Carbon micro-plant

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/928,100, filed on Jan. 16, 2014, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference and relied upon.

[0002] The present disclosure generally relates to processes, methods, systems, and apparatus for the production of activated carbon starting from various biomass streams, and integration of the activated carbon production at a host site.

[0003] Activated carbon is a commonly used form of carbon and has traditionally been produced from fossil fuel. More recent developments have examined processes for producing activated carbon from renewable resources, such as biomass.

[0004] Activated carbon can be produced, in principle, from virtually any material containing carbon. Carbonaceous materials commonly include fossil resources such as natural gas, petroleum, coal, and lignite; and renewable resources such as lignocellulosic biomass and various carbon-rich waste materials. In some embodiments, a renewable biomass is used (at least in part) to produce activated carbons because of the rising economic, environmental, and social costs associated with fossil resources.

[0005] Biomass is a term used to describe any biologically produced matter, or biogenic matter. The chemical energy contained in biomass is derived from solar energy using the natural process of photosynthesis. This is the process by which plants take in carbon dioxide and water from their surroundings and, using energy from sunlight, convert them into sugars, starches, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Of all the renewable energy sources, biomass is unique in that it is, effectively, stored solar energy. Furthermore, biomass is the only renewable source of carbon.

[0006] Converting biomass to biogenic activated carbon, however, poses both technical as well as economic challenges arising from feedstock variations, operational difficulties, and capital intensity. There exist a variety of conversion technologies to turn biomass feedstocks into high-carbon materials. Most of the known conversion technologies utilize some form of pyrolysis.

[0007] Pyrolysis is a process for thermal conversion of solid materials in the complete absence of oxidizing agent (air or oxygen), or with such limited supply that oxidation does not occur to any appreciable extent. Depending on process conditions and additives, biomass pyrolysis can be adjusted to produce widely varying amounts of gas, liquid, and solid. Lower process temperatures and longer vapor residence times generally favor the production of solids. High temperatures and longer residence times generally increase the biomass conversion to syngas, while moderate temperatures and short vapor residence times are generally optimum for producing liquids. Recently, there has been much attention devoted to pyrolysis and related processes for converting biomass into high-quality syngas and/or to liquids as precursors to liquid fuels.

[0008] On the other hand, there has been less focus on improving processes specifically for optimizing yield and quality of the solids as activated carbon. Historically, slow pyrolysis of wood has been performed in large piles, in a simple batch process, with no emissions control. Traditional charcoal-making technologies are energy-inefficient as well as highly polluting. Clearly, there are economic and practical challenges for continuous commercial-scale production of activated carbon, while managing the energy balance and controlling emissions. It would be beneficial if activated carbon production could be efficiently integrated, at small scale, at various biorefinery host plants.

[0009] A well-engineered carbon production facility has the potential to create energy beyond that required for production of carbon. Co-locating a carbon production facility at a host facility that can both provide feedstocks for carbon production and use biogas or heat produced from carbon production has the potential to improve environmental impacts and costs for production of carbon and at a host facility where the carbon plant may be co-located.

[0010] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a biorefining system for co-producing activated carbon along with primary products, the system comprising:

[0011] a host plant configured to convert a feedstock comprising biomass into one or more primary products and one or more co-products containing carbon;

[0012] a reactor system configured to pyrolyze and activate the one or more co-products, to generate activated carbon and pyrolysis off-gas; and

[0013] an oxidation unit configured to oxidize the pyrolysis off-gas, to generate CO₂, H₂O, and energy,

[0014] wherein at least some of the energy is recycled and utilized in the host plant; and

[0015] wherein at least some of the CO₂ and/or H₂O is recycled and utilized in the reactor system as an activation agent.

[0016] In some embodiments, the carbon micro-plant comprises:

[0017] a reactor system configured to pyrolyze and activate a carbonaceous co-product obtained from a host plant, to generate activated carbon and pyrolysis off-gas; and

[0018] an oxidation unit configured to oxidize the pyrolysis off-gas, to generate CO₂, H₂O, and energy,

[0019] wherein least some of the energy is integrated with the host plant; and

[0020] wherein at least some of the CO₂ and/or H₂O is recycled and utilized in the reactor system as an activation agent.

[0021] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a biorefining process to co-produce activated carbon along with primary products, the process comprising:

[0022] (a) converting a feedstock comprising biomass into one or more primary products and one or more co-products containing carbon;

[0023] (b) pyrolyzing and activating the one or more co-products, thereby generating activated carbon and pyrolysis off-gas;

[0024] (c) oxidizing the pyrolysis off-gas, to generate CO₂, H₂O, and energy,

[0025] wherein at least some of the energy is recycled and utilized in the host plant; and

[0026] wherein at least some of the CO₂ and/or H₂O is recycled and utilized in the reactor system as an activation agent.

[0027] In some embodiments, step (b) employs a modular reactor system for continuously producing the activated carbon including the substeps of:

[0028] (b)(i) optionally drying the one or more co-products to remove at least a portion of moisture from the one or more co-products;

[0029] (b)(ii) in one or more indirectly heated reaction zones, mechanically countercurrently contacting the one or more co-products with a vapor stream comprising a substantially inert gas and an activation agent comprising at least one of water or carbon dioxide, to generate solids, condensable vapors, and non-condensable gases, wherein the condensable vapors and the non-condensable gases enter the vapor stream;

[0030] (b)(iii) removing at least a portion of the vapor stream from the reaction zone, to generate a separated vapor stream;

[0031] (b)(iv) recycling at least a portion of the separated vapor stream, or a thermally treated form thereof, to contact the one or more co-products prior to substep (b)(ii) and/or to convey to a gas inlet of the reaction zone(s); and

[0032] (b)(v) recovering at least a portion of the solids from the reaction zone(s) as activated carbon.

[0033] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of retrofitting an existing biomass host plant, the method comprising:

[0034] (i) installing a modular reactor system within or adjacent to an existing host plant that processes biomass, wherein the reactor system is capable of producing activated carbon;

[0035] (ii) conveying, to the reactor system, one or more carbon-containing co-products arising from operation of the host plant;

[0036] (iii) controlling the reactor system to pyrolyze and activate the one or more carbon-containing co-products, to generate activated carbon and pyrolysis off-gas; and

[0037] (iv) oxidizing the pyrolysis off-gas, to generate CO₂, H₂O, and energy,

[0038] wherein at least some of the energy is recycled and utilized in the host plant; and

[0039] wherein at least some of the CO₂ and/or H₂O is recycled and utilized in the reactor system as an activation agent.

[0040] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of distributing modular carbon micro-plants within a specified region of land, wherein the carbon micro-plants can convert carbonaceous co-products from host plants into activated carbon, the method comprising:

[0041] (a) determining a plurality of sources of carbonaceous co-products from host plants within the region of land;

[0042] (b) determining a feedstock capacity and/or product capacity within the region of land;

[0043] (c) calculating, for the feedstock capacity and/or product capacity within the region of land, transportation distances to or from a plurality of possible sites, thereby generating a transportation profile within the region of land;

[0044] (d) selecting a total number of carbon micro-plants for the region of land, based on the feedstock capacity and/or the product capacity from step (b); and

[0045] (e) distributing the carbon micro-plants within the region of land based at least on information obtained in steps (a)-(d), using an optimization routine performed on a computer.

[0046] In some embodiments, each carbon micro-plant comprises:

[0047] a reactor system configured to pyrolyze and activate a carbonaceous co-product obtained from a host plant, to generate activated carbon and pyrolysis off-gas; and

[0048] an oxidation unit configured to oxidize the pyrolysis off-gas, to generate CO₂, H₂O, and energy,

[0049] wherein least some of the energy is integrated with the host plant; and

[0050] wherein at least some of the CO₂ and/or H₂O is recycled and utilized in the reactor system as an activation agent.

[0051] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a network system comprising a spatially distributed plurality of modular carbon micro-plants for converting carbonaceous co-products from host plants into activated carbon, each carbon micro-plant comprising:

[0052] a reactor system configured to pyrolyze and activate a carbonaceous co-product obtained from an individual host plant, to generate activated carbon and pyrolysis off-gas; and

[0053] an oxidation unit configured to oxidize the pyrolysis off-gas, to generate CO₂, H₂O, and energy,

[0054] wherein least some of the energy is integrated with the individual host plant; and

[0055] wherein at least some of the CO₂ and/or H₂O is recycled and utilized in the reactor system as an activation agent.

[0056] In some embodiments relating to non-biomass carbonaceous materials, the present disclosure provides a carbon micro-plant comprising:

[0057] a reactor system configured to pyrolyze and activate a non-biomass carbonaceous material obtained from a host plant, to generate activated carbon and pyrolysis off-gas; and

[0058] an oxidation unit configured to oxidize the pyrolysis off-gas, to generate CO₂, H₂O, and energy,

[0059] wherein least some of the energy is integrated with the host plant; and

[0060] wherein at least some of the CO₂ and/or H₂O is recycled and utilized in the reactor system as an activation agent.

[0061] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a biorefining system for co-producing activated carbon along with primary products, the system comprising:

[0062] a host plant configured to convert a feedstock comprising biomass into one or more primary products and one or more co-products containing carbon;

[0063] a reactor system configured to pyrolyze and activate the one or more co-products, to generate activated carbon and pyrolysis off-gas; and

[0064] an oxidation unit configured to oxidize the pyrolysis off-gas, to generate CO₂, H₂O, and energy,

[0065] wherein at least some of the energy is recycled and utilized in the host plant;

[0066] wherein at least some of the CO₂ and/or H₂O is recycled and utilized in the reactor system as an activation agent; and

[0067] wherein at least a portion of the activated carbon is used as internal activated carbon that is utilized within the host plant or to assist generation of new biomass.

[0068] In any embodiment provided herein, the reactor system (e.g., the reactor system of a biorefining system, carbon micro-plant, biorefining process, retrofitted biomass host plant, or network system as described herein) is optionally configured to carry out a continuous process for producing the activated carbon, the process comprising:

[0069] (a) optionally drying the one or more co-products to remove at least a portion of moisture from the one or more co-products;

[0070] (b) in one or more indirectly heated reaction zones, mechanically countercurrently contacting the one or more co-products with a vapor stream comprising a substantially inert gas and an activation agent comprising at least one of water or carbon dioxide, to generate solids, condensable vapors, and non-condensable gases, wherein the condensable vapors and the non-condensable gases enter the vapor stream;

[0071] (c) removing at least a portion of the vapor stream from the reaction zone, to generate a separated vapor stream;

[0072] (d) recycling at least a portion of the separated vapor stream, or a thermally treated form thereof, to contact the one or more co-products prior to step (b) and/or to convey to a gas inlet of the reaction zone(s); and

[0073] (e) recovering at least a portion of the solids from the reaction zone(s) as activated carbon.

[0074] These and other embodiments will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art from the additional descriptions and figures provided herein.

[0076] As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs.

[0077] Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing reaction conditions, stoichiometries, concentrations of components, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the following specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending at least upon a specific analytical technique.

[0078] The term “comprising,” which is synonymous with “including,” “containing,” or “characterized by” is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps. “Comprising” is a term of art used in claim language which means that the named claim elements are essential, but other claim elements may be added and still form a construct within the scope of the claim.

[0079] As used herein, the phase “consisting of” excludes any element, step, or ingredient not specified in the claim. When the phrase “consists of” (or variations thereof) appears in a clause of the body of a claim, rather than immediately following the preamble, it limits only the element set forth in that clause; other elements are not excluded from the claim as a whole. As used herein, the phase “consisting essentially of” limits the scope of a claim to the specified elements or method steps, plus those that do not materially affect the basis and novel characteristic(s) of the claimed subject matter.

[0080] With respect to the terms “comprising,” “consisting of,” and “consisting essentially of,” where one of these three terms is used herein, the presently disclosed and claimed subject matter may include the use of either of the other two terms. Thus in some embodiments not otherwise explicitly recited, any instance of “comprising” may be replaced by “consisting of” or, alternatively, by “consisting essentially of.”

[0081] “Pyrolysis” and “pyrolyze” generally refer to thermal decomposition of a carbonaceous material. In pyrolysis, less oxygen is present than is required for complete combustion of the material, such as less than 10%, less than 5%, less than 1%, less than 0.5%, less than 0.1%, or less than 0.01% of the oxygen that is required for complete combustion. In some embodiments, pyrolysis is performed in the absence of oxygen.

[0082] For present purposes, “biogenic” is intended to mean a material (whether a feedstock, product, or intermediate) that contains an element, such as carbon, that is renewable on time scales of months, years, or decades. Non-biogenic materials may be non-renewable, or may be renewable on time scales of centuries, thousands of years, millions of years, or even longer geologic time scales. Note that a biogenic material may include a mixture of biogenic and non-biogenic sources.

[0083] For present purposes, “reagent” is intended to mean a material in its broadest sense; a reagent may be a fuel, a chemical, a material, a compound, an additive, a blend component, a solvent, and so on. A reagent is not necessarily a chemical reagent that causes or participates in a chemical reaction. A reagent may or may not be a chemical reactant; it may or may not be consumed in a reaction. A reagent may be a chemical catalyst for a particular reaction. A reagent may cause or participate in adjusting a mechanical, physical, or hydrodynamic property of a material to which the reagent may be added. For example, a reagent may be introduced to a metal to impart certain strength properties to the metal. A reagent may be a substance of sufficient purity (which, in the current context, is typically carbon purity) for use in chemical analysis or physical testing.

[0084] The biogenic activated carbon will have relatively high carbon content as compared to the initial feedstock utilized to produce the biogenic activated carbon. A biogenic activated carbon as provided herein will normally contain greater than about half its weight as carbon, since the typical carbon content of biomass is no greater than about 50 wt %. More typically, but depending on feedstock composition, a biogenic activated carbon will contain at least 55 wt %, at least 60 wt %, at least 65 wt %, at least 70 wt %, at least 75 wt %, at least 80 wt % 85 wt %, at least 90 wt %, at least 95 wt %, at least 96 wt %, at least 97 wt %, at least 98 wt %, or at least 99 wt % carbon.

[0085] Notwithstanding the foregoing, the term “biogenic activated carbon” is used herein for practical purposes to consistently describe materials that may be produced by processes and systems of the disclosure, in various embodiments. Limitations as to carbon content, or any other concentrations, shall not be imputed from the term itself but rather only by reference to particular embodiments and equivalents thereof. For example it will be appreciated that a starting material having very low initial carbon content, subjected to the disclosed processes, may produce a biogenic activated carbon that is highly enriched in carbon relative to the starting material (high yield of carbon), but nevertheless relatively low in carbon (low purity of carbon), including less than 50 wt % carbon.

[0086] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a biorefining system for co-producing activated carbon along with primary products, the system comprising:

[0087] a host plant configured to convert a feedstock comprising biomass into one or more primary products and one or more co-products containing carbon;

[0088] a reactor system configured to pyrolyze and activate the one or more co-products, to generate activated carbon and pyrolysis off-gas; and

[0089] an oxidation unit configured to oxidize the pyrolysis off-gas, to generate CO₂, H₂O, and energy,

[0090] wherein at least some of the energy is recycled and utilized in the host plant; and

[0091] wherein at least some of the CO₂ and/or H₂O is recycled and utilized in the reactor system as an activation agent.

[0092] In some embodiments, the host plant is selected from the group consisting of a saw mill, a pulp mill, a pulp and paper plant, a corn wet mill, a corn dry mill, a corn ethanol plant, a cellulosic ethanol plant, a sugarcane ethanol plant, a grain processing plant, a sugar production facility, a food plant, a nut processing facility, a fruit processing facility, a vegetable processing facility, a cereal processing facility, and a beverage production facility.

[0093] In various embodiments, the biomass is selected from the group consisting of softwood chips, hardwood chips, timber harvesting residues, tree branches, tree stumps, leaves, bark, sawdust, corn, corn stover, wheat, wheat straw, rice, rice straw, sugarcane, sugarcane bagasse, sugarcane straw, energy cane, sugar beets, sugar beet pulp, sunflowers, sorghum, canola, algae, miscanthus, alfalfa, switchgrass, fruits, fruit shells, fruit stalks, fruit peels, fruit pits, vegetables, vegetable shells, vegetable stalks, vegetable peels, vegetable pits, grape pumice, almond shells, pecan shells, coconut shells, coffee grounds, food waste, commercial waste, grass pellets, hay pellets, wood pellets, cardboard, paper, paper pulp, paper packaging, paper trimmings, food packaging, lignin, animal manure, municipal solid waste, municipal sewage, and combinations thereof

[0094] The one or more co-products may be selected from the group consisting of wood waste, sawdust, wood or biomass fines, bark, distillers grains, residual solids from fermentation, lignocellulosic residues, lignin, carbon-containing ash, and combinations thereof

[0095] In some embodiments, the reactor system is configured to also pyrolyze and activate a portion of the one or more primary products. In some embodiments, the reactor system is configured to also pyrolyze and activate a portion of the feedstock to the host plant.

[0096] The reactor system may be a modular system with a throughput capacity from about 10 tons/day to about 1000 tons/day on a dry basis, such as about 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 tons/day a dry basis, for example.

[0097] In some embodiments, the reactor system is configured to carry out a continuous process for producing the activated carbon, the process comprising:

[0098] (a) optionally drying the one or more co-products to remove at least a portion of moisture from the one or more co-products;

[0099] (b) in one or more indirectly heated reaction zones, mechanically countercurrently contacting the one or more co-products with a vapor stream comprising a substantially inert gas and an activation agent comprising at least one of water or carbon dioxide, to generate solids, condensable vapors, and non-condensable gases, wherein the condensable vapors and the non-condensable gases enter the vapor stream;

[0100] (c) removing at least a portion of the vapor stream from the reaction zone, to generate a separated vapor stream;

[0101] (d) recycling at least a portion of the separated vapor stream, or a thermally treated form thereof, to contact the one or more co-products prior to step (b) and/or to convey to a gas inlet of the reaction zone(s); and

[0102] (e) recovering at least a portion of the solids from the reaction zone(s) as activated carbon.

[0103] The oxidation unit may be a combustion furnace or a catalytic reactor, for example. In some embodiments, the oxidation unit has an energy-generation capacity from about 1 million Btu/hour to about 50 million Btu/hour, such as about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, or 45 million Btu/hour.

[0104] The energy generated by the oxidation unit may be utilized in a wide variety of ways. At least some of the energy may be utilized for drying the feedstock. At least some of the energy may be utilized for drying the one or more primary products and/or the one or more co-products. At least some of the energy may be utilized for producing steam for use at the host plant. At least some of the energy may be utilized for producing power, for example power for use at the host plant and/or for export of electricity. At least some of the energy may also be recycled and utilized in the reactor system as activation heat. In some embodiments, essentially all of the energy is utilized internally, i.e. at the host plant or the biorefining system containing the host plant.

[0105] In some embodiments, heat contained in the pyrolysis off-gas is utilized for one or more steps selected from (i) drying one or more primary products and/or one or more co-products; (ii) producing steam for use at the host plant; or (iii) producing power for use at the host plant or for export of electricity.

[0106] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a carbon micro-plant comprising:

[0107] a reactor system configured to pyrolyze and activate a carbonaceous co-product obtained from a host plant, to generate activated carbon and pyrolysis off-gas; and

[0108] an oxidation unit configured to oxidize the pyrolysis off-gas, to generate CO₂, H₂O, and energy,

[0109] wherein least some of the energy is integrated with the host plant; and

[0110] wherein at least some of the CO₂ and/or H₂O is recycled and utilized in the reactor system as an activation agent.

[0111] The carbonaceous co-product may be selected from the group consisting of wood waste, sawdust, wood or biomass fines, bark, distillers grains, residual solids from fermentation, lignocellulosic residues, lignin, carbon-containing ash, and combinations thereof

[0112] In some embodiments, the reactor system is a modular system. In some embodiments, the reactor system is configured to also pyrolyze and activate a portion of a feedstock to the host plant. The reactor system may be designed with a throughput capacity from about 10 tons/day to about 1000 tons/day on a dry basis, or from about 50 tons/day to about 500 tons/day on a dry basis, for example.

[0113] The oxidation unit may be a combustion furnace or a catalytic reactor, for example. In some embodiments, the oxidation unit has an energy-generation capacity from about 1 million Btu/hour to about 50 million Btu/hour, such as from about 10 million Btu/hour to about 20 million Btu/hour.

[0114] Energy from the oxidation unit may be recovered and utilized for drying a feedstock for the host plant, drying the carbonaceous co-product, producing steam for use at the host plant, producing power, for example power for use at the host plant and/or for export of electricity, or recycling to the reactor system as activation heat, among other uses.

[0115] In some embodiments, heat contained in the pyrolysis off-gas is utilized (directly, not following oxidation) for one or more steps selected from (i) drying the carbonaceous co-product; (ii) producing steam for use at the host plant; and (iii) producing power for use at the host plant or for export of electricity. In some embodiments, a combination of heat contained in the pyrolysis off-gas plus heat contained in oxidation gases is utilized, either by direct mixing of these gases followed by heat transfer, or by dual heat transfer from each of the pyrolysis off-gas and the oxidation gas, or other means.

[0116] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a biorefining process to co-produce activated carbon along with primary products, the process comprising:

[0117] (a) converting a feedstock comprising biomass into one or more primary products and one or more co-products containing carbon;

[0118] (b) pyrolyzing and activating the one or more co-products, thereby generating activated carbon and pyrolysis off-gas;

[0119] (c) oxidizing the pyrolysis off-gas, to generate CO₂, H₂O, and energy,

[0120] wherein at least some of the energy is recycled and utilized in the host plant; and

[0121] wherein at least some of the CO₂ and/or H₂O is recycled and utilized in the reactor system as an activation agent.

[0122] In some embodiments, step (a) is associated with a site selected from the group consisting of a saw mill, a pulp mill, a pulp and paper plant, a corn wet mill, a corn dry mill, a corn ethanol plant, a cellulosic ethanol plant, a sugarcane ethanol plant, a grain processing plant, and a food plant.

[0123] The biomass may be selected from the group consisting of softwood chips, hardwood chips, timber harvesting residues, tree branches, tree stumps, leaves, bark, sawdust, corn, corn stover, wheat, wheat straw, rice, rice straw, sugarcane, sugarcane bagasse, sugarcane straw, energy cane, sugar beets, sugar beet pulp, sunflowers, sorghum, canola, algae, miscanthus, alfalfa, switchgrass, fruits, fruit shells, fruit stalks, fruit peels, fruit pits, vegetables, vegetable shells, vegetable stalks, vegetable peels, vegetable pits, grape pumice, almond shells, pecan shells, coconut shells, coffee grounds, food waste, commercial waste, grass pellets, hay pellets, wood pellets, cardboard, paper, paper pulp, paper packaging, paper trimmings, food packaging, lignin, animal manure, municipal solid waste, municipal sewage, and combinations thereof

[0124] The one or more co-products may be selected from the group consisting of wood waste, sawdust, wood or biomass fines, bark, distillers grains, residual solids from fermentation, lignocellulosic residues, lignin, carbon-containing ash, and combinations thereof

[0125] Some processes further comprise pyrolyzing and activating a portion of the one or more primary products. Some processes further comprise directly pyrolyzing and activating a portion of the feedstock provided in step (a).

[0126] Step (b) may be configured to process from about 10 tons/day to about 1000 tons/day on a dry basis, such as from about 50 tons/day to about 500 tons/day on a dry basis.

[0127] In some embodiments, step (b) employs a modular reactor system for continuously producing the activated carbon including the substeps of:

[0128] (b)(i) optionally drying the one or more co-products to remove at least a portion of moisture from the one or more co-products;

[0129] (b)(ii) in one or more indirectly heated reaction zones, mechanically countercurrently contacting the one or more co-products with a vapor stream comprising a substantially inert gas and an activation agent comprising at least one of water or carbon dioxide, to generate solids, condensable vapors, and non-condensable gases, wherein the condensable vapors and the non-condensable gases enter the vapor stream;

[0130] (b)(iii) removing at least a portion of the vapor stream from the reaction zone, to generate a separated vapor stream;

[0131] (b)(iv) recycling at least a portion of the separated vapor stream, or a thermally treated form thereof, to contact the one or more co-products prior to substep (b)(ii) and/or to convey to a gas inlet of the reaction zone(s); and

[0132] (b)(v) recovering at least a portion of the solids from the reaction zone(s) as activated carbon.

[0133] In some embodiments, at least some of the activated carbon that is produced is utilized for on-site filtration, scrubbing, or other local operations that may or may not be associated directly with the process. In some embodiments, all or substantially all of the activated carbon that is produced is utilized on-site. For example, the host plant may be situated at a campus of facilities, and some of the activated carbon that is produced may be utilized for filtration or scrubbing needs throughout such facilities.

[0134] In some embodiments, the activated carbon is combined with a primary product from step (a) to generate a composite product. In some embodiments, the activated carbon is used to modify mechanical or chemical properties of a product, such as a wood-derived or pulp-derived product.

[0135] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of retrofitting an existing biomass host plant, the method comprising:

[0136] (i) installing a modular reactor system within or adjacent to an existing host plant that processes biomass, wherein the reactor system is capable of producing activated carbon;

[0137] (ii) conveying, to the reactor system, one or more carbon-containing co-products arising from operation of the host plant;

[0138] (iii) controlling the reactor system to pyrolyze and activate the one or more carbon-containing co-products, to generate activated carbon and pyrolysis off-gas; and

[0139] (iv) oxidizing the pyrolysis off-gas, to generate CO₂, H₂O, and energy,

[0140] wherein at least some of the energy is recycled and utilized in the host plant; and

[0141] wherein at least some of the CO₂ and/or H₂O is recycled and utilized in the reactor system as an activation agent.

[0142] The host plant to be retrofitted may be selected from the group consisting of a saw mill, a pulp mill, a pulp and paper plant, a corn wet mill, a corn dry mill, a corn ethanol plant, a cellulosic ethanol plant, a sugarcane ethanol plant, a grain processing plant, a sugar production facility, a food plant, a nut processing facility, a fruit processing facility, a vegetable processing facility, a cereal processing facility, and a beverage production facility.

[0143] The one or more carbon-containing co-products arising from operation of the host plant may be selected from the group consisting of wood waste, sawdust, wood or biomass fines, bark, distillers grains, residual solids from fermentation, lignocellulosic residues, lignin, carbon-containing ash, and combinations thereof

[0144] Some method embodiments include a reactor system with a throughput capacity from about 10 tons/day to about 1000 tons/day on a dry basis, that is configured to carry out a continuous process for producing the activated carbon, the process comprising:

[0145] (a) optionally drying the one or more co-products to remove at least a portion of moisture from the one or more co-products;

[0146] (b) in one or more indirectly heated reaction zones, mechanically countercurrently contacting the one or more co-products with a vapor stream comprising a substantially inert gas and an activation agent comprising at least one of water or carbon dioxide, to generate solids, condensable vapors, and non-condensable gases, wherein the condensable vapors and the non-condensable gases enter the vapor stream;

[0147] (c) removing at least a portion of the vapor stream from the reaction zone, to generate a separated vapor stream;

[0148] (d) recycling at least a portion of the separated vapor stream, or a thermally treated form thereof, to contact the one or more co-products prior to step (b) and/or to convey to a gas inlet of the reaction zone(s); and

[0149] (e) recovering at least a portion of the solids from the reaction zone(s) as activated carbon.

[0150] The oxidation unit may have an energy-generation capacity from about 1 million Btu/hour to about 50 million Btu/hour, such as from about 10 million Btu/hour to about 20 million Btu/hour. At least some of the energy may be utilized for drying the feedstock, the one or more co-products, and/or a primary product from the host plant; for producing steam and/or electricity for use at the host plant; and/or for recycling to the reactor system as activation heat.

[0151] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method of determining a distribution of modular carbon micro-plants within a specified region of land, wherein the carbon micro-plants can convert carbonaceous co-products from host plants into activated carbon, the method comprising:

[0152] (a) determining a plurality of sources of carbonaceous co-products from host plants within the region of land;

[0153] (b) determining a feedstock capacity and/or product capacity within the region of land;

[0154] (c) calculating, for the feedstock capacity and/or product capacity within the region of land, transportation distances to or from a plurality of possible sites, thereby generating a transportation profile within the region of land;

[0155] (d) selecting a total number of carbon micro-plants for the region of land, based on the feedstock capacity and/or the product capacity from step (b); and

[0156] (e) determining the distribution of the carbon micro-plants within the region of land based at least on information obtained in steps (a)-(d), using a computer configured to store instructions for determining a distribution of carbon micro-plants within a region of land and to import information from a user for each of steps (a)-(d).

[0157] In some embodiments, the method determines distribution of 1 to about 100, 1 to about 50, 1 to about 25, 1 to about 10, or 1 to about 5 modular carbon micro-plants within a specified region of land, for example 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100 modular carbon micro-plants.

[0158] In some embodiments, each modular carbon micro-plant comprises:

[0159] a reactor system configured to pyrolyze and activate a carbonaceous co-product obtained from a host plant, to generate activated carbon and pyrolysis off-gas; and

[0160] an oxidation unit configured to oxidize the pyrolysis off-gas, to generate CO₂, H₂O, and energy,

[0161] wherein least some of the energy is integrated with (e.g., used at) the host plant; and

[0162] wherein at least some of the CO₂ and/or H₂O is recycled and utilized in the reactor system as an activation agent.

[0163] In some embodiments, each modular carbon micro-plant comprises a reactor system configured to carry out a continuous process for producing activated carbon, the process comprising:

[0164] (a) optionally drying the one or more co-products to remove at least a portion of moisture from the one or more co-products;

[0165] (b) in one or more indirectly heated reaction zones, mechanically countercurrently contacting the one or more co-products with a vapor stream comprising a substantially inert gas and an activation agent comprising at least one of water or carbon dioxide, to generate solids, condensable vapors, and non-condensable gases, wherein the condensable vapors and the non-condensable gases enter the vapor stream;

[0166] (c) removing at least a portion of the vapor stream from the reaction zone, to generate a separated vapor stream;

[0167] (d) recycling at least a portion of the separated vapor stream, or a thermally treated form thereof, to contact the one or more co-products prior to step (b) and/or to convey to a gas inlet of the reaction zone(s); and

[0168] (e) recovering at least a portion of the solids from the reaction zone(s) as activated carbon.

[0169] A computing system may be configured for determining a distribution of modular carbon micro-plants within a specified region of land, wherein the carbon micro-plants can convert carbonaceous co-products from host plants into activated carbon, the system comprising a computer having a processor, an area of main memory for executing program code under the direction of the processor, a storage device for storing data and program code and a bus connecting the processor, main memory, and the storage device; the code being stored in the storage device and executing in the main memory under the direction of the processor, to perform the process steps (a)-(e) recited above.

[0170] In some embodiments, the computing system further comprises a server computer linking the plurality of carbon micro-plants, wherein the server computer is capable of performing calculations and sending output data across a network (such as the Internet or an intranet). The server computer may be located at one of the carbon micro-plants (host plants), or at a central location. Also, the server computer could employ cloud computing for some or all of its processing requirements, where the cloud computing utilizes a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium.

[0171] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a network comprising a spatially distributed plurality of modular carbon micro-plants for converting carbonaceous co-products from host plants into activated carbon, each carbon micro-plant comprising:

[0172] a reactor system configured to pyrolyze and activate a carbonaceous co-product obtained from an individual host plant, to generate activated carbon and pyrolysis off-gas; and

[0173] an oxidation unit configured to oxidize the pyrolysis off-gas, to generate CO₂, H₂O, and energy,

[0174] wherein least some of the energy is integrated with the individual host plant; and

[0175] wherein at least some of the CO₂ and/or H₂O is recycled and utilized in the reactor system as an activation agent.

[0176] In some embodiments, each modular carbon micro-plant comprises a reactor system configured to carry out a continuous process for producing activated carbon, the process comprising:

[0177] (a) optionally drying the one or more co-products to remove at least a portion of moisture from the one or more co-products;

[0178] (b) in one or more indirectly heated reaction zones, mechanically countercurrently contacting the one or more co-products with a vapor stream comprising a substantially inert gas and an activation agent comprising at least one of water or carbon dioxide, to generate solids, condensable vapors, and non-condensable gases, wherein the condensable vapors and the non-condensable gases enter the vapor stream;

[0179] (c) removing at least a portion of the vapor stream from the reaction zone, to generate a separated vapor stream;

[0180] (d) recycling at least a portion of the separated vapor stream, or a thermally treated form thereof, to contact the one or more co-products prior to step (b) and/or to convey to a gas inlet of the reaction zone(s); and

[0181] (e) recovering at least a portion of the solids from the reaction zone(s) as activated carbon.

[0182] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a carbon micro-plant comprising:

[0183] a reactor system configured to pyrolyze and activate a non-biomass carbonaceous material obtained from a host plant, to generate activated carbon and pyrolysis off-gas; and

[0184] an oxidation unit configured to oxidize the pyrolysis off-gas, to generate CO₂, H₂O, and energy,

[0185] wherein least some of the energy is integrated with the host plant; and

[0186] wherein at least some of the CO₂ and/or H₂O is recycled and utilized in the reactor system as an activation agent.

[0187] In some embodiments, the carbonaceous material is selected from the group consisting of coal, coal fines, lignite, coke, petcoke, petroleum residues or wastes, and combinations thereof

[0188] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a biorefining system for co-producing activated carbon along with primary products, the system comprising:

[0189] a host plant configured to convert a feedstock comprising biomass into one or more primary products and one or more co-products containing carbon;

[0190] a reactor system configured to pyrolyze and activate the one or more co-products, to generate activated carbon and pyrolysis off-gas; and

[0191] an oxidation unit configured to oxidize the pyrolysis off-gas, to generate CO₂, H₂O, and energy,

[0192] wherein at least some of the energy is recycled and utilized in the host plant;

[0193] wherein at least some of the CO₂ and/or H₂O is recycled and utilized in the reactor system as an activation agent; and

[0194] wherein at least a portion of the activated carbon is used as internal activated carbon that is utilized within the host plant or to assist generation of new biomass.

[0195] In some embodiments, the internal activated carbon is utilized at the host plant to purify the one or more primary products. In some embodiments, the internal activated carbon is utilized at the host plant to purify water. In these or other embodiments, the internal activated carbon is utilized at the host plant to treat a liquid waste stream to reduce liquid-phase emissions and/or to treat a vapor waste stream to reduce air emissions. In some embodiments, the internal activated carbon is utilized as a soil amendment to assist generation of new biomass, which may be the same type of biomass utilized as local feedstock at the host plant.

[0196] In some embodiments, the feedstock comprises biomass, coal, or a mixture of biomass and coal. “Biomass,” for purposes of this disclosure, shall be construed as any biogenic feedstock or mixture of a biogenic and non-biogenic feedstock. Elementally, biomass includes at least carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The methods and apparatus of the disclosure can accommodate a wide range of feedstocks of various types, sizes, and moisture contents.

[0197] Biomass may include, for example, plant and plant-derived material, vegetation, agricultural waste, forestry waste, wood, wood waste, paper, paper waste, animal-derived waste, poultry-derived waste, and municipal solid waste. In various embodiments of the disclosure utilizing biomass, the biomass feedstock may include one or more materials selected from: lignin, timber harvesting residues, softwood chips, hardwood chips, tree branches, tree stumps, knots, leaves, bark, sawdust, off-spec paper pulp, cellulose, corn, corn stover, wheat straw, rice straw, sugarcane bagasse, switchgrass, miscanthus, animal manure, municipal garbage, municipal sewage, commercial waste, carbon-containing ash (such as derived from incomplete biomass combustion), grape pumice, nuts, tree nuts, fruit nuts, walnut shells, almond shells, pecan shells, coconut shells, coffee grounds, grass pellets, hay pellets, wood pellets, cardboard, paper, carbohydrates, plastic, and cloth. In some embodiments, the biomass comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of one or more derivatives produced from biomass feedstock. In some embodiments, the biomass is sourced from one source; in other embodiments the biomass is sourced from a plurality of biomass sources. A person of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate that the feedstock options are virtually unlimited.

[0198] Some embodiments of the present disclosure are also useful for processing carbon-containing feedstocks other than biomass, such as a fossil fuel (e.g., coal or petroleum coke), or any mixtures of biomass and fossil fuels (such as biomass/coal blends). In some embodiments, a biogenic feedstock is, or includes, coal, oil shale, crude oil, asphalt, or solids from crude-oil processing (such as petcoke). Feedstocks may include waste tires, recycled plastics, recycled paper, and other waste or recycled materials. Any method, apparatus, or system described herein may be used with any carbonaceous feedstock. Carbon-containing feedstocks may be transportable by any known means, such as by truck, train, ship, barge, tractor trailer, or any other vehicle or means of conveyance.

[0199] Selection of a particular feedstock or feedstocks is not regarded as technically critical, but is carried out in a manner that tends to favor an economical process. Typically, regardless of the feedstocks chosen, there can be (in some embodiments) screening to remove undesirable materials. The feedstock may optionally be dried prior to processing. The feedstock may be a wet feedstock.

[0200] The feedstock employed may be provided or processed into a wide variety of particle sizes or shapes. For example, the feed material may be a fine powder, or a mixture of fine and coarse particles. The feed material may be in the form of large pieces of material, such as wood chips or other forms of wood (e.g., round, cylindrical, square, etc.). In some embodiments, the feed material comprises pellets or other agglomerated forms of particles that have been pressed together or otherwise bound, such as with a binder.

[0201] Reactor systems configured to pyrolyze and activate carbon-containing feedstocks, will now be described in further detail.

[0202] In some embodiments, the reactor system is configured to carry out a continuous process for producing activated carbon, the process comprising:

[0203] (a) optionally drying the one or more co-products to remove at least a portion of moisture from the one or more co-products;

[0204] (b) in one or more indirectly heated reaction zones, mechanically countercurrently contacting the one or more co-products with a vapor stream comprising a substantially inert gas and an activation agent comprising at least one of water or carbon dioxide, to generate solids, condensable vapors, and non-condensable gases, wherein the condensable vapors and the non-condensable gases enter the vapor stream;

[0205] (c) removing at least a portion of the vapor stream from the reaction zone, to generate a separated vapor stream;

[0206] (d) recycling at least a portion of the separated vapor stream, or a thermally treated form thereof, to contact the one or more co-products prior to step (b) and/or to convey to a gas inlet of the reaction zone(s); and

[0207] (e) recovering at least a portion of the solids from the reaction zone(s) as activated carbon.

[0208] It is noted that size reduction is a costly and energy-intensive process. Pyrolyzed material can be sized with significantly less energy input, i.e. it can be more energy efficient to reduce the particle size of the product, not the feedstock. This is an option in the present disclosure because the process does not require a fine starting material, and there is not necessarily any particle-size reduction during processing. The present disclosure provides the ability to process very large pieces of feedstock. Notably, some market applications of the activated carbon product actually require large sizes (e.g., on the order of centimeters), so that in some embodiments, large pieces are fed, produced, and sold. It should be appreciated that, while not necessary in all embodiments of this disclosure, smaller sizing has resulted in higher fixed carbon numbers under similar process conditions and may be utilized in some applications that typically call for small sized activated carbon products and/or higher fixed carbon content.

[0209] When it is desired to produce a final carbonaceous biogenic activated carbon product that has structural integrity, such as in the form of cylinders, there are at least two options in the context of this disclosure. First, the material produced from the process is collected and then further process mechanically into the desired form. For example, the product is pressed or pelletized, with a binder. The second option is to utilize feed materials that generally possess the desired size and/or shape for the final product, and employ processing steps that do not destroy the basic structure of the feed material. In some embodiments, the feed and product have similar geometrical shapes, such as spheres, cylinders, or cubes.

[0210] The ability to maintain the approximate shape of feed material throughout the process is beneficial when product strength is important. Also, this control avoids the difficulty and cost of pelletizing high fixed-carbon materials.

[0211] There are a large number of options as to intermediate input and output (purge or probe) streams of one or more phases present in any particular reactor, various mass and energy recycle schemes, various additives that may be introduced anywhere in the process, adjustability of process conditions including both reaction and separation conditions in order to tailor product distributions, and so on. Zone or reactor-specific input and output streams enable good process monitoring and control, such as through FTIR sampling and dynamic process adjustments.

[0212] Any references to “zones” shall be broadly construed to include regions of space within a single physical unit, physically separate units, or any combination thereof. The demarcation of zones may relate to structure, such as the presence of flights or distinct heating elements to provide heat to separate zones. Alternatively, or additionally, in various embodiments, the demarcation of zones relates to function, such as at least: distinct temperatures, fluid flow patterns, solid flow patterns, and extent of reaction. In a single batch reactor, “zones” are operating regimes in time, rather than in space. It will be appreciated that there are not necessarily abrupt transitions from one zone to another zone.

[0213] All references to zone temperatures in this specification should be construed in a non-limiting way to include temperatures that may apply to the bulk solids present, or the gas phase, or the reactor walls (on the process side). It will be understood that there will be a temperature gradient in each zone, both axially and radially, as well as temporally (i.e., following start-up or due to transients). Thus, references to zone temperatures may be references to average temperatures or other effective temperatures that may influence the actual kinetics. Temperatures may be directly measured by thermocouples or other temperature probes, or indirectly measured or estimated by other means.

[0214] Various flow patterns may be desired or observed. With chemical reactions and simultaneous separations involving multiple phases in multiple zones, the fluid dynamics can be quite complex. Typically, the flow of solids may approach plug flow (well-mixed in the radial dimension) while the flow of vapor may approach fully mixed flow (fast transport in both radial and axial dimensions). Multiple inlet and outlet ports for vapor may contribute to overall mixing.

[0215] An optional step of separating at least a portion of the condensable vapors and at least a portion of the non-condensable gases from the hot pyrolyzed solids may be accomplished in the reactor itself, or using a distinct separation unit. A substantially inert sweep gas may be introduced into one or more of the zones. Condensable vapors and non-condensable gases are then carried away from the zone (s) in the sweep gas.

[0216] The sweep gas may be N₂, Ar, CO, CO₂, H₂, H₂O, CH₄, other light hydrocarbons, or combinations thereof, for example. The sweep gas may first be preheated prior to introduction, or possibly cooled if it is obtained from a heated source.

[0217] The sweep gas more thoroughly removes volatile components, by getting them out of the system before they can condense or further react. The sweep gas allows volatiles to be removed at higher rates than would be attained merely from volatilization at a given process temperature. Or, use of the sweep gas allows milder temperatures to be used to remove a certain quantity of volatiles. The reason the sweep gas improves the volatiles removal is that the mechanism of separation is not merely relative volatility but rather liquid/vapor phase disengagement assisted by the sweep gas. The sweep gas can both reduce mass-transfer limitations of volatilization as well as reduce thermodynamic limitations by continuously depleting a given volatile species, to cause more of it to vaporize to attain thermodynamic equilibrium.

[0218] It is important to remove gases laden with volatile organic carbon from subsequent processing stages, in order to produce a product with high fixed carbon. Without removal, the volatile carbon can adsorb or absorb onto the pyrolyzed solids, thereby requiring additional energy (cost) to achieve a purer form of carbon which may be desired. By removing vapors quickly, it is also speculated that porosity may be enhanced in the pyrolyzing solids.

[0219] In certain embodiments, the sweep gas in conjunction with a relatively low process pressure, such as atmospheric pressure, provides for fast vapor removal without large amounts of inert gas necessary.

[0220] In some embodiments, the sweep gas flows countercurrent to the flow direction of feedstock. In other embodiments, the sweep gas flows cocurrent to the flow direction of feedstock. In some embodiments, the flow pattern of solids approaches plug flow while the flow pattern of the sweep gas, and gas phase generally, approaches fully mixed flow in one or more zones.

[0221] The sweep may be performed in any one or more of the zones. In some embodiments, the sweep gas is introduced into the cooling zone and extracted (along with volatiles produced) from the cooling and/or pyrolysis zones. In some embodiments, the sweep gas is introduced into the pyrolysis zone and extracted from the pyrolysis and/or preheating zones. In some embodiments, the sweep gas is introduced into the preheating zone and extracted from the pyrolysis zone. In these or other embodiments, the sweep gas may be introduced into each of the preheating, pyrolysis, and cooling zones and also extracted from each of the zones.

[0222] The sweep gas may be introduced continuously, especially when the solids flow is continuous. When the pyrolysis reaction is operated as a batch process, the sweep gas may be introduced after a certain amount of time, or periodically, to remove volatiles. Even when the pyrolysis reaction is operated continuously, the sweep gas may be introduced semi-continuously or periodically, if desired, with suitable valves and controls.

[0223] The volatiles-containing sweep gas may exit from the one or more zones, and may be combined if obtained from multiple zones. The resulting gas stream, containing various vapors, may then be fed to a process gas heater for control of air emissions. Any known thermal-oxidation unit may be employed. In some embodiments, the process gas heater is fed with natural gas and air, to reach sufficient temperatures for substantial destruction of volatiles contained therein.

[0224] The effluent of the process gas heater will be a hot gas stream comprising water, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. This effluent stream may be purged directly to air emissions, if desired. In some embodiments, the energy content of the process gas heater effluent is recovered, such as in a waste-heat recovery unit. The energy content may also be recovered by heat exchange with another stream (such as the sweep gas). The energy content may be utilized by directly or indirectly heating, or assisting with heating, a unit elsewhere in the process, such as the dryer or the reactor. In some embodiments, essentially all of the process gas heater effluent is employed for indirect heating (utility side) of the dryer. The process gas heater may employ other fuels than natural gas.

[0225] Carbonaceous solids may be introduced into a cooler. In some embodiments, solids are collected and simply allowed to cool at slow rates. If the carbonaceous solids are reactive or unstable in air, it may be desirable to maintain an inert atmosphere and/or rapidly cool the solids to, for example, a temperature less than 40° C., such as ambient temperature. In some embodiments, a water quench is employed for rapid cooling. In some embodiments, a fluidized-bed cooler is employed. A “cooler” should be broadly construed to also include containers, tanks, pipes, or portions thereof

[0226] In some embodiments, the process further comprises operating the cooler to cool the warm pyrolyzed solids with steam, thereby generating the cool pyrolyzed solids and superheated steam; wherein the drying is carried out, at least in part, with the superheated steam derived from the cooler. Optionally, the cooler may be operated to first cool the warm pyrolyzed solids with steam to reach a first cooler temperature, and then with air to reach a second cooler temperature, wherein the second cooler temperature is lower than the first cooler temperature and is associated with a reduced combustion risk for the warm pyrolyzed solids in the presence of the air.

[0227] Following cooling to ambient conditions, the carbonaceous solids may be recovered and stored, conveyed to another site operation, transported to another site, or otherwise disposed, traded, or sold. The solids may be fed to a unit to reduce particle size. A variety of size-reduction units are known in the art, including crushers, shredders, grinders, pulverizers, jet mills, pin mills, and ball mills.

[0228] Screening or some other means for separation based on particle size may be included. The screening may be upstream or downstream of grinding, if present. A portion of the screened material (e.g., large chunks) may be returned to the grinding unit. The small and large particles may be recovered for separate downstream uses. In some embodiments, cooled pyrolyzed solids are ground into a fine powder, such as a pulverized carbon or activated carbon product or increased strength.

[0229] Various additives may be introduced throughout the process, before, during, or after any step disclosed herein. The additives may be broadly classified as process additives, selected to improve process performance such as carbon yield or pyrolysis time/temperature to achieve the desired carbon purity; and product additives, selected to improve one or more properties of the biogenic activated carbon, or a downstream product incorporating the reagent. Certain additives may provide enhanced process and product characteristics, such as overall yield of biogenic activated carbon product compared to the amount of biomass feedstock.

[0230] The additive may be added at any suitable time during the entire process. For example and without limitation, the additive may be added before, during or after a feedstock drying step; before, during or after a feedstock deaerating step; before, during or after a combustion step; before, during or after a pyrolysis step; before, during or after a separation step; before, during or after any cooling step; before, during or after a biogenic activated carbon recovery step; before, during or after a pulverizing step; before, during or after a sizing step; and/or before, during or after a packaging step. Additives may be incorporated at or on feedstock supply facilities, transport trucks, unloading equipment, storage bins, conveyors (including open or closed conveyors), dryers, process heaters, or any other units. Additives may be added anywhere into the pyrolysis process itself, using suitable means for introducing additives. Additives may be added after carbonization, or even after pulverization, if desired.

[0231] In some embodiments, an additive is selected from a metal, a metal oxide, a metal hydroxide, or a combination thereof. For example an additive may be selected from, but is by no means limited to, magnesium, manganese, aluminum, nickel, chromium, silicon, boron, cerium, molybdenum, phosphorus, tungsten, vanadium, iron halide, iron chloride, iron bromide, magnesium oxide, dolomite, dolomitic lime, fluorite, fluorospar, bentonite, calcium oxide, lime, and combinations thereof

[0232] In some embodiments, an additive is selected from an acid, a base, or a salt thereof. For example an additive may be selected from, but is by no means limited to, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen chloride, sodium silicate, potassium permanganate, organic acids (e.g., citric acid), or combinations thereof

[0233] In some embodiments, an additive is selected from a metal halide. Metal halides are compounds between metals and halogens (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine). The halogens can form many compounds with metals. Metal halides are generally obtained by direct combination, or more commonly, neutralization of basic metal salt with a hydrohalic acid. In some embodiments, an additive is selected from iron halide (FeX₂ and/or FeX₃), iron chloride (FeCl₂ and/or FeCl₃), iron bromide (FeBr₂ and/or FeBr₃), or hydrates thereof, and any combinations thereof

[0234] In some variations, a biogenic activated carbon composition comprises, on a dry basis:

[0235] 55 wt % or more total carbon;

[0236] 15 wt % or less hydrogen;

[0237] 1 wt % or less nitrogen;

[0238] 0.5 wt % or less phosphorus;

[0239] 0.2 wt % or less sulfur;

[0240] an additive selected from an acid, a base, a salt, a metal, a metal oxide, a metal hydroxide, a metal halide, iodine, an iodine compound, or a combination thereof.

[0241] In some embodiments, the additive comprises iodine or an iodine compound, or a combination of iodine and one or more iodine compounds. When the additive comprises iodine, it may be present in the biogenic activated carbon composition as absorbed or intercalated molecular I₂, as physically or chemically adsorbed molecular I₂, as absorbed or intercalated atomic I, as physically or chemically adsorbed atomic I, or any combination thereof.

[0242] When the additive comprises one or more iodine compounds, they may be selected from the group consisting of iodide ion, hydrogen iodide, an iodide salt, a metal iodide, ammonium iodide, an iodine oxide, triiodide ion, a triiodide salt, a metal triiodide, ammonium triiodide, iodate ion, an iodate salt, a polyiodide, iodoform, iodic acid, methyl iodide, an iodinated hydrocarbon, periodic acid, orthoperiodic acid, metaperiodic acid, and combinations, salts, acids, bases, or derivatives thereof.

[0243] In some embodiments, the additive comprises iodine or an iodine compound, or a combination of iodine and one or more iodine compounds, optionally dissolved in a solvent. Various solvents for iodine or iodine compounds are known in the art. For example, alkyl halides such as (but not limited to) n-propyl bromide or n-butyl iodide may be employed. Alcohols such as methanol or ethanol may be used. In some embodiments, a tincture of iodine may be employed to introduce the additive into the composition.

[0244] In some embodiments, the additive comprises iodine that is introduced as a solid that sublimes to iodine vapor for incorporation into the biogenic activated carbon composition. At room temperature, iodine is a solid. Upon heating, the iodine sublimes into a vapor. Thus, solid iodine particles may be introduced into any stream, vessel, pipe, or container (e.g. a barrel or a bag) that also contains the biogenic activated carbon composition. Upon heating the iodine particles will sublime, and the I₂ vapor can penetrate into the carbon particles, thus incorporating iodine as an additive on the surface of the particles and potentially within the particles.

[0245] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method of using a biogenic activated carbon composition to reduce emissions, the method comprising:

[0246] (a) providing activated-carbon particles comprising a biogenic activated carbon composition;

[0247] (b) providing a gas-phase emissions stream comprising at least one selected contaminant;

[0248] (c) providing an additive selected to assist in removal of the selected contaminant from the gas-phase emissions stream;

[0249] (d) introducing the activated-carbon particles and the additive into the gas-phase emissions stream, to adsorb at least a portion of the selected contaminant onto the activated-carbon particles, thereby generating contaminant-adsorbed carbon particles within the gas-phase emissions stream; and

[0250] (e) separating at least a portion of the contaminant-adsorbed carbon particles from the gas-phase emissions stream, to produce a contaminant-reduced gas-phase emissions stream.

[0251] In some embodiments, the biogenic activated carbon composition comprises 55 wt % or more total carbon; 15 wt % or less hydrogen; 1 wt % or less nitrogen; 0.5 wt % or less phosphorus; and 0.2 wt % or less sulfur. The additive may be provided as part of the activated-carbon particles. Alternatively, or additionally, the additive may be introduced directly into the gas-phase emissions stream.

[0252] The additive (to assist in removal of the selected contaminant from the gas-phase emissions stream) may be selected from an acid, a base, a salt, a metal, a metal oxide, a metal hydroxide, a metal halide, iodine, an iodine compound, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the additive comprises iodine or an iodine compound, or a combination of iodine and one or more iodine compounds, optionally dissolved in a solvent.

[0253] In some embodiments, the selected contaminant is a metal, such as a metal selected from the group consisting of mercury, boron, selenium, arsenic, and any compound, salt, and mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the selected contaminant is a hazardous air pollutant or a volatile organic compound. In some embodiments, the selected contaminant is a non-condensable gas selected from the group consisting of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, methane, ethane, ethylene, ozone, ammonia, and combinations thereof.

[0254] In some embodiments, the contaminant-adsorbed carbon particles include, in absorbed, adsorbed, or reacted form, at least one, two, three, or all contaminants selected from the group consisting of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, mercury, and sulfur dioxide.

[0255] In some embodiments, the gas-phase emissions stream is derived from combustion of a fuel comprising the biogenic activated carbon composition. In certain embodiments, the gas-phase emissions stream is derived from co-combustion of coal and the biogenic activated carbon composition.

[0256] In some embodiments, the separating in step (e) comprises filtration, which may for example utilize fabric filters. In some embodiments, separating in step (e) comprises electrostatic precipitation. Scrubbing (including wet or dry scrubbing) may also be employed. Optionally, the contaminant-adsorbed carbon particles may be treated to regenerate the activated-carbon particles. In some embodiments, the contaminant-adsorbed carbon particles are thermally oxidized catalytically or non-catalytically. The contaminant-adsorbed carbon particles, or a regenerated form thereof, may be combusted to provide energy and/or gasified to provide syngas.

[0257] In some variations, a method of using a biogenic activated carbon composition to reduce mercury emissions, comprises:

[0258] (a) providing activated-carbon particles comprising a biogenic activated carbon composition that includes an additive comprising iodine or an iodine-containing compound;

[0259] (b) providing a gas-phase emissions stream comprising mercury;

[0260] (c) introducing the activated-carbon particles into the gas-phase emissions stream, to adsorb at least a portion of the mercury onto the activated-carbon particles, thereby generating mercury-adsorbed carbon particles within the gas-phase emissions stream; and

[0261] (d) separating at least a portion of the mercury-adsorbed carbon particles from the gas-phase emissions stream using electrostatic precipitation, to produce a mercury-reduced gas-phase emissions stream.

[0262] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a process for energy production comprising:

[0263] (a) providing a carbon-containing feedstock comprising a biogenic activated carbon composition; and

[0264] (b) oxidizing the carbon-containing feedstock to generate energy and a gas-phase emissions stream,

[0265] wherein the presence of the biogenic activated carbon composition within the carbon-containing feedstock is effective to adsorb at least one contaminant produced as a byproduct of the oxidizing or derived from the carbon-containing feedstock, thereby reducing emissions of the contaminant, and

[0266] wherein the biogenic activated carbon composition further includes an additive that is selected from an acid, a base, a salt, a metal, a metal oxide, a metal hydroxide, a metal halide, iodine, an iodine compound, or a combination thereof.

[0267] In some embodiments, the contaminant, or a precursor thereof, is contained within the carbon-containing feedstock. In some embodiments, the contaminant is produced as a byproduct of the oxidizing. The carbon-containing feedstock further comprises biomass, coal, or another carbonaceous feedstock, in various embodiments.

[0268] The selected contaminant may be a metal selected from the group consisting of mercury, boron, selenium, arsenic, and any compound, salt, and mixture thereof; a hazardous air pollutant; a volatile organic compound; or a non-condensable gas selected from the group consisting of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, methane, ethane, ethylene, ozone, ammonia; and combinations thereof

[0269] In some variations, a method of using a biogenic activated carbon composition to purify a liquid, comprises:

[0270] (a) providing activated-carbon particles comprising a biogenic activated carbon composition;

[0271] (b) providing a liquid comprising at least one selected contaminant;

[0272] (c) providing an additive selected to assist in removal of the selected contaminant from the liquid; and

[0273] (d) contacting the liquid with the activated-carbon particles and the additive, to adsorb at least a portion of the at least one selected contaminant onto the activated-carbon particles, thereby generating contaminant-adsorbed carbon particles and a contaminant-reduced liquid.

[0274] The biogenic activated carbon composition comprises, in some embodiments, 55 wt % or more total carbon; 15 wt % or less hydrogen; 1 wt % or less nitrogen; 0.5 wt % or less phosphorus; and 0.2 wt % or less sulfur.

[0275] The additive may be provided as part of the activated-carbon particles and/or introduced directly into the liquid. The additive may be selected from an acid, a base, a salt, a metal, a metal oxide, a metal hydroxide, a metal halide, iodine, an iodine compound, or a combination thereof

[0276] In some embodiments, the additive comprises iodine that is present in the biogenic activated carbon composition as absorbed or intercalated molecular I₂, physically or chemically adsorbed molecular I₂, absorbed or intercalated atomic I, physically or chemically adsorbed atomic I, or a combination thereof

[0277] In some embodiments, the additive comprises an iodine-containing compound, such as (but not limited to) an iodine-containing compound is selected from the group consisting of iodide ion, hydrogen iodide, an iodide salt, a metal iodide, ammonium iodide, an iodine oxide, triiodide ion, a triiodide salt, a metal triiodide, ammonium triiodide, iodate ion, an iodate salt, a polyiodide, iodoform, iodic acid, methyl iodide, an iodinated hydrocarbon, periodic acid, orthoperiodic acid, metaperiodic acid, and combinations, salts, acids, bases, or derivatives thereof

[0278] Additives may result in a final product with higher energy content (energy density). An increase in energy content may result from an increase in total carbon, fixed carbon, volatile carbon, or even hydrogen. Alternatively or additionally, the increase in energy content may result from removal of non-combustible matter or of material having lower energy density than carbon. In some embodiments, additives reduce the extent of liquid formation, in favor of solid and gas formation, or in favor of solid formation.

[0279] In various embodiments, additives chemically modify the starting biomass, or the treated biomass prior to pyrolysis, to reduce rupture of cell walls for greater strength/integrity. In some embodiments, additives may increase fixed carbon content of biomass feedstock prior to pyrolysis.

[0280] Additives may result in a final biogenic activated carbon product with improved mechanical properties, such as yield strength, compressive strength, tensile strength, fatigue strength, impact strength, elastic modulus, bulk modulus, or shear modulus. Additives may improve mechanical properties by simply being present (e.g., the additive itself imparts strength to the mixture) or due to some transformation that takes place within the additive phase or within the resulting mixture. For example, reactions such as vitrification may occur within a portion of the biogenic activated carbon product that includes the additive, thereby improving the final strength.

[0281] Chemical additives may be applied to wet or dry biomass feedstocks. The additives may be applied as a solid powder, a spray, a mist, a liquid, or a vapor. In some embodiments, additives may be introduced through spraying of a liquid solution (such as an aqueous solution or in a solvent), or by soaking in tanks, bins, bags, or other containers.

[0282] In certain embodiments, dip pretreatment is employed wherein the solid feedstock is dipped into a bath comprising the additive, either batchwise or continuously, for a time sufficient to allow penetration of the additive into the solid feed material.

[0283] In some embodiments, additives applied to the feedstock may reduce energy requirements for the pyrolysis, and/or increase the yield of the carbonaceous product. In these or other embodiments, additives applied to the feedstock may provide functionality that is desired for the intended use of the carbonaceous product, as will be further described below regarding compositions.

[0284] In some embodiments, the process for producing a biogenic activated carbon further comprises a step of sizing (e.g., sorting, screening, classifying, etc.) the warm or cool pyrolyzed solids to form sized pyrolyzed solids. The sized pyrolyzed solids can then be used in applications which call for an activated carbon product having a certain particle size characteristic.

[0285] The throughput, or process capacity, may vary widely from small laboratory-scale units to full commercial-scale biorefineries, including any pilot, demonstration, or semi-commercial scale. In various embodiments, the process capacity is at least about 1 kg/day, 10 kg/day, 100 kg/day, 1 ton/day (all tons are metric tons), 10 tons/day, 100 tons/day, 500 tons/day, 1000 tons/day, 2000 tons/day, or higher.

[0286] Solid, liquid, and gas streams produced or existing within the process can be independently recycled, passed to subsequent steps, or removed/purged from the process at any point.

[0287] Gas outlets (probes) allow precise process monitoring and control across various stages of the process, up to and potentially including all stages of the process. Precise process monitoring would be expected to result in yield and efficiency improvements, both dynamically as well as over a period of time when operational history can be utilized to adjust process conditions.

[0288] In some embodiments, a reaction gas probe is disposed in operable communication a process zone. Such a reaction gas probe may be useful to extract gases and analyze them, in order to determine extent of reaction, pyrolysis selectivity, or other process monitoring. Then, based on the measurement, the process may be controlled or adjusted in any number of ways, such as by adjusting feed rate, rate of inert gas sweep, temperature (of one or more zones), pressure (of one or more zones), additives, and so on.

[0289] As intended herein, “monitor and control” via reaction gas probes should be construed to include any one or more sample extractions via reaction gas probes, and optionally making process or equipment adjustments based on the measurements, if deemed necessary or desirable, using well-known principles of process control (feedback, feedforward, proportional-integral-derivative logic, etc.).

[0290] A reaction gas probe may be configured to extract gas samples in a number of ways. For example, a sampling line may have a lower pressure than the pyrolysis reactor pressure, so that when the sampling line is opened an amount of gas can readily be extracted from pyrolysis zone. The sampling line may be under vacuum, such as when the pyrolysis zone is near atmospheric pressure. Typically, a reaction gas probe will be associated with one gas output, or a portion thereof (e.g., a line split from a gas output line).

[0291] In some embodiments, both a gas input and a gas output are utilized as a reaction gas probe by periodically introducing an inert gas into a zone, and pulling the inert gas with a process sample out of the gas output (“sample sweep”). Such an arrangement could be used in a zone that does not otherwise have a gas inlet/outlet for the substantially inert gas for processing, or, the reaction gas probe could be associated with a separate gas inlet/outlet that is in addition to process inlets and outlets. A sampling inert gas that is introduced and extracted periodically for sampling (in embodiments that utilize sample sweeps) could even be different than the process inert gas, if desired, either for reasons of accuracy in analysis or to introduce an analytical tracer.

[0292] For example, acetic acid concentration in the gas phase may be measured using a gas probe to extract a sample, which is then analyzed using a suitable technique (such as gas chromatography, GC; mass spectroscopy, MS; GC-MS, or Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, FTIR). CO and/or CO₂ concentration in the gas phase could be measured and used as an indication of the pyrolysis selectivity toward gases/vapors, for example. Terpene concentration in the gas phase could be measured and used as an indication of the pyrolysis selectivity toward liquids, and so on.

[0293] In some embodiments, the system further comprises at least one additional gas probe disposed in operable communication with the cooling zone, or with the drying zone (if present) or the preheating zone (if present).

[0294] A gas probe for the cooling zone could be useful to determine the extent of any additional chemistry taking place in the cooling zone, for example. A gas probe in the cooling zone could also be useful as an independent measurement of temperature (in addition, for example, to a thermocouple disposed in the cooling zone). This independent measurement may be a correlation of cooling temperature with a measured amount of a certain species. The correlation could be separately developed, or could be established after some period of process operation.

[0295] A gas probe for the drying zone could be useful to determine the extent of drying, by measuring water content, for example. A gas probe in the preheating zone could be useful to determine the extent of any mild pyrolysis taking place, for example.

[0296] In some embodiments of the disclosure, the system further includes a process gas heater disposed in operable communication with the outlet at which condensable vapors and non-condensable gases are removed. The process gas heater can be configured to receive a separate fuel (such as natural gas) and an oxidant (such as air) into a combustion chamber, adapted for combustion of the fuel and at least a portion of the condensable vapors. Certain non-condensable gases may also be oxidized, such as CO or CH₄, to CO₂.

[0297] When a process gas heater is employed, the system may include a heat exchanger disposed between the process gas heater and the dryer, configured to utilize at least some of the heat of the combustion for the dryer. This embodiment can contribute significantly to the overall energy efficiency of the process.

[0298] In some embodiments, the system further comprises a material enrichment unit, disposed in operable communication with a cooler, configured for combining condensable vapors, in at least partially condensed form, with the solids. The material enrichment unit may increase the carbon content of the biogenic activated carbon.

[0299] In certain embodiments, the combustion products include carbon monoxide, the process further comprising utilizing the carbon monoxide as a fuel within the process or for another process. For example, the CO may be used as a direct or indirect fuel to a pyrolysis unit.

[0300] The system may further include a separate pyrolysis zone adapted to further pyrolyze the biogenic activated carbon to further increase its carbon content. The separate pyrolysis zone may be a relatively simply container, unit, or device, such as a tank, barrel, bin, drum, tote, sack, or roll-off.

[0301] The overall system may be at a fixed location, or it may be made portable. The system may be constructed using modules which may be simply duplicated for practical scale-up. The system may also be constructed using economy-of-scale principles, as is well-known in the process industries.

[0302] In some embodiments, the process for producing a biogenic activated carbon further comprises a step of sizing (e.g., sorting, screening, classifying, etc.) the warm or cool pyrolyzed solids to form sized pyrolyzed solids. The sized pyrolyzed solids can then be used in applications which call for an activated carbon product having a certain particle size characteristic.

[0303] In some embodiments, the biogenic activated carbon comprises at least about 55 wt. % total carbon on a dry basis, for example at least 55 wt. %, at least 60 wt. %, at least 65 wt. %, at least 70 wt %, at least 75 wt. %, at least 80 wt %, at least 85 wt. %, at least 90 wt %, at least 95 wt %, at least 96 wt %, at least 97 wt %, at least 98 wt %, or at least 99 wt % total carbon on a dry basis. The total carbon includes at least fixed carbon, and may further include carbon from volatile matter. In some embodiments, carbon from volatile matter is about at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 25%, or at least 50% of the total carbon present in the biogenic activated carbon. Fixed carbon may be measured using ASTM D3172, while volatile carbon may be estimated using ASTM D3175, for example.

[0304] Biogenic activated carbon according to the present disclosure may comprise about 0 wt % to about 8 wt % hydrogen. In some embodiments, biogenic activated carbon comprises greater than about 0.5 wt % hydrogen, for example about 0.6 wt %, about 0.7 wt %, about 0.8 wt %, about 0.9 wt %, about 1 wt %, about 1.2 wt %, about 1.4 wt %, about 1.6 wt %, about 1.8 wt %, about 2 wt %, about 2.2 wt %, about 2.4 wt %, about 2.6 wt %, about 2.8 wt %, about 3 wt %, about 3.2 wt %, about 3.4 wt %, about 3.6 wt %, about 3.8 wt %, about 4 wt %, or greater than about 4 wt % hydrogen. The hydrogen content of biogenic activated carbon may be determined by any suitable method known in the art, for example by the combustion analysis procedure outlined in ASTM D5373. In some embodiments, biogenic activated carbon has a hydrogen content that is greater than the hydrogen content of activated carbon derived from fossil fuel sources. Typically, fossil fuel based activated carbon products have less than 1 wt % hydrogen, for example about 0.6 wt % hydrogen. In some embodiments, the characteristics of an activated carbon product can be optimized by blending an amount of a fossil fuel based activated carbon product (i.e., with a very low hydrogen content) with a suitable amount of a biogenic activated carbon product having a hydrogen content greater than that of the fossil fuel based activated carbon product.

[0305] The biogenic activated carbon may comprise about 10 wt % or less, such as about 5 wt % or less, hydrogen on a dry basis. The biogenic activated carbon product may comprise about 1 wt % or less, such as about 0.5 wt % or less, nitrogen on a dry basis. The biogenic activated carbon product may comprise about 0.5 wt % or less, such as about 0.2 wt % or less, phosphorus on a dry basis. The biogenic activated carbon product may comprise about 0.2 wt % or less, such as about 0.1 wt % or less, sulfur on a dry basis.

[0306] In certain embodiments, the biogenic activated carbon includes oxygen, such as up to 20 wt % oxygen, for example about 0.2 wt %, about 0.5 wt %, about 1 wt %, about 2 wt %, about 3 wt %, about 4 wt %, about 5 wt %, about 6 wt %, about 7 wt %, about 7.5 wt %, about 8 wt %, about 9 wt %, about 10 wt %, about 11 wt %, about 12 wt %, about 13 wt %, about 14 wt %, about 15 wt %, about 16 wt %, about 17 wt %, about 18 wt %, about 19 wt %, or about 20 wt % oxygen. The presence of oxygen may be beneficial in the activated carbon for certain applications, such as mercury capture, especially in conjunction with the presence of a halogen (such as chlorine or bromine). In some embodiments, biogenic activated carbon has a oxygen content that is greater than the oxygen content of activated carbon derived from fossil fuel sources. Typically, fossil fuel based activated carbon products have less than 10 wt % oxygen, for example about 7 wt % oxygen or about 0.3 wt % oxygen. In some embodiments, the characteristics of an activated carbon product can be optimized by blending an amount of a fossil fuel based activated carbon product (i.e., with a very low oxygen content) with a suitable amount of a biogenic activated carbon product having a oxygen content greater than that of the fossil fuel based activated carbon product.

[0307] Carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen may be measured using ASTM D5373 for ultimate analysis, for example. Oxygen may be estimated using ASTM D3176, for example. Sulfur may be measured using ASTM D3177, for example.

[0308] Certain embodiments provide reagents with little or essentially no hydrogen (except from any moisture that may be present), nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur, and are substantially carbon plus any ash and moisture present. Therefore, some embodiments provide a material with up to and including 100% carbon, on a dry/ash-free (DAF) basis.

[0309] Various amounts of non-combustible matter, such as ash, may be present in the final product. The biogenic activated carbon may comprise about 10 wt % or less, such as about 5 wt %, about 2 wt %, about 1 wt % or less than about 1 wt % of non-combustible matter on a dry basis. In certain embodiments, the reagent contains little ash, or even essentially no ash or other non-combustible matter. Therefore, some embodiments provide essentially pure carbon, including 100% carbon, on a dry basis.

[0310] Various amounts of moisture may be present. On a total mass basis, the biogenic activated carbon may comprise at least 1 wt %, at least 2 wt %, at least 5 wt %, at least 10 wt %, at least 15 wt %, at least 25 wt %, at least 35 wt %, at least 50 wt %, or more than 50 wt % of moisture. As intended herein, “moisture” is to be construed as including any form of water present in the biogenic activated carbon product, including absorbed moisture, adsorbed water molecules, chemical hydrates, and physical hydrates. The equilibrium moisture content may vary at least with the local environment, such as the relative humidity. Also, moisture may vary during transportation, preparation for use, and other logistics. Moisture may be measured by any suitable method known in the art, including ASTM D3173, for example.

[0311] The biogenic activated carbon may have various “energy content” which for present purposes means the energy density based on the higher heating value associated with total combustion of the bone-dry reagent. For example, the biogenic activated carbon may possess an energy content of about at least 11,000 Btu/lb, at least 12,000 Btu/lb, at least 13,000 Btu/lb, at least 14,000 Btu/lb, or at least 15,000 Btu/lb. In certain embodiments, the energy content is between about 14,000-15,000 Btu/lb. The energy content may be measured by any suitable method known in the art, including ASTM D5865, for example.

[0312] The biogenic activated carbon may be formed into a powder, such as a coarse powder or a fine powder. For example, the reagent may be formed into a powder with an average mesh size of about 200 mesh, about 100 mesh, about 50 mesh, about 10 mesh, about 6 mesh, about 4 mesh, or about 2 mesh, in embodiments. In some embodiments, the biogenic activated carbon has an average particle size of up to about 500 μm, for example less than about 10 μm, about 10 μm, about 25 μm, about 50 μm, about 75 μm, about 100 μm, about 200 μm, about 300 μm, about 400 μm, or about 500 μm.

[0313] The biogenic activated carbon may be produced as powder activated carbon, which generally includes particles with a size predominantly less than 0.21 mm (70 mesh). The biogenic activated carbon may be produced as granular activated carbon, which generally includes irregularly shaped particles with sizes ranging from 0.2 mm to 5 mm. The biogenic activated carbon may be produced as pelletized activated carbon, which generally includes extruded and cylindrically shaped objects with diameters from 0.8 mm to 5 mm.

[0314] In some embodiments, the biogenic activated carbon is formed into structural objects comprising pressed, binded, or agglomerated particles. The starting material to form these objects may be a powder form of the reagent, such as an intermediate obtained by particle-size reduction. The objects may be formed by mechanical pressing or other forces, optionally with a binder or other means of agglomerating particles together.

[0315] Following formation from pyrolysis, the biogenic activated carbon may be pulverized to form a powder. “Pulverization” in this context is meant to include any sizing, milling, pulverizing, grinding, crushing, extruding, or other primarily mechanical treatment to reduce the average particle size. The mechanical treatment may be assisted by chemical or electrical forces, if desired. Pulverization may be a batch, continuous, or semi-continuous process and may be carried out at a different location than that of formation of the pyrolyzed solids, in some embodiments.

[0316] In some embodiments, the biogenic activated carbon is produced in the form of structural objects whose structure substantially derives from the feedstock. For example, feedstock chips may produce product chips of biogenic activated carbon. Or, feedstock cylinders may produce biogenic activated carbon cylinders, which may be somewhat smaller but otherwise maintain the basic structure and geometry of the starting material.

[0317] A biogenic activated carbon according to the present disclosure may be produced as, or formed into, an object that has a minimum dimension of at least about 1 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm, 6 cm, 7 cm, 8 cm, 9 cm, 10 cm, or higher. In various embodiments, the minimum dimension or maximum dimension can be a length, width, or diameter.

[0318] In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to the incorporation of additives into the process, into the product, or both. In some embodiments, the biogenic activated carbon includes at least one process additive incorporated during the process. In these or other embodiments, the activated carbon includes at least one product additive introduced to the activated carbon following the process.

[0319] In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to the incorporation of additives into the process, into the product, or both. In some embodiments, the biogenic activated carbon includes at least one process additive incorporated during the process. In these or other embodiments, the reagent includes at least one product additive introduced to the reagent following the process.

[0320] In some embodiments, a biogenic activated carbon comprises, on a dry basis:

[0321] 55 wt % or more total carbon;

[0322] 5 wt % or less hydrogen;

[0323] 1 wt % or less nitrogen;

[0324] optionally from 0.5 wt % to 10 wt % oxygen;

[0325] 0.5 wt % or less phosphorus;

[0326] 0.2 wt % or less sulfur; and

[0327] an additive selected from a metal, a metal oxide, a metal hydroxide, a metal halide, or a combination thereof

[0328] The additive may be selected from, but is by no means limited to, iron chloride, iron bromide, magnesium, manganese, aluminum, nickel, chromium, silicon, magnesium oxide, dolomite, dolomitic lime, fluorite, fluorospar, bentonite, calcium oxide, lime, or combinations thereof

[0329] In some embodiments, a biogenic activated carbon comprises, on a dry basis:

[0330] 55 wt % or more total carbon;

[0331] 5 wt % or less hydrogen;

[0332] 1 wt % or less nitrogen;

[0333] optionally from 0.5 wt % to 10 wt % oxygen;

[0334] 0.5 wt % or less phosphorus;

[0335] 0.2 wt % or less sulfur; and

[0336] an additive selected from an acid, a base, or a salt thereof.

[0337] The additive may be selected from, but is by no means limited to, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen chloride, sodium silicate, potassium permanganate, organic acids (e.g., citric acid), or combinations thereof

[0338] In certain embodiments, a biogenic activated carbon comprises, on a dry basis:

[0339] 55 wt % or more total carbon;

[0340] 5 wt % or less hydrogen;

[0341] 1 wt % or less nitrogen;

[0342] optionally from 0.5 wt % to 10 wt % oxygen;

[0343] 0.5 wt % or less phosphorus;

[0344] 0.2 wt % or less sulfur;

[0345] a first additive selected from a metal, metal oxide, metal hydroxide, a metal halide, or a combination thereof; and

[0346] a second additive selected from an acid, a base, or a salt thereof,

[0347] wherein the first additive is different from the second additive.

[0348] The first additive may be selected from iron chloride, iron bromide, magnesium, manganese, aluminum, nickel, chromium, silicon, magnesium oxide, dolomite, dolomitic lime, fluorite, fluorospar, bentonite, calcium oxide, lime, or combinations thereof, while the second additive may be independently selected from sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen chloride, sodium silicate, potassium permanganate, organic acids (e.g., citric acid), or combinations thereof

[0349] In one embodiment, a biogenic activated carbon consistent with the present disclosure consists essentially of, on a dry basis, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, non-combustible matter, and an additive selected from the group consisting of iron chloride, iron bromide, magnesium, manganese, aluminum, nickel, chromium, silicon, magnesium oxide, dolomite, dolomitic lime, fluorite, fluorospar, bentonite, calcium oxide, lime, and combinations thereof

[0350] In one embodiment, a biogenic activated carbon consistent with the present disclosure consists essentially of, on a dry basis, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, non-combustible matter, and an additive selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen chloride, sodium silicate, and combinations thereof.

[0351] The amount of additive (or total additives) may vary widely, such as from about 0.01 wt % to about 25 wt %, including about 0.1 wt %, about 1 wt %, about 5 wt %, about 10 wt %, or about 20 wt % on a dry basis. It will be appreciated then when relatively large amounts of additives are incorporated, such as higher than about 1 wt %, there will be a reduction in energy content calculated on the basis of the total activated carbon weight (inclusive of additives). Still, in various embodiments, the biogenic activated carbon with additive(s) may possess an energy content of about at least 11,000 Btu/lb, at least 12,000 Btu/lb, at least 13,000 Btu/lb, at least 14,000 Btu/lb, or at least 15,000 Btu/lb, when based on the entire weight of the biogenic activated carbon (including the additive(s)).

[0352] The above discussion regarding product form applies also to embodiments that incorporate additives. In fact, certain embodiments incorporate additives as binders or other modifiers to enhance final properties for a particular application.

[0353] In some embodiments, the majority of carbon contained in the biogenic activated carbon is classified as renewable carbon. In some embodiments, substantially all of the carbon is classified as renewable carbon. There may be certain market mechanisms (e.g., Renewable Identification Numbers, tax credits, etc.) wherein value is attributed to the renewable carbon content within the biogenic activated carbon. In some embodiments, the additive itself is derived from biogenic sources or is otherwise classified as derived from a renewable carbon source. For example, some organic acids such as citric acid are derived from renewable carbon sources. Thus, in some embodiments, the carbon content of a biogenic activated carbon consists of, consists essentially of, or consists substantially of renewable carbon. For example, a fully biogenic activated carbon formed by methods as disclosed herein consist of, consist essentially of, or consist substantially of (a) pyrolyzed solids derived solely from biomass from renewable carbon sources and (b) one or more additives derived solely from renewable carbon sources

[0354] The biogenic activated carbon produced as described herein is useful for a wide variety of carbonaceous products. In variations, a product includes any of the biogenic activated carbons that may be obtained by the disclosed processes, or that are described in the compositions set forth herein, or any portions, combinations, or derivatives thereof

[0355] Generally speaking, the biogenic activated carbons may be combusted to produce energy (including electricity and heat); partially oxidized or steam-reformed to produce syngas; utilized for their adsorptive or absorptive properties; utilized for their reactive properties during metal refining (such as reduction of metal oxides) or other industrial processing; or utilized for their material properties in carbon steel and various other metal alloys. Essentially, the biogenic activated carbons may be utilized for any market application of carbon-based commodities or advanced materials (e.g., graphene), including specialty uses to be developed.

[0356] Biogenic activated carbon prepared according to the processes disclosed herein has the same or better characteristics as traditional fossil fuel-based activated carbon. In some embodiments, biogenic activated carbon has a surface area that is comparable to, equal to, or greater than surface area associated with fossil fuel-based activated carbon. In some embodiments, biogenic activated carbon can control pollutants as well as or better than traditional activated carbon products. In some embodiments, biogenic activated carbon has an inert material (e.g., ash) level that is comparable to, equal to, or less than an inert material (e.g., ash) level associated with a traditional activated carbon product. In some embodiments, biogenic activated carbon has a particle size and/or a particle size distribution that is comparable to, equal to, greater than, or less than a particle size and/or a particle size distribution associated with a traditional activated carbon product. In some embodiments, a biogenic activated carbon product has a particle shape that is comparable to, substantially similar to, or the same as a particle shape associated with a traditional activated carbon product. In some embodiments, a biogenic activated carbon product has a particle shape that is substantially different than a particle shape associated with a traditional activated carbon product. In some embodiments, a biogenic activated carbon product has a pore volume that is comparable to, equal to, or greater than a pore volume associated with a traditional activated carbon product. In some embodiments, a biogenic activated carbon product has pore dimensions that are comparable to, substantially similar to, or the same as pore dimensions associated with a traditional activated carbon product. In some embodiments, a biogenic activated product has an attrition resistance of particles value that is comparable to, substantially similar to, or the same as an attrition resistance of particles value associated with a traditional activated carbon product. In some embodiments, a biogenic activated carbon product has a hardness value that is comparable to, substantially similar to, or the same as a hardness value associated with a traditional activated carbon product. In some embodiments, a biogenic activated carbon product has a hardness value that is comparable to, substantially less than, or less than a hardness value associated with a traditional activated carbon product. In some embodiments, a biogenic activated carbon product has a bulk density value that is comparable to, substantially similar to, or the same as a bulk density value associated with a traditional activated carbon product. In some embodiments, a biogenic activated carbon product has a bulk density value that is comparable to, substantially less than, or less than a bulk density value associated with a traditional activated carbon product. In some embodiments, a biogenic activated carbon product has an absorptive capacity that is comparable to, substantially similar to, or the same as an absorptive capacity associated with a traditional activated carbon product.

[0357] Prior to suitability or actual use in any product applications, the disclosed biogenic activated carbons may be analyzed, measured, and optionally modified (such as through additives) in various ways. Some properties of potential interest, other than chemical composition and energy content, include density, particle size, surface area, microporosity, absorptivity, adsorptivity, binding capacity, reactivity, desulfurization activity, basicity, hardness, and Iodine Number.

[0358] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides various activated carbon products. Activated carbon is used in a wide variety of liquid and gas-phase applications, including water treatment, air purification, solvent vapor recovery, food and beverage processing, sugar and sweetener refining, automotive uses, and pharmaceuticals. For activated carbon, key product attributes may include particle size, shape, and composition; surface area, pore volume and pore dimensions, particle-size distribution, the chemical nature of the carbon surface and interior, attrition resistance of particles, hardness, bulk density, and adsorptive capacity.

[0359] The surface area of the biogenic activated carbon may vary widely. Exemplary surface areas range from about 400 m²/g to about 2000 m²/g or higher, such as about 500 m²/g, 600 m²/g, 800 m²/g, 1000 m²/g, 1200 m²/g, 1400 m²/g, 1600 m²/g, or 1800 m²/g. Surface area generally correlates to adsorption capacity.

[0360] The Iodine Number is a parameter used to characterize activated carbon performance. The Iodine Number measures the degree of activation of the carbon, and is a measure of micropore (e.g., 0-20 Å) content. It is an important measurement for liquid-phase applications. Exemplary Iodine Numbers for activated carbon products produced by embodiments of the disclosure include about 500, 600, 750, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1500, 1600, 1750, 1900, 2000, 2100, and 2200.

[0361] Other pore-related measurements include Methylene Blue, which measures mesopore content (e.g., 20-500 Å); and Molasses Number, which measures macropore content (e.g., >500 Å). The pore-size distribution and pore volume are important to determine ultimate performance. A typical bulk density for the biogenic activated carbon is about 400 to 500 g/liter, such as about 450 g/liter.

[0362] Hardness or Abrasion Number is measure of activated carbon's resistance to attrition. It is an indicator of activated carbon's physical integrity to withstand frictional forces and mechanical stresses during handling or use. Some amount of hardness is desirable, but if the hardness is too high, excessive equipment wear can result. Exemplary Abrasion Numbers, measured according to ASTM D3802, range from about 1% to great than about 99%, such as about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or greater than about 99%.

[0363] In some embodiments, an optimal range of hardness can be achieved in which the biogenic activated carbon is reasonably resistant to attrition but does not cause abrasion and wear in capital facilities that process the activated carbon. This optimum is made possible in some embodiments of this disclosure due to the selection of feedstock as well as processing conditions.

[0364] For example, it is known that coconut shells tend to produce Abrasion Numbers of 99% or higher, so coconut shells would be a less-than-optimal feedstock for achieving optimum hardness. In some embodiments in which the downstream use can handle high hardness, the process of this disclosure may be operated to increase or maximize hardness to produce biogenic activated carbon products having an Abrasion Number of about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or greater than about 99%.

[0365] The biogenic activated carbon provided by the present disclosure has a wide range of commercial uses. For example, without limitation, the biogenic activated carbon may be utilized in emissions control, water purification, groundwater treatment, wastewater treatment, air stripper applications, PCB removal applications, odor removal applications, soil vapor extractions, manufactured gas plants, industrial water filtration, industrial fumigation, tank and process vents, pumps, blowers, filters, pre-filters, mist filters, ductwork, piping modules, adsorbers, absorbers, and columns.

[0366] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method of using a biogenic activated carbon composition to reduce emissions, the method comprising:

[0367] (a) providing activated carbon particles comprising a biogenic activated carbon composition;

[0368] (b) providing a gas-phase emissions stream comprising at least one selected contaminant;

[0369] (c) providing an additive selected to assist in removal of the selected contaminant from the gas-phase emissions stream;

[0370] (d) introducing the activated carbon particles and the additive into the gas-phase emissions stream, to adsorb at least a portion of the selected contaminant onto the activated carbon particles, thereby generating contaminant-adsorbed carbon particles within the gas-phase emissions stream; and

[0371] (e) separating at least a portion of the contaminant-adsorbed carbon particles from the gas-phase emissions stream, to produce a contaminant-reduced gas-phase emissions stream.

[0372] The additive for the biogenic activated carbon composition may be provided as part of the activated carbon particles. Alternatively, or additionally, the additive may be introduced directly into the gas-phase emissions stream, into a fuel bed, or into a combustion zone. Other ways of directly or indirectly introducing the additive into the gas-phase emissions stream for removal of the selected contaminant are possible, as will be appreciated by one of skill in the art.

[0373] A selected contaminant (in the gas-phase emissions stream) may be a metal, such as a metal is selected from the group consisting of mercury, boron, selenium, arsenic, and any compound, salt, and mixture thereof. A selected contaminant may be a hazardous air pollutant, an organic compound (such as a VOC), or a non-condensable gas, for example. In some embodiments, a biogenic activated carbon product adsorbs, absorbs and/or chemisorbs a selected contaminant in greater amounts than a comparable amount of a non-biogenic activated carbon product. In some such embodiments, the selected contaminant is a metal, a hazardous air pollutant, an organic compound (such as a VOC), a non-condensable gas, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the selected contaminant comprises mercury. In some embodiments, the selected contaminant comprises one or more VOCs. In some embodiments, the biogenic activated carbon comprises at least about 1 wt % hydrogen and/or at least about 10 wt % oxygen.

[0374] Hazardous air pollutants are those pollutants that cause or may cause cancer or other serious health effects, such as reproductive effects or birth defects, or adverse environmental and ecological effects. Section 112 of the Clean Air Act, as amended, is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Pursuant to the Section 112 of the Clean Air Act, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is mandated to control 189 hazardous air pollutants. Any current or future compounds classified as hazardous air pollutants by the EPA are included in possible selected contaminants in the present context.

[0375] Volatile organic compounds, some of which are also hazardous air pollutants, are organic chemicals that have a high vapor pressure at ordinary, room-temperature conditions. Examples include short-chain alkanes, olefins, alcohols, ketones, and aldehydes. Many volatile organic compounds are dangerous to human health or cause harm to the environment. EPA regulates volatile organic compounds in air, water, and land. EPA's definition of volatile organic compounds is described in 40 CFR Section 51.100, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

[0376] Non-condensable gases are gases that do not condense under ordinary, room-temperature conditions. Non-condensable gas may include, but are not limited to, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, methane, ethane, ethylene, ozone, ammonia, or combinations thereof.

[0377] Multiple contaminants may be removed by the activated carbon particles. In some embodiments, the contaminant-adsorbed carbon particles include at least two contaminants, at least three contaminants, or more. The biogenic activated carbon as disclosed herein can allow multi-pollutant control as well as control of certain targeted pollutants (e.g. selenium).

[0378] In some embodiments, the contaminant-adsorbed carbon particles include at least one, at least two, at least three, or all of, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, mercury, and sulfur dioxide (in any combination).

[0379] The separation in step (e) may include filtration (e.g., fabric filters) or electrostatic precipitation (ESP), for example. Fabric filters, also known as baghouses, may utilize engineered fabric filter tubes, envelopes, or cartridges, for example. There are several types of baghouses, including pulse-jet, shaker-style, and reverse-air systems. The separation in step (e) may also include scrubbing.

[0380] An electrostatic precipitator, or electrostatic air cleaner, is a particulate collection device that removes particles from a flowing gas using the force of an induced electrostatic charge. Electrostatic precipitators are highly efficient filtration devices that minimally impede the flow of gases through the device, and can easily remove fine particulate matter from the air stream. An electrostatic precipitator applies energy only to the particulate matter being collected and therefore is very efficient in its consumption of energy (electricity).

[0381] The electrostatic precipitator may be dry or wet. A wet electrostatic precipitator operates with saturated gas streams to remove liquid droplets such as sulfuric acid mist from industrial process gas streams. Wet electrostatic precipitators may be useful when the gases are high in moisture content, contain combustible particulate, or have particles that are sticky in nature.

[0382] In some embodiments, the contaminant-adsorbed carbon particles are treated to regenerate the activated carbon particles. In some embodiments, the method includes thermally oxidizing the contaminant-adsorbed carbon particles. The contaminant-adsorbed carbon particles, or a regenerated form thereof, may be combusted to provide energy.

[0383] In some embodiments, the additive is selected from an acid, a base, a salt, a metal, a metal oxide, a metal hydroxide, a metal halide, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the additive is selected from the group consisting of magnesium, manganese, aluminum, nickel, iron, chromium, silicon, boron, cerium, molybdenum, phosphorus, tungsten, vanadium, iron chloride, iron bromide, magnesium oxide, dolomite, dolomitic lime, fluorite, fluorospar, bentonite, calcium oxide, lime, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen chloride, sodium silicate, potassium permanganate, organic acids (e.g., citric acid), and combinations thereof

[0384] In some embodiments, the gas-phase emissions stream is derived from combustion of a fuel comprising the biogenic activated carbon composition.

[0385] In some embodiments relating specifically to mercury removal, a method of using a biogenic activated carbon composition to reduce mercury emissions comprises:

[0386] (a) providing activated carbon particles comprising a biogenic activated carbon composition that includes iron or an iron-containing compound;

[0387] (b) providing a gas-phase emissions stream comprising mercury;

[0388] (c) introducing the activated carbon particles into the gas-phase emissions stream, to adsorb at least a portion of the mercury onto the activated carbon particles, thereby generating mercury-adsorbed carbon particles within the gas-phase emissions stream; and

[0389] (d) separating at least a portion of the mercury-adsorbed carbon particles from the gas-phase emissions stream using electrostatic precipitation or filtration, to produce a mercury-reduced gas-phase emissions stream.

[0390] In some embodiments, a method of using a biogenic activated carbon composition to reduce emissions (e.g., mercury) further comprises using the biogenic activated carbon as a fuel source. In such embodiments, the high heat value of the biogenic activated carbon product can be utilized in addition to its ability to reduce emissions by adsorbing, absorbing and/or chemisorbing potential pollutants. Thus, in an example embodiment, the biogenic activated carbon product, when used as a fuel source and as a mercury control product, prevents at least 70% of mercury from emanating from a power plant, for example about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, 98.5%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, about 99.9%, or greater than about 99.9% of mercury.

[0391] As an exemplary embodiment, biogenic activated carbon may be injected (such as into the ductwork) upstream of a particulate matter control device, such as an electrostatic precipitator or fabric filter. In some cases, a flue gas desulfurization (dry or wet) system may be downstream of the activated carbon injection point. The activated carbon may be pneumatically injected as a powder. The injection location will typically be determined by the existing plant configuration (unless it is a new site) and whether additional downstream particulate matter control equipment is modified.

[0392] For boilers currently equipped with particulate matter control devices, implementing biogenic activated carbon injection for mercury control could entail: (i) injection of powdered activated carbon upstream of the existing particulate matter control device (electrostatic precipitator or fabric filter); (ii) injection of powdered activated carbon downstream of an existing electrostatic precipitator and upstream of a retrofit fabric filter; or (iii) injection of powdered activated carbon between electrostatic precipitator electric fields.

[0393] In some embodiments, powdered biogenic activated carbon injection approaches may be employed in combination with existing SO₂ control devices. Activated carbon could be injected prior to the SO₂ control device or after the SO₂ control device, subject to the availability of a means to collect the activated carbon sorbent downstream of the injection point.

[0394] When electrostatic precipitation is employed, the presence of iron or an iron-containing compound in the activated carbon particles can improve the effectiveness of electrostatic precipitation, thereby improving mercury control.

[0395] The method optionally further includes separating the mercury-adsorbed carbon particles, containing the iron or an iron-containing compound, from carbon or ash particles that do not contain the iron or an iron-containing compound. The carbon or ash particles that do not contain the iron or an iron-containing compound may be recovered for recycling, selling as a co-product, or other use. Any separations involving iron or materials containing iron may employ magnetic separation, taking advantage of the magnetic properties of iron.

[0396] A biogenic activated carbon composition that includes iron or an iron-containing compound is a “magnetic activated carbon” product. That is, the material is susceptible to a magnetic field. The iron or iron-containing compound may be separated using magnetic separation devices. Additionally, the biogenic activated carbon, which contains iron, may be separated using magnetic separation. When magnetic separation is to be employed, magnetic metal separators may be magnet cartridges, plate magnets, or another known configuration.

[0397] Inclusion of iron or iron-containing compounds may drastically improve the performance of electrostatic precipitators for mercury control. Furthermore, inclusion of iron or iron-containing compounds may drastically change end-of-life options, since the spent activated carbon solids may be separated from other ash.

[0398] In some embodiments, a magnetic activated carbon product can be separated out of the ash stream. Under the ASTM standards for use of fly ash in cement, the fly ash must come from coal products. If wood-based activated carbon can be separated from other fly ash, the remainder of the ash may be used per the ASTM standards for cement production. Similarly, the ability to separate mercury-laden ash may allow it to be better handled and disposed of, potentially reducing costs of handling all ash from a certain facility.

[0399] In some embodiments, the same physical material may be used in multiple processes, either in an integrated way or in sequence. Thus, for example, an activated carbon may, at the end of its useful life as a performance material, then be introduced to a combustion process for energy value or to a metal process, etc.

[0400] For example, an activated carbon injected into an emissions stream may be suitable to remove contaminants, followed by combustion of the activated carbon particles and possibly the contaminants, to produce energy and thermally destroy or chemically oxidize the contaminants.

[0401] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a process for energy production comprising:

[0402] (a) providing a carbon-containing feedstock comprising a biogenic activated carbon composition (which may include one or more additives); and

[0403] (b) oxidizing the carbon-containing feedstock to generate energy and a gas-phase emissions stream,

[0404] wherein the presence of the biogenic activated carbon composition within the carbon-containing feedstock is effective to adsorb at least one contaminant produced as a byproduct of the oxidizing or derived from the carbon-containing feedstock, thereby reducing emissions of the contaminant.

[0405] In some embodiments, the contaminant, or a precursor thereof, is contained within the carbon-containing feedstock. In other embodiments, the contaminant is produced as a byproduct of the oxidizing.

[0406] The carbon-containing feedstock may further include biomass, coal, or any other carbonaceous material, in addition to the biogenic activated carbon composition. In certain embodiments, the carbon-containing feedstock consists essentially of the biogenic activated carbon composition as the sole fuel source.

[0407] The selected contaminant may be a metal selected from the group consisting of mercury, boron, selenium, arsenic, and any compound, salt, and mixture thereof; a hazardous air pollutant; an organic compound (such as a VOC); a non-condensable gas selected from the group consisting of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, methane, ethane, ethylene, ozone, and ammonia; or any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, a biogenic activated carbon product adsorbs, absorbs and/or chemisorbs a selected contaminant in greater amounts than a comparable amount of a non-biogenic activated carbon product. In some such embodiments, the selected contaminant is a metal, a hazardous air pollutant, an organic compound (such as a VOC), a non-condensable gas, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the selected contaminant comprises mercury. In some embodiments, the selected contaminant comprises one or more VOCs. In some embodiments, the biogenic activated carbon comprises at least about 1 wt % hydrogen and/or at least about 10 wt % oxygen.

[0408] The biogenic activated carbon and the principles of the disclosure may be applied to liquid-phase applications, including processing of water, aqueous streams of varying purities, solvents, liquid fuels, polymers, molten salts, and molten metals, for example. As intended herein, “liquid phase” includes slurries, suspensions, emulsions, multiphase systems, or any other material that has (or may be adjusted to have) at least some amount of a liquid state present.

[0409] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method of using a biogenic activated carbon composition to purify a liquid, in some variations, includes the following steps:

[0410] (a) providing activated carbon particles comprising a biogenic activated carbon composition;

[0411] (b) providing a liquid comprising at least one selected contaminant;

[0412] (c) providing an additive selected to assist in removal of the selected contaminant from the liquid; and

[0413] (d) contacting the liquid with the activated carbon particles and the additive, to adsorb at least a portion of the at least one selected contaminant onto the activated carbon particles, thereby generating contaminant-adsorbed carbon particles and a contaminant-reduced liquid.

[0414] The additive may be provided as part of the activated carbon particles. Or, the additive may be introduced directly into the liquid. In some embodiments, additives—which may be the same, or different—are introduced both as part of the activated carbon particles as well as directly into the liquid.

[0415] In some embodiments relating to liquid-phase applications, an additive is selected from an acid, a base, a salt, a metal, a metal oxide, a metal hydroxide, a metal halide, or a combination thereof. For example an additive may be selected from the group consisting of magnesium, manganese, aluminum, nickel, iron, chromium, silicon, boron, cerium, molybdenum, phosphorus, tungsten, vanadium, iron chloride, iron bromide, magnesium oxide, dolomite, dolomitic lime, fluorite, fluorospar, bentonite, calcium oxide, lime, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen chloride, sodium silicate, potassium permanganate, organic acids (e.g., citric acid), and combinations thereof.

[0416] In some embodiments, the selected contaminant (in the liquid to be treated) is a metal, such as a metal selected from the group consisting of arsenic, boron, selenium, mercury, and any compound, salt, and mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the selected contaminant is an organic compound (such as a VOC), a halogen, a biological compound, a pesticide, or a herbicide. The contaminant-adsorbed carbon particles may include two, three, or more contaminants. In some embodiments, a biogenic activated carbon product adsorbs, absorbs and/or chemisorbs a selected contaminant in greater amounts than a comparable amount of a non-biogenic activated carbon product. In some such embodiments, the selected contaminant is a metal, a hazardous air pollutant, an organic compound (such as a VOC), a non-condensable gas, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the selected contaminant comprises mercury. In some embodiments, the selected contaminant comprises one or more VOCs. In some embodiments, the biogenic activated carbon comprises at least about 1 wt % hydrogen and/or at least about 10 wt % oxygen.

[0417] The liquid to be treated will typically be aqueous, although that is not necessary for the principles of this disclosure. In some embodiments, step (c) includes contacting the liquid with the activated carbon particles in a fixed bed. In other embodiments, step (c) includes contacting the liquid with the activated carbon particles in solution or in a moving bed.

[0418] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method of using a biogenic activated carbon composition to remove at least a portion of a sulfur-containing contaminant from a liquid, the method comprising:

[0419] (a) providing activated-carbon particles comprising a biogenic activated carbon composition;

[0420] (b) providing a liquid containing a sulfur-containing contaminant;

[0421] (c) providing an additive selected to assist in removal of the sulfur-containing contaminant from the liquid; and

[0422] (d) contacting the liquid with the activated-carbon particles and the additive, to adsorb or absorb at least a portion of the sulfur-containing contaminant onto or into the activated-carbon particles.

[0423] In some embodiments, the sulfur-containing contaminant is selected from the group consisting of elemental sulfur, sulfuric acid, sulfurous acid, sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, sulfate anions, bisulfate anions, sulfite anions, bisulfite anions, thiols, sulfides, disulfides, polysulfides, thioethers, thioesters, thioacetals, sulfoxides, sulfones, thiosulfinates, sulfimides, sulfoximides, sulfonediimines, sulfur halides, thioketones, thioaldehydes, sulfur oxides, thiocarboxylic acids, thioamides, sulfonic acids, sulfinic acids, sulfenic acids, sulfonium, oxosulfonium, sulfuranes, persulfuranes, and combinations, salts, or derivatives thereof. For example, the sulfur-containing contaminant may be a sulfate, in anionic and/or salt form.

[0424] In some embodiments, the biogenic activated carbon composition comprises 55 wt % or more total carbon; 15 wt % or less hydrogen; and 1 wt % or less nitrogen; and an additive if provided as part of the activated-carbon particles. The additive may be selected from an acid, a base, a salt, a metal, a metal oxide, a metal hydroxide, a metal halide, iodine, an iodine compound, or a combination thereof. The additive may alternatively (or additionally) be introduced directly into the liquid.

[0425] In some embodiments, step (d) includes filtration of the liquid. In these or other embodiments, step (d) includes osmosis of the liquid. The activated-carbon particles and the additive may be directly introduced to the liquid prior to osmosis. The activated-carbon particles and the additive may be employed in pre-filtration prior to osmosis. In certain embodiments, the activated-carbon particles and the additive are incorporated into a membrane for osmosis. For example, known membrane materials such as cellulose acetate may be modified by introducing the activated-carbon particles and/or additives within the membrane itself or as a layer on one or both sides of the membrane. Various thin-film carbon-containing composites could be fabricated with the activated-carbon particles and additives.

[0426] In some embodiments, step (d) includes direct addition of the activated-carbon particles to the liquid, followed by for example sedimentation of the activated-carbon particles with the sulfur-containing contaminant from the liquid.

[0427] The liquid may be an aqueous liquid, such as water. In some embodiments, the water is wastewater associated with a process selected from the group consisting of metal mining, acid mine drainage, mineral processing, municipal sewer treatment, pulp and paper, ethanol, and any other industrial process that is capable of discharging sulfur-containing contaminants in wastewater. The water may also be (or be part of) a natural body of water, such as a lake, river, or stream.

[0428] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a process to reduce the concentration of sulfates in water, the process comprising:

[0429] (a) providing activated-carbon particles comprising a biogenic activated carbon composition;

[0430] (b) providing a volume or stream of water containing sulfates;

[0431] (c) providing an additive selected to assist in removal of the sulfates from the water; and

[0432] (d) contacting the water with the activated-carbon particles and the additive, to adsorb or absorb at least a portion of the sulfates onto or into the activated-carbon particles.

[0433] In some embodiments, the sulfates are reduced to a concentration of about 50 mg/L or less in the water, such as a concentration of about 10 mg/L or less in the water. In some embodiments, the sulfates are reduced, as a result of absorption and/or adsorption into the biogenic activated carbon composition, to a concentration of about 100 mg/L, 75 mg/L, 50 mg/L, 25 mg/L, 20 mg/L, 15 mg/L, 12 mg/L, 10 mg/L, 8 mg/L, or less in the wastewater stream. In some embodiments, the sulfate is present primarily in the form of sulfate anions and/or bisulfate anions. Depending on pH, the sulfate may also be present in the form of sulfate salts.

[0434] The water may be derived from, part of, or the entirety of a wastewater stream. Exemplary wastewater streams are those that may be associated with a metal mining, acid mine drainage, mineral processing, municipal sewer treatment, pulp and paper, ethanol, or any other industrial process that could discharge sulfur-containing contaminants to wastewater. The water may be a natural body of water, such as a lake, river, or stream. In some embodiments, the process is conducted continuously. In other embodiments, the process is conducted in batch.

[0435] The biogenic activated carbon composition comprises 55 wt % or more total carbon; 15 wt % or less hydrogen; and 1 wt % or less nitrogen, in some embodiments. The additive may be selected from an acid, a base, a salt, a metal, a metal oxide, a metal hydroxide, a metal halide, iodine, an iodine compound, or a combination thereof. The additive is provided as part of the activated-carbon particles and/or is introduced directly into the water.

[0436] Step (d) may include, but is not limited to, filtration of the water, osmosis of the water, and/or direct addition (with sedimentation, clarification, etc.) of the activated-carbon particles to the water.

[0437] When osmosis is employed, the activated carbon can be used in several ways within, or to assist, an osmosis device. In some embodiments, the activated-carbon particles and the additive are directly introduced to the water prior to osmosis. The activated-carbon particles and the additive are optionally employed in pre-filtration prior to the osmosis. In certain embodiments, the activated-carbon particles and the additive are incorporated into a membrane for osmosis.

[0438] The present disclosure also provides a method of using a biogenic activated carbon composition to remove a sulfur-containing contaminant from a gas phase, the method comprising:

[0439] (a) providing activated-carbon particles comprising a biogenic activated carbon composition;

[0440] (b) providing a gas-phase emissions stream comprising at least one sulfur-containing contaminant;

[0441] (c) providing an additive selected to assist in removal of the sulfur-containing contaminant from the gas-phase emissions stream;

[0442] (d) introducing the activated-carbon particles and the additive into the gas-phase emissions stream, to adsorb or absorb at least a portion of the sulfur-containing contaminant onto the activated-carbon particles; and

[0443] (e) separating at least a portion of the activated-carbon particles from the gas-phase emissions stream.

[0444] In some embodiments, the sulfur-containing contaminant is selected from the group consisting of elemental sulfur, sulfuric acid, sulfurous acid, sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, sulfate anions, bisulfate anions, sulfite anions, bisulfite anions, thiols, sulfides, disulfides, polysulfides, thioethers, thioesters, thioacetals, sulfoxides, sulfones, thiosulfinates, sulfimides, sulfoximides, sulfonediimines, sulfur halides, thioketones, thioaldehydes, sulfur oxides, thiocarboxylic acids, thioamides, sulfonic acids, sulfinic acids, sulfenic acids, sulfonium, oxosulfonium, sulfuranes, persulfuranes, and combinations, salts, or derivatives thereof

[0445] The biogenic activated carbon composition may include 55 wt % or more total carbon; 15 wt % or less hydrogen; 1 wt % or less nitrogen; and an additive selected from an acid, a base, a salt, a metal, a metal oxide, a metal hydroxide, a metal halide, iodine, an iodine compound, or a combination thereof. The additive may be provided as part of the activated-carbon particles, or may be introduced directly into the gas-phase emissions stream.

[0446] In some embodiments, the gas-phase emissions stream is derived from combustion of a fuel comprising the biogenic activated carbon composition. For example, the gas-phase emissions stream may be derived from co-combustion of coal and the biogenic activated carbon composition.

[0447] In some embodiments, separating in step (e) comprises filtration. In these or other embodiments, separating in step (e) comprises electrostatic precipitation. In any of these embodiments, separating in step (e) may include scrubbing, which may be wet scrubbing, dry scrubbing, or another type of scrubbing.

[0448] The biogenic activated carbon composition may comprise 55 wt % or more total carbon; 15 wt % or less hydrogen; 1 wt % or less nitrogen; 0.5 wt % or less phosphorus; and 0.2 wt % or less sulfur. In various embodiments, the additive is selected from an acid, a base, a salt, a metal, a metal oxide, a metal hydroxide, a metal halide, iodine, an iodine compound, or a combination thereof. The additive is provided as part of the activated-carbon particles, in some embodiments; alternatively or additionally, the additive may be introduced directly into the gas-phase emissions stream.

[0449] In certain embodiments, the gas-phase emissions stream is derived from combustion of a fuel comprising the biogenic activated carbon composition. For example, the gas-phase emissions stream may be derived from co-combustion of coal and the biogenic activated carbon composition.

[0450] The biogenic activated carbon composition comprises 55 wt % or more total carbon; 15 wt % or less hydrogen; 1 wt % or less nitrogen; 0.5 wt % or less phosphorus; and 0.2 wt % or less sulfur, in some embodiments. The additive may be selected from an acid, a base, a salt, a metal, a metal oxide, a metal hydroxide, a metal halide, iodine, an iodine compound, or a combination thereof. The additive may be provided as part of the activated-carbon particles. The additive may optionally be introduced directly into the wastewater stream.

[0451] The contaminant-adsorbed carbon particles may be further treated to regenerate the activated carbon particles. After regeneration, the activated carbon particles may be reused for contaminant removal, or may be used for another purpose, such as combustion to produce energy. In some embodiments, the contaminant-adsorbed carbon particles are directly oxidized (without regeneration) to produce energy. In some embodiments, with the oxidation occurs in the presence of an emissions control device (e.g., a second amount of fresh or regenerated activated carbon particles) to capture contaminants released from the oxidation of the contaminant-absorbed carbon particles.

[0452] In some embodiments, biogenic activated carbon according to the present disclosure can be used in any other application in which traditional activated carbon might be used. In some embodiments, the biogenic activated carbon is used as a total (i.e., 100%) replacement for traditional activated carbon. In some embodiments, biogenic activated carbon comprises essentially all or substantially all of the activated carbon used for a particular application. In some embodiments, an activated carbon composition comprises about 1% to about 100% of biogenic activated carbon, for example, about 1%, about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100% biogenic activated carbon.

[0453] For example and without limitation, biogenic activated carbon can be used-alone or in combination with a traditional activated carbon product—in filters. In some embodiments, a filter comprises an activated carbon component consisting of, consisting essentially of, or consisting substantially of a biogenic activated carbon. In some embodiments, a filter comprises an activated carbon component comprising about 1% to about 100% of biogenic activated carbon, for example, about 1%, about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100% biogenic activated carbon.

[0454] In some embodiments, a packed bed or packed column comprises an activated carbon component consisting of, consisting essentially of, or consisting substantially of a biogenic activated carbon. In some embodiments, a packed bed or packed column comprises an activated carbon component comprising about 1% to about 100% of biogenic activated carbon, for example, about 1%, about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100% biogenic activated carbon. In such embodiments, the biogenic activated carbon has a size characteristic suitable for the particular packed bed or packed column.

[0455] The above description should not be construed as limiting in any way as to the potential applications of the biogenic activated carbon. Injection of biogenic activated carbon into gas streams may be useful for control of contaminant emissions in gas streams or liquid streams derived from coal-fired power plants, biomass-fired power plants, metal processing plants, crude-oil refineries, chemical plants, polymer plants, pulp and paper plants, cement plants, waste incinerators, food processing plants, gasification plants, and syngas plants.

[0456] Essentially any industrial process or site that employs fossil fuel or biomass for generation of energy or heat, can benefit from gas treatment by the biogenic activated carbon provided herein. For liquid-phase applications, a wide variety of industrial processes that use or produce liquid streams can benefit from treatment by the biogenic activated carbon provided herein.

[0457] Additionally, when the biogenic activated carbon is co-utilized as a fuel source, either in parallel with its use for contaminant removal or in series following contaminant removal (and optionally following some regeneration), the biogenic activated carbon (i) has lower emissions per Btu energy output than fossil fuels; (ii) has lower emissions per Btu energy output than biomass fuels; and (iii) can reduce emissions from biomass or fossil fuels when co-fired with such fuels. It is noted that the biogenic activated carbon may also be mixed with coal or other fossil fuels and, through co-combustion, the activated carbon enables reduced emissions of mercury, SO₂, or other contaminants.

[0458] This Example is presented with reference to the FIGURE, which depicts specific embodiments and various options of the present disclosure. In the FIGURE, solid lines indicate material streams and dotted lines indicated energy (heat) streams. Unit operations denoted with rectangles primarily produce material, while unit operations denoted with circles primarily produce energy (heat).

[0459] Biorefinery system 100 includes a carbon micro-plant 101 and a saw mill as host plant 102, which may be separated by a physical or virtual barrier 103. Wood waste 135 from milling 120 at the host saw mill is sent to the carbon micro-plant 101, where it is dried in dryer 110 and then fed to a pyrolysis reactor 105. In the pyrolysis reactor 105, the wood is carbonized and then activated with CO₂ and steam from the biogas burner 115. The biogas burner 115 uses pyrolysis off-gas 155 as its fuel. Heat 180 from the biogas burner 115 is used to dry wood in the dryer 110, heat 175 from the biogas burner 115 is used to pyrolyze carbon in the pyrolysis reactor 105, and heat 185 from the biogas burner 115 is used to dry lumber in kilns 195 at the saw mill 102. Pyrolysis off-gas 160 from the pyrolysis reactor 105 also is used in the coal boiler 130 at the host saw mill 102, which provides heat 190 to the lumber kilns 125 to produce lumber 195. Activated carbon 140 may be recovered for sale or other uses, while a portion of activated carbon 145 may be used to control mercury emissions 165 from the coal boiler 130 at the host saw mill 102, forming treated emissions stream 170.

[0460] In this detailed description, reference has been made to multiple embodiments of the disclosure and non-limiting examples relating to how the disclosure can be understood and practiced. Other embodiments that do not provide all of the features and advantages set forth herein may be utilized, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. This disclosure incorporates routine experimentation and optimization of the methods and systems described herein. Such modifications and variations are considered to be within the scope of the disclosure defined by the claims.

[0461] All publications, patents, and patent applications cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety as if each publication, patent, or patent application were specifically and individually put forth herein.

[0462] Where methods and steps described above indicate certain events occurring in certain order, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the ordering of certain steps may be modified and that such modifications are in accordance with the variations of the disclosure. Additionally, certain of the steps may be performed concurrently in a parallel process when possible, as well as performed sequentially.

[0463] Therefore, to the extent there are variations of the disclosure which are within the spirit of the disclosure or equivalent to the inventions found in the appended claims, it is the intent that this patent will cover those variations as well. The present invention shall only be limited by what is claimed.