘UGP 73’ has excellent turf quality over a wide range of mowing heights and has often outperformed Salam™ (not patented), ‘Sealsle 1’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 12,665), SeaStar® (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 25,761), Platinum TE® (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 19,224), and SeaDwarf™ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 13,294) (Tables 1, 7, 11, and 12).
  • [0009] 2. ‘UGP 73’ has excellent turf color, often better than Salam™ (not patented), ‘Sealsle 1’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 12,665), SeaStar® (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 25,761), Platinum TE® (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 19,224), and SeaDwarf™ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 13,294) (Tables 2, 5, 11, and 12).
  • [0010] 3. ‘UGP 73’ has demonstrated superior drought tolerance to SeaStar® (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 25,761) over a wide range of irrigation regimes (Table 7).
  • [0011] 4. The salt tolerance of ‘UGP 73’ is similar to that of SeaStar® (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 25,761) and better than that of ‘Sealsle 1’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 12,665) (Table 10).
  • [0012] 5. ‘UGP 73’ has demonstrated better tolerance to 60% shade than has Platinum TE® (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 19,224) and SeaStar® (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 25,761) (Table 9).

[0013] Additional characteristics of ‘UGP 73’ known to the inventors also include:

• • [0014] 1. Good turf density (Table 3).
  • [0015] 2. Acceptable retention of color and quality during the fall and winter months following light frost or cool temperatures (Tables 4 and 5).
  • [0016] 3. Medium to fine leaf texture.
  • [0017] 4. Good resistance to dollar spot disease, Clarireedia sp. (Tables 6, 11, and 12)
  • [0018] 5. Produces acceptable quality sod with good tensile strength (Table 8).

[0026] The following traits have been consistently observed in the original plant of this new variety grown in Griffin, Georgia, and, to the best knowledge of the inventors, their combination forms the unique characteristics of the new variety ‘UGP 73’.

[0027] Certain characteristics of this variety, such as growth and color, may change with changing environmental conditions (e.g., light, temperature, moisture, nutrient availability, or other factors). Color descriptions and other terminology are used in accordance with their ordinary dictionary descriptions, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Color designations are made with reference to The Royal Horticultural Society (R.H.S.) Colour Chart.

[0028] Throughout this specification, color names beginning with a small letter signify that the name of that color, as used in common speech, is aptly descriptive. Color names beginning with a capital letter designate values based upon The R.H.S. Colour Chart, 5^th edition published by The Royal Horticultural Society, London, England in 2007, except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used.

[0029] The aforementioned photographs and following observations, measurements, and values describe plants of the Paspalum vaginatum Swartz cultivar ‘UGP 73’. Data were collected from plants that were approximately eight years old and were grown in the ground under greenhouse and outdoor conditions in Griffin, GA. The average outdoor low temperatures ranged from lows of about 33° F. to 42° F. in the winter, to average high temperatures of about 85° F. to 92° F. in summer.

• [0030] 1. The plant: ‘UGP 73’ is a vigorous variety with upright growth habit. It is dense and spreads rapidly by producing large numbers of rhizomes and stolons.
  The mean height of the unmown canopy (culm height) is 16.4 cm, with a seed head exsertion height above the canopy of 4.8 cm.
• [0031] 2. Flowering tillers: The mean length and diameter of the peduncle are respectively 9.6 mm and 0.6 mm.
  The mean length of the longest spike is 23.7 mm and there are two spikes per inflorescence.
  The mean length of the spike branch from the flag leaf is 8.9 mm and the length and width of the blade on the flag leaf are respectively 6.0 mm and 0.9 mm. The mean length of the sheath on the flag leaf is 33.3 mm.
  The mean length and width of the blade of the 4^th leaf (the flag leaf is the 1^st leaf) are respectively 37.4 mm and 3.1 mm, and the mean length of the sheath on the 4^th leaf is 14.1 mm.
  The mean length of the 4^th internode is 11.3 mm. The color of the upper leaf surface is Green 137 B and the lower leaf surface color is Green 137 C.
  The anther color is Violet 83 A, and stigma color is Violet 86 A. Seeds are not produced in pure monostands due to self-incompatibility.
• [0032] 3. Stolons: The mean length and diameter of the 4th internode from the tip are 13.8 mm and 1.6 mm respectively.
  The mean length and width of the 4^th leaf blade, at the 4^th node on stolon, are 6.7 mm and 2.6 mm respectively, with a leaf sheath that is 8.6 mm long.
  The color of the stolon is Yellow-Green 146 D.
• [0033] 4. Method of propagation: Vegetative (Clonal). ‘UGP 73’ was initially asexually reproduced in a greenhouse on in Griffin, Georgia with repeated cycles of plant propagation using vegetative sprigs and stolons followed by vegetative growth to expand the quantity of plant material
• [0034] 5. Pedigree and history: ‘UGP 73’ is a vegetative clone developed from a single F₁ seed arising from the hand-pollinated cross (‘Durban’ (PI 614678; not patented) X experimental line ‘G05-1743’). This cross was made in the greenhouse at Griffin, Georgia in 2007 by Dr. Paul Raymer. The female parent, Durban, was collected in Durban, South Africa.
  Originally designated as ‘G07-033.4’, the single plant was germinated from seed in the laboratory and was established in the greenhouse. The seedling was visually screened for acceptable turf quality prior to being transplanted into the field for initial turf evaluation in the spring of 2010. ‘G07-033.4’ was evaluated in un-replicated field plots (2010 single plant nursery) mowed at 1.5 inches height of cut (h.o.c.) along with approximately 2000 other seedlings beginning in June of 2010. ‘G07-033.4’ was one of 80 lines selected for further evaluation in the fall of 2010 based on turf superior quality, density, color, and resistance to dollar spot disease. ‘G07-033.4’ was clonally propagated and increased during the spring of 2011 and included in a group of 80 seashore Paspalum lines and re-designated as ‘UGP 73’ in replicated trials at seven southern field locations (Griffin, GA; Tifton, GA; College Station, TX; Dallas, TX; Raleigh, NC; Gainesville, FL; and Stillwater, OK.) for turf performance and drought tolerance as part of a USDA Specialty Crops Research Grant (SCRI). In this two-year evaluation over seven locations, ‘UGP 73’ ranked 2^nd in overall turf quality out of 80 entries and ranked 1^st in turf quality under non-drought conditions (data not presented).
  In 2015, ‘UGP 73’ was increased clonally in the greenhouse for inclusion in the National Turfgrass Evaluation Program (NTEP) seashore Paspalum trials at eight southern locations from 2016-2020. NTEP trial locations were Auburn, AL; Fayetteville, AR; Riverside, CA; Jay, FL; Griffin, GA; Mississippi State, MS; Stillwater, OK; and College Station, TX and (h.o.c.) at these locations ranged from 0.5-2.5 inches. ‘UGP 73’ was also included in extensive trials associated with our second federal SCRI grant (2016-2019) where it was further evaluated for drought tolerance, salt tolerance, shade tolerance, and sod strength. In 2019, ‘UGP 73’ one of 23 advanced breeding lines and four standard cultivars included in a “greens” trial (0.110 to 0.175 inch h.o.c.). After the failure of an advanced line fairway trial (established in 2017) on the Griffin Campus, ‘UGP 73’ was included as one 28 entries in an advanced fairway trial established in 2020 on the UGA Griffin campus. Foundation and Registered fields of ‘UGP 73’ are established at Creekside Growers, Arcadia, Florida.
• [0035] 6. Description of plant material: ‘UGP 73’ is a vigorous clonal line that produces excellent quality turf under a range of mowing heights (Tables 1, 8, 12, and 13) and is suitable for use on golf courses, athletic fields, and other recreational venues as a fine turf. ‘UGP 73’ has excellent turf color (Tables 2, 5, 12, and 13), good turf density (Table 3) and acceptable retention of color and quality during the fall and winter months following light frost or cool temperatures (Tables 4 and 5). In limited evaluations, ‘UGP 73’ has shown less winter kill than ‘Sealsle 1’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 12,665), ‘SeaStar®’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 25,761), and ‘Salam™’ (not patented) (Table 6). It is similar to other commercial cultivars with medium to fine leaf texture and good turf density. ‘UGP 73’ was initially selected for its drought tolerance and has demonstrated superior performance in numerous non-irrigated trials as well as over a wide range of irrigation regimes (Table 8). It has excellent salt tolerance, similar to SeaStar® (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 25,761) (Table 11), and better performance under shade than SeaStar® (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 25,761) and ‘Platinum’ (Table 10). ‘UGP 73’ has good resistance to dollar spot disease, Clarireedia sp. (Tables 7, 12, and 13) and has been shown to produce acceptable quality sod with good tensile strength (Table 9).
• [0036] 7. Other: Golf course developments placed on coastal venues and problems associated with salinity are increasingly more prevalent issues in managed turfgrass. The trend for use of more salt-laden irrigation waters on turfgrass sites is expected to continue to rise and to further increase interest in developing more salt-tolerant grasses, especially halophytes such as seashore Paspalum.
  A) ‘UGP 73’ has excellent turf quality over a wide range of mowing heights and has often outperformed ‘Salam™’ (not patented), ‘Sealsle 1’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 12,665), ‘SeaStar®’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 25,761), ‘Platinum TE’, and SeaDwarf™ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 13,294) (Tables 1, 8, 12, and 13).
  B) ‘UGP 73’ has excellent genetic color often better than Salam™ (not patented), Sealsle 1 (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 12,665), SeaStar® (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 25,761), Platinum, and SeaDwarf™ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 13,294). (Table 2, 5, 12, and 13)
  C) ‘UGP 73’ has demonstrated superior drought tolerance to SeaStar® (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 25,761) over a wide range of irrigation regimes (Table 8).
  D) The salt tolerance of ‘UGP 73’ is similar to that of SeaStar® (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 25,761) and better than that of Sealsle 1 (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 12,665) (Table 11).
  E) ‘UGP 73’ has demonstrated better tolerance to 60% shade than has Platinum and SeaStar® (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 25,761) (Table 10).

[0037]

TABLE 1
NTEP 2016-2020 Seashore
Paspalum - Turf Quality
NTEP	2016	2017	2018	2019
Entry	(1-9)+	(1-9)	(1-9)	(1-9)
Salam ™	6.1*	6.1	6.0	6.0
Sea Isle 1	6.2	6.0	6.1	6.2
SeaStar ®	5.9	6.1	6.1	6.1
‘UGP 73’	6.3	6.5	6.2	6.3
C.V.	4.4	1.3	2.6	2.1
LSD	0.4	0.1	0.2	0.2
			Top	5
			Statis-	yr.
	NTEP	2020	tical	Avg
	Entry	(1-9)	Group	(1-9)
	Salam ™	6.2	2/5	6.1
	Sea Isle 1	5.9	4/5	6.1
	SeaStar ®	6.0	4/5	6.0
	‘UGP 73’	6.1	5/5	6.3
	C.V.	3.0
	LSD	0.3
+Rated on 1-9 scale with 6 = acceptable and 9 = excellent
*Means in the top statistical group are bolded.

[0038]

TABLE 2
NTEP 2016-2020 Seashore
Paspalum - Genetic Color
NTEP	2016	2017	2018	2019
Entry	(1-9)	(1-9)	(1-9)	(1-9)
Salam ™	5.7*	6.2	6.2	6.6
Sea Isle 1	6.0	6.4	6.3	6.7
SeaStar ®	5.0	6.4	6.6	6.3
‘UGP 73’	6.0	6.0	6.9	6.8
C.V.	4.5	2.8	2.5	4.4
LSD	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.5
			Top	5
			Statis-	yr.
	NTEP	2020	tical	Avg
	Entry	(1-9)	Group	(1-9)
	Salam ™	5.9	3/5	6.1
	Sea Isle 1	5.5	2/5	6.2
	SeaStar ®	6.3	1/5	6.1
	‘UGP 73’	6.5	5/5	6.7
	C.V.	5.7
	LSD	0.6
*Means in the top statistical group are bolded.

[0039]

TABLE 3
NTEP 2016 - 2020 Seashore
Paspalum - Fall Density
		Riverside,	Jay,	Miss. St.,
	NTEP	CA	FL	MS
	Entry	(1-9)	(1-9)	(1-9)
	Salam ™	6.2*	6.4	6.8
	Sea Isle 1	5.4	6.6	7.0
	SeaStar ®	5.2	6.5	6.8
	‘UGP 73’	5.4	6.8	7.5
	C.V.	8.7	9.0	6.1
	LSD	0.8	1.0	0.7
		Stillwater,	Top	Table
	NTEP	OK	Statistical	Avg.
	Entry	(1-9)	Group	(1-9)
	Salam ™	6.4	4/5	6.4
	Sea Isle 1	6.0	3/5	6.2
	SeaStar ®	6.3	2/5	6.1
	‘UGP 73’	6.2	4/5	6.4
	C.V.	2.9		3.9
	LSD	0.3		0.4
	*Means in the top statistical group are bolded.

[0040]

TABLE 4
NTEP 2016-2020 Seashore
Paspalum - Winter Quality
NTEP	2016	2017	2018	2019
Entry	(1-9)	(1-9)	(1-9)	(1-9)
Salam ™	6.0	6.1	5.7	5.9
Sea Isle 1	5.3	5.7	6.0	6.1
SeaStar ®	5.7	5.8	5.9	6.0
‘UGP 73’	5.7	5.8	5.8	5.9
C.V.	11.7	7.9	4.9	3.4
LSD	1.0	0.7	0.5	0.3
			Top	5 yr.
	NTEP	2020	Statistical	Avg
	Entry	(1-9)	Group	(1-9)
	Salam ™	6.1	5/5	5.9
	Sea Isle 1	5.3	5/5	5.7
	SeaStar ®	4.8	4/5	5.6
	‘UGP 73’	5.1	4/5	5.6
	C.V.	10.1
	LSD	0.9
*Means in the top statistical group are bolded.

[0041]

TABLE 5
NTEP 2016-2020 Seashore
Paspalum - Color October
		Auburn,	Jay,	Griffin,
	NTEP	AL	FL	GA
	Entry	(1-9)	(1-9)	(1-9)
	Salam ™	5.9	6.3	6.2
	Sea Isle 1	5.8	6.1	6.3
	SeaStar ®	6.1	5.9	6.2
	‘UGP 73’	6.5	7.0	6.2
	C.V.	7.6	7.0	6.0
	LSD	0.7	0.7	0.6
		Stillwater,	Top	Table
	NTEP	OK	Statistical	Avg.
	Entry	(1-9)	Group	(1-9)
	Salam ™	6.2	1/4	6.2
	Sea Isle 1	6.0	1/4	6.1
	SeaStar ®	5.7	2/4	6.0
	‘UGP 73’	6.5	3/4	6.5
	C.V.	4.1		3.7
	LSD	0.4		0.4
	*Means in the top statistical group are bolded.

[0042]

TABLE 6
NTEP 2016-2020 Seashore Paspalum - Winter Kill
		Fayetteville,
	NTEP	AR
	Entry	(% winter kill)
	Salam ™	22.5
	Sea Isle 1	20.8
	SeaStar ®	56.7
	‘UGP 73’	9.2
	C.V.	22.0
	LSD	11.6
	*Means in the top statistical group are bolded.

[0043]

TABLE 7
NTEP 2016-2022 Seashore Paspalum -
Dollar Spot Disease
			Jay,	Miss. St.,	Table
	NTEP	Auburn, AL	FL	MS	Avg.
	Entry	(1-9)	(1-9)	(1-9)	(1-9)
	Salam ™	2.0	4.3	7.0	4.8
	Sea Isle 1	2.7	7.0	7.3	5.7
	SeaStar ®	5.3*	8.3	4.7	6.1
	‘UGP 73’	6.0	5.0	6.3	5.8
	C.V.	55.4	23.9	19.4	18.7
	LSD	4.2	2.6	1.8	1.7
	*Means in the top statistical group are bolded

[0044]

TABLE 8
SCRI Seashore Paspalum Drought Trials -
2017 - College Station, Texas
		Turf Quality (1-9)
	SCRI	Irrigation Frequency (times / month)
	Entry	0	1	2	4	8
	SeaStar ®	5.49	6.22	6.14	6.93	6.84
	SR31-15-	5.03	6.04	5.99	6.64	6.60
	15
	‘UGP	5.58	6.24	6.30	6.89	6.77
	144’
	‘UGP 73’	5.63	6.31	6.44	7.01	6.93
				SCRI
				Entry	Average	Rank
				SeaStar ®	6.32	3
				SR31-15-	6.06	4
				15
				‘UGP	6.35	2
				144’
				‘UGP 73’	6.46	1

[0045]

TABLE 9
Sod Handling Quality and Tensile
Strength of Seashore Paspalum
Oklahoma State University - 2017
		Mean	STS2	STS2	Mean
		SHQ1	14 MAP	18 MAP	STS2
	Entry	(1-5)	(kg/dm)	(kg/dm)	(kg/dm)
	Salam ™	4.2*	115.9	70.9	93.4
	SeaIsle 1	4.3	106.6	68.3	87.4
	SeaStar ®	4.2	104.3	53.1	87.0
	‘UGP 73’	4.2	89.6	105.1	97.1
	Test Average	3.5	95.6	66.4	81.0
	(10 entries)
	1Sod handling quality rated on 1-5 scale with 3 = minimum acceptable and 5 = excellent.
	2Sod tensile strength in kg dm−2 recorded at the peak force required to cause sod pad tearing using a hand winch and force transducer/recorder.
	*Means in the top statistical group are bolded.

[0046]

TABLE 10
SCRI III Shade Trial - 60% Shade -
Griffin, Georgia 2020-2022
		Turf Quality (1-9)
		Aug. 18,	Aug. 17,	2-Yr.
	Entry	2021	2022	Avg.
	Platinum	4.10	4.27	4.18
	SeaDwarf ™	4.83	6.33	5.58
	SeaStar ®	3.60	4.93	4.27
	‘UGP 73’	5.83*	5.70	5.77
	Test Average	4.18	5.18	4.68
	(30 entries)
	*Means in the top statistical group are bolded

[0047]

TABLE 11
SCRI Greenhouse Salt Trial Seashore Paspalum -
2015 - Griffin, GA - Final Data at 45 dS
		Visual	Visual		Total
	Visual	Quality	Quality	Green	Bio-
SCRI	Quality	(% of	(% re-	Cover	mass
Entry	(1-9)	control)	duction)	(%)	(grams)
SeaIsle 1	3.4	55.0	45.0	21.9	2.18
SeaStar ®	4.1*	58.3	41.7	20.9	2.44
‘UGP 73’	5.0	57.9	42.1	31.1	2.35
Test Avg.	4.2	57.1	42.9	24.7	2.32
(9 entries)
*Means in the top statistical group are bolded

[0048]

TABLE 12
Summary of 2020 Advanced Seashore Trial -
Fairway (0.625 inch h.o.c.) - Griffin, GA
		Cover	Turf			Dollar
		Yr 1	Quality	Color	NDVI	Spot
	Entry	(%)	(1-9)	(1-9)	(0-1)	(%)
	Platinum	93.3	7.2	7.3	0.71	1.0
	SeaDwarf ™	86.7	6.8	7.6	0.70	3.0
	SeaStar ®	90.0	7.1	7.9	0.71	15.0
	‘UGP 73’	91.7	7.6	8.7	0.77	1.0
	Test	80.9	7.3	7.9	0.70	4.5
	Average
	(30 entries)
	*Means in the top statistical group are bolded

[0049]

TABLE 13
Summary of 2020 Advanced Seashore Trial -
Greens Height (0.125 inch h.o.c) - Griffin, GA
		Establish-	Green	Turf		Fall
		ment	up	Quality	Color	Color
	Entry	Cover (%)	(1-9)	(1-9)	(1-9)	(1-9)
	Sea-	76.2*	8.2	6.8	6.0	6.4
	Dwarf ™
	SeaIsle	45.6	8.4	7.9	6.7	7.4
	2000
	SeaStar ®	71.2	8.6	7.0	6.6	7.6
	Platinum	60.0	8.5	7.1	6.8	7.5
	‘UGP 73’	56.2	8.5	7.1	7.2	5.8
	Test Mean	69.3	7.7	6.6	6.42	6.0
	28 entries
		Winter	Seed	Dollar
		Color	Heads	Spot	NDVI1	Stimp
	Entry	(1-9)	(1-9)	(%)	(0-1)	(ft.)
	Sea-	6.4	6.5	5.1	0.64	7.2
	Dwarf ™
	SeaIsle	6.8	8.3	4.4	0.63	6.9
	2000
	SeaStar ®	7.6	7.1	3.9	0.63	7.0
	Platinum	7.4	3.1	4.8	0.64	6.9
	‘UGP 73’	5.8	8.1	3.9	0.65	7.1
	Test Mean	5.4	7.4	5.5	0.62	7.0
	28 entries
	1Normalized difference vegetative index is a measure of canopy density and color.
	*Means in the top statistical group are bolded.

[0050]

TABLE 14
Comparison of botanical characteristics of
seashore paspalum cultivars.
	Plati-
	num	Sea-	Sea-	Sea-	′UGP
	TE′	Dwarf ™′	Star ®′	Isle 1′	73″
Characteristics of Flowering Tillers
Length of peduncle (mm)
Mean	3.3 c1	6.8 b	4.2 bc	9.5 a	9.6 a
Std.	2.8	1.7	2.7	2.9	5.1
Dev.
Diameter of peduncle (mm)
Mean	0.5 bc	0.5 c	0.5 c	0.6 ab	0.6 a
Std.	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dev.
Length of longest spike (mm)
Mean	25.2	16.4 d	21.5 c	26.5 ab	23.7 bc
	abc
Std.	4	5	4	4.6	4.5
Dev.
Number of spikes per inflourescent
Mean	2	2	2	2	2
Std.	0	0	0	0	0
Dev.
Maxiumum number of spikes per inflourescent
Mean	2	2	2	2	2
Std.	0	0	0	0	0
Dev.
Length of spike branch from flag leaf (mm)
Mean	8.6 ab	6.2 bcd	5.3 cd	7.8 abc	8.9 ab
Std.	2.2	2.3	2.5	3.7	5.20
Dev.
Florets per spike
Mean	16.2 bc	15 c	19.3 ab	19.9 a	15.7 c
Std.	3	4	2.5	3.4	3.2
Dev.
Length of blade on flag leaf (mm)
Mean	18.9 a	9.1 bc	9 bc	10.2 bc	6 c
Std.	4.9	2	2.4	3.5	2
Dev.
Width of blade on flag leaf (mm)
Mean	0.8 ab	0.7 ab	0.8 ab	0.6 b	0.9 a
Std.	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.2
Dev.
Length of sheath on flag leaf (mm)
Mean	45.2 a	26.7 cd	29.6 bc	44.5 a	33.3 b
Std.	5.5	6.8	6.5	8	4.3
Dev.
Length/width ratio of flag leaf blade (mm)
Mean	25.2 a	17.1 bc	12.3 cd	19.0 abc	6.9 d
Std.	5.1	11.3	3.7	9.4	2.3
Dev.
Length of blade on 4th leaf (mm)
Mean	48.2 bc	38.1 d	43 cd	56 ab	37.4 d
S.D	4.1	6.4	7.8	11.9	11.5
Width of blade on 4th leaf (mm)
Mean	3.1 ab	2.2 c	3.2 a	3 ab	3.1 ab
Std.	0.5	0.7	0.5	0.3	0.6
Dev.
Length of sheath on 4th leaf (mm)
Mean	14.6	12.3 c	16.1 ab	16.9 a	14.1 bc
	abc
Std.	2.1	3.5	1.6	2.5	2.6
Dev.
Length of 4th internode (mm)
Mean	11.6 a	5.3 c	7.8 cb	11.3 ab	11.3 ab
Std.	3.1	1.6	2.1	2.8	4.1
Dev.
Characteristics of Stolons
Length of 4th internode (mm)
Mean	17.8 a	12.1 b	11.5 b	14 b	13.8 b
Std.	4.8	2.3	1.5	3.3	4.1
Dev.
Diameter of 4th internode (mm)
Mean	2.1 a	1.4 cd	1.5 cd	1.6 bc	1.6 b
Std.	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dev.
Length of 4th leaf blade (mm)
Mean	6.6 b	4.3 bc	4.7 bc	9.2 a	6.7 ab
Std.	1.7	1.3	0.6	3.6	3.7
Dev.
Width of 4th leaf blade (mm)
Mean	2.6 a	1.3 cd	1.6 bc	2.1 ab	2.6 a
Std.	0.6	0.5	0.4	0.7	0.7
Dev.
Length/width ratio of 4th leaf blade (mm)
Mean	2.6 c	3.7 bc	3.2 c	4.9 a	2.5 c
Std.	0.8	1.6	0.8	2.1	0.9
Dev.
Length of leaf sheath on 4th node (mm)
Mean	8.3 a	4.8 c	6.6 b	8.9 a	8.6 a
Std.	1.2	1	0.7	1.9	1
Dev.
Other Characteristics
Culm height (cm)
Mean	18.5 b	5.5 e	11.4 c	22.3 a	16.4 b
Std.	2.9	1.9	1.4	3.3	2
Dev.
Seed head height (cm)
Mean	17.7 a	2.9 d	6.9 c	17.4 a	4.8 d
Std.	2.3	0.9	0.9	2.7	1.9
Dev.
Color of upper leaf surface
	138 B2	137 D	137 D	137 D	137 B
Color of lower leaf surface
	137 A	137 C	137 C	137 C	137 C
Stolon Color
	146 C	146 B	146 D	146 D	146 D
Anther Color
	83 B	83 B	83 A	83 A	83 A
Stigma Color
	86 A	86 A	86 B	86 B	86 A
1Means within a row followed by the same letter are not considered statistically different according to Fisher's protected LSD at α = 0.05.
2Based on color codes of The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart.