Apparatus and methods for fastening tissue layers together with multiple tissue fasteners

[0001] This patent application:

[0002] (i) is a continuation-in-part of pending prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/272,304, filed May 7, 2014 by Amsel Medical Corporation and Arnold Miller et al. for METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR OCCLUDING A BLOOD VESSEL AND/OR FOR OCCLUDING OTHER TUBULAR STRUCTURES AND/OR FOR CLOSING OPENINGS IN STRUCTURES AND/OR FOR SECURING AT LEAST TWO OBJECTS TOGETHER, which patent application:

• • [0003] (1) is a continuation-in-part of prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/857,424, filed Apr. 5, 2013 by Amsel Medical Corporation and Arnold Miller et al. for METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR OCCLUDING A BLOOD VESSEL, which patent application:
    • [0004] (a) is a continuation-in-part of prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/348,416, filed Jan. 11, 2012 by Arnold Miller et al. for METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TREATING VARICOSE VEINS, which patent application claims benefit of prior U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/431,609, filed Jan. 11, 2011 by Arnold Miller for METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TREATING VARICOSE VEINS; and
    • [0005] (b) claims benefit of prior U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/620,787, filed Apr. 5, 2012 by Arnold Miller et al. for TEMPORARY ARTERIAL OCCLUSION FOR MILITARY AND CIVILIAN EXTREMITY TRAUMA; and
  • [0006] (2) claims benefit of prior U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/820,589, filed May 7, 2013 by Amsel Medical Corporation and Arnold Miller for INJECTABLE CLAMPS FOR OCCLUSION OR ATTACHMENT;

[0007] (ii) claims benefit of pending prior U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/948,241, filed Mar. 5, 2014 by Amsel Medical Corporation and Arnold Miller for ENHANCED TISSUE, ORGAN, DUCT AND VESSEL CLAMPING OR APPROXIMATION; and

[0008] (iii) claims benefit of pending prior U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/084,989, filed Nov. 26, 2014 by Amsel Medical Corporation and Arnold Miller et al. for METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR OCCLUDING A BLOOD VESSEL AND/OR FOR OCCLUDING OTHER TUBULAR STRUCTURES AND/OR FOR CLOSING OPENINGS IN STRUCTURES AND/OR FOR SECURING AT LEAST TWO OBJECTS TOGETHER.

[0009] The eight (8) above-identified patent applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

[0010] This invention relates to surgical methods and apparatus in general, and more particularly to surgical methods and apparatus for the occlusion of blood vessels and the treatment of varicose veins, and/or for occluding other tubular structures and/or for closing openings in structures and/or for securing at least two objects together. This invention also relates to a minimally invasive means for fastening mechanical structures to tissues or blood vessels, for example, for drug delivery.

[0011] There are three sets of veins in the legs: (i) superficial veins that lie under the skin and may be seen and felt when standing; (ii) deep veins that lie within the muscles and are not seen or felt; and (iii) perforating or connecting veins that join the two systems (i.e., the superficial veins and the deep veins).

[0012] Veins lie within all tissues. Veins return blood to the heart. When muscles in the leg contract, blood is pumped back to the heart. Valves inside the veins direct the flow of blood back to the heart.

[0013] The veins are relatively weak tubes. Under the skin there is no support for these veins, so that when the pressure in the veins is elevated, areas of weakness occur and the veins enlarge, both in size and length. In some cases the veins can become twisty and bulge significantly. This condition is commonly referred to as varicose veins.

[0014] Very small varicose veins are sometimes called spider veins. Unlike the larger varicose veins, these spider veins lie in the skin.

[0015] The cause of the increased pressure in the veins is due to the occurrence of “leaky” valves within the veins. The main valve is in the groin region, i.e., in the great sapheous vein near the sapheno-femoral junction. See FIG. 1, which shows a leg 5 of a patient, the femoral vein 10, the great saphenous vein 15, the sapheno-femoral junction 20, and the main valve 25 in the great saphenous vein near the sapheno-femoral junction. Once this main valve in the saphenous vein becomes leaky, the pressure in the vein increases and the veins below the saphenous vein start to enlarge. This causes the next set of valves in the saphenous vein to leak. The raised pressure caused by the leaky valves in the saphenous vein is transmitted to the feeder veins, which distend and their valves also malfunction and become leaky. As this process carries on down the leg, many of the valves in the leg veins become incompetent, with high pressures occurring in the veins, especially on standing.

[0016] Initially, the problem is primarily cosmetic. The veins bulge and look unsightly. However, there is commonly also discomfort in the legs upon standing. This discomfort is the result of the veins distending due to the increased pressure.

[0017] With time, the high pressure in the veins is transmitted to the surrounding tissues and skin. Small veins within the skin (i.e., spider veins) enlarge and become visible. Blood cells may escape into the tissues and break down, causing areas of discoloration. Because the pressure in the tissues is high, the skin swells and the nutrition of the skin deteriorates. This lowers the local tissue resistance and allows infection to occur. Eventually skin may break down with the development of sores (i.e., ulcers).

[0018] Nearly 40 percent of women and 25 percent of men suffer from lower extremity venous insufficiency and associated visible varicose veins. Primary risk factors include heredity, gender, pregnancy and age. Most of these patients have long-standing leg symptoms which compromise their daily routine, with symptoms worsening during the day while the patients are at work or simply living their lives. Without varicose vein treatment, these symptoms can progress to a lifestyle-limiting condition.

[0019] Treatment of varicose veins is undertaken for relief of the symptoms, i.e., the removal of the unsightly veins and the prevention of the discomfort and late-stage manifestations described above.

[0020] 1. Non-Surgical Treatment.

[0021] The simplest treatment is a non-surgical treatment directed against the high pressure in the varicose veins. More particularly, fitted elastic stockings, strong enough to overcome the increased pressure caused by the “leaky” valves, are used. These fitted elastic stockings control the symptoms and may prevent the veins from further enlargement, however, they are not curative. Good results require consistent, every-day use of the stockings.

[0022] 2. Surgical/Interventional Treatment.

[0023] The aim of the surgical/interventional treatment is (i) the elimination of the cause of the high venous pressure (i.e., the “leaky” valves at the groin); and (ii) the removal of the unsightly veins.

[0024] The early approach of “stripping” the saphenous vein (the main vein in the leg) as the sole manner of treatment has now been largely abandoned. This is because the “stripping” approach caused too much trauma and did not remove all of the superficial varicose veins: many of the superficial varicose veins were tributaries of the main superficial vein of the leg (i.e., the saphenous vein) that was stripped, and these tributary veins were not removed by this procedure.

[0025] There are currently three basic approaches for treating varicose veins: chemical—sclerorosants and glues; venous ablation using thermal treatments; and open surgery.

[0026] A. Sclerotherapy.

[0027] Sclerotherapy (the use of sclerosants) is generally used for treating the smaller varicose veins and spider veins that do not appear to be directly associated with “leaky” valves. It is primarily a cosmetic procedure.

[0028] In this approach, a sclerosant (i.e., a substance irritating to the tissues) is injected into the smaller varicose veins and spider veins, causing inflammation of the walls of these veins. As a result of this inflammation, the walls of the vein stick together and occlude the lumen of the vein so that no blood can pass through the vein. Eventually these veins shrink and disappear.

[0029] The disadvantages of sclerotherapy include: (i) in the presence of high venous pressure (i.e., with leaky valves and the larger varicose veins), the results are uncertain and the recurrence rate is high; and (ii) the erroneous injection of the sclerosant into the surrounding tissues can result in damage to the surrounding tissues, with areas of discoloration of the skin and even ulceration.

[0030] Recently, mixing the sclerosant with air to form a “foam” has been used to destroy the lining of the main vein (i.e., the saphenous vein) of the leg. To date, the results are somewhat unpredictable and there is a danger of the sclerosant escaping through the saphenous vein and into the deep veins and then embolizing into the lungs, which is harmful and dangerous for the patient.

[0031] B. Venous Ablation.

[0032] Venous ablation for varicose veins can be effected in two ways, i.e. percutaneously and endovenously.

[0033] With the percutaneous approach, the superficial smaller varicose veins and spider veins are “heated” and coagulated by shining an external laser light through the skin. However, if the veins are too large, the amount of energy needed to destroy the veins may result in damage to the surrounding tissues. Percutaneous laser treatment is primarily an alternative to the sclerotherapy discussed above, and generally suffers from the same disadvantages described above with respect to sclerotherapy.

[0034] With endovenous ablation, a special laser or radio-frequency (RF) catheter is introduced, with local anesthesia, through a needle puncture into the main superficial vein (i.e., the saphenous vein) of the leg. Entry is made in the region around the knee, and the catheter is passed up towards the groin, advancing to the site where the saphenous vein joins the deep veins at the site of the main “leaky” valves. Then, as the catheter is slowly withdrawn back through the vein, the laser light or radio-frequency (RF) energy heats up the wall of the vein, endoluminally coagulating the proteins and destroying the lining surface of the vein. The destruction of the lining surface of the vein causes the vein walls to adhere to one another, thereby eliminating the lumen within the vein and thus preventing the flow of blood. This is a process somewhat similar to sclerotherapy, but no substance is injected into the vein. This procedure takes care of the “leaky” valves and high venous pressures, however, the larger superficial varicose veins in the leg may still need to be removed. This may be done at the same time as the endovenous ablation or at a later time, either by open surgery (phlebectomy) or sclerotherapy. Placement of the laser or radio-frequency (RF) catheter is guided by ultrasound.

[0035] The advantages of endovenous laser/radio-frequency (RF) therapy include: (i) it is a minimally invasive procedure and can be done with local anesthesia, either in an operating room or a physician's office; (ii) it does not require hospitalization; (iii) it does not require open surgery with incisions; (iv) recovery is easier than with open surgery, inasmuch as most patients are back at work within a day or two; and (v) some of the prominent varicosities may disappear and may not require a secondary procedure (i.e., either phlebectomy or sclerotherapy).

[0036] The disadvantages of endovenous laser/radio-frequency (RF) therapy include: (i) generally, only one leg is done at a time; (ii) the procedure typically requires significant volumes of local anesthetic to be injected into the patient in order to prevent the complications of the heat necessary to destroy the lining of the vein; (iii) if too much heat is applied to the tissue, there can be burning in the overlying skin, with possible disfiguring, including scarring; (iv) prior to the performance of a subsequent phlebectomy procedure, an interval of up to 8 weeks is required in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the venous ablation procedure; and (v) varicosities that remain after this interval procedure still require separate procedures (i.e., phlebectomy or sclerothapy).

[0037] C. Open Surgery.

[0038] The aim of open surgery is to eliminate the “leaky” valve at the junction of the superficial and deep veins (the cause of the high venous pressure in the leg), as well as the leaky valves in the tributaries of the saphenous vein that may enlarge over the years and result in a recurrence of the varicose veins. This open surgery is directed to removal of some or all of the affected veins.

[0039] There is still some controversy as to how much of the saphenous vein needs to be removed for the best results. The current “teaching” is that removing the entire segment of saphenous vein in the thigh reduces the incidence of recurrence. However, the data for this is very weak. Removal of a very short segment of the proximal saphenous vein and the main tributaries at the sapheno-femoral junction is the alternative procedure and, provided that it is combined with removal of all visible varicosities, the results are very similar to removal of the entire thigh segment of the saphenous vein. The advantage of the latter procedure is the increased preservation of the saphenous vein which, in 50-60% or more of varicose vein patients, is not involved in the varicose vein process and is otherwise normal and hence usable for other procedures (such as a bypass graft in the heart or limbs).

[0040] The surgery is performed in the operating room under light general or regional (spinal or epidural) anesthesia. An incision (e.g., 1-2 inch) is made in the groin crease and the veins dissected out and the proximal saphenous vein and tributaries excised. The wound is closed with absorbable sutures from within. Once this is completed, small (e.g., 2-4 mm) stab wounds are made over any unsightly varicose veins (these veins are marked out just prior to the surgery with the patient standing) and the varicose veins are completely removed. The small stab wounds associated with removal of the marked-out veins are generally so small that they typically do not require any stitches to close them. When all the previously marked-out veins are removed, the wounds are cleaned and a dressing applied. The leg is wrapped in elastic bandages (e.g., Ace wraps).

[0041] In the post-operative care, the dressings and Ace wraps are usually changed in the doctor's office at the first post-operative visit, typically within 24 hours of the open surgical procedure. The patient and a family member or friend is instructed on proper care of the wounds. A simple dressing is applied to cover the small wounds in the legs for the next 2-3 days. After 2-3 days no further treatment is generally required. Recovery is generally rapid, with the patient returning to work within 5-7 days.

[0042] The advantages of open surgery include: (i) varicose veins of both extremities can be done at a single operation, which generally takes 1-2 hours; (ii) the procedure typically does not require hospitalization and is an “out patient” procedure; (iii) the wounds are minimal, with minimal discomfort which is easily managed with oral analgesics (i.e., pain medicine); (iv) the results are generally excellent, with a minimum of recurrence (the results of open surgery remain the “gold standard” against which the sclerotherapy and laser/radio-frequency (RF) venous ablation therapies are compared); (v) recurrent or residual (i.e., those missed at surgery) veins are generally managed with sclerotherapy or phlebectomy under local anesthesia in a doctor's office or in an ambulatory procedure room; and (vi) the saphenous vein, if normal and without varicosities, is preserved and is therefore available for use (e.g., for bypass surgery) in the future if it should be needed.

[0043] The disadvantages of open surgery include: (i) it is an open surgical procedure requiring an anesthetic (either general or regional), with its associated discomfort and with its attendant risks (which may depend on the health or age of the patient); and (ii) recovery generally takes 3-5 days.

[0044] Thus it will be seen that varicose veins present a significant problem for many patients which must be addressed, and all of the current procedures for treating varicose veins suffer from a number of significant disadvantages.

[0045] Accordingly, it would be advantageous to provide new and improved surgical methods and apparatus for the occlusion of blood vessels and the treatment of varicose veins, and/or for occluding other tubular structures and/or for closing openings in structures and/or for securing at least two objects together.

[0046] It would also be advantageous to provide new and improved surgical methods and apparatus for fastening mechanical structures to tissues or blood vessels, for example, for drug delivery.

[0047] The present invention provides a new and improved approach for treating varicose veins and other blood vessels.

[0048] More particularly, the present invention comprises the provision and use of a novel occluder which is used to occlude a vein (e.g., the proximal saphenous vein, the small saphenous vein, tributaries, the perforator veins, etc.) so as to restrict blood flow through the vein and thereby treat varicose veins below the point of occlusion. Significantly, the novel occluder is configured to be deployed using a minimally-invasive approach (i.e., either percutaneously or endoluminally), with visualization being provided by ultrasound and/or other visualization apparatus (e.g., CT, MRI, X-ray etc.). As a result, the novel treatment can be provided in a doctor's office, with minimal local anesthetic, and effectively no post-operative care.

[0049] The present invention also provides new and improved surgical methods and apparatus for occluding other tubular structures and/or for closing openings in structures and/or for securing at least two objects together.

[0050] And the present invention provides new and improved surgical methods and apparatus for fastening mechanical structures to tissues or blood vessels, for example, for drug delivery.

[0051] Significantly, the present invention may be practiced under direct visualization (e.g., during “open” surgery) or under indirect visualization (e.g., during laparoscopic surgery where visualization is provided through the use of a scope, or during percutaneous surgery where visualization is provided through the use of imaging apparatus such as an ultrasound imager, an X-ray imager, etc.).

[0052] In one form of the invention, there is provided apparatus for occluding a blood vessel, the apparatus comprising:

[0053] an occluder, the occluder being configured so that at least a portion of the occluder may assume (i) a diametrically-reduced configuration for disposition within the lumen of a tube, and (ii) a diametrically-expanded configuration for disposition adjacent to the blood vessel, such that when said at least a portion of the occluder is in its diametrically-expanded configuration adjacent to the blood vessel, the occluder will cause occlusion of the blood vessel.

[0054] In another form of the invention, there is provided a method for occluding a blood vessel, the method comprising:

[0055] providing apparatus comprising:

• • [0056] an occluder, the occluder being configured so that at least a portion of the occluder may assume (i) a diametrically-reduced configuration for disposition within the lumen of a tube, and (ii) a diametrically-expanded configuration adjacent to the blood vessel, such that when said at least a portion of the occluder is in its diametrically-expanded configuration adjacent to the blood vessel, the occluder will cause occlusion of the blood vessel; and

[0057] positioning the occluder adjacent to the blood vessel so as to cause occlusion of the blood vessel.

[0058] In another form of the invention, there is provided apparatus for delivering a substance to a location adjacent to a blood vessel, the apparatus comprising:

[0059] a carrier, the carrier being configured so that at least a portion of the carrier may assume (i) a diametrically-reduced configuration for disposition within the lumen of a tube, and (ii) a diametrically-expanded configuration for disposition adjacent to the blood vessel, such that when the substance is attached to the carrier and said at least a portion of the carrier is in its diametrically-expanded configuration adjacent to the blood vessel, the substance will be disposed adjacent to the blood vessel.

[0060] In another form of the invention, there is provided a method for delivering a substance to a location adjacent to a blood vessel, the method comprising:

[0061] providing apparatus comprising:

• • [0062] a carrier, the carrier being configured so that at least a portion of the carrier may assume (i) a diametrically-reduced configuration for disposition within the lumen of a tube, and (ii) a diametrically-expanded configuration for disposition adjacent to the blood vessel, such that when the substance is attached to the carrier and said at least a portion of the carrier is in its diametrically-expanded configuration adjacent to the blood vessel, the substance will be disposed adjacent to the blood vessel; and

[0063] positioning the carrier adjacent to the blood vessel so that the substance is disposed adjacent to the blood vessel.

[0064] In another form of the invention, there is provided apparatus for occluding a space between a first structure and a second structure, said apparatus comprising:

[0065] an occluder, said occluder comprising a distal implant and a proximal implant, wherein:

• • [0066] said distal implant comprises a body and a locking shaft mounted to said body, wherein said body of said distal implant comprises a plurality of legs which may assume (i) a diametrically-reduced configuration for disposition within the lumen of a tube, and (ii) a diametrically-expanded configuration for disposition against the first structure, and further wherein said locking shaft comprises a first locking element for selective connection to said proximal implant and a second locking element for selective connection to an inserter for deploying said occluder; and
  • [0067] said proximal implant comprises a body having an opening, wherein said body of said proximal implant comprises a plurality of legs which may assume (i) a diametrically-reduced configuration for disposition within the lumen of a tube, and (ii) a diametrically-expanded configuration for disposition against the second structure, and further wherein said body of said proximal implant comprises a third locking element for selective connection to said first locking element of said distal implant;
  • [0068] wherein said locking shaft of said distal implant is slidably receivable within said opening in said body of said proximal implant, and further wherein said first locking element of said distal implant and said third locking element of said proximal implant are selectively engagable with one another so as to hold said distal implant and said proximal implant in fixed position relative to one another.

[0069] In another form of the invention, there is provided a method for occluding a space between a first structure and a second structure, said method comprising:

[0070] providing apparatus comprising:

• • [0071] an occluder, said occluder comprising a distal implant and a proximal implant, wherein:
    • [0072] said distal implant comprises a body and a locking shaft mounted to said body, wherein said body of said distal implant comprises a plurality of legs which may assume (i) a diametrically-reduced configuration for disposition within the lumen of a tube, and (ii) a diametrically-expanded configuration for disposition against the first structure, and further wherein said locking shaft comprises a first locking element for selective connection to said proximal implant and a second locking element for selective connection to an inserter for deploying said occluder; and
    • [0073] said proximal implant comprises a body having an opening, wherein said body of said proximal implant comprises a plurality of legs which may assume (i) a diametrically-reduced configuration for disposition within the lumen of a tube, and (ii) a diametrically-expanded configuration for disposition against the second structure, and further wherein said body of said proximal implant comprises a third locking element for selective connection to said first locking element of said distal implant;
  • [0074] wherein said locking shaft of said distal implant is slidably receivable within said opening in said body of said proximal implant, and further wherein said first locking element of said distal implant and said third locking element of said proximal implant are selectively engagable with one another so as to hold said distal implant and said proximal implant in fixed position relative to one another; and

[0075] positioning said occluder so that said plurality of legs of said distal implant are disposed against the first structure, said plurality of legs of said proximal implant are disposed against the second structure, and said locking shaft extends across the space between the first structure and the second structure.

[0076] In another form of the invention, there is provided a system for occluding a hollow structure, the system comprising:

[0077] a plurality of occluders; and

[0078] an applicator for storing the plurality of occluders and serially delivering the occluders so as to occlude the hollow structure.

[0079] In another form of the invention, there is provided a method for occluding a hollow structure, the method comprising:

[0080] providing a system comprising:

• • [0081] a plurality of occluders; and
  • [0082] an applicator for storing the plurality of occluders and serially delivering the occluders so as to occlude the hollow structure; and

[0083] using the applicator to serially deliver the occluders so as to occlude the hollow structure.

[0084] In another form of the invention, there is provided a system for occluding a hollow structure, the system comprising:

[0085] an occluder;

[0086] an applicator for delivering the occluder so as to occlude the hollow structure; and

[0087] a dissector mounted to the applicator for applying a force to the hollow structure as the applicator delivers the occluder to the hollow structure.

[0088] In another form of the invention, there is provided a method for occluding a hollow structure, the method comprising:

[0089] providing a system comprising:

• • [0090] an occluder;
  • [0091] an applicator for delivering the occluder so as to occlude the hollow structure; and
  • [0092] a dissector mounted to the applicator for applying a force to the hollow structure as the applicator delivers the occluder to the hollow structure;

[0093] using the dissector to apply a force to the hollow structure; and

[0094] using the applicator to deliver the occluder so as to occlude the hollow structure.

[0095] In another form of the invention, there is provided apparatus for occluding a hollow structure, the apparatus comprising:

[0096] a two-part occluder, the two-part occluder comprising a distal implant and a proximal implant;

[0097] wherein the distal implant comprises a body and a plurality of legs which may assume (i) a diametrically-reduced configuration for disposition within an applicator, and (ii) a diametrically-expanded configuration for disposition against the hollow structure; and

[0098] wherein the proximal implant comprises a body and a plurality of legs which may assume (i) a diametrically-reduced configuration for disposition within an applicator, and (ii) a diametrically-expanded configuration for disposition against the hollow structure;

[0099] such that when the distal implant is connected to the proximal implant, and the legs of the distal implant assume a diametrically-expanded configuration and the legs of the proximal implant assume a diametrically-expanded configuration, the two-part occluder can occlude the hollow structure;

[0100] wherein at least one of the distal implant and the proximal implant is rotatably adjustable relative to the other of the distal implant and the proximal implant so that the circumferential orientation of the legs of the distal implant and proximal implant is adjustable.

[0101] In another form of the invention, there is provided a method for occluding a hollow structure, the method comprising:

[0102] providing apparatus comprising:

• • [0103] a two-part occluder, the two-part occluder comprising a distal implant and a proximal implant;
  • [0104] wherein the distal implant comprises a body and a plurality of legs which may assume (i) a diametrically-reduced configuration for disposition within an applicator, and (ii) a diametrically-expanded configuration for disposition against the hollow structure; and
  • [0105] wherein the proximal implant comprises a body and a plurality of legs which may assume (i) a diametrically-reduced configuration for disposition within an applicator, and (ii) a diametrically-expanded configuration for disposition against the hollow structure;
  • [0106] such that when the distal implant is connected to the proximal implant, and the legs of the distal implant assume a diametrically-expanded configuration and the legs of the proximal implant assume a diametrically-expanded configuration, the two-part occluder can occlude the hollow structure;
  • [0107] wherein at least one of the distal implant and the proximal implant is rotatably adjustable relative to the other of the distal implant and the proximal implant so that the circumferential orientation of the legs of the distal implant and proximal implant is adjustable;

[0108] selecting the circumferential orientation of the legs of the distal implant and proximal implant relative to one another; and

[0109] deploying the two-part occluder so as to occlude the hollow structure.

[0110] In another form of the invention, there is provided a system for occluding a hollow structure, the system comprising:

[0111] an occluder;

[0112] an electrical power source; and

[0113] a conductive network for connecting the electrical power source to the occluder, such that when the occluder is occluding the hollow structure, the power source can deliver cauterizing energy to the hollow structure.

[0114] In another form of the invention, there is provided a method for occluding a hollow structure, the method comprising:

[0115] providing a system comprising:

• • [0116] an occluder;
  • [0117] an electrical power source; and
  • [0118] a conductive network for connecting the electrical power source to the occluder, such that when the occluder is occluding the hollow structure, the power source can deliver cauterizing energy to the hollow structure;

[0119] deploying the two-part occluder so as to occlude the hollow structure; and

[0120] delivering cauterizing energy to the hollow structure.

[0169] The present invention provides a new and improved approach for treating varicose veins and other blood vessels.

[0170] More particularly, the present invention comprises the provision and use of a novel occluder which is used to occlude a vein (e.g., the proximal saphenous vein, the small saphenous vein, tributaries, the perforator veins, etc.) so as to restrict blood flow through the vein and thereby treat varicose veins below the point of occlusion. Significantly, the novel occluder is configured to be deployed using a minimally-invasive approach (i.e., either percutaneously or endoluminally), with visualization being provided by ultrasound and/or other visualization apparatus (e.g., CT, MRI, X-ray etc.). As a result, the novel treatment can be provided in a doctor's office, with minimal local anesthetic, and effectively no post-operative care.

[0171] The present invention also provides new and improved surgical methods and apparatus for occluding other tubular structures and/or for closing openings in structures and/or for securing at least two objects together.

[0172] And the present invention provides new and improved surgical methods and apparatus for fastening mechanical structures to tissues or blood vessels, for example, for drug delivery.

[0173] In the percutaneous approach, the occluder is delivered by percutaneously advancing the occluder through the skin, through intervening tissue and then across some or all of the blood vessel (e.g., the great saphenous vein near the sapheno-femoral junction) so as to occlude the blood vessel. This occlusion (or multiple of these occlusions) will thereby treat varicose veins. In one form of the invention, the occluder is configured to occlude the vein by compressing the vein and closing down its lumen; and in another form of the invention, the occluder is configured to occlude the vein by depositing a mass within the lumen of the vein so as restrict blood flow through the lumen of the vein. The occlusion of the lumen may be complete or partial. If the occlusion is partial, some blood may continue to flow in the vein. Such partial occlusion can act to relieve some of the pressure on the valve, thereby improving its function. In some applications, an occlusion of 70% or greater of the lumen may be desired and realized based on the current invention. In other applications, an occlusion of 80% or greater of the lumen may be desired and realized based on the current invention. In one embodiment, the occlusion pressure applied may be greater than 40 mm of mercury. In another embodiment of the present invention, the occlusion pressure may be greater than the pressure of the typical blood flow in the vein.

[0174] Looking first at FIGS. 2-4, in one form of the invention, there is provided an occluder 30. Occluder 30 comprises an elastic filament 35 which, in an unconstrained condition, comprises a generally non-linear configuration (e.g., a coiled mass) but which, when properly restrained, can maintain a linear configuration (e.g., in the narrow lumen 40 of a needle 45, or where the filament is formed out of a shape memory material, by appropriately controlling its temperature and hence its shape); when the restraint is removed (e.g., the elastic filament 35 is extruded from the constraining lumen 40 of the needle 45, or the temperature of the shape memory material is elevated such as by body heat), elastic filament 35 will return to its generally non-linear configuration, whereby to provide enlarged masses for occluding the vein.

[0175] In one form of the invention, the occluder is formed out of a shape memory material (e.g., a shape memory alloy such as Nitinol, or a shape memory polymer), with the shape memory material being configured to provide superelasticity, or temperature-induced shape changes, or both).

[0176] In one preferred method of use, the occluder 30 is installed in the narrow lumen 40 of a needle 45 (FIG. 2), the needle is introduced percutaneously and advanced across the vein which is to be occluded (e.g., the great saphenous vein 15), a first length of the occluder is extruded from the needle on the far side of the vein so that a portion of the occluder is restored to a coiled mass configuration 50 on the far side of the vein (FIG. 3), the needle is withdrawn back across the vein, and then the remainder of the occluder is extruded on the near side of the vein (FIG. 4), whereupon the remainder of the occluder is restored to a coiled mass configuration 55, with a portion 57 of the occluder extending across the lumen 60 of the vein 15, and with the portions of the occluder on the far and near sides of the vein (i.e., the coiled masses 50 and 55, respectively) being drawn toward one another under the coiling force inherent in the elastic filament so as to compress the vein there between and occlude its lumen 60, whereby to restrict blood flow through the vein and thereby treat the varicose veins.

[0177] As noted above, occluder 30 may be formed out of a shape memory material (e.g., a shape memory alloy such as Nitinol, or a shape memory polymer, etc.), with the shape memory material being configured to provide superelasticity, or temperature-induced shape changes, or both).

[0178] In the form of the invention shown in FIGS. 2-4, occluder 30 is formed out of a single elastic filament 35, and a shape transition (i.e., from substantially linear to a pair of opposing coiled masses 50, 55) is used to cause occlusion of the target blood vessel. In this respect it should be appreciated that the aforementioned coiled masses 50, 55 may comprise substantially random turns of the elastic filament arranged in a substantially three-dimensional structure (i.e., somewhat analogous to a ball of string), or the coiled masses 50, 55 may comprise highly reproducible structures such as loops, coils, etc., and these loops, coils, etc. may or may not assume a substantially planar structure. See, for example, FIG. 5, where coiled masses 50, 55 comprise highly reproducible loops and coils.

[0179] FIGS. 6 and 7 show an exemplary syringe-type inserter 65 which may be used to deploy the novel occluder of the present invention. The syringe-type inserter 65 may contain one occluder 30 or multiple pre-loaded occluders 30, e.g., where syringe-type inserter 65 comprises multiple occluders 30, the occluders may be disposed serially within the syringe-type inserter, or they may be disposed parallel to one another within the syringe-type inserter (i.e., in the manner of a “Gatling gun” disposition), etc. When the syringe-type inserter 65 is activated, an occluder 30 is deployed out of the distal end of needle 45.

[0180] In FIGS. 2-4, occluder 30 is shown occluding the vein by compressing the vein between the two coiled masses 50, 55, whereby to close down its lumen 60. However, in another form of the invention, the occluder 30 can be used to occlude the vein without compressing the vein. This is done by depositing a coiled mass within the lumen of the vein, whereby to restrict blood flow through the lumen of the vein. More particularly, and looking now at FIGS. 8-10, in this form of the invention, the needle 45 is passed into the interior of the vein 15 and one coiled mass 50 of the occluder 30 is extruded into the lumen 60 of the vein (FIG. 8) so as to occlude the lumen of the vein, the needle 45 is withdrawn to the near side of the vein (FIG. 9), and then another coiled mass 55 is disposed on the near side of the vein (FIG. 10), with the portion 57 of the occluder extending through the side wall of the vein so as to stabilize the occluder relative to the vein (i.e., so as to attach the occluder to the vein and prevent the occluder from moving relative to the vein).

[0181] FIGS. 11-14 show another approach where a coiled mass of the occluder 30 is deposited within the interior of the blood vessel so as to obstruct blood flow through the vessel. More particularly, in this form of the invention, the needle 45 is passed completely through the vein (FIG. 11), a coiled mass 50 of the occluder is deposited on the far side of the vein (FIG. 12), the needle is withdrawn into the interior of the vein where another coiled mass 55 of the occluder is deposited (FIG. 13), and then the needle is withdrawn to the near side of the vein where another coiled mass 70 of the occluder 30 is deposited (FIG. 14). In this form of the invention, coiled mass 55 resides within the lumen 60 of the vein and obstructs blood flow while coiled masses 50 and 70 compress the vein inwardly and stabilize the disposition of the intraluminal coiled mass 55.

[0182] FIGS. 15 and 16 show occluders 30 formed out of a single strand of elastic filament. In FIG. 15, the occluder 30 comprises a relatively ordered coil where the turns 72 of the coil are unidirectional. In FIG. 16, the occluder 30 comprises another relatively ordered coil but where the turns rotate in opposite directions on different sides of a midpoint 75. Of course, it should also be appreciated that the occluder 30 can be constructed so as to form a relatively disordered coil, i.e., where the strand of the filament follows a relatively random pattern (see, for example, the disordered coils illustrated in FIGS. 8-10). Indeed, where it is desired that the mass of the reformed coil itself provide a flow obstruction (e.g., where the reformed coil is disposed intraluminally so as to impede blood flow through the vein), it is generally preferred that the elastic filament reform into a relatively disordered coil having a relatively random disposition, since this can provide a denser filament configuration.

[0183] FIG. 17 shows an occluder 30 formed out of multiple strands of elastic filaments 35. In one form of the invention, these multiple strands are joined together at a joinder 80. Again, the coils (e.g., the aforementioned coiled masses 50, 55, 70) formed by these multiple strands can be relatively ordered or relatively disordered. FIGS. 18 and 19 show how the multistrand occluder of FIG. 17 can be used to occlude a vein by forming coiled masses 50, 55 to compress the side wall of the vein inwardly so as to restrict blood flow through the vein. FIG. 20 shows how the multi-strand occluder 30 of FIG. 17 can be used to occlude a vein by depositing a coiled mass 55 within the lumen 60 of the vein, whereby to restrict blood flow through the lumen of the vein. In FIG. 20, a number of the elastic filaments 35 are shown piercing the side wall of the vein so as to hold the coiled mass 55 in position within the lumen of the blood vessel.

[0184] FIGS. 21-24 show another form of occluder 30 where the occluder is formed by structures other than a filament. By way of example but not limitation, the occluder 30 may comprise a transluminal section 85, a far side lateral projection 90 and a near side lateral projection 95, with the far side lateral projection 90 and the near side lateral projection 95 being held in opposition to one another so as to close down the lumen 60 of the vein 15. Such an arrangement may be provided by many different types of structures, e.g., such as the “double T-bar” structure shown in FIGS. 25-27 where the transluminal section 85 of the occluder 30 is formed out of an elastic material which draws the two opposing T-bars 90, 95 of the occluder together so as to provide vessel occlusion. Still other arrangements for connecting and drawing together a far side lateral projection 90 and a near side lateral projection 95 will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the present disclosure. By way of further example but not limitation, far side lateral projection 90 and near side lateral projection 95 may be connected together by a loop of suture, with the loop of suture being lockable in a reduced size configuration (i.e., so as to maintain occlusion) with a sliding locking knot.

[0185] Furthermore, multiple occluders 30 may be used on a single blood vessel or tissue to occlude the blood vessel more completely, or to occlude a blood vessel in multiple regions, or to attach a material (e.g., a drug or cellular delivery element) in multiple places to the blood vessel. The occluders may be coated with a drug-eluting compound, or the occluders may be electrically charged to enhance or prevent clotting or to deliver a desired compound or agent to the blood vessel, etc. If desired, the location of the occluding or attachment element may be precisely controlled to deliver the desired compound or agent at a specific anatomical location.

[0186] In the endoluminal approach, the occluder 30 is delivered to the occlusion site by endoluminally advancing the occluder up the vein using a catheter, and then deploying the occluder in the vein, with the occluder acting to occlude the vein and thereby treat varicose veins. In this form of the invention, the occluder is preferably passed through one or more side walls of the vein so as to stabilize the occluder relative to the vein. In one form of the invention, the occluder is configured to occlude the vein by depositing a mass within the lumen of the vein so as to restrict blood flow through the lumen of the vein; and in another form of the invention, the occluder is configured to occlude the vein by compressing the vein and closing down its lumen.

[0187] More particularly, and looking now at FIGS. 28 and 29, a catheter 100 is used to endoluminally advance the occluder 30 up the interior of the vein 15 to a deployment site. Then one end of the occluder is passed through the side wall of the vein so as to deposit a coiled mass 50 of the occluder 30 outside the vein, and the remainder of the occluder is deposited as a coiled mass 55 within the lumen 60 of the vein, with a portion 57 of the occluder extending through the side wall of the vein so as to attach the occluder to the side wall of the vein and thereby stabilize the occluder relative to the vein. Thus, in this form of the invention, a coiled mass 55 of the occluder is deposited within the interior of the vein so as to restrict blood flow through the vein and thereby treat varicose veins.

[0188] FIGS. 30 and 31 show how two separate occluders 30, each used in the manner shown in FIGS. 28 and 29, can be used to increase the coiled mass of occluder contained within the lumen of the vein, whereby to increase the extent of occlusion of the lumen of the vein.

[0189] FIGS. 32 and 33 show how an occluder 30 can be delivered endoluminally and used to compress the outer walls of the vein so as to occlude blood flow through the lumen of the vein. More particularly, in this form of the invention, the occluder 30 is advanced endoluminally through the vein to the deployment site, one end of the occluder is passed through one side wall of the vein so as to deposit a coiled mass 50 on one side of the vein and the other end of the occluder is passed through the other side wall of the vein so as to deposit another coiled mass 55 on the other side of the vein, with the two coiled masses being connected together by the intermediate portion 57 of the occluder and with the two coiled masses being drawn toward one another under the coiling force inherent in the elastic filament so as to apply compressive opposing forces on the two sides of the vein, whereby to compress the vein and close down its lumen.

[0190] If desired, the novel occluder of the present invention can be used in conjunction with the removal of the large varicose veins (i.e., phlebectomy). The phlebectomy can be done at the same time as the occlusion of the vein or at another time. For this surgical procedure, minimal local anesthetic is needed.

[0191] It will be appreciated that the novel occluder of the present invention can also be used to occlude tubular structures for purposes other than treating varicose veins. By way of example but not limitation, the novel occluder of the present invention can be used to occlude other vascular structures (e.g., to occlude arteries so as to control bleeding), or to occlude other tubular structures within the body (e.g., phallopian tubes, so as to induce infertility), etc.

[0192] Furthermore, using the foregoing concept of minimally-invasive hollow tube penetration, and attachment and fixation of the device to the vessel wall, either percutaneously or endoluminally, the occluder 30 may be modified so as to allow drug/cellular delivery at fixed points within or adjacent to the vasculature or other hollow bodily structure. In this form of the invention, the device functions as a drug/cellular delivery stabilizer, and may or may not function as an occluder. See, for example, FIGS. 34 and 35, where an elastic filament 35, having a drug/cellular delivery body 105 attached thereto, is advanced across a blood vessel 110 using a needle 115, with the distal end of the elastic filament forming a coiled mass 120 on the far side of the blood vessel and the drug/cellular delivery body 105 being securely disposed within the lumen 125 of the blood vessel. FIGS. 36 and 37 show a similar arrangement where a catheter 130 is used to deliver the device endoluminally. FIGS. 38 and 39 show another arrangement wherein the device is delivered percutaneously so that the coiled mass is disposed inside lumen 125 of the blood vessel and the drug/cellular delivery body 105 is disposed outside the blood vessel, and FIGS. 40 and 41 show how the device is delivered endoluminally so that the coiled mass is disposed inside lumen 125 of the blood vessel and the drug/cellular delivery body 105 is disposed outside the blood vessel. These drug/cellular delivery devices may be passive or active polymers or silicon-based or micro- and nanotechnology devices, or matrices of materials, etc.

[0193] Looking next at FIG. 42, there is shown a two-part occluder 200 formed in accordance with the present invention. Two-part occluder 200 generally comprises a distal implant 205 and a proximal implant 210.

[0194] Distal implant 205 is shown in further detail in FIGS. 43-46. Distal implant 205 comprises a distal implant body 215 and a distal implant locking tube 220. Distal implant body 215 comprises a tube 225 having a distal end 226, a proximal end 227, and a lumen 230 extending therebetween. Tube 225 is slit intermediate its length so as to define a plurality of legs 235. A set of inwardly-projecting tangs 240 are formed in tube 225 between legs 235 and proximal end 227. A set of windows 245 are formed in tube 225 between inwardly-projecting tangs 240 and proximal end 227. Distal implant body 215 is preferably formed out of an elastic material (e.g., a shape memory material having superelastic properties such as Nitinol or superelastic polymers, including superelastic plastics) and constructed so that its legs 235 normally project laterally away from the longitudinal axis of tube 225 (e.g., in the manner shown in FIGS. 43 and 44), however, due to the elastic nature of the material used to form distal implant body 215, legs 235 can be constrained inwardly (e.g., within the lumen of a delivery needle, as will hereinafter be discussed) so that distal implant body 215 can assume a substantially linear disposition. See, for example, FIG. 46, which shows legs 235 moved inwardly relative to the position shown in FIGS. 43 and 44. However, when any such constraint is removed, the elastic nature of the material used to form distal implant body 215 causes legs 235 to return to the position shown in FIGS. 43 and 44.

[0195] Distal implant locking tube 220 (FIG. 45) comprises a generally tubular structure having a distal end 250, a proximal end 260 and a lumen 262 extending therebetween. A set of windows 265 are formed in the distal implant locking tube 220, with windows 265 being disposed distal to proximal end 260.

[0196] Distal implant locking tube 220 is disposed within lumen 230 of distal implant body 215. When distal implant 205 is in its aforementioned substantially linear condition (i.e., with legs 235 restrained in an in-line condition), distal implant locking tube 220 terminates well short of tangs 240 of distal implant body 215, so that the proximal end 227 of distal implant body 215 can move longitudinally relative to distal end 226 of distal implant body 215. However, when the proximal end 227 of distal implant body 215 is moved distally a sufficient distance to allow full radial expansion of legs 235 (see FIG. 42), locking tangs 240 of distal implant body 215 will be received within windows 265 of distal implant locking tube 220, whereby to lock distal implant 205 in its radially-expanded condition (i.e., with legs 235 projecting laterally away from the longitudinal axis of tube 225, e.g., in the manner shown in FIGS. 43 and 44). Spot welds applied via openings 270 formed in the distal end 226 of distal implant body 215 serve to lock distal implant locking tube 220 to distal implant body 215, whereby to form a singular structure (see FIGS. 43 and 46).

[0197] Looking next at FIGS. 47 and 48, proximal implant 210 comprises a tube 275 having a distal end 280, a proximal end 285, and a lumen 290 extending therebetween. Tube 275 is slit at its distal end so as to define a plurality of legs 295. A set of inwardly-projecting tangs 300 are formed in tube 275 between legs 295 and proximal end 285. Proximal implant 210 is preferably formed out of an elastic material (e.g., a shape memory material having superelastic properties such as Nitinol) and constructed so that its legs 295 normally project laterally away from the longitudinal axis of tube 275 (e.g., in the manner shown in FIG. 47), however, legs 295 can be constrained inwardly (e.g., within the lumen of a delivery tube, as will hereinafter be discussed) so that proximal implant 210 can assume a substantially linear disposition. See, for example, FIG. 48, which shows legs 295 moved inwardly relative to the position shown in FIG. 47. However, when any such constraint is removed, the elastic nature of the material used to form proximal implant 210 causes legs 295 to return to the position shown in FIG. 47.

[0198] As will hereinafter be discussed, distal implant 205 and proximal implant 210 are configured and sized so that tube 225 of distal implant body 215 can be received in lumen 290 of proximal implant 210, with the expanded legs 235 of distal implant 205 opposing the expanded legs 295 of proximal implant 210 (see, for example, FIG. 82), whereby to impose a clamping action on the side wall of a blood vessel (e.g., vein) disposed therebetween and thereby occlude the blood vessel, as will hereinafter be discussed in further detail (or, as an alternative, the opposing expanded legs of the proximal and distal implants could interdigitate to impose the clamping action). Furthermore, distal implant 205 and proximal implant 210 are configured and sized so that they may be locked in this position, inasmuch as inwardly-projecting tangs 300 of proximal implant 210 will project into windows 245 of distal implant 205.

[0199] Two-part occluder 200 is intended to be deployed using associated installation apparatus. This associated installation apparatus preferably comprises a hollow needle 305 (FIG. 49) for penetrating tissue, a distal implant delivery tube 310 (FIG. 50) for delivering distal implant 205 through hollow needle 305 to the far side of the blood vessel which is to be occluded, a composite guidewire 315 (FIGS. 51-56) for supplying support to various components during delivery and deployment, a push rod 320 (FIG. 57) for delivering various components over composite guidewire 315, and a proximal implant delivery tube 330 (FIG. 58) for delivering proximal implant 210 for mating with distal implant 205, as will hereinafter be discussed.

[0200] Hollow needle 305 (FIG. 49) comprises a distal end 335, a proximal end 340 and a lumen 345 extending therebetween. Distal end 335 terminates in a sharp point 350. In one preferred form of the invention, hollow needle 305 comprises a side port 355 which communicates with lumen 345.

[0201] Distal implant delivery tube 310 (FIG. 50) comprises a distal end 360, a proximal end 365 and a lumen 370 extending therebetween.

[0202] Composite guidewire 315 (FIGS. 51-56) comprises a guidewire rod 370 and a guidewire sheath 380. Guidewire rod 370 comprises a distal end 385 and a proximal end 390. Distal end 385 terminates in an enlargement 395. Guidewire sheath 380 comprises a distal end 400, a proximal end 405 and a lumen 410 extending therebetween. The distal end 400 of guidewire sheath 380 comprises at least one, and preferably a plurality of, proximally-extending slits 415. Proximally-extending slits 415 open on the distal end of guidewire sheath 380 and allow the distal end of guidewire sheath 380 to radially expand somewhat. As will hereinafter be discussed, guidewire rod 370 and guidewire sheath 380 are configured and sized so that guidewire rod 370 can be received in lumen 410 of guidewire sheath 380. Furthermore, when guidewire rod 370 is forced proximally relative to guidewire sheath 380, the proximally-extending slits 415 in guidewire sheath 380 allow the distal end of the guidewire sheath 380 to expand somewhat so as to receive at least some of the enlargement 395 formed on the distal end of guidewire rod 370. As this occurs, the distal end of guidewire sheath 380 will expand radially.

[0203] Push rod 320 (FIG. 57) comprises a distal end 420, a proximal end 425 and a lumen 430 extending therebetween.

[0204] Proximal implant delivery tube 330 (FIG. 58) comprises a distal end 435, a proximal end 440 and a lumen 445 extending therebetween.

[0205] Two-part occluder 200 and its associated installation apparatus are preferably used as follows.

[0206] First, hollow needle 305 (carrying distal implant delivery tube 310 therein, which in turn contains the composite guidewire 315 therein, upon which is mounted distal implant 205) is passed through the skin of the patient, through intervening tissue, and across the blood vessel (e.g., vein 450) which is to be occluded. See FIGS. 59-61. As this is done, any blood flowing out side port 355 can be monitored—excessive or pulsatile blood flow can indicate that hollow needle has accidentally struck an artery.

[0207] Next, hollow needle 305 is retracted, leaving distal implant delivery tube 310 extending across the blood vessel. See FIG. 62.

[0208] Then distal implant delivery tube 310 is retracted somewhat so as to expose the distal ends of composite guidewire, or rod, 315 and distal implant 205. See FIG. 63.

[0209] Next, composite guidewire 315, push rod 320 and distal implant 205 are all moved distally, so as to advance the distal ends of composite guidewire 315 and the distal implant 205 out of the distal end of distal implant delivery tube 310. As this occurs, legs 235 of distal implant 205 are released from the constraint of distal implant delivery tube 310 and expand radially. See FIGS. 64 and 65.

[0210] Then, with push rod 320 being held in place against the proximal end of distal implant 205, composite guidewire 315 is pulled proximally so as to bring the distal end of distal implant 205 toward the proximal end of distal implant 205, whereby to cause locking tangs 240 of distal implant body 215 to enter windows 265 of distal implant locking tube 220, whereby to lock legs 235 in their radially-expanded condition (see FIG. 66).

[0211] At this point, hollow needle 305, distal implant delivery tube 310 and push rod 320 may be removed (FIG. 67), leaving distal implant 205 mounted on composite guidewire 315, with the legs 235 fully deployed on the far side of the blood vessel and the proximal end of distal implant 205 extending into the interior of the blood vessel (FIG. 68).

[0212] Next, proximal implant delivery tube 330 (carrying proximal implant 210 therein) is advanced down composite guidewire 315, until the distal end of proximal implant delivery tube 330 sits just proximal to the blood vessel (FIGS. 69-72).

[0213] Then push rod 320 is used to advance the distal end of proximal implant 210 out of the distal end of proximal implant delivery tube 330. As this occurs, legs 295 are released from the constraint of proximal implant delivery tube 330 and open radially. See FIGS. 73-76.

[0214] Next, using push rod 320, proximal implant 210 is pushed distally as distal implant 205 is pulled proximally using composite guidewire 315. More particularly, guidewire rod 370 is pulled proximally, which causes enlargement 395 on the distal end of guidewire rod 370 to expand guidewire sheath 380 to a size larger than lumen 262 in distal implant locking tube 220, which causes guidewire sheath 380 to move proximally, which causes proximal movement of distal implant 205. As distal implant 205 and proximal implant 210 move together, their legs 235, 295 compress the blood vessel, thereby occluding the blood vessel. Distal implant 205 and proximal implant 210 continue moving together until inwardly-projecting tangs 300 of proximal implant 210 enter windows 245 of distal implant 205, thereby locking the two members into position relative to one another. See FIG. 77.

[0215] At this point push rod 320 and proximal implant delivery tube 330 are removed. See FIG. 78.

[0216] Next, composite guidewire 315 is removed. This is done by first advancing guidewire rod 370 distally (FIG. 79), which allows the distal end of guidewire sheath 380 to relax inwardly, thereby reducing its outer diameter to a size smaller than lumen 262 in distal implant locking tube 220. As a result, guidewire sheath 380 can then be withdrawn proximally through the interior of two-part occluder 200. See FIG. 80. Then guidewire rod 370 can be withdrawn proximally through the interior of two-part occluder 200. See FIG. 81.

[0217] The foregoing procedure leaves two-part occluder 200 locked in position across the blood vessel, with the opposing legs 235, 295 compressing the blood vessel, whereby to occlude the blood vessel.

[0218] FIGS. 83-86 illustrate another two-part occluder 200A having a distal implant 205A and a proximal implant 210A. Two-part occluder 200A is generally similar to the aforementioned two-part occluder 200, except that distal implant 205A utilizes a unibody construction.

[0219] FIGS. 87-90 illustrate another two-part occluder 200B. Two-part occluder 200B is generally similar to the aforementioned two-part occluder 200A, except that distal implant 205B utilizes a friction fit to lock distal implant 205B to proximal implant 210B.

[0220] FIGS. 91-94 illustrate another two-part occluder 200C having a distal implant 205C and a proximal implant 210C. Two-part occluder 200C is generally similar to the aforementioned two-part occluder 200, except that distal implant 205C comprises a tube 225C which receives and secures the proximal ends of legs 235C. Legs 235C are preferably elongated elements (e.g., bent wires) formed out of a superelastic shape memory material so as to provide the legs 235C with the desired degree of elasticity.

[0221] FIGS. 95-100 illustrate another two-part occluder 200D having a distal implant 205D and a proximal implant 210D. Two-part occluder 200D is generally similar to the aforementioned two-part occluder 200, except that distal implant 205D comprises a tube or rod 225D which receives and secures the proximal ends of legs 235D. Legs 235D are preferably coils formed out of a superelastic shape memory material so as to provide the legs 235D with the desired degree of elasticity.

[0222] In the foregoing disclosure, there is a disclosed a composite guidewire 315 for use in delivering distal implant 205 and proximal implant 210 to the anatomy. As noted above, composite guidewire 315 is formed from two parts, i.e., a guidewire rod 370 and a guidewire sheath 380. By providing composite guidewire 315 with this two-part construction, composite guidewire 315 can have its distal diameter enlarged or reduced as desired so as to permit composite guidewire 315 to bind to distal implant 205, or be separable from the distal implant 205, respectively. However, if desired, composite guidewire 315 can be replaced by an alternative guidewire which includes a mechanism for releasably binding the alternative guidewire to distal implant 205. By way of example but not limitation, such an alternative guidewire may include screw threads, and distal implant 205 may include a screw recess, so that the alternative guidewire can be selectively secured to, or released from, the distal implant 205, i.e., by a screwing action.

[0223] Looking next at FIGS. 101-104, there is shown a two-part occluder 200E formed in accordance with the present invention. Two-part occluder 200E generally comprises a distal implant 205E and a proximal implant 210E.

[0224] Distal implant 205E comprises a distal implant body 215E and a distal implant locking tube 220E. Distal implant body 215E comprises a tube 225E having a distal end 226E and an opposing proximal end. Preferably distal implant 205E has a lumen 230E extending distally from its proximal end. Lumen 230E may extend along the entire length of distal implant body 215E or it may terminate short of the distal end of distal implant body 215E. By way of example but not limitation, where two-part occluder 200E is to be set over a guidewire, lumen 230E extends along the entire length of distal implant body 215E. Tube 225E is slit intermediate its length so as to define a plurality of legs 235E. Distal implant body 215E is preferably formed at least in part out of an elastic material (e.g., a shape memory material having superelastic properties such as Nitinol or superelastic polymers, including superelastic plastics) and is constructed so that its legs 235E normally project laterally away from the longitudinal axis of tube 225E (e.g., in the manner shown in FIGS. 101-104), however, due to the elastic nature of the material used to form at least the legs 235E of distal implant body 215E, legs 235E can be constrained inwardly (e.g., within the lumen of a delivery needle, as will hereinafter be discussed) so that distal implant body 215E can assume a substantially linear disposition (in which case the distalmost tips of legs 235E converge to form the aforementioned proximal end of distal implant body 215E). However, when any such constraint is removed (e.g., when distal implant body 215 is no longer constrained within a delivery needle), the elastic nature of the material used to form at least the legs 235E of distal implant body 215E causes legs 235E to assume the position shown in FIGS. 101-104.

[0225] In one preferred form of the invention, and as seen in FIGS. 101-103, legs 235E of distal implant 205E extend at an acute angle to the longitudinal axis of distal implant 205E, such that legs 235E collectively define a concave region 236E.

[0226] Distal implant locking tube 220E (FIGS. 101-104) comprises a generally tubular structure having a distal end 250E and a proximal end 260E. Preferably distal implant locking tube 220E has a lumen 262E extending distally from proximal end 260E. Lumen 262E may extend along the entire length of distal implant locking tube 220E or it may terminate short of the distal end of distal implant locking tube 220E. By way of example but not limitation, where two-part occluder 200E is to be set over a guidewire, lumen 262E of distal implant locking tube 220E extends along the entire length of distal implant locking tube 220E. A set of circumferential grooves or recesses 265E are formed in distal implant locking tube 220E, with grooves or recesses 265E being disposed intermediate distal end 250E and proximal end 260E. Distal implant locking tube 220E also comprises a first half 266E of a mechanical interlock for releasably securing distal implant locking tube 220E (and hence distal implant 205E) to a distal implant delivery tube 310E (see below). Distal implant locking tube 220E is preferably formed out of a biocompatible material which is relatively inelastic along its length, whereby to minimize lengthwise stretching, although it may be somewhat flexible, whereby to allow it to be delivered over a curved path. By way of example but not limitation, distal implant locking tube 220E may be formed out of a titanium alloy such as Ti 5 AL-4V.

[0227] Distal implant locking tube 220E is disposed within, and extends proximally from, lumen 230E of distal implant body 215E. Distal implant locking tube 220E is secured to distal implant body 215E in ways well known in the art (e.g., by spot welding, adhesives, mechanical interlocks, etc.), whereby to collectively form a singular structure (see FIGS. 101-104). Note that by forming distal implant body 215E out of an elastic material, and by forming distal implant locking tube 220E out of a material which is relatively inelastic along its length, distal implant body 215E is easily deformable (e.g., so that its legs 235E can be constrained within a delivery needle) while distal implant locking tube 220E is fixed in configuration (e.g., so that it can serve to hold proximal implant 210E to distal implant 205E, as will hereinafter be discussed).

[0228] Still looking now at FIGS. 101-104, proximal implant 210E comprises a tube 275E having a distal end, a proximal end 285E, and a lumen 290E extending therebetween. Tube 275E is slit at its distal end so as to define a plurality of legs 295E. A set of inwardly-projecting tangs 300E are formed in tube 275E, between legs 295E and proximal end 285E, for engaging the aforementioned grooves or recesses 265E in distal implant locking tube 220E, as will hereinafter be discussed (note that, if desired, the locations and configurations of grooves or recesses 265E and tangs 300E can be reversed, i.e., outwardly-projecting tangs 300E can be provided on distal implant locking tube 220E and grooves or recesses 265E can be provided on the inner side wall of tube 275E, or other means can be provided for connecting tube 275E of proximal implant 210E to distal implant locking tube 220E of distal implant 205E). Proximal implant 210E is preferably formed at least in part out of an elastic material (e.g., a shape memory material having superelastic properties such as Nitinol) and constructed so that its legs 295E normally project laterally away from the longitudinal axis of tube 275E (e.g., in the manner shown in FIGS. 101-104), however, legs 295E can be constrained inwardly (e.g., within the lumen of a delivery needle, as will hereinafter be discussed) so that proximal implant 210E can assume a substantially linear disposition (with the distal ends of legs 295E collectively forming the distal end of proximal implant 210E). However, when any such constraint is removed, the elastic nature of the material used to form at least the legs 295E of proximal implant 210E causes legs 295E to return to the position shown in FIGS. 101-104.

[0229] In one preferred form of the invention, and as seen in FIGS. 101-104, legs 295E of proximal implant 210E extend at an obtuse angle to the longitudinal axis of proximal implant 210E, such that legs 295E collectively define a concave region 301E.

[0230] Note that the concavity of concave region 236E of distal implant 205E is the reverse of the concavity of concave region 301E of proximal implant 210E (in other words, and as seen in FIGS. 101-104, the concavity of concave region 236E of distal implant 205E faces the concavity of concave region 301E of proximal implant 210E).

[0231] As will hereinafter be discussed, distal implant 205E and proximal implant 210E are configured and sized so that distal implant locking tube 220E of distal implant 205E can be received in lumen 290E of proximal implant 210E, with the expanded legs 235E of distal implant 205E opposing the expanded legs 295E of proximal implant 210E (see, for example, FIGS. 103 and 104), whereby to impose a clamping action on the side walls of a blood vessel (e.g., vein) disposed therebetween and thereby occlude the blood vessel, as will hereinafter be discussed in further detail (or, as an alternative, the opposing expanded legs of the proximal and distal implants may interdigitate so as to further enhance the clamping action. Furthermore, distal implant 205E and proximal implant 210E are configured and sized so that they may be locked in this position, inasmuch as inwardly-projecting tangs 300E of proximal implant 210E will project into circumferential grooves or recesses 265E of distal implant locking tube 220E of distal implant 205E, whereby to secure proximal implant 210E to distal implant 205E. Note that the positions of circumferential grooves or recesses 265E of distal implant locking tube 220E and inwardly-projecting tangs 300E of proximal implant 210E are coordinated so that when inwardly-projecting tangs 300E of proximal implant 210E are disposed in circumferential grooves or recesses 265E of distal implant locking tube 220E, legs 235E of distal implant 205E and legs 295E of proximal implant 210E are sufficiently close to ensure adequate clamping of a blood vessel (or other tubular structure) disposed therebetween.

[0232] Two-part occluder 200E is intended to be deployed using associated installation apparatus. In one preferred form of the invention, such associated installation apparatus preferably comprises a hollow needle 305E (FIG. 109) for penetrating tissue, a distal implant delivery tube 310E (FIG. 110) for delivering distal implant 205E through hollow needle 305E to the far side of the blood vessel (or other tubular structure) which is to be occluded, and a proximal implant delivery tube 330E (FIG. 110) for delivering proximal implant 210E for mating with distal implant 205E, as will hereinafter be discussed.

[0233] If desired, the associated installation apparatus may be provided in the form of a laparoscopic device 331E as shown in FIGS. 105-113. Laparoscopic device 331E comprises a handle 332E, an outer sheath 333E, a knob 334E, a first trigger 336E, a second trigger 337E and a release lever 338E, with the functionality hereinafter described.

[0234] More particularly, hollow needle 305E (FIG. 109) comprises a distal end 335E, a proximal end (not shown, but contained within laparoscopic device 331E) and a lumen 345E extending therebetween. Distal end 335E of hollow needle 305E terminates in a sharp point 350E.

[0235] Distal implant delivery tube 310E (FIG. 110) comprises a distal end 360E and a proximal end (not shown, but contained within laparoscopic device 331E). Distal end 360E of distal implant delivery tube 310E also comprises a second half 361E of a mechanical interlock for releasably securing the distal end of distal implant delivery tube 310E to the proximal end of distal implant 205E, i.e., by the releasable interconnection of the first half 266E of the mechanical interlock (carried by the proximal end of distal implant locking tube 220E) with the second half 361E of the mechanical interlock (carried by the distal end of distal implant delivery tube 310E).

[0236] Proximal implant delivery tube 330E (FIG. 110) comprises a distal end 435E, a proximal end (not shown, but contained within laparoscopic device 331E) and a lumen 445E extending therebetween.

[0237] Two-part occluder 200E and its associated installation apparatus (e.g., laparoscopic device 331E) are preferably used as follows.

[0238] First, hollow needle 305E is passed to the occlusion site, preferably while needle 305E is contained within sheath 333E of laparoscopic device 331E (FIG. 107). Then sheath 333E is retracted, e.g., by turning knob 334E (FIG. 108), and hollow needle 305E is passed across the blood vessel (e.g., a vein) which is to be occluded (or passed across another tubular structure which is to be occluded, or passed through tissue or objects to be secured to one another, such as a solid organ, or layers of tissue, etc.).

[0239] Next, hollow needle 305E is retracted proximally, back across the blood vessel, e.g., via first trigger 336E (FIG. 109). This action allows legs 235E of distal implant 205E to expand radially on the far side of the blood vessel. At this point, distal implant locking tube 220E extends proximally through the blood vessel.

[0240] Then, with distal implant delivery tube 310E held in place via distal implant delivery tube 310E and its interlock with distal implant locking tube 220E (and hence distal implant 205), hollow needle 305E is withdrawn further proximally (e.g., via first trigger 336E) until proximal implant 210E is no longer constrained within hollow needle 305E (FIG. 110). As this occurs, legs 295E of proximal implant 210E are released from the constraint of hollow needle 305E and open radially.

[0241] Proximal implant delivery tube 330E is then advanced distally, e.g., using second trigger 337E, until proximal implant 210E and distal implant 205E come together (FIG. 111). As distal implant 205E and proximal implant 210E move together, their legs 235E, 295E compress the blood vessel therebetween, thereby occluding the blood vessel. Distal implant 205E and proximal implant 210E continue moving together until inwardly-projecting tangs 300E of proximal implant 210E enter circumferential grooves or recesses 245E of distal implant 205E, thereby locking the two members into position relative to one another.

[0242] At this point, proximal implant delivery tube 330E is withdrawn (FIG. 112), distal implant delivery tube 310E is released from distal implant 205E (i.e., by using lever 338E to unlock the second half 361E of the mechanical interlock (carried by the distal end of distal implant delivery tube 310E) from the first half 266E of the mechanical interlock (carried by the proximal end of distal implant locking tube 220E), and then the installation device is withdrawn (FIG. 113).

[0243] The foregoing procedure leaves two-part occluder 200E locked in position across the blood vessel, with the opposing legs 235E, 295E compressing the blood vessel therebetween, whereby to occlude the blood vessel.

[0244] In the preceding disclosure, two-part occluder 200E is discussed in the context of using the elasticity of its legs 235E, 295E to cause its legs 235E, 295E to reconfigure from a diametrically-reduced configuration (e.g., when constrained within a delivery needle) to a diametrically-expanded configuration (e.g., when released from the constraint of a delivery needle). However, it should also be appreciated that where legs 235E, 295E are formed out of a shape memory material (e.g., Nitinol), a temperature change may be used to reconfigure legs 235E, 295E from a diametrically-reduced configuration to a diametrically-expanded configuration. By way of example but not limitation, in this form of the invention, legs 235E, 295E may be constructed so as to have a diametrically-reduced configuration when maintained at a temperature below body temperature, and legs 235E, 295E may be constructed so as to have a diametrically-expanded configuration when maintained at body temperature. As a result, by cooling two-part occluder 200E to a temperature below body temperature, inserting the two-part occluder into the body, and then allowing the two-part occluder to heat to body temperature, legs 235E, 295E can be caused to reconfigure from their diametrically-reduced configuration to a diametrically-expanded configuration.

[0245] FIGS. 114-120 show an alternative form of installation device. More particularly, FIGS. 114-120 show another laparoscopic device 331E. The laparoscopic device 331E shown in FIGS. 114-120 is generally similar to the laparoscopic device 331E shown in FIGS. 105-113, except that second trigger 337E is omitted, and lever 338E is used to both: (i) advance proximal implant delivery tube 330E until proximal implant 210E and distal implant 205E come together (FIG. 119), and (ii) release distal implant 205E from distal implant locking tube 220E (FIG. 120) (i.e., by unlocking the second half 361E of the mechanical interlock (carried by the distal end of distal implant delivery tube 310E) from the first half 266E of the mechanical interlock (carried by the proximal end of distal implant locking tube 220E)).

[0246] FIGS. 121-123 show another two-part occluder 200E also formed in accordance with the present invention. The occluder 200E shown in FIGS. 121-123 is substantially the same as the occluder 200E shown in FIGS. 101-120, except that legs 235E of distal implant 205E, and legs 295E of proximal implant 210E, have their concavity directed in the same direction, so that legs 235E, 295E nest with one another rather than confront one another. In addition, as seen in FIGS. 121-123, tube 225E of distal implant 205E is partially received in lumen 290E of proximal implant 210E.

[0247] FIGS. 124-126 show one preferred construction for releasably securing distal implant 205E of the two-part occluder 200E of FIGS. 121-123 to distal implant delivery tube 310E. More particularly, in this form of the invention, and looking now at FIGS. 124-126, the first half 266E of the mechanical interlock (carried by the proximal end of distal implant locking tube 220E) comprises a stepped configuration 433E, and the second half 361E of the mechanical interlock (carried by the distal end of distal implant delivery tube 360E) comprises another stepped configuration 434E, wherein stepped configuration 433E and stepped configuration 434E are inverses of one another so as to mate together. After the second half 361E of the mechanical interlock (carried by the distal end of distal implant delivery tube 310E) has been secured to the first half 266E of the mechanical interlock (carried by the proximal end of distal implant locking tube 220E), the connection between distal implant delivery tube 310E and distal implant 205E can be enhanced, e.g., by telescopically projecting a locking rod 436E out of a central lumen 437E of distal implant delivery tube 310E and into lumen 262E of implant locking tube 220E. In this form of the invention, the installation device (e.g., laparoscopic device 331E of FIGS. 105-113, or laparoscopic device 331E of FIGS. 114-120) include appropriate control means (e.g., release lever 338E) for telescopically moving locking rod 436E out of central lumen 437E of distal implant delivery tube 310E and into lumen 262E of implant locking tube 220E. Alternatively, in another form of the invention, internal locking rod 436E may be replaced by an overtube (not shown) which telescopically projects over distal implant delivery tube 310E and distal implant locking tube 220E of distal implant 205E, whereby to enhance the connection between the members.

[0248] It should also be appreciated that other forms of mechanical interlocks may be used for releasably securing distal implant 205E of the two-part occluder 200E of FIGS. 121-123 to distal implant delivery tube 310E. By way of example but not limitation, a screw interlock may be used, e.g., the first half 266E of the mechanical interlock (carried by the proximal end of distal implant locking tube 220E) may comprise a threaded bore, and the second half 361E of the mechanical interlock (carried by the distal end of distal implant delivery tube 360E) may comprise a threaded post, wherein the threaded post carried by the distal end of distal implant delivery tube 360E may be received in the threaded bore of distal implant locking tube 220E. Alternatively, other configurations of a screw interlock may be used, or other forms of mechanical interlocks may be used.

[0249] In the constructions shown in FIGS. 101-143, a mechanical interlock (e.g., a first half 266E carried by the proximal end of distal implant locking tube 220E and a second half 361E carried by the distal end of distal implant delivery tube 310E) is used to connect distal implant locking tube 220E (and hence distal implant 205E) to distal implant delivery tube 310E. Alternatively, if desired, distal implant locking tube 220E can be formed integral with distal implant delivery tube 310E, with a weakened section disposed at their intersection, and the two members separated by a mechanical breaking action.

[0250] It will be appreciated that, in certain circumstances, it may be desirable to increase the surface area of those portions of the occluder which contact the tubular structure, in order to better distribute the load applied to the tissue. In this situation, it can be helpful to increase the width of the legs (e.g., legs 235E and/or legs 295E of two-part occluder 205E, etc.), and/or to provide flexible material in the zone between adjacent legs (e.g., in the manner of an umbrella) so that the flexible material can also carry load (i.e., essentially increasing the effective width of legs 235E and/or legs 295E). See, for example, FIG. 127, which shows flexible material 438E extending between legs 235E and legs 295E.

[0251] FIGS. 128-133 show a placement device 500 for the facilitating proper placement of the occluder (e.g., the two-part occluder 200E) so as to occlude a blood vessel (or other hollow tubular body). Placement device 500 generally comprises a blood vessel locator needle 505, which is a needle of relatively small diameter (e.g., 21 gauge or smaller), and a guiding component 510 (which may be manufactured from an inexpensive material such as plastic). Guiding component 510 includes a seat 515 for receiving blood vessel locator needle 505, and an opening 520 for slidably accommodating the shaft of an installation device for setting the occluder (e.g., laparoscopic device 331E of FIGS. 105-113, or laparoscopic device 331E of FIGS. 114-120, etc.).

[0252] In use, blood vessel locator needle 505 is positioned in seat 515 of guiding component 510, and then the blood vessel locator needle 505 is advanced through the target blood vessel (e.g., under ultrasound guidance). See FIG. 129. Proper placement of blood vessel locator needle 505 is confirmed as blood begins to flow out the proximal end of blood vessel locator needle 505. Next, the shaft of the installation device for setting the occluder (e.g., laparoscopic device 331E of FIGS. 105-113, or laparoscopic device 331E of FIGS. 114-120, etc.) is advanced through opening 520 of guiding component 510. See FIG. 130. Advancement occurs until a stop 525 on the shaft of the installation device engages the proximal end of guiding component 510. See FIG. 131. When stop 525 on the shaft of the installation device engages the proximal end of guiding component 510, the distal end of the shaft of the installation device will have passed through the target blood vessel. See FIG. 132. At this point, blood vessel locator needle 505 is withdrawn (see FIG. 133) and deployment of the occluder proceeds as previously discussed.

[0253] It will be appreciated that, in certain circumstances, the blood vessel (or other tubular structure) to be occluded may be positioned close to an underlying anatomical structure, e.g., an organ, a nerve, another tubular structure, etc. In this situation, it may be helpful to lift the blood vessel (or other tubular structure) upward, away from the underlying anatomical structure, so that the sharp distal tip of the deployment needle does not engage the underlying anatomical structure, and so that the distal end of the occluder (e.g., distal implant 205E of two-part occluder 200E) does not engage the underlying anatomical structure, since any such engagement with the underlying anatomical structure could cause trauma to the underlying anatomical structure. To that end, and looking now at FIG. 134, clamping forceps 530 (or other tool having a bifurcated distal end) may be placed between the blood vessel (or other tubular structure) and the underlying anatomical structure, and then pulled upwardly, away from the underlying anatomical structure, so as to separate the target blood vessel (or other tubular structure or tissue) from the underlying anatomical structure. The occluder (e.g., two-part occluder 200E) may then be safely passed through the target blood vessel (or other tubular structure), passing between the bifurcated distal end of the tool, and deployed as previously discussed.

[0254] It will be appreciated that the occluder of the present invention can also be used to occlude tubular structures other than blood vessels. By way of example but not limitation, the temporary occluder of the present invention can be used to occlude other structures within the body (e.g., tubes such as fallopian tubes and/or vas deferens for temporary or permanent sterilization, ducts such as bile ducts and cystic ducts for cholecystectomy, lymphatic vessels, including the thoracic duct, fistula tracts, etc.).

[0255] In the foregoing disclosure, the occluder is discussed in the context of occluding a tubular structure (e.g., a blood vessel, fallopian tubes, lymphatic vessels, etc.) by clamping together opposing side walls of the tubular structure in order to occlude the tubular structure. In such an application, the occluder effectively secures one side wall of the tubular structure to the opposing side wall of the tubular structure. However, it should also be appreciated that the occluder of the present invention may be used to close openings in structures and/or to secure two or more objects together for other applications.

[0256] By way of example but not limitation, the occluder of the present invention may be used to secure two or more portions of tissue together so as to close an incision.

[0257] By way of further example but not limitation, the occluder of the present invention may be used in a “stomach stapling” procedure to bring together opposing side walls of the stomach in order to reduce the size of the stomach.

[0258] Furthermore, the occluder of the present invention may be used in an organ resection (e.g., a liver resection), so as to seal the periphery of the resected organ.

[0259] By way of further example but not limitation, and looking now at FIGS. 135-137, the occluder of the present invention can be used for selectively clamping or occluding regions of solid organs so as to selectively stop blood flow or blood loss in various regions through tissue compression. The occluder may be used in solid organ resection of the kidney or liver or other organs. Blood loss and secretion leakage (e.g., bile, urine, etc.) can be problematic in existing solid organ resection procedures. Average blood loss for a liver resection is 700-1200 ml. By clamping desired regions of the solid organ with the occluder of the present invention, it is possible to significantly reduce the amount of undesirable fluid loss (blood loss, secretion leakage, etc.). The occluder of the present invention, can be used to apply pressure selectively to broad areas of the organ and, additionally, may also be used to close off selective tubular structures and vessels connecting the organ with other regions of the body. In one embodiment and method, multiple discrete occluder elements may be individually, selectively deployed across regions of the organ. See, for example, FIG. 135, which shows multiple, single, separate puncture placements of the occluder for closing off a resected liver. Note that where multiple, single, separate puncture placements of the occluder are used, different regions of the solid organ may be compressed to different and controllable degrees.

[0260] In a novel embodiment of the present invention, the length of distal implant locking tube 220E (of distal implant 205E) remaining in the body can be determined once clamping of the occluder has been effected, by providing distal implant locking tube 220E and/or distal implant delivery tube 310E with weakened (e.g., frangible) sections, and by breaking off distal implant locking tube 220E from distal implant delivery tube 310E at a region above proximal implant 210E. This break can be achieved by incorporating selective weakened regions into the distal implant locking tube 220E and/or distal implant delivery tube 310E, so that when a selective weakened region is subjected to twists, or torques, or bending, or pulling, or selective other strains or stresses or the like, distal implant locking tube 220E will separate from distal implant delivery tube 310E at a location proximal to proximal implant 210E. Because clamping is effected across the tissue, distal implant locking tube 220E connecting distal implant body 215 and proximal implant 210E will not move, while distal implant delivery tube 310E will disconnect from distal implant locking tube 220E. Distal implant locking tube 220E, which connects distal implant body 215E and proximal implant 210E, may be solid or flexible.

[0261] In other embodiments of the present invention, distal implant locking tube 220E may be composed of multiple interlocking sections, and constrained by an encasing sheath, or once deployed, by the surrounding tissue. Once clamping of the tissue is achieved, the sheath can be retracted beyond the proximal implant, exposing an interlocking region between the distal implant locking tube 220E sections and then, with a twist, or appropriate unlocking mechanism, enable the occluder to be disconnected from the distal implant delivery tube 310E.

[0262] This construction enables the clamping distance between distal implant 205E and proximal implant 210E to be controllable, and allows for significant tissue thicknesses to be clamped.

[0263] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 136, the occluders are delivered in conjunction with single or multiple compression bands 550, which may be polymers, or other tissue material or metals or other commonly used materials known in the art. The compression bands 550 may be rolled into the delivery needle or sheath and unfurled prior to delivery of the occluders. The compression bands 550 extend the pressure across a broader region of the organ or tissue which receives the occluders of the present invention.

[0264] In other embodiments, the legs of the occluder may have a thin metallic or polymeric mesh or film that is flexible, yet connects between the fingers, to enable further distribution of pressure on a clamped tissue, vessel, organ or the like.

[0265] In the embodiment of FIG. 137, multiple occluders can be delivered in parallel to an organ, tissue, tubular structure or the like. In this form of the invention, an installation device 555, comprising a body 560 having a plurality of deployment needles 565 extending therefrom, can be used for setting the multiple occluders. Installation device 555 can deliver either single occluders deployed one at a time, but in a spatially-constrained way, with a pre-defined spacing between the occluders (determined by the predefined spacing between deployment needles 565), or can deliver a plurality of occluders all at the same time, with a single activation control. This construction can reduce the amount of time required for a procedure such as a resection, by providing for simultaneous occluder deployments.

[0266] In other embodiments of the present invention, the occluders can be deployed across multiple tissues, or multiple folds of the same tissue, organ or tubular structure. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the distal implant locking tube 220E may be elastic, allowing for some movement of the clamped tissue, while still maintaining a desired clamping force or pressure on the tissue.

[0267] The occluders of the above invention may also be used for bariatric surgery, or to reduce or plicate the stomach, or to create a gastrostomy sleeve.

[0268] In another embodiment of the present invention, the unreleased distal implant 205E can be used as the retractor, and retract the tissue away from any organs or tissues or major blood vessel beneath, enabling subsequent deployment of other occluders to be placed in a manner that may enable reduction of the size of an organ, joining organs together, closing a tear in the bowel or the like. Once the other desired occluders have been deployed, the deployment of the first occluder (i.e., unification of the proximal implant 210E with the distal occluder 205E) can be completed.

[0269] Significantly, the present invention may be practiced under direct visualization (e.g., during “open” surgery) or under indirect visualization (e.g., during laparoscopic surgery where visualization is provided through the use of a scope, or during percutaneous surgery where visualization is provided through the use of imaging apparatus such as an ultrasound imager, an X-ray imager, etc.).

[0270] 1. Advantages of Using Two-Part Occluder

[0271] The present invention relates to, among other things, a novel two-part occluder that clamps hollow tubes, vessels and/or at least two layers of materials (i.e., biological materials or synthetic materials) together, and is an improvement over existing occlusion devices such as clamps or staples, and may connect different or similar tissues together and/or connect tissues to synthetic materials.

[0272] More particularly, the present invention relates to an apparatus and method for permanently, and controllably, bringing at least two surfaces into at least partial contact or proximity with each other. The present invention can be used for occlusion of tubular structures such as veins, arteries, bile ducts, fallopian tubes, cystic ducts, etc. The present invention can also be used to bring, attach and/or connect at least two folds (e.g., two sides of the stomach, or other parts of the legs, etc.) together so that they are connected.

[0273] The present invention can also be used to connect tissue with other materials, e.g., graft materials, hernia meshes, drug delivery materials, etc. The present invention is also intended to connect two structures together with or without the need to protect the underlying tissue layers from possible injury by the transfixing needle.

[0274] 2. Drawbacks of Using Staples

[0275] The advantages of the present invention include, but are not limited to, secure clamping of vessels (or tissues) by transfixing the vessel (or tissue) so that the two-part occluder cannot be dislodged and slip off of the vessels (or tissues) with untoward consequences such as bleeding in blood vessels, and detachment of tissues, etc. Furthermore, compression of the vessel (or tissues) surrounding the puncture hole is accomplished with distributed pressure on the vessel (or tissue) from the two-part occluder preventing any leakage of blood or fluids from the occluded structure.

[0276] More particularly, two-part occluder 200 is disposed across the vessel which is to be occluded (or across the tissue(s) which are to be clamped together) such that distal implant 205 resides on one side of the vessel and proximal implant 210 resides on the other side of the vessel, with distal implant locking tube 220 passing through the vessel and connecting together distal implant 205 and proximal implant 210, whereby to generate a clamping force therebetween. This distributed pressure (i.e., compression), around the puncture hole, helps to prevent fluids (e.g., blood or bile) from leaking out of the puncture hole (i.e., the hole in the vessel where distal implant locking tube 220 passes through the vessel) after the aforementioned distal implant 205 and proximal implant 210 are brought together about the tissue to be clamped. Unlike a staple, which may produce bleeding where the legs of the staple pass through the vessel and which can “slip off” of the vessel, distal implant 205 and proximal implant 210 cannot “slip off” of the tissue. The distributed pressure around the puncture hole greatly reduces the possibility of the tissue ripping.

[0277] Bleeding, “slipping off” of tissue and ripping through tissue are common problems associated with using staples, and with using other clips (such as hemoclips) and clamps. Two-part occluder 200 of the present invention is able to hermetically close a vessel experiencing a pressure of 0 mm Hg up to, and above, 700 mm Hg (i.e., pressures at which the aforementioned issues associated with staples and prior-art clamps occur).

[0278] FIG. 138 shows staples used to connect two tissue regions (i.e., to close an incision in skin). Continuous bleeding can occur at the sites where the legs of the staples penetrate through the tissue. The region surrounding the staples is prone to tearing or ripping, especially if the tissue is thin, friable or damaged.

[0279] The novel two-part occluder 200 of the present invention also eliminates the need for an additional support material when clamping delicate tissue.

[0280] For example, one prior art medical stapling device requires the provision of additional support material when stapling fragile tissues. More particularly, this prior art medical stapling device uses an additional advanced polymer felt material placed on the tissues and stapled together with the tissues.

[0281] FIGS. 139 and 140 illustrate a staple being used to occlude a blood vessel. The sites around the region where the staple penetrates the blood vessel are prone to bleeding and tearing. FIGS. 141 and 142 show a cross-section of one embodiment of two-part occluder 200 of the present invention connecting the two side walls of a blood vessel, with the region around the two-part occluder 200 being compressed together and providing a support for the two-part occluder 200 so as to prevent it from moving or ripping the surrounding tissue, and preventing blood flow through the blood vessel.

[0282] 3. Attaching Two Objects Together Using Two-Part Occluder 200

[0283] As discussed above, two-part occluder 200 may be used for occlusion of tubular structures such as, veins, arteries, bile ducts, cystic ducts, fallopian tube, etc.). However, it should also be appreciated that two-part occluder 200 may be used to attach a non-tissue element to tissue (e.g., to attach hernia mesh to tissue, or a blood vessel stent-graft to the native vessel). Two-part occluder 200 may also be used to attach a first non-tissue element to a second non-tissue element (e.g., to attach a synthetic hernia mesh to the normal tissues surrounding edges of the hernia site, or to another segment of hernia mesh), e.g., for shaping or reconfiguring a non-tissue element.

[0284] It will be appreciated from the preceding disclosure that distal implant locking tube 220 of two-part occluder 200 passes through the tubular structure which is to be clamped, however, the entire area around distal implant locking tube 220 is compressed/closed-off so as to prevent any bleeding or leakage of fluids from occurring at the site of the entry/exit point of distal implant locking tube 220 through the side walls of the tubular structure.

[0285] FIGS. 143 and 144 show two-part occluder 200 being used to clamp, for example, hernia mesh to tissue.

[0286] 4. Two-Part Occluder 200 with Interdigitated Fingers

[0287] In addition to the foregoing advantages (over prior art clamps and staples) of using two-part occluder 200 to occlude a tubular structure, it should also be appreciated that the provision and use of a two-part occluder 200 having interdigitated legs (i.e., legs 235 of distal implant 205 and legs 295 of proximal implant 210) allows a tubular structure to be safely occluded in a way that avoids the problems associated with staples or clips (e.g., hemoclips, Ligaclips, etc.) (see above) and which allows the clamping force which is used to be adjustable.

[0288] In a preferred embodiment, the present invention generally comprises two compression elements, a proximal implant 210 for compressing the near wall of the vessel, and a distal implant 205 for compressing the far wall of the vessel. Proximal implant 210 and/or distal implant 205 may be made of a shape memory metal (e.g., Nitinol), other biocompatible metals and/or ceramics, and/or various polymers and biodegradable polymers that assume their designated configuration when two-part occluder 200 is used to occlude a vessel. Proximal implant 210 comprises a plurality of legs 295 for applying clamping pressure to the proximal side of a vessel which is to be occluded and distal implant 205 comprises a plurality of legs 235 for applying clamping pressure to the distal side of a vessel which is to be occluded.

[0289] FIGS. 145 and 146 show two-part occluder 200 being used to occlude a blood vessel (or clamp tissue). In one preferred embodiment of the present invention, distal implant 205 is pre-attached to (or formed integral with) distal implant locking tube 220 (also sometimes referred to herein as the implant locking rod, which also may be made of an organic, ceramic, or biodegradable polymer). In one embodiment of the present invention, distal implant 205 is secured to distal implant locking tube 220 through welding. By way of example but not limitation, distal implant 205 may be welded to distal implant locking tube 220 using a welding material introduced at least in part into a welding hole 600 formed in distal implant locking tube 220 (see FIG. 150). In another embodiment of the present invention, distal implant 205 is secured to distal implant locking tube 220 through a mechanical locking, latching or threaded screw arrangement. In another embodiment of the present invention, distal implant 205 and distal implant locking tube 220 are formed out of one contiguous piece and material. Proximal implant 210 is preferably locked to distal implant locking tube 220 by way of inwardly-oriented flaps (i.e., inwardly-projecting tangs 300) which are formed in the body of proximal implant 210 and lock into corresponding openings (i.e., windows 265) formed in distal implant locking tube 220. It should be appreciated that, if desired, flaps (i.e., inwardly-projecting tangs 300) may be formed on distal implant locking tube 220 as outwardly projecting tangs, with corresponding openings (i.e., windows 265) being formed in proximal implant 210 (i.e., to receive the flaps formed on distal implant locking tube 220). There may be one window 265, or 2 windows 265, or 3 or more windows 265. Windows 265 may cover 1%-100% of the circumference of distal implant locking tube 220, or 1%-95% of the circumference of distal implant locking tube 220 if windows 265 are located on proximal implant 210.

[0290] Two-part occluder 200 is capable of generating an occlusion pressure (i.e., a clamping force between proximal implant 210 and distal implant 205) which is sufficient to clamp a blood vessel with a pressure of at least 100 mm Hg. In another embodiment of the present invention, two-part occluder 200 is capable of withstanding a pressure of up to 300 mm Hg, and in a further embodiment of the present invention, two-part occluder 200 is capable of supporting a pressure of over 700 mm Hg. FIG. 145 shows the interdigitation (i.e., circumferential offset) of legs 295 of proximal implant 210 and legs 235 of distal implant 205.

[0291] 5. Adjustable Clamping Force

[0292] In a further embodiment of the present invention, the amount of pressure (i.e., the amount of clamping force) that two-part occluder 200 applies to the tissues, or across a blood vessel, can be variably controlled.

[0293] More particularly, FIG. 147 illustrates how the gap between legs 235 of distal implant 205 and legs 295 of proximal implant 210 can be controlled, effectively controlling the amount of pressure applied to the tissue being clamped, or the degree to which the aperture (i.e., lumen) of the vessel being transfixed by two-part occluder 200 is occluded.

[0294] FIG. 148 shows one embodiment of the present invention wherein distal implant locking tube 220 comprises a controllable ratcheting mechanism for selectively controlling the spacing between proximal implant 210 and distal implant 205 of two-part occluder 200. In this form of the invention, legs 235 of distal implant 205 and legs 295 of proximal implant 210 are generally oriented primarily in a parallel orientation to each other, and the distal and proximal fingers are aligned so that they overlapping. FIG. 149 shows an external view of a ratcheting mechanism of the present invention which allows a variable disposition of proximal implant 210 and distal implant 205 relative to one another.

[0295] In this form of the present invention, distal implant locking tube 220 comprises a plurality of windows 265 (e.g., a plurality of circular grooves) formed along its length. Proximal implant 210 comprises a plurality of inwardly-projecting tangs 300 formed at a point along its length. As proximal implant 210 is advanced distally towards distal implant 205, inwardly-projecting tangs 300 enter into windows 265, thereby locking proximal implant 210 to distal implant 205. Inwardly-projecting tangs 300 are configured so that proximal implant 210 can only move in a single direction (i.e., distally) relative to distal implant 205. As proximal implant 210 is advanced distally relative to distal implant 205, inwardly-projecting tangs 300 can slide out of windows 265 and enter windows 265 located distally. If desired, windows 265 may comprise a chamfered distal edge to facilitate movement of inwardly-projecting tangs 300 out of windows 265 as proximal implant 210 moves distally relative to distal implant 205.

[0296] See also FIG. 150, and note the “notch-to-notch distance” (i.e., the distance between windows 265) which governs the ability to vary the degree of compression established between legs 235 of distal implant 205 and legs 295 of proximal implant 210.

[0297] The degree of overlap and/or alignment of legs 235 of distal implant 205 and legs 295 of proximal implant 210 can be controllably adjusted in several ways. First, the locking mechanism (e.g., the inwardly-projecting tangs 300 of proximal implant 210 and windows 265 of distal implant 205) may be appropriately positioned relative to one another so as to set the orientation of proximal implant 210 relative to distal implant 205 prior to locking.

[0298] In one form of the present invention, and looking now at FIGS. 151-154, there is provided a mechanism for setting the rotational orientation of proximal implant 210 relative to distal implant 205. FIG. 151 shows the mechanism for alignment and orientation control of the proximal implant 210 through an orientation alignment groove (or notch) 605 formed in the proximal end of proximal implant 210, and a corresponding orientation alignment post (or tab) 610 formed in proximal implant delivery tube 330. If desired, multiple orientation alignment grooves 605 and multiple corresponding orientation alignment posts 610 may be provided. By controlling the degree of rotation of the proximal implant delivery tube 330 one can vary the rotational orientation of proximal implant 210 relative to distal implant 205 once proximal implant delivery tube 330 is advanced distally so as to engage proximal implant 210 and tab 610 is mated with groove 605. FIG. 154 shows how, in one form of the present invention, a rotor knob 615 may be provided which can be used to control the orientation of proximal implant 210 relative to distal implant 205. Rotor knob 615 exerts a rotary force on proximal implant tube 330 such that when rotor knob 615 is rotated, rotor knob 615 rotates implant tube 330. By way of example but not limitation, in one form of the present invention, when rotor knob 615 is rotated fully clockwise, legs 235 of distal implant 205 and legs 295 of proximal implant 210 fully overlap and are aligned. Each half-turn increment of rotor knob 615 can be configured to result in a 9-degree orientation difference between legs 235 and legs 295. Rotor knob 615 may have discrete set points (or stopping points) corresponding to each 9-degree increment of the rotor. Each one of these set points can be configured to correspond to the angles of 9-degrees, 18, 36 degrees (which is the maximal misalignment between the legs), 45, 54, 63, and 72 degrees (corresponding to full overlap of the legs) between two legs 235 and legs 295. The delivery device may have a display that indicates the angle between legs 235 and 295 that is incremented or decremented by 9-degrees depending on the half rotation of rotor knob 615 in the clockwise or counter-clockwise directions. Other discrete angle steps or increments between legs 235 and legs 295, or a continuous range of angles are also possible, depending on the particular configuration of the design of rotor knob 615.

[0299] The design and mechanism of action of two-part occluder 200 is preferably such that when deployed and locked (e.g., with inwardly-projecting tangs 300 disposed in windows 265, the individual legs 295 of proximal implant 210 alternate with, and interdigitate with, the individual legs 235 of distal implant 205. FIGS. 157-159 are schematic views of a fully-deployed two-part occluder 200 (including a top view) looking down (i.e., looking distally) onto a deployed two-part occluder 200 and with the proximal and distal walls apposed. FIG. 155 is a photograph of a deployed occluder with offset legs 235 of distal implant 205 and legs 295 of proximal implant 210. Variable offset between legs 235 and legs 295 allows for the adjustment of clamping tension applied to the tissue. By way of example but not limitation, for delicate or easily damaged or torn tissue (e.g., brain tissue), or tissue that has limited elasticity, it is generally preferable that legs 235 and legs 295 substantially completely oppose one another (i.e., align with one another) so that no lateral tension is applied to the tissue. Similarly, for lung tissue, it may generally be preferable for legs 235 and legs 295 to have a substantial degree of overlap, so as to minimize the tension applied to the tissue.

[0300] On the other hand, for many vascular applications, maximum interdigitation (i.e., minimum overlap of the legs 235, 295) is generally preferred (e.g., an angle of 36 degrees between legs 235 and legs 295 may be desired) so as to maximize the tension applied to the tissue whereby to occlude the vessel.

[0301] With interdigitation of the legs 235 and legs 295 tension is projected across the tissue, with the closing force extending beyond the physical dimensions of legs 235 and legs 295 themselves.

[0302] Thus it will be seen that the disposition of legs 235 of distal implant 205 relative to the disposition of legs 295 of proximal implant 210 may be controlled so as to apply a desired clamping force according to the type and/or condition of the tissue which is to be clamped.

[0303] FIG. 160 shows a number of photographs that better illustrate how two-part occluder 200 effectively clamps tissue (in this case a simulated blood vessel). Legs 235 of distal implant 205 and legs 295 of proximal implant 210 are shown interdigitated. This causes ripples, or folds, in the tissue that act to extend the effective closure, and applies the closure force to the vessel well beyond the region directly contacted by the occluder legs 235, 295. By way of example but not limitation, a two-part occluder 200 having a physical occlusion diameter of 5.5 mm is able to close vessels that are over 7 mm (and even equal or greater to 1 cm) in diameter.

[0304] In one embodiment of the present invention, and looking now at FIG. 161, legs 295 of proximal implant 210 and legs 235 of distal implant 205 may be beveled (or rounded) so that legs 295, 235 are not sharp, and legs 295, 235 may be designed to point away from the tissue to be clamped at the free end of each leg (i.e., on the end of the leg away from the distal implant locking tube 220). This is in order to minimize any catching or damage that may be imparted on the tissue by legs 235, 295, whereby to minimize tearing or ripping of the tissue. In other embodiments of the present invention, it may be desirable to provide sharp ends to legs 235, 295 so that legs 235, 295 catch or pierce the tissue for better gripping. Legs 235, 295 may be smooth, or the surface of legs 235, 295 may be roughened, e.g., through chemical etching or mechanical means, so as to enhance the reflectivity of the implants, or to provide maximum tissue capture and gripping.

[0305] Looking at FIGS. 160 and 161, it can be seen that (i) legs 295 of proximal implant 210 and legs 235 of distal implant 205 alternate and interdigitate with one another, and (ii) the distal ends of legs 295 of proximal implant 210 pass distally of the proximal ends of legs 235 of distal implant 205, and vice versa. In effect, when fully deployed on an artery or vein, or duct, or other organ tissue, there is a predominantly circular occlusion of the vessel around distal implant locking tube 220 by legs 235, 295 of the distal implant 205 and proximal implant 210, respectively. This circular occlusion resembles, in some ways, a “pie crust” pattern in which the proximal wall and distal wall of the vessel are brought into apposition with one another, with distal implant locking tube 220 at the center of the “pie”.

[0306] FIG. 161 shows the shear stress induced between the interdigitation of legs 235 and legs 295, acting to pull the tubular structure aperture closed.

[0307] FIG. 162 shows how a plurality of forces may be applied across the vessel using the interdigitation of legs 235, 295 of two-part occluder 200 of the present invention.

[0308] FIG. 163 shows, with the cross-sections a-b and b-c, the strains induced in a vessel by the clamping forces generated by the interdigitated legs 235, 295 of two-part occluder 200.

[0309] FIG. 164 is a top view showing tissue folding when legs 235 and legs 295 of two-part occluder 200 are interdigitated with one another. The dashed lines show the regions where the tissues are pulled together so as to touch. When legs 235, 295 are interdigitated, a force is applied that radiates beyond the physical length of legs 235, 295 extending the clamped tissue closure beyond the diameter of the physical legs.

[0310] Due to the interdigitated mode of operation, the estimated sum of the proximal and distal wall thicknesses of the vessel that is to be occluded does not necessarily determine whether an effective occlusion can be achieved. Since the occlusion components (i.e., legs 235 and legs 295) cross each other's plane when deployed, the proximal and distal walls of the vessel are brought into opposition with one another regardless of their summed wall thickness, i.e., 2.0 mm veins have approximately 0.2 mm wall thickness (0.4 mm combined), as compared to a 3.5 mm muscular artery having approximately 0.6 mm wall thickness (1.2 mm total combined) and even a 7.0 mm muscular artery having approximately a 1.0 mm wall thickness (2.0 mm combined). Each of these vessels, with varying dimensions, can be effectively occluded using two-part occluder 200 due to the way two-part occluder 200 ligates the vessel. The interdigitation of legs 295 of proximal implant 210 and legs 235 of distal implant 205 means effective closure can be realized even with very thin tissue, since legs 295, 235 of the occluder components cross each other's plane when two-part occluder 200 is deployed across the tissue.

[0311] In one embodiment of the present invention, where legs 295 of proximal implant 210 and legs 235 of distal implant 205 are interdigitated, the force needed to close the vessel disposed between proximal implant 210 and distal implant 205 using two-part occluder 200 is much less than the force needed to close the same vessel with a conventional ligation clip. This is due to the fact that, in the case of two-part occluder 200, interdigitated legs 295, 235 are pushing against tissue, causing the tissue waviness, bending, or folding, but are not pushing up against the full force of counter-set legs 295, 235. This means that vessel closure can be realized with a reduced level of force or pressure on the tissue.

[0312] FIG. 165 is a histological section showing the residual impact on the vessel cross-section occluded by legs 295, 235 after vessel healing of up to 30 days. The vessel is completely occluded and the vessel wall tissue is compressed together and, with early healing, “healed” together. The effect of the sheer forces collapsing the vessel walls together can be seen in FIG. 165. The “pie crust” closure may be observed more clearly as well. The arrow indicates the collapsed undulating artery. AVO indicates the location of the interdigitating legs of two-part occluder 200.

[0313] The two-part occluder 200 of the present invention may be used to occlude vessels, ducts and/or to compress tissue so it is occluded/compressed at forces less than 700 grams, while the force required to seal off vessels or clamp tissue with a Ligaclip are about 10 times greater. The delivery system for two-part occluder 200 imparts a force which is transferred directly from the operator to two-part occluder 200. This reduces requirements and levering on the delivery device and the amount of force or pressure an operator may need to apply. The two-part occluder 200 of the present invention, can maintain operation in the elastic regime and does not need to be plastically deformed to realize occlusion.

[0314] 6. Novel Clip with Interdigitated Fingers

[0315] It should be appreciated that the use of interdigitated legs to occlude a vessel may extend beyond use with two-part occluder 200. By way of example but not limitation, a novel clip 625 comprising interdigitated and at least in part horizontally spaced legs 630 connected at a common end 635 may be provided.

[0316] FIGS. 166-168 show a novel ligating clip 625 which uses interdigitation of legs 630 (deployed alternatingly on the proximal and distal sides of the vessel) to create vessel closure. Once again, sheer stress is induced so as to close the vessel or duct. The interdigitation of legs 630 will also reduce the likelihood that the tissue being clamped will slip out, or that the clamp will fall off. In this case, similar to a hemo-clip, legs 630 of ligating clip 625 are “squashed” together across the vessel to be occluded or tissue to be attached. In one embodiment of the invention, legs 630 are pushed so that the tips of legs 630, deployed on the distal side of the vessel, are now above the tips of legs 630 deployed on the proximal side of the vessel, crossing each others plane, so that the tissue between them is stretched closed.

[0317] 7. Delivery of Multiple Two-Part Occluders

[0318] The ability to deploy multiple two-part occluders 200 during a procedure can be an important advantage in numerous applications. By way of example but not limitation, when treating venous reflux disease, multiple reflux sites may need to be occluded, or a certain length of vessel may need to be occluded, and it may be desirable to utilize multiple two-part occluders 200 to achieve this. By way of further example but not limitation, when preparing a vein or artery to be used for a bypass procedure, multiple branch or tributary vessels need to be occluded, and multiple two-part occluders 200 of the present invention may be used. By way of example but not limitation, when it is desired to isolate the region between two parts of a vessel or duct by cutting the region between the two parts (e.g., when removing a bile duct), one two-part occluder 200 may be deployed on either side of the region to be cut, so as to prevent blood loss. For example when desiring to remove a gall bladder the cystic duct needs to be ligated to prevent spillage of bile from the common bile duct or harvesting an organ, such as the kidney, for transplant or removing part or the entire organ, such as the spleen, for therapeutic considerations.

[0319] There are several ways in which multiple two-part occluder's 200 can be delivered.

[0320] 8. Reusable Handle with Disposable Tip

[0321] Looking next at FIGS. 169 and 170 multiple two-part occluders 200 may be delivered using a plurality of single use disposable delivery devices 640, wherein each single use delivery device 640 contains a single two-part occluder 200. With this form of the present invention, each single use disposable delivery device 640 is used to deploy a single two-part occluder 200, and then the single use disposable delivery device 640 is disposed of after use. Multiple single use disposable delivery devices 640, each incorporating a two-part occluder 200, may be packaged as a single sterile package (e.g., 3 or 6 single use delivery devices to a sterile package). After a sterile package is opened and some (or all) of the single use delivery devices are used, all single use delivery devices must be discarded. Alternatively, each single use disposable delivery device 640 may be packaged in its own sterile package.

[0322] Looking now at FIG. 170, in one form of the present invention, there is provided a disposable delivery device for delivering a single two-part occluder 200. FIGS. 171 and 172 show the deployment steps for an embodiment of the delivery device. FIG. 172 shows: (a) hollow needle 305 passing through the blood vessel, (b) deployment of distal implant 205, (c) retraction of hollow needle 305 and deployment of proximal implant 210, (d) using push rod 320 to lock proximal implant 210 and distal implant 205 together. The next steps (not shown), involve retraction of proximal implant delivery tube 330. Exposing the junction between distal implant locking tube 220 and distal implant delivery tube 310, and rotating a knob 620 (FIG. 170) which rotates distal implant delivery tube 310 and releases it from distal implant locking tube 220, releasing two-part occluder 200 from the delivery device. The delivery device is then removed leaving two part occluder 200 deployed.

[0323] In another embodiment of the present invention, and looking now at FIG. 173, hollow needle 305 of the delivery device may contain two-part occluder 200, and once deployed, hollow needle 305 may be removed from the handle of the delivery device, and a new hollow needle 305 (containing a two-part occluder 200 disposed therein) may be affixed to the delivery device and used to deploy a second two-part occluder 200 during a given procedure. As such, the handle and delivery element are retained throughout the procedure, while the hollow needle 305 (and hence the two-part occluder 200 contained therein) is replaced. This form of the invention enables the delivery device to be reused multiple times during a procedure, while the individual two-part occluders 200 are deployed and the plurality of hollow needles 305 are discarded. Hollow needle 305 can be attached to the handle (which is pre-loaded with a two-part occluder 200) prior to delivery of a two-part occluder 200, and detached following delivery of the two-part occluder 200, and replaced with a new hollow needle 305 (which is pre-loaded with another two-part occluder 200). This approach enables the delivery of multiple two-part occluders 200 during a single procedure, and reduces the cost of the system, since the handle and delivery element is generally more costly than a hollow needle 305 which is pre-loaded with two-part occluder 200.

[0324] In one form of the present invention, the handle and delivery element can be sterilized and reused for multiple procedures.

[0325] In one form of the present invention, hollow needle 305 is configured to be threaded and screwed into the delivery device. See FIG. 173, which is a cross-section of two-part occluder 200 pre-loaded in a hollow needle 305 which is attached to the delivery device using a releasable locking mechanism 645.

[0326] FIG. 174 shows a cross-section of hollow needle 305 with two-part occluder 200 pre-loaded inside, and a releasable locking mechanism 645 for attaching hollow needle 305 to the delivery device. FIG. 175 is an external view of hollow needle 305 showing releasable locking mechanism 645. See also FIG. 176, which shows the reusable delivery device.

[0327] 9. Rotating Barrel

[0328] In still another form of the present invention, multiple two-part occluders 200 can be disposed within a single delivery device. In one preferred form of the present invention, and looking now at FIGS. 177-187, multiple two-part occluders 200, each contained within their own hollow needle 305, may be loaded into chambers 650 in a barrel-like cartridge 652, which in turn is mounted to a housing 665, whereby to be deployed one after another as will hereinafter be discussed. In other words, in this form of the present invention, rather than having a hollow needle 305 that is pre-loaded with a two-part occluder 200 and attached to the same delivery device, the multiple two-part occluders 200 are each loaded into their own hollow needle 305 and into chambers 650 of cartridge 652, whereby to allow the delivery of multiple occluders deployed one at a time, each through its own corresponding hollow needle 305.

[0329] In one preferred form of the present invention, cartridge 652 rotates, and control members, such as plungers are used to first deploy the pre-loaded hollow needle 305 contained within cartridge 652 across the tubular structure (or tissue) to be occluded (or clamped), and then used to deliver the pre-loaded two-part occluders 200 contained within the hollow needle 305.

[0330] FIGS. 177-187 show the device and delivery mechanism for deploying multiple occluders in greater detail. FIG. 177 shows six hollow needles 305, each contained within their own chamber 650 within cartridge 652. Cartridge 652 is controllably rotatable via rotation of a knob 653. Rotating knob 653 rotates rotator element 654 which serves to rotate barrel 652 about a central axis to the next stop notch 655, which stop notch 655 corresponds to the next chamber 650 of barrel 652. Incremental rotation of the barrel 652 to the next stop notch 655 aligns the next chamber 650 and its contents with a delivery axis that is offset from the central axis and along which the control members move to manipulate the implants. A needle and fastener assembly positioned along the delivery axis may be considered as an “active” needle and assembly and the other needle and fastener assemblies may be considered as “active” needle and fastener assemblies. A control member (needle push rod 660) is actuated by a lever 656, another control member (proximal implant delivery rod 680) is actuated by lever 657, and another control member (proximal implant delivery tube 690 (or 330) is actuated by a lever 658. When actuated, the levers move corresponding support posts 659, 661 and 662 forward towards barrel 652. The levers and posts thus function as a drive mechanism by which the control members are operated. Note, needle push rod 660, has a reversible latching mechanism 663 provided on the distal end of needle push rod 660 which is similar to releasable locking mechanism 645 of single use delivery device 640 in that reversible latching mechanism 663 allows needle push rod 660 to reversibly latch onto hollow needle 305 so that needle push rod 660 can push or pull hollow needle 305.

[0331] In use, in order to deliver two-part occluder 200 across tissue layers such as the opposing walls of a tubular structure, and looking now at FIGS. 178-181, lever 656 is activated and pulled proximally to move needle push rod 660 distally into chamber 650 so that needle push rod 660 latches onto hollow needle 305 and pushes hollow needle 305 at least partially out of cartridge 652. Hollow needle 305 (and the delivery device), are then positioned so as to transect the tubular structure to be occluded. Next lever 657 is pulled proximally, whereby to push proximal implant delivery rod 680 distally so that proximal implant delivery rod 680 locks onto a hook formed on the proximal end of distal implant locking tube 220. Next, lever 658 is pulled proximally so as to deliver proximal implant delivery tube 690 so that it covers the clasping or locking region between distal implant locking tube 220 and proximal implant delivery rod 680. Next lever 657 is pulled back further proximally, whereby to deploy distal implant 205. See FIG. 183. Then levers 658 and 657 are pulled back further proximally, deploying proximal implant 210 and locking distal implant 205 and proximal implant 210 together via distal implant locking tube 220. Next, and looking now at FIG. 185, levers 657 and 658 are pushed forward distally so as to retract proximal implant delivery tube 690 proximally, and to release implant 220 from the delivery device and hollow needle 305. Lever 656 is then pushed forward distally so as to retract deployed hollow needle 305 into barrel 652. See FIG. 186. Barrel 652 is then rotated to advance the next chamber 650 location containing a new hollow needle 305 pre-loaded with a two-part occluder 200 into alignment with the delivery axis. Cartridge 652 is rotated by rotating knob 653 of the delivery device. The delivery device is now ready for delivering another two-part occluder 200 in the same manner as discussed above. Note that after two-part occluder 200 has been deployed, the empty hollow needle 305 is retracted proximally and contained in cartridge 652, as shown in FIG. 187.

[0332] FIGS. 188 and 189 are top views of a delivery device wherein cartridge 652 (sometimes also referred to herein as a “barrel”) contains multiple two-part occluders 200, wherein each two-part occluder 200 comprises a pair of clamping elements (e.g., distal implant 205 and proximal implant 210) and an associated hollow needle 305. In this form of the present invention, all two-part occluders 200 disposed in cartridge 652 are delivered one at a time through separate hollow needles 305. In this form of the present invention, while multiple hollow needles 305 are used, only a single delivery mechanism is required. The advantage of using multiple hollow needles 305, wherein each two-part occluder 200 is deployed via a separate hollow needle 305, is that each hollow needle 305 is sharp and is not dulled by multiple penetrations through tubular structures, organs or tissues. With the embodiment shown in FIGS. 188-191, hollow needle 305, proximal implant delivery tube 690 and proximal implant delivery rod 680 are pre-loaded into chamber 650. Each two-part occluder 200 is deployed in a manner similar to that discussed above (i.e., FIGS. 177-187), however, proximal implant delivery rod 680 does not require a hook in this case. Therefore, the delivery mechanism of the delivery device may be simplified over the delivery device shown in FIGS. 177-187.

[0333] As seen in FIGS. 192-196, in another preferred form of the present invention, multiple two-part occluders 200 are contained within a cartridge 652 and are delivered through the same hollow needle 305. Since there is only a single hollow needle 305, the two-part occluders 200 contained in cartridge 652 are loaded one-by-one from cartridge 652 into a single hollow needle 305 disposed in the center of the delivery device for deployment.

[0334] FIG. 196 shows a top view of the multi-occluder single needle device shown in FIGS. 192-195, wherein hollow needle 305 is located in the center of cartridge 652. In this form of the invention, each two-part occluder 200 is contained in a tube 664. A plurality of tubes 664, each containing a two-part occluder 200, are loaded into the cartridge 652, and into the pre-deployment clamp region 666, where a spring pushes them towards and into hollow needle 305. Once each two-part occluder 200 has been deployed, a lever or button is pressed allowing the empty container 667 to be pushed into the post deployment waste receptacle 668. The push rods to deploy two-part occluder 200 are located perpendicular to the shown clamp deployment region and can be operated in the same manner shown for the multi-needle deployment device discussed above.

[0335] FIGS. 197-219 show another operating concept of a multi-occluder delivery device formed in accordance with the present invention, wherein two-part occluder 200 is delivered through the same hollow needle 305. A barrel 670, having multiple chambers 675 which can be loaded with multiple two-part occluders 200, is plugged into a delivery device, so that multiple two-part occluders 200 can be delivered one after the other through a single hollow needle 305, without having to withdraw hollow needle 305 from patient body or from a laparoscopic port.

[0336] FIG. 198 shows multi-occluder barrel 670 loaded with two-part occluders 200. The number of two-part occluders 200, and which chambers 675 are loaded with two-part occluders 200, may be selected and controlled by the user.

[0337] FIG. 199 shows one embodiment with two-part occluders 200 being pre-loaded into the replaceable barrel 670 of delivery device.

[0338] FIG. 200 shows a side view of multiple occluder delivery device 665.

[0339] FIGS. 201-204 show a proximal implant delivery rod 680 and hook 685 locked onto the distal implant locking tube 220 hook of two-part occluder 200. Proximal implant delivery tube 690 covers the latching region of the two hooks, thereby securing the connection.

[0340] FIGS. 205-209 show how proximal implant delivery rod 680 and proximal implant delivery tube 690 are pushed in a coordinated fashion (e.g., together) downward (i.e., distally) so as to push two-part occluder into (and through) hollow needle 305.

[0341] FIGS. 210-214 and FIGS. 215-219 show how hollow needle 305 transfixes a tubular structure (or blood vessel or tissue) and two-part occluder 200 being deployed across a vessel or duct, in a similar manner and with similar steps to those shown in FIGS. 106-120. Once distal implant 205 is deployed, hollow needle 305 is retracted, deploying proximal implant 210. Proximal implant delivery tube 690 is then pushed down (i.e., distally), so as to push and lock proximal implant 210 onto distal implant locking tube 220, which is disposed between proximal implant 210 and distal implant 205, thereby compressing and securing the tubular structure between proximal implant 210 and distal implant 205. Proximal implant delivery tube 690 is then raised (i.e., moved proximally), exposing the clamping region between proximal implant delivery rod 680 and distal implant locking tube 220. Proximal implant delivery rod 680 is then rotated, unlocking it from the distal implant locking tube 220. The delivery device, together with hollow needle 305 is extracted, leaving the implanted transfixed two-part occluder 200 disposed across the tubular structure, blood vessel or clamped tissues.

[0342] 10. Serial Deployment of Two-Part Occluder 200

[0343] In another form of the present invention, multiple two-part occluders 200 may be disposed in the same hollow needle 305, and deployed one after another in a serial fashion. See FIG. 220.

[0344] 11. Occlusion Using Asymmetric Legs 235, 295

[0345] FIG. 221 shows the two-part occluder 200 of the present invention preventing hemorrhaging caused by the transfixing rod (i.e., distal implant locking tube 220). There are many applications for which such a device could prove useful, e.g., in aortic aneurysm repair, particularly in the thoracic aorta, where, after removal of the aneurysm, the edge of the vessel is fragile and attaching a necessary synthetic graft to close the gap in the vessel by suture is complicated by bleeding from the needle entry points. This may result in clinical failure, endangering the patient or resulting in a complications. Another example is the resection and suturing of the atrial appendage of the heart which may be resected in patients who have an anthemia with clot embolising from this appendage. Suturing the atrial appendage wall even with the buttress synthetic material often results in significant bleeding from the entry points of hollow needle 305.

[0346] FIG. 221 also shows two-part occluder 200 and the surrounding effective pressure zone. Note that the different overlaps between legs 295 of proximal implant 210 and legs 235 of distal implant 205 are controllably adjustable to provide the desired pressure zone and occlusion level.

[0347] In one form of the present invention, the pressure zone generated by two-part occluder 200 is a circular area extending around the entry point of the transfixing distal locking tube 220 (FIG. 222), but in other embodiments the pressure zone may be non-circular, meaning that the lengths of legs 235 of distal implant 205 and legs 295 of proximal implant 210 are not equal along one axis relative to another, so as to permit two-part occluder 200 to be positioned proximal to a branched vessel or tissue, as shown in FIG. 223.

[0348] More particularly, FIG. 223 shows a two-part occluder 200 where the legs 235 of distal implant 205 and the legs 295 of proximal implant 210 are not symmetric, but rather are oval (i.e., shorter) in one dimension than the other, allowing placement proximite to interconnection regions. In one form of the present invention, the orientation of the two-part occluder 200 can be determined using markings disposed on the delivery device handle (e.g., an arrow which indicates the long direction of legs 235, 295). In laparoscopic or open procedures, the orientation of two-part occluder 200 can also be visually confirmed. In percutaneous applications, ultrasound, or CT imaging can be used to further determine orientation of two-part occluder 200 relative to vessels, ducts, organs, tissue that is are to be clamped or occluded.

[0349] 12. Tissue Protection

[0350] It should be appreciated that it is often desirable to stabilize (e.g., via clamping) the vessel (or other tubular structure) that is to be occluded using two-part occluder 200. In addition, it is often desirable to provide a “needle shield” under the vessel (or other tubular structure) which is to be occluded so that hollow needle 305 does not damage underlying tissue as it pierces the vessel (or other tubular structure) which is to be occluded.

[0351] FIG. 224 shows a delivery device comprising a gripper (or dissector) 695 that holds the vessel (or tissue) in place while it is transfixed, while also protecting the underlying tissue, (i.e., tissue which is not to be transfixed), via a needle stop, from being injured by hollow needle 305 as it pierces the vessel. The needle stop can also have a sharp knife-like edge, to help first dissect out the tissues to be occluded from the tissues to be protected.

[0352] 13. Lift to Protect

[0353] FIGS. 225-227 show examples of prior art dissectors for use in open and laparoscopic surgery.

[0354] Looking next at FIGS. 228 and 229, under certain conditions (e.g., when hollow needle 305 is being used to transfix a vessel that is in proximity to tissue, organs, or other vessels) it is desirable to deploy a device 700 that can be positioned between the tip of hollow needle 305 and the vessel to protect, for example, the tissues, organs, nerves, or other biological materials and vessels that may otherwise come in contact undesirably with the tip of hollow needle 305. Other applications for which the present invention is used, may require a needle (or other sharp element) to penetrate tissues, or an organ, and the envisioned devices of the invention may act as a “shield” (or stop) to protect any tissue or biological material not desired to be penetrated beyond the desired penetration site or depth.

[0355] FIGS. 228 and 229 show dissection of a tubular structure which has been “lifted” so as to be free from surrounding tissue prior to penetration of the tubular structure by hollow needle 305 and delivery of two-part occluder 200. FIG. 229 shows counter traction by elevation of “dissector limbs” 705, 710 which allows easy penetration of the tubular structure by hollow needle 305 but does not control depth of penetration by hollow needle 305, thereby allowing underlying tissues to be penetrated and/or injured by hollow needle 305.

[0356] FIG. 230 shows another form of dissector formed in accordance with the present invention which may be used for dissection of the tubular structure so as to free the tubular structure from the surrounding tissues. Dissector 715 provides for elevating and counter-traction as well as providing a shield 720 to limit the penetration of hollow needle 305 into the surrounding (i.e., underlying) tissues, structure or viscera. More particularly, FIG. 230 shows dissector 715 in the closed neutral position. The dissector preferably comprises two limbs 705, 710 having curved distal tips 725. One distal tip 725 of dissector 715 comprises two superimposed curved blades 730, 735 connected to a controlling rod 740. FIG. 231 shows how depressing controlling rod 740 moves the two curved blades 730, 735 of dissector 715 apart. Rotation of controlling rod 740 rotates the moveable portion of the dissector tip (i.e., curved blades 730, 735). If desired, the second limb 710 of dissector 715 has of a single, fixed curved blade 730. In another embodiment of the invention, the dissector tips 725 can be flat, and can be controllably rotated outward protruding away from the blades.

[0357] FIG. 232 shows the closed neutral position of the adjustable limbs 705, 710 wherein the two curved blades 730, 735 lie in apposition (i.e., lying on top of each other). The movable curved blade 735 is connected to controlling rod 740 which can be depressed and rotated. In this embodiment, dissector 715 is designed such that limbs 705, 710 can overlap, so that they can be easily delivered through, for example, a standard cannula for laparoscopic procedures. FIG. 233 shows that, by rotation of limbs 705, 710 of the dissector the dissector can be brought into an operational configuration.

[0358] FIG. 234 shows another form of dissector 745 formed in accordance with the present invention now opened and comprising two “limbs” a first limb 750 having a single tip 755, and a second limb 760 having a double adjustable tip 765. A rod 770 is mounted to the movable component of the double dissector tip element 765. FIG. 235 shows the vessel (or tubular structure) to be penetrated by hollow needle 305 and the surrounding or underlying tissues.

[0359] FIG. 236 shows the vessel (or tubular structure) has been dissected from the surrounding tissues and elevated by the two distal tips (or blades) 755, 765 and the hollow needle 305, is being readied to penetrate the vessel (or tubular structure).

[0360] FIG. 237 shows rod 770 being depressed and separating the two elements 775, 780 of double adjustable tip 765.

[0361] FIG. 238 shows the extended distal blade (shield) 780 of the dissector tip being rotated by rotating rod 770 so that the extended distal blade points toward the second dissector tip 755.

[0362] FIG. 239 shows shield 780 in place as hollow needle 305 penetrates the vessel (or tubular structure). Shield 780 limits the distal penetration of hollow needle 305 and protects the surrounding tissues, organs and structures (e.g., nerves, arteries, veins, etc.). While the embodiment of FIG. 239 shows the needle separate from the dissector 745, in another embodiment of the present invention, the needle may be connected to dissector 745 in a way that, once dissector 745 is deployed and shield 780 is positioned, the hollow needle 305 can be positioned to transect the vessel, tissue, duct or organ for deployment of the two-part occluder 200 that clamps the vessel, tissue, duct, organ.

[0363] 14. Dissector

[0364] In yet another form of the present invention, and looking now at FIGS. 240-242, a needle stop (or “shield”) 785 may comprise an integral part of dissector 695 support, and the two-part occluder 200 delivery device, and/or hollow needle 305 of the delivery device, may be attached to dissector 695 support. Needle stop 785 may be sharp so that needle stop 785 functions as a dissector, separating tissue located above the stop from tissue located below the stop. In one embodiment of the present invention, supports 790 are provided on dissector 695 for supporting the tissue so that it is elevated above needle stop 785. The gap between needle stop 785 and the supports 790 is preferably 1 cm or more, in another embodiment of the present invention, the gap between needle stop 785 and supports 790 is equal to, or greater than, 0.25 cm; and in another embodiment, needle stop 785 is movable and/or controllable to the point of having needle stop 785 and supports 790 in contact.

[0365] FIG. 240 shows hollow needle 305 attached to dissector 695. If desired, needle stop 785 can serve as a dissector, and may be configured to “fold up” (or roll up, in a similar way to dissector shown in FIGS. 230 and 231) so as to minimize the cross-section of needle stop 785 prior to deployment (e.g., so that needle stop 785 can be delivered via a cannula).

[0366] FIG. 241 shows a vessel or tissue held in place by supports 790 which create a gap between the vessel and needle stop 785. By virtue of the foregoing construction, in one embodiment of the invention, dissector 695 may be used to provide sufficient space for deploying two-part occluder 200.

[0367] FIG. 242 shows another embodiment of the present invention, wherein additional supports 790 are provided, and further wherein supports 790 are movable relative to one another, whereby to act as clamps to compress the tissue together and thereby facilitate penetration of the vessel by hollow needle 305.

[0368] In yet another form of the present invention, where the tissue holder element and the protective stop can be pulled together (or pushed apart) so as to create a gap sufficient for hollow needle 305 to be delivered past the vessel, organ or tissue to be penetrated by hollow needle 305, distal implant 205 may be deployed into the gap. The protective stop and tissue holder can be sized so as to easily pass through a laparoscopic cannula.

[0369] FIG. 243 shows one embodiment of the present invention wherein the protective needle stop 785 may be used as a dissector, whereby to separate a biological element of interest from other biological material, and wherein the protective needle stop 785 can serve to protect the biological material from being penetrated by hollow needle 305 when hollow needle 305 is used to deliver two-part occluder 200. The gap between protective needle stop 785 and the tissue holder is preferably adjustable, and can be controlled by pushing down or pulling up lever 786, which either (i) moves needle stop 785 distally when lever 786 is pushed distally, in either a discrete or continuous manner, so as to increase the gap between the tissue holder element and protective needle stop 785, or (ii) reduces the gap between the tissue holder element and protective needle stop 785 when lever 786 is pulled proximally.

[0370] 15. “J”-Shaped Needle Stop Deployed Parallel to Hollow Needle 305

[0371] In another form of the present invention, and looking now at FIGS. 244-247, hollow needle 305 and a novel needle stop 795 contained in a sheath 800 may be configured to run parallel to each other such that, once hollow needle 305 is deployed out of a sheath 805, needle stop 795 can bend and align under hollow needle 305, whereby to prevent contact between hollow needle 305 and the tissue underneath needle stop 795. In one embodiment of the present invention, hollow needle 305 and needle stop 795 are used in conjunction with forceps (or a dissector) that supports the tissue to be transfixed by hollow needle 305.

[0372] FIG. 244 shows how hollow needle 305 and needle stop 795 may be deployed using a cannula (e.g., a laparoscopic cannula) 810 so as to facilitate delivery through a laparoscopic port. This approach may be used in conjunction with separate dissectors (not shown) and may also comprise a housing rather than a cannula.

[0373] FIG. 245 shows another embodiment of the present invention, wherein hollow needle 305 and needle stop 795 comprise a deformable material or a shape memory material or a material that has been cut so as to allow needle stop 795 to curve (e.g., stainless steel that has been laser machined). Needle stop 795 may comprise a tubular structure, ribbon or solid rod.

[0374] FIG. 246 shows deployment of needle stop 795. Once at the desired location, the needle stop is pushed out of its sheath 800 and delivered, deploying underneath the structure which is to be pierced by hollow needle 305 (to set two-part occluder 200). The depth, length and rotation angle of needle stop 795 is typically pre-set so as to locate needle stop 795 under and around where the tip of hollow needle 305 will be located.

[0375] FIG. 247 shows how, once transfixion is completed, hollow needle 305 is first removed from the vessel (i.e., withdrawn proximally) and then needle stop 795 is removed. In another embodiment of the present invention, needle sheath 805 and the needle stop sheath 800 are not connected together.

[0376] As discussed above, hollow needle 305 and needle stop 795 are preferably disposed as two separate parallel elements, with needle stop 795 attached to a hollow tube (or entirely made from the hollow tube) preferably comprising a shape memory or superelastic material (e.g., Nitinol). However, it should also be appreciated that, if desired, needle stop 795 and hollow needle 305 may be arranged, at least in part, co-axially. See FIG. 248.

[0377] More particularly, FIG. 248 illustrates the protection of tissue on the distal side of the vessel, where the tissue is protected from damage by two-part occluder 200 or by hollow needle 305. This construction ensures that two-part occluder 200 can fully deploy without impeding the tissue which surrounds the target tissue, vessel or organ.

[0378] 16. Push Away Tissue

[0379] FIGS. 249 and 250 show a tissue spacing mechanism 815 which may be used to push tissue located near the distal tip of hollow needle 305 away from hollow needle 305 so as to enable deployment of distal implant 205 of two-part occluder 200, with tissue spacing mechanism 815 being used to form a gap between the target tissue, vessel or organ and the underlying tissue of a desired distance. This form of the invention may be used to simplify robotic surgical procedures, since it may eliminate the need for a separate instrument to dissect, and create the safe space for, deployment of two-part occluder 200. See FIGS. 251 and 252.

[0380] In another embodiment of the present invention, a ratchet and locking mechanism may be deployed so as to limit movement of hollow needle 305 to only a fixed amount beyond the end of a sheath or the end of a laparoscopic cannula, thereby limiting the depth of deployment of hollow needle 305 beyond a vessel, tissue or organ to be transfixed.

[0381] In another embodiment of the present invention, hollow needle 305 is spring-retractable, so that as soon as hollow needle 305 pierces the vessel, hollow needle 305 immediately retracts, thereby protecting tissue beneath.

[0382] 17. Two-Part Occluder which Pierces Vessel from Bottom

[0383] In the foregoing disclosure, two-part occluder 200 is delivered through a hollow needle 305 that pierces the vessel (or other tubular structure which is to be occluded). More particularly, with two-part occluder 200, distal implant 205 is delivered through hollow needle 305 such that when distal implant 205 is disposed on the distal side of the vessel (or other tubular structure) which is to be occluded, distal implant locking tube 220 extends through the vessel (or other tubular structure) which is to be occluded when hollow needle 305 is retracted proximally. However, if desired, hollow needle 305 may by omitted and distal implant locking tube 220 may be configured to pierce the vessel which is to be occluded in a distal-to-proximal direction (i.e., so as to pierce the tissue from the distal side of the vessel to the proximal side of the vessel).

[0384] Another embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG. 253. In this form of the present invention, a delivery device 825 comprises a holder 830 for distal implant 205, and proximal implant 210 is then slid down on top of distal implant 205 after distal implant 205 has been deployed such that distal implant locking tube 220 pierces the vessel (or other tubular structure) which is to be occluded, as will hereinafter be discussed. In this form of the invention, distal implant 205 comprises a distal implant locking tube 220 having a sharp end 835 which pierces the vessel (or other tubular structure) which is to be occluded, while proximal implant 210 comprises a cap 840 that caps sharp end 835 and protects adjacent tissue from inadvertent injury due to the sharp end 835 of distal implant locking tube 220. This configuration of two-part occluder 200 is especially advantageous for use in open surgical procedures, but may also be used in laparoscopic and other procedures.

[0385] More particularly, FIGS. 253 and 254 show distal implant 205 having a spiked distal implant locking tube 220 (i.e., a distal implant locking tube having a sharp end 835) and mounted onto deployment delivery device 825 (e.g., a clamp or forceps).

[0386] FIGS. 255 and 256 show delivery device 825 and distal implant 205 being positioned beneath the vessel to be occluded, and shows the delivery device when delivery device 825 is moved into contact with vessel so that distal implant locking tube 220 pierces the vessel from the distal side of the vessel in a distal-to-proximal direction and distal implant locking tube 220 penetrates through the vessel, whereby to exit the far (i.e., proximal) wall of the vessel (or other tubular structure), or the tissue to be clamped, so that the sharp end 835 of distal implant locking tube 220 is exposed on the proximal side of the vessel.

[0387] FIGS. 257 and 258 show a proximal implant 210 mounted to delivery device 825 with cap 840 extending through a hole 845 formed in a holder 850, such that proximal implant 210 is releasably retained on the distal side of holder 850. Note that proximal implant 210 comprises a locking shaft (i.e., tube 275) extending somewhat perpendicular to legs 295 of proximal implant 210. Tube 275 also comprises cap 840 for locking proximal implant 210 to distal implant locking shaft 220.

[0388] FIGS. 259 and 260 show proximal implant 210 and distal implant 205 being brought into contact with one another by aligning distal implant 205 and proximal implant 210. Tube 275 (and cap 840) of proximal implant 210, which is hollow, is locked to distal implant locking tube 220 (which may or may not be hollow) of distal implant 205. Tube 275 (and cap 840) and distal implant locking tube 220 may be made of different materials (e.g., titanium and stainless steel) or the tube 275 (and cap 840) and distal implant locking tube 220 may be made of the same material. If desired, distal implant locking tube 220 and proximal tube 275 may be configured such that they are contiguous with legs 235 of distal implant 205 and legs 295 of proximal implant 210, respectively.

[0389] FIGS. 261 and 262 show how delivery device 825 is removed after distal implant 205 and proximal implant 210 are locked together.

[0390] More particularly, FIG. 263 shows the delivery devices removed, leaving the vessel occluded using two-part occluder 200. Tube 275 (which may be only part of proximal implant 210, and made of Nitinol or titanium or other metals) of proximal implant 210 not only serves to lock with distal implant locking tube 220 of distal implant 205, but also protects surrounding tissue by covering the sharp end 835 of distal implant locking tube 220.

[0391] 18. Exemplary Uses of the Two-Part Occluder

[0392] By way of example but not limitation, two-part occluder 200 of the present invention may be used for, and in, procedures such as left arterial appendage occlusion. It should also be appreciated that the two-part occluder 200 may be used in cardio-thoracic-vascular applications such as internal mammary artery bypass surgery where the secure ligation of branches is critical to the prevention of bleeding and for the treatment for dissecting aneurysms of the aorta (which is generally performed by sewing patches onto the native artery so as to allow suture attachment to an interposition graft). With such a procedure, one problem is typically bleeding through the needle holes of the transfixing sutures. The present invention can be used so as to pressurize the tissue around the point of transfixion and prevent bleeding.

[0393] In a similar fashion, when occluding the atrial appendage to prevent clot formation and embolization during surgery, the atrial appendage tends to bleed around the needle hole when sutured using a needle. The novel two-part occluder 200 of the present invention can mitigate this bleeding by providing sealing pressure where two-part occluder 200 pierces the atrial appendage.

[0394] It should be appreciated that two-part occluder 200 may be used as a vessel anastomotic device for mechanically joining various vessels together.

[0395] In addition, two-part occluder 200 may be used so as to allow the reliable fixation of covered stents to the aortic wall in the endovascular treatment of aortic aneuryms, particularly where the stent attachment zone is short and uneven. This may be performed percutaneously or through a catheter-directed endo-vascular approach.

[0396] It should also be appreciated that two-part occluder 200 may be used in applications involving solid organs where the use of staples may be undesirable or unacceptable.

[0397] For example, solid organs do not generally accept conventional staplers since solid organs bleed through the staple entry points. The two-part occluder 200 of the present invention avoids these issues, and is suitable for parenchymal resection of organs such as the liver, spleen, kidney and lung. The pressurized zone around the transfixing point wound prevents the bleeding that occurs with standard suture technique through the needle entry points.

[0398] For such applications, it may be desirable to modify the two-part occluder 200 of the present invention so as to form a multi-vessel occluder capable of deploying a row of clips simultaneously, and/or to apply clips laterally to the solid tissue edges.

[0399] The two-part occluder 200 of the present invention may also be used for other applications. By way of example but not limitation, the two-part occluder 200 of the present invention may be used in general surgical applications, e.g., occlusion of the spermatic cord as an alternative to vascectomy in male sterilization; cystic and bile duct occlusion; bowel fistula or other fistulous tracts, etc. Or the present invention may be used for attachment of tissues, e.g., during hernia repair where synthetic materials (e.g., hernia mesh) are used to reinforce the site of the hernia repair. The two-part occluder 200 of the present invention may also be used for secure ligation of the fallopian tube for sterilization procedures. This can be accomplished by the simple application of the two-part occluder 200 of the present invention to the fallopian tube, using open, laparoscopic or robotic surgery.

[0400] It should also be appreciated that two-part occluder 200 may be used for orthopedic applications, e.g., as anchors in joint surgery or repair of tendons or ligaments.

[0401] And two-part occluder 200 may be used for interventional radiologically-directed procedures performed under imaging (e.g., ultrasound, CT, fluorosocopy, etc.), including, but not limited to, the ligation of tubular or vascular structures or the coaptation of tissues

[0402] When using conventional staples, it is common to also use a buttress, integrating tissue stapling with a buttress provides surgeons with both greater functionality and efficiency. The present invention does not require the use of a buttress, or support material, as in the case of the Endo GIA product, thereby simplifying two-part occluder 200, avoiding the need for additional materials in the body, and reducing the cost and complexity of these procedures. If desired, however, in certain instances, the present invention could also be used in conjunction with similar supporting or buttressing materials.

[0403] The present invention can be used in a fashion similar to a stapler for open surgery procedures (e.g., an open anastomosis).

[0404] By way of example but not limitation, two-part occluder 200 may be used for the prevention of, or treatment of, blood clot embolization in the pulmonary or peripheral systemic circulation. The present invention may be used to percutaneosly (or laparoscopically or even in open surgery) occlude a vein, in the presence of a vein (superficial or deep) that has a clot where there is the possibility of propagation and dislodgment of the clot into the blood stream in the large veins returning the blood to the heart and lungs. Two or more two-part occluders 200 can be placed on either side of the clot, thereby trapping and containing the clot, or the occlusion elements may be deployed upstream from the clot, thus preventing propogation of the clot toward the heart or lungs.

[0405] 19. Ligation and Injection of Sclerosant or Glues such as Those Containing Cyanoacrylate

[0406] When a long segment of vein is to be occluded safely, the two-part occluder 200 of the present invention may be used as a clamp at the most proximal end of the vein, thereby preventing chemical substances (i.e., a sclerosant or glue containing cyanoacrylate) from directly flowing into the general circulation of the bloodstream. This allows safer use of either sclerosant or glues, which may be injected in the intervening venous segment with occlusion in place. See FIG. 264. Large tributaries in an isolated vein segment can also be occluded by placing two-part occluder's 200 at the origin of these tributaries. For injection of sclerosant or glue to occlude a segment of a vessel, only a single two-part occluder 200 (i.e., only a single occlusion site) is necessary to prevent the sclerosant from spilling over into the more proximal vessel and into the general circulation. See FIG. 265.

[0407] In one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method and apparatus for occluding vessels that uses the two-part occluder of the present invention and comprises a protruding side needle to deliver sclerosant or glue. In this form of the present invention, an occluder (e.g., two-part occluder 200) may be delivered in an upstream region of a vein, and another occluder (e.g., two-part occluder 200) may be delivered downstream. The sclerosant or glue is then injected between these occluder elements.

[0408] 20. Two-Part Occluder Utilizing Electro/RF Cautery

[0409] In another form of the present invention, a modified form of two-part occluder 200 may be used to cauterize a vessel, tubular structure, and/or to bond different tissues. More particularly, in this form of the present invention, at least a portion of two-part occluder 200 connects to an electrical cauterizing unit (e.g., monopolar, bipolar, etc.) which is preferably built into the delivery device.

[0410] In one form of the present invention, two-part occluder 200 is connected to an energy source (or energy sources) and the vessel or duct or tissues may be occluded (or attached, fused, or connected to each other) by the application of RF energy. The RF energy may be applied between two-part occluder 200 and an electrode located in, or on, the patient at another location (e.g., a patient return electrode), or an electrode located between proximal implant 210 and distal implant 205 of two-part occluder 200. The same potential may be applied to both proximal implant 210 and distal implant 205 in a monopolar electro-surgery mode, or a potential difference may be applied between the proximal implant 210 and distal implant 205 in a bipolar electrosurgery mode. The energy source may produce an RF current, where the currents and voltages may be monitored and controlled and with controllable duty cycles at frequencies from 200 Khz-3.3 MHz that, so as to optimize the attachment of the tissues or occlusion of the vessels and ducts, and/or the denaturing of collagen and other proteins to produce fusion or binding, or coagulation or blending. Once the energy is delivered to the tissues, the occlusion elements (e.g., distal implant 205 and proximal implant 210) and the delivery device are removed. See FIG. 275. In one form of the invention, distal implant 205 and proximal implant 210 may be held at the occlusion site for a controllable amount of time after application of the energy and before removal, so as to help ensure better occlusion. Distal implant 205 and proximal implant 210 approximate the various tissues to a controllable degree, whereby to reduce the amount of energy needed to be imparted to the tissues and vessels, thus reducing damage and maximizing binding. In this form of the invention, distal implant 205 comprises a plurality of legs 855, and proximal implant 210 comprises a plurality of legs 860. Legs 855 of distal implant 205 and legs 860 of proximal implant 210 provide significant surface area, or contact area, between an occlusion element electrode and the tissue. As such, binding or sealing or connecting of tissue or occlusion of vessel or duct can occur over a large surface area. This area can be much larger than the cross-section of the delivery element probe or device that penetrates the patient skin. See FIGS. 272 and 273. In one embodiment of the present invention, the effective ratio of the diameter of distal implant 205 and proximal implant 210 to the diameter of the delivery element probe or device may be greater or equal to 2:1 (and may be up to 10:1 or more). Furthermore, the surface area of tissues that can be connected can be large, depending upon the dimension of legs 860 of proximal implant 210 and legs 855 of distal implant 205. These legs are the functional equivalent of legs 235 and 295 of the two-part occluder 200.

[0411] When distal implant 205 and proximal implant 210 are removed, a hole may remain which is sealed around the edges in the segment of the occluded vessel duct or tissue. However, if desired, various coagulants or sealants or glues (e.g., cyanoacrylate) may be injected through the needle or delivery device or a separate different delivery device (injected through a second needle placed near the site) so as to close the hole in the tissue, and/or to promote healing.

[0412] In one embodiment of the present invention, distal implant 205 and proximal implant 210 are extracted through the same hollow needle 305 that delivered them.

[0413] In one form of the present invention, distal implant 205 and proximal implant 210 may be decoupled from the electrical energy source once they have delivered the electrical energy to the tissue, and then locked together and decoupled from the delivery device so as to remain implanted, sandwiching the tissue that has been treated with RF energy. This approach may transform (or enhance) the integrity of the tissue (e.g., in bowel or stomach tissue) so as to reduce the likelihood that two-part occluder 200 will migrate through the tissue.

[0414] FIG. 266 shows a preferred embodiment of the present invention with the distal implant 205, proximal implant 210 and the insulating element 865 being shown before being deployed. FIG. 267 shows an embodiment of the present invention where the occlusion elements are deployed. All three elements are generally contained within a delivery device and a needle (e.g., hollow needle 305) that controls their deployment and delivery of two-part occluder 200 through multiple tissue layers or a vessel, duct or fallopian tube.

[0415] More particularly, FIG. 266 shows individual electrode elements (i.e., distal implant 205 and proximal implant 210) and insulating element 865, prior to deployment.

[0416] And FIG. 267 shows distal implant 205 and proximal implant 210 and the insulating element 865 after deployment.

[0417] FIG. 268 shows the delivery device with hollow needle 305 attached.

[0418] FIG. 269 shows the delivery device with hollow needle 305 penetrating through a vessel or tissues.

[0419] FIG. 270 shows advancement of distal implant 205.

[0420] FIG. 271 shows deployment/opening of distal implant 205 so as to cause legs 855 of distal implant 205 to extend radially outward.

[0421] FIG. 272 shows raising of hollow needle 305 and deployment of proximal implant 210 beyond the tip of hollow needle 305.

[0422] FIG. 273 shows legs 860 of proximal implant 210 opening (or in its open condition) once released from hollow needle 305.

[0423] FIG. 274 shows proximal implant 210 and distal implant 205 being connected to an electrical energy source 870. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 274, there is a potential difference between the proximal implant 210 and distal implant 205. In other embodiments of the present invention, the potential difference between both proximal implant 210 and distal implant 205 may be the same, and another electrode may be placed in or on the patient.

[0424] FIG. 275 shows the application of energy to tissue, e.g., by the application of radio-frequency (RF) current and voltage between the electrodes (i.e., legs 855 of distal implant 205 and legs 860 of proximal implant 210) which penetrates through the tissue. The duty cycle and frequency of the RF energy can be adjustably controlled so as to optimize sealing of the tissue or vessel, while minimizing any burning of the tissue.

[0425] FIG. 276 shows that, after application of the RF energy to the sandwiched tissue, distal implant 205 is retracted first. In this case, distal implant 205 is retracted into the insulating element 865.

[0426] FIG. 277 shows the fully retracted distal implant 205.

[0427] FIG. 278 shows the assembly being raised a little relative to the tissue, with hollow needle 305 being pushed down so that it begins to compress legs 860 of proximal implant 210.

[0428] FIG. 279 shows how hollow needle 305 compresses the legs 860, or fingers (e.g., legs 295) of proximal implant 210, while proximal implant 210 is raised relative to hollow needle 305.

[0429] FIG. 280 shows how hollow needle 305 (and assembly) are extracted from the body, leaving the vessel or tissue sealed.

[0430] FIG. 281 shows the sealed tissue region, with the possible needle hole sealed around its perimeter.

[0431] In another embodiment of the present invention, legs 235 of distal implant 205 are placed at the tip of hollow needle 305, and then opened and deployed by withdrawal of hollow needle 305, while distal implant 205 remains in the same location.

[0432] In another embodiment of the present invention, two-part occluder 200 is used in conjunction with a robotic arm for robotic surgery. The ability to deliver two-part occluder 200 through a needle reduces the number of steps and maneuvers that the surgeon must perform, thereby simplifying occlusion of vessels and/or attachment or approximation of tissues. Also, the amount of surrounding tissue required to be cleared around the vessel is reduced.

[0433] 21. Novel Handle

[0434] The sequence of events required to deliver the occlusion device, as described above, may be automated using a system of motors and springs, and may be powered by a power supply or battery that may or may not be rechargeable. It should also be appreciated that, if desired, the device may be powered by a solar cell built into the system. In one embodiment of the invention, the entire delivery may be activated through a single button.

[0435] FIG. 282 shows an ergonomic design for a novel handle 875 formed in accordance with the present invention that may contain a battery (not shown) in order to provide the necessary energy to seal tissue or automate various delivery device actions or alternatively, the present invention could be connected to a transformer and/or electrical outlet. In other embodiments, the present invention is simply a mechanical device and not connected to any energy source such as AC or DC voltage and current.

[0436] FIG. 283 and FIG. 284 show a refined handle design of a delivery device for occluder implant 200. The refined handle design uses sliders to actuate deployment of proximal implant 210 and distal implant 205 and lock them together.

[0437] In practice, a vessel is occluded by sliding handle 875 aside, and then sliding it all the way down, as seen in FIG. 283. This brings proximal implant 210 and distal implant 205 together, whereby to occlude the vessel.

[0438] Removal of the delivery device is accomplished by rotating handle 875 counterclockwise, until the delivery device detaches from the clip, as shown in FIG. 284. The delivery device is then withdrawn and retrieved (FIG. 285).

[0439] Among other things, (i) handle 875 is designed to provide tactile feedback upon closing of the clip; (ii) the ratcheted control of two-part occluder 200 deployment provides precise and controlled deployment of two-part occluder 200; and (iii) the design of handle 875 provides stability and secure holding of two-part occluder 200, and the solid feel provides physician comfort.

[0440] It should be understood that many additional changes in the details, materials (e.g., shape memory polymers that are permanent or that dissolve over time, or carbon nanotube based), steps and arrangements of parts, which have been herein described and illustrated in order to explain the nature of the present invention, may be made by those skilled in the art while still remaining within the principles and scope of the invention.