Method and system for displaying an initial loss report including repair information

[0001] This application claims priority to and the benefit of the filing date of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/023,711 entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR AUTOMATED VEHICLE REPAIR TRIAGE,” filed on Jul. 11, 2014, the entire contents of which is hereby expressly incorporated by reference. Additionally, this application is related to the following applications:

[0002] Co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/627,076, entitled “METHOD AND SYSTEM OF GENERATING AND APPLYING REPAIR CODES TO ESTIMATE COST OF VEHICLE DAMAGE” and filed concurrently herewith;

[0003] Co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/627,092, entitled “METHOD AND SYSTEM OF USING SPATIAL SENSORS ON VEHICLE FRAME TO DETERMINE CRASH INFORMATION” and filed concurrently herewith;

[0004] Co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/627,104, entitled “METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR COMPARING AUTOMATICALLY DETERMINED CRASH INFORMATION TO HISTORICAL COLLISION DATA TO DETECT FRAUD” and filed concurrently herewith;

[0005] Co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/627,139, entitled “METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR CATEGORIZING VEHICLE TREATMENT FACILITIES INTO TREATMENT COMPLEXITY LEVELS” and filed concurrently herewith; and

[0006] Co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/627,170 entitled “METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR AUTOMATICALLY STREAMLINING THE VEHICLE CLAIMS PROCESS” and filed concurrently herewith,

[0007] the entire disclosures of each of which are hereby expressly incorporated by reference.

[0008] The present disclosure generally relates to a system and a method for treating a vehicle damaged in a crash, and more particularly to displaying information related to treatment facilities which may be selected by a user for treating the damaged vehicle.

[0009] Every year, vehicles are involved in collisions that result in varying amounts of damage to the vehicle. If the damaged vehicle is insured, an insurance claim is usually filed shortly after the collision. The damaged vehicle is typically brought to a location where an appraisal or assessment of the damage is made. Depending on the extent of the damage and the treatment facility where the damaged vehicle was brought, the damaged vehicle may then need to be further transported to a different treatment facility that is capable of performing the necessary repairs, or in the case where the damage is too costly to repair, to a salvage or a scrap facility. Additional costs are incurred when the damaged vehicle is brought to a first location for the initial appraisal and then to a subsequent location for the repair or salvage. By determining the extent of damage to the vehicle and the corresponding treatment shortly after a collision, the time and costs involved to currently process an insurance claim may be reduced.

[0010] In accordance with a first example aspect of the invention, a method for displaying an initial loss report for a damaged vehicle is provided. The method includes receiving crash information about a damaged vehicle, determining a treatment complexity level based on the crash information for the damaged vehicle, the treatment complexity level representing a degree of difficulty associated with treating the damaged vehicle, and causing indications of one or more treatment facilities capable of performing treatment for the damaged vehicle at the determined complexity level to be displayed on a user interface. Moreover, the method includes receiving a selection of one of the one or more displayed treatment facilities, and transmitting information associated with transporting the damaged vehicle to the selected treatment facility.

[0011] In accordance with a second example aspect of the invention, a system for displaying an initial loss report for a damaged vehicle includes a communication network and one or more computing devices communicatively coupled to the communication network, each of the one or more computing devices having a memory and one or more processors. At least one of the computing devices is configured to receive crash information about a damaged vehicle via the communication network, and determine a treatment complexity level based on the crash information for the damaged vehicle, the treatment complexity level representing a degree of difficulty associated with treating the damaged vehicle. At least one of the computing devices is further configured to cause indications of one or more treatment facilities capable of performing treatment for the damaged vehicle at the determined treatment complexity level to be displayed on a user interface, receive a selection of one of the one or more displayed treatment facilities, and transmit, via the communication network, information associated with transporting the damaged vehicle to the selected treatment facility.

[0028] A vehicle treatment system utilizes crash information of a vehicle involved in a crash to approximate the extent of damage to the vehicle and determine a treatment facility for treating the damaged vehicle. The estimated vehicle damage is used to generate repair codes for repairing the vehicle and estimate the total cost of repair. Based on a determined treatment complexity level, the system identifies a treatment facility capable of treating the damaged vehicle and sends information for transporting the damaged vehicle to the treatment facility, thereby removing the need to initially bring the damaged vehicle to an interim location for a damage assessment before transporting the damaged vehicle to a designated treatment facility for treatment.

[0029] More specifically, the vehicle treatment system receives crash information in the form of acceleration, velocity, position of vehicle parts relative to the vehicle, and/or impact direction of the vehicle at the time of the crash. To estimate the extent of vehicle damage caused in the crash, the system analyzes one or more aspects of the crash information. In one example embodiment, the system calculates an estimate of the vehicle damage by comparing the crash information to collision data of a vehicle type that includes the damaged vehicle. The collision data may include various levels of vehicle damage associated with specified aspects of collision information. For example, one category of vehicle damage in the collision data may be equated to a particular vehicle acceleration or velocity, or a range of vehicle accelerations or velocities. Other categories of vehicle damage in the collision data may also be equated to a vehicle direction, which indicates where the damaged vehicle was likely impacted. Additionally, based on the extent of vehicle damage, the system also determines a treatment complexity level for treating the damaged vehicle. Thereafter, information related to treating the damaged vehicle is then transmitted by the system. The treatment information may be automatically sent to a treatment facility, a vehicle transporter, a person or entity such as the vehicle owner, or an associated insurance agent, for example. In particular, treatment facilities capable of treating vehicles having a particular treatment complexity level may be ranked according to one or more factors and the treatment information may be sent to one or more of the highest ranking facilities. As such, this system allows for vehicles damaged in a collision to be transported directly to a treatment facility capable of performing the desired treatment, e.g., repair, salvage, scrap; soon after the crash, thereby avoiding the time associated with bringing the damaged vehicle to an assessment center or having an adjuster visit the damaged vehicle to assess an insurance claim before the damaged vehicle is brought to a designated treatment facility.

[0030] FIG. 1 is a general overview of a system 100 for determining a treatment of a vehicle damaged in a crash. As used herein, the term “vehicle” refers to any type of powered transportation device, which includes, and is not limited to, an automobile, truck, bus, motorcycle, or boat. While the vehicle may normally be controlled by an operator, it is to be understood that the vehicle may be unmanned and remotely or autonomously operated in another fashion, such as using controls other than the steering wheel, gear shift, brake pedal, and accelerator pedal. The system 100 in FIG. 1 includes a processing center 102 capable of facilitating an analysis of the damaged vehicle's crash information 104. The analysis may include a comparison of the damaged vehicle's crash information 104 with collision data 106 to estimate the extent of vehicle damage and determine a treatment for the vehicle. Throughout this description, the term crash is used in reference to the particular incident in which the vehicle was damaged and the term collision is used in reference to one or more incidents in which another vehicle or vehicles were damaged. The analysis of the crash information 104 may be performed by system personnel and/or a computing device at the processing center 102.

[0031] The crash information 104 provided to the processing center 102 includes specific information related to the crash that damaged the vehicle and may include information received from the vehicle owner 108, driver, or occupant, an insurance agent 110 and/or entity of the damaged vehicle, an emergency responder, an accident investigator. The crash information 104 may include impact characteristics of the vehicle involved in the crash, which may be provided to system personnel and/or the processing center 102 by an observer of the damaged vehicle. For example, the driver of the damaged vehicle may provide crash information such as the approximate speed of the vehicle at the time of the crash and what area of the vehicle was damaged. Other observed crash information provided to system personnel and/or the processing center 102 may include whether the vehicle's airbags deployed or if the vehicle is drivable. In addition, images of the damaged vehicle may be used for comparison to images of vehicles of the same or similar type with known damage from other collisions. Some impact characteristics of the crash may be automatically relayed to system personnel and/or the processing center 102 by telematics devices, e.g., sensors, operatively coupled to the vehicle. The sensors enable a computing device to automatically attain impact characteristics such as vehicle acceleration, velocity, position of vehicle parts relative to the vehicle and/or direction at the time of the crash. For example, spatial sensors may be placed at different locations throughout the vehicle. Each spatial sensor may correspond to a vehicle part such as, for example, a front pillar or a portion thereof. A telematics device may communicate with the spatial sensor and determine the position of the sensor relative to the telematics device. In this manner, the telematics device can determine when the spatial sensor moves relative to the telematics device, and can infer that the front pillar has moved from its original position and is therefore damaged by the crash. Moreover, system personnel and/or the processing center 102 may be able to estimate the cost to repair or replace the vehicle part and the extent of the damage to the vehicle part based on the distance in which the spatial sensor moved. Additional crash information may include the damaged vehicle's identification number (VIN) and related data, which may have been made available to system personnel and/or the processing center 102 prior to the crash. The VIN data may include the make, model, year, and type of vehicle as well as previous damage/repair information and insurance claim information associated with the damaged vehicle. Additionally, or alternatively, the crash information may include a vehicle data identifier (VDI) for the damaged vehicle. A VDI may include a plurality of segments corresponding to vehicle attributes associated with an individual vehicle and/or a type, group, or classification of the vehicle. In some embodiments, a VIN may be one example of a VDI.

[0032] Collision data 106 generally includes records or compilations of information involving other vehicles damaged in other collisions, such as VDI/VIN data, historical loss information including historical injury data associated with the loss, images, telematics information, and vehicle damage evaluation. The collision data 106 may be periodically updated and any of the collision data utilized by system personnel and/or the processing center 102 may be stored in the system 100 and/or operatively coupled to the processing center.

[0033] The VIN data may include vehicle manufacturer information such as recommended repair procedures and costs, vehicle part warranties, costs and market value estimations of various vehicles and vehicle parts, etc. The VIN database may also include vehicle safety information including, and not limited to, vehicle part recall information, safety notices, repair notices, etc. Historical loss information may include observed or measured amounts of vehicle damage and the corresponding cost of repair associated with or resulting from known, observed, or measured aspects relating to a collision or impact of another vehicle, such as vehicle acceleration, velocity, position of vehicle parts relative to the vehicle, and/or direction. Some examples of historical loss data include vehicle crash test results, bumper test results, traffic accident investigations, and the like. Various impact characteristics such as vehicle acceleration, velocity, position of vehicle parts relative to the vehicle, direction, and/or image can be compiled into a chart or table and associated with known vehicle damage. A damage evaluation tool may include a guide or template to be used in estimating the extent of vehicle damage. For example, stored images and operating characteristics of vehicles damaged in other collisions may be used to compare with like images and operating characteristics of the vehicle damaged in the crash. In another example, stored collision data related to the movement of vehicle parts in other collisions may be used to compare with like movement for like vehicle parts damaged in the crash.

[0034] Additionally, treatment for the damaged vehicle can also be facilitated by comparing the crash information with the collision data. That is, the extent of vehicle damage resulting from the crash can be estimated by comparing impact aspects of the crash with similar impact aspects of similar vehicles involved in past collisions. The compilation of impact characteristics associated with known vehicle damage from similar vehicles involved in previous collisions can be used as a guide or template to estimate the amount of damage that occurred to the vehicle involved in the crash.

[0035] Once the extent of vehicle damage has been estimated, an estimate for treating the vehicle can be determined. In short, various levels of vehicle damage may be equated with various levels of vehicle treatment. That is, the estimated extent of vehicle damage can be equated to a treatment complexity level. For example, minor, medium, and major vehicle damage can be equated to minor, medium and major vehicle repair. Irreparable vehicle damage may be equated to a scrapping or salvaging treatment. More specifically, each damaged vehicle part may be assigned a repair code from a set of repair codes based on the extent of the damage to the vehicle part. The set of repair codes may include a separate repair code for each combination of vehicle characteristics such as make and model of the vehicle being repaired, the vehicle part being repaired, the type of repair for the vehicle part including whether the vehicle part needs to be repaired or replaced, the extent of the damage to the vehicle part, etc. Each repair code may correspond to a cost estimate. In this manner, the repair codes make up a standardized system for automatically determining the cost of vehicle treatment for any type of damage to any type of vehicle based on vehicle characteristics. For example, repair code 00123 may be for repairing the hood of a Honda Accord with slight damage. On the other hand repair code 00426 may be for replacing the bumper of a Nissan Altima with heavy damage. The associated cost estimate for repair code 00123 may be $100 whereas the associated cost estimate for repair code 00426 may be $500. Each assigned repair code may be aggregated and/or combined to determine a total cost estimate for the damaged vehicle. The repair codes are described in more detail below with reference to FIGS. 5B-5D.

[0036] Once the vehicle treatment complexity has been estimated, system personnel and/or the processing center 102 may identify a vehicle treatment facility 112 capable of performing the requisite treatment. In some embodiments, vehicle treatment facilities capable of performing the requisite treatment may be ranked according to one or more factors such as, for example, repair duration data for the treatment facility, a treatment facility quality rating, a treatment facility availability, a price schedule for treating damaged vehicles, treatment facility location data, a ranking for one or more suppliers used by the treatment facility, or any combination thereof. Each of the treatment facilities may receive a treatment score for each factor, and the factors may be aggregated and/or combined to determine an overall treatment score for each treatment facility. The treatment facilities may then be ranked based on their respective overall treatment scores, and system personnel and/or the processing center 102 may identify the highest ranking vehicle treatment facility as the vehicle treatment facility 112 for performing the requisite treatment. In other embodiments, the processing center 102 may identify a subset of the highest ranking treatment facilities, and a policy-holder and/or owner of the damaged vehicle may select the vehicle treatment facility 112 from the subset of treatment facilities for performing the requisite treatment.

[0037] In any event, a vehicle transporter 114 may be contacted by system personnel and/or the processing center 102 to transport the damaged vehicle from the crash site to the identified treatment facility 112, e.g., a service repair center, a scrapping or salvaging facility. For irreparable vehicles, the damaged vehicle may be dismantled before scrapping and undamaged vehicle parts may be salvaged and stored at a warehouse 116 for reuse and resale.

[0038] FIG. 2 is a flow diagram 200 depicting an example embodiment of a vehicle treatment process that may be implemented by the treatment system 100 shown in FIG. 1. More particularly, the method 200 may be executed separately or cooperatively by system personnel and the processing center 102. Vehicle crash information is gathered for analysis (block 202). The vehicle crash information may be provided to system personnel and/or the processing center 102 by a vehicle occupant or emergency responder communicating characteristics of the crash. The crash characteristics may include descriptions of the approximate speed the vehicle was moving at the time of the crash, where the vehicle was damaged, the type of damage to the vehicle, whether the vehicle can be operated and/or moved, if the vehicle's airbags or other safety systems were deployed as a result of the crash, etc.

[0039] Crash characteristics may also be provided to system personnel and/or the processing center 102 by the vehicle's engine control unit (ECU) and/or one or more telematics devices that are capable of monitoring and/or noting various vehicle functions, e.g., acceleration, velocity, position of vehicle parts relative to the vehicle, and/or direction of the vehicle at the time of the crash, sometimes referred to as event data recording (EDR). The telematics devices are operatively coupled to the vehicle and may be configured to automatically function when the vehicle is in operation. For example, the vehicle's operating information, e.g., acceleration, velocity, position of vehicle parts, and/or direction of the vehicle, may be periodically monitored when the vehicle is moving. When a crash occurs, the monitored speed, direction of the vehicle, and positions of various vehicle parts may be automatically attained and transmitted to system personnel and/or the processing center 102 as crash characteristics.

[0040] When the crash information is received by system personnel and/or the processing center 102, the crash information is analyzed to determine an estimate of the extent of damage caused to the vehicle during the crash (block 204). The analysis may include calculating the extent of damage by comparing the crash information 104 to collision data 106. Based on the estimated vehicle damage, a treatment complexity level is determined (block 206). The treatment complexity level is an estimate indicating the level of difficulty involved with treating the damaged vehicle. The treatment of the vehicle may include repairing or replacing damaged vehicle parts, and in some instances where repairing the vehicle is too costly, scrapping the vehicle. In some embodiments, the treatment complexity level may be determined separately for each individual part damaged in the crash. For example, the hood may require minor repairs whereas the fender may be damaged significantly and require heavy repairs or replacement. The treatment complexity level may also include a price schedule for treating the damaged vehicle, and/or a time duration for completing the treatment of the damaged vehicle. Once the estimated treatment complexity level is determined, one or more treatment facilities capable of performing the requisite treatment may be identified by system personnel and/or the processing center (block 208). System personnel and/or the processing center 102 may then transmit a communication related to the treatment of the damaged vehicle (block 210). For example, system personnel and/or the processing center 102 may contact one or more identified treatment facilities to initiate or inquire further in regard to the continued treatment of the damaged vehicle (block 210).

[0041] A flow diagram 300 of an example embodiment for gathering vehicle crash information is depicted in FIG. 3. Crash information may be received by system personnel and/or the processing center 102 from an individual(s) present at the crash site, such as a vehicle occupant or an emergency responder (block 302). For example, the driver of the vehicle may contact system personnel and/or the processing center 102 and provide the approximate speed the vehicle was moving at the time of the crash (block 304), where the vehicle was damaged (block 306), descriptions and/or images of the damaged vehicle, whether the vehicle can be started and/or driven, if the vehicle's airbags or other safety systems were deployed as a result of the crash, the position of various vehicle parts in relation to the vehicle, etc. In addition, similar and/or additional crash information may be provided by the vehicle's EDR as well.

[0042] In treatment systems 100 where telematics devices are utilized, similar crash information may be automatically provided to system personnel and/or the processing center 102 by a computing device and/or telematics devices operatively coupled to the vehicle. In particular, while the vehicle is being operated, the vehicle's operating information may be monitored by a series of measurements of operating conditions or characteristics pertaining to the operation of the vehicle. For example, one or more computing devices such as a mobile computing device, an on-board computing device, and/or a server device may be communicatively coupled to sensors such as an accelerometer array operatively coupled to the vehicle. The accelerometer array may monitor and/or measure the acceleration of the vehicle along several axes and/or travelling directions. Measured operating information such as vehicle acceleration, velocity, and direction may be logged periodically (e.g., every millisecond, every second, etc.) or conditionally on the occurrence or detection of an event (e.g., a crash) and stored in the system 100, for example, as an event log (e.g., crash log) in a data storage unit of the system or a remote storage unit communicatively coupled to the system. The crash log may include a timestamp to note the time of the measurement. In one example configuration, system personnel and/or the processing center 102 may determine, derive, or deduce additional crash information. In particular, the vehicle acceleration at the time of the crash may be considered primary crash information, wherein additional, or secondary, crash information may include a crash velocity and/or a crash direction, which may be mathematically derived by system personnel and/or the processing center 102 from the acceleration monitored and/or measured via the accelerometer and computing device. More particularly, the system's 100 computing device(s) may monitor, via the accelerometer array, acceleration associated with the vehicle in the X, Y, and/or Z axes and create accelerometer logs. In some embodiments, the X-axis may be oriented along a front-back axis aligned with the vehicle and/or mobile and/or on-board computing device, the Y-axis may be oriented along a side-side axis aligned with the vehicle and/or mobile or on-board computing device, and the Z-axis may be oriented along a top-bottom axis aligned with the vehicle and/or mobile and/or on-board computing device. However, these axes may be positioned in other ways.

[0043] Detection of a vehicle crash may be facilitated by the use of the accelerometer. For example, a crash may be detected when a computing device operatively coupled to the accelerometer notes a significant, near immediate increase or decrease in the monitored acceleration in the fore-aft, lateral, and/or vertical direction of the vehicle, e.g., X, Y, and Z axes. Alternatively, a crash may be detected by a GPS unit via detection of a significant increase or decrease in vehicle velocity, or through near-simultaneous activation of an emergency response such as the deployment of an air-bag or an alert, e.g., automatic collision notification (ACN), etc.

[0044] In another example, one or more computing devices such as a mobile computing device, an on-board computing device, and/or a server device may be communicatively coupled to spatial sensors such as radio frequency identification (RFID) sensors, positioning beacons, etc., placed on several vehicle parts throughout the vehicle. The on-board computing device and/or mobile computing device may receive identification information from the spatial sensors and determine corresponding vehicle parts attached to the spatial sensors based on the identification. For example, the on-board computing device and/or mobile computing device may store a known original location or reference point and a corresponding vehicle part for each spatial sensor, which may be retrieved upon receiving identification information for the spatial sensor. Moreover, the on-board computing device and/or mobile computing device may use triangulation and/or trilateration to determine the location of the spatial sensors by measuring angles and/or distances from the spatial sensors to the known positions of RFID readers, wireless radios, etc., disposed within the on-board computing device and/or mobile computing device. The determined location for a spatial sensor may be compared to the known original location or reference point for the spatial sensor to determine whether the spatial sensor has moved as a result of the crash. Moreover, in some embodiments, the on-board computing device and/or mobile computing device may compare the measured distances to known original distances between the spatial sensors and the on-board computing device and/or mobile device to determine whether the spatial sensors have moved as a result of the crash.

[0045] In trilateration, the distances may be measured or approximated based on a received signal strength (RSS) of the RFID signal or positioning signal from one of the spatial sensors. The stronger the received signal, the closer the spatial sensor is to the on-board computing device and/or the mobile computing device. For example, based on the RSS, the on-board computing device may determine the spatial sensor is 3 meters from a first wireless radio disposed within the on-board computing device, 3.2 meters from a second wireless radio, and 3.4 meters from a third wireless radio. Then, for example, the on-board computing device may calculate the exact location of the spatial sensor based on the spatial sensor's relative distance to the first, second, and third wireless radios.

[0046] Measured position information of the spatial sensors may be logged periodically (e.g., every millisecond, every second, etc.) or conditionally on the occurrence or detection of an event (e.g., a crash) and stored in the system 100, for example, as an event log (e.g., crash log) in a data storage unit of the system or a remote storage unit communicatively coupled to the system. The crash log may include a timestamp to note the time of the measurement. Furthermore, detection of a vehicle crash may be facilitated by the use of the spatial sensors. For example, a crash may be detected when the on-board computing device and/or the mobile device operatively coupled to the spatial sensors notes a significant change in the position of one of the spatial sensors indicating that a vehicle part has moved more than a predetermined threshold distance from its original position relative to the vehicle. In some embodiments, when such significant change occurs, the measured position information may be provided to the processing center 102. Moreover, the distance a vehicle part moves may be used to determine the extent of the damage to the vehicle part. For example, spatial sensors disposed throughout the vehicle frame body may be used to detect a particular portion of the frame body has moved from its original alignment. If the particular portion of the frame body moves a few centimeters, realignment may be a faster and less expensive process than if the portion of the frame body moves a meter.

[0047] A flow diagram 400 of an example embodiment for estimating the extent of vehicle damage is depicted in FIG. 4. Some or all of the method for estimating the extent of vehicle damage may be implemented by system personnel and/or the processing center 102. In particular, system personnel may utilize crash characteristics provided by an individual present at the crash site, such as the driver and/or occupant of the damaged vehicle or an emergency responder (block 402). For example, descriptions and images of the damaged vehicle and an approximate speed of the vehicle at the time of the crash and the direction of where the vehicle was damaged may be provided to system personnel by the driver of the vehicle. Alternatively, system personnel and/or the processing center 102 may utilize crash characteristics automatically attained by telematics devices operatively coupled to the vehicle. Some examples of crash characteristics include, and are not limited to, vehicle acceleration, velocity, position of vehicle parts within the vehicle, and/or direction. Some crash information may be attained by an accelerometer and an array of sensors including spatial sensors at the time of the crash and the transmitted via a wireless communication module to system personnel and/or the processing center 102. System personnel and/or the processing center 102 may then analyze the crash information. In one example embodiment, system personnel and/or the processing center 102 may compare various combinations crash characteristics to collision data (block 404). The collision data may include historical loss information of similar type vehicles damaged in past collisions. The collision data may be compiled from past collisions and/or from laboratory crash test results involving other vehicles of the same or similar type as the damaged vehicle. The collision data may further include one or several combinations of impact or collision characteristics that are equated and/or associated to a known amount of vehicle damage. For example, vehicle damage associated with front-end impacts at various vehicle speeds may be associated with a list of vehicle parts likely to need repair and/or replacement from such impacts. By comparing the crash characteristics of the damaged vehicle to impact and/or collision characteristics of the collision data, an extent of damage to the damaged vehicle may be estimated (block 406). In some embodiments, an extent of damage to individual vehicle parts of the damaged vehicle may be estimated by comparing the crash characteristics associated with individual vehicle parts to impact and/or collision characteristics of the collision data.

[0048] FIG. 5A depicts a flow diagram 500 of an example embodiment for estimating the treatment complexity level, which may be accomplished by system personnel and/or the processing center 102. The collision data may include a range of treatment complexity levels associated with various amounts of vehicle damage. In general, a treatment complexity level represents the difficulty associated with treating the damaged vehicle and may include or be associated with a pricing schema having a predetermined price structure for treating the damaged vehicle. A range of vehicle treatment complexity levels may be delineated by the amount of involvement associated with treating the damaged vehicle, for example, repairing and/or replacing vehicle parts of the damaged vehicle, or to scrap the damaged vehicle. Each treatment complexity level may include estimates or indications of the repair time and cost associated with the type and amount of vehicle body parts that may be damaged, e.g., body panel (front, side, rear, quarter-panel, rocker panel, driver-side, and passenger-side), bumper, radiator, lights, water pump, battery, struts, frame, and gas tank. The estimate or indicator of the cost, time and/or repair skill associated with repairing a damage vehicle may include one or more damage repair codes.

[0049] The several levels of treatment complexity may include a speed or light repair, a medium or moderate repair, a heavy or severe repair, not repairable, scrap, and salvage, for example. A speed or light repair treatment designation may indicate or estimate that one or two vehicle parts need repair or replacement, or that minor refinishing may be required, but that no structural damage occurred to the vehicle. A medium or moderate repair treatment designation may indicate that a few vehicle parts require repair or replacement or that light structural damage occurred to the vehicle. A heavy or extensive repair treatment designation may indicate that the vehicle is not drivable, significant structural damage occurred to the vehicle, more than five vehicle parts need repair or replacement, or a welded-on vehicle component needs replacement. A scrap designation may indicate that the vehicle is to be scrapped not repaired. Prior to scrapping, the damaged vehicle may be dismantled to salvage any undamaged or usable vehicle parts. In some embodiments, the treatment complexity level represents the difficulty associated with treating individual vehicle parts within the damaged vehicle.

[0050] The estimated extent of vehicle damage attained by system personnel and/or the processing center 102 may include a list of vehicle parts estimated to be damaged (block 502). By comparing and matching the damaged list of vehicle parts to the vehicle collision data (block 504), system personnel and/or the processing center 102 may identify the requisite treatment complexity level (block 506). For example, a vehicle damage estimate requiring less than 10 hours of repair time or $1000 in vehicle parts and labor may be designated as a low treatment complexity level; a vehicle damage estimate requiring between 10-15 hours of repair time or between $1000-$2500 in vehicle parts and labor may be designated as a medium treatment complexity level; a vehicle damage estimate requiring between 15-30 hours of repair time or between $2500-$5000 in vehicle parts and labor may be designated as a high treatment complexity level; and a vehicle damage estimate requiring more than 30 hours of repair time, or having costs in vehicle parts and labor greater than the value of the damaged vehicle in an undamaged condition, may be designated as a scrapping treatment complexity level.

[0051] FIG. 5B depicts an example table 520 of damage repair codes for estimating the cost of repairing vehicle damage. The example table 520 includes example repair codes which may be a small subset of a larger set of repair codes. As mentioned above, the set of repair codes may include a separate repair code for each combination of vehicle characteristics such as make and model of the vehicle being repaired, the vehicle part being repaired, the type of repair for the vehicle part including whether the vehicle part needs to be repaired and/or replaced, the extent of the damage to the vehicle part, etc. Each repair code may correspond to a cost estimate, where the cost estimate may be determined based on collision data including historical loss information of similar type vehicle having similar type damage. For example, the associated cost estimate for a repair code corresponding to repairing the quarter panel of a Ford Taurus having moderate damage may be determined by analyzing repair costs from historical loss information related to repairing quarter panels of Ford Tauruses having moderate damage from past collisions. In some embodiments, the repair codes may be stored in the system 100 and/or operatively coupled to the processing center 102.

[0052] As shown in FIG. 5B, repair code 00675 (reference 522) is associated with an instruction, “Refinish Hood,” and a cost estimate, $300. While the instruction for repair code 00675 (reference 522) does not specify the extent of the damage to the hood, or the make and model of the vehicle, repair code 00675 (reference 522) may be used for refinishing hoods of Honda Civics with light damage. In some embodiments, a separate repair code, for example, 10675 may be used for refinishing hoods for vehicles of a different make and/or model with light damage. Moreover, yet another repair code, for example, 02675, may be used for refinishing hoods for Honda Civics with moderate damage. Further, in some embodiments, the set of repair codes may be generated based on additional or alternative crash characteristics and in other embodiments some of the above mentioned crash characteristics may be omitted when generating the set of repair codes.

[0053] In any event, repair code 00610 (reference 521) is associated with the instruction, “Repair Roof,” and a cost estimate of $700; repair code 00676 (reference 524) is associated with the instruction, “Refinish Fender,” and a cost estimate of $200; repair code 00678 (reference 526) is associated with the instruction, “Replace Grille,” and a cost estimate of $250; repair code 00679 (reference 528) is associated with the instruction, “Replace Door,” and a cost estimate of $500; repair code 00682 (reference 530) is associated with the instruction, “Replace Quarter Panel,” and a cost estimate of $400; repair code 00690 (reference 532) is associated with the instruction, “Repair Bumper,” and a cost estimate of $100; and repair code 00692 (reference 534) is associated with the instruction, “Repair Trunk Lid,” and a cost estimate of $350. Each of these repair codes may be for the same vehicle make and model, for example, a Honda Civic, and may be aggregated and/or combined to estimate the total cost of repair for a damaged Honda Civic. For example, by comparing crash information for a damaged Honda Civic to collision data, a list of damaged vehicle parts including the extent of the damage to each vehicle part may be generated as described above in FIG. 4. A repair code from the set of repair codes may then be assigned to each damaged vehicle part in the list based on the crash characteristics for the damaged vehicle. For example, repair code 00679 (reference 528) may be assigned when a door in the Honda Civic needs to be replaced. In some embodiments, repair code 00679 may be assigned twice when two doors in the Honda Civic need to be replaced.

[0054] While the example table 520 depicts eight repair codes, this is merely for ease of illustration only. There may be hundreds or thousands of repair codes each corresponding to a different combination of crash characteristics. More specifically, each make and model may correspond to a separate subset of repair codes including each combination of crash characteristics. For example, repair codes 00600-00699 may correspond to Honda Civics, while repair codes 00700-00799 may correspond to Honda Accords. The make and model for the vehicle may be determined using the VDI/VIN data for the damaged vehicle as described above with reference to FIG. 1. Moreover, in some embodiments, repair codes may also be used in salvaging and/or scrapping treatments. For example, the repair code 19986 may be used for salvaging hoods of Honda Civics in good condition. The associated cost estimate may be a price estimate of the market value of the vehicle part assuming it is sold to a treatment facility or any other auto body shop. The salvage repair codes may have an inverse relationship with the other repair codes. For example, for the salvage repair codes, vehicle parts in better condition may have higher associated price estimates, whereas for the other repair codes, the cost estimates become higher when there is more work that needs to be done to repair the vehicle part. Further, the price estimate may be based on the scarcity/demand for the vehicle part. For example, vehicle parts from a classic car (e.g., a 1964 Chevrolet Corvette), may be in high demand because the car is no longer manufactured. The price estimates for salvage repair codes may be aggregated to determine the total price that an insurance provider can recover by salvaging vehicle parts.

[0055] FIG. 5C depicts an example damaged vehicle 540 including repair codes for various vehicle parts. Continuing the example from FIG. 5B, the damaged vehicle 540 may be a Honda Civic, and as a result, repair codes 00600-00699 may be assigned to estimate the cost of repairing the vehicle. Moreover, in some embodiments, the repair codes may be provided to a treatment facility for treating the damaged vehicle so the treatment facility knows what needs to be done to repair the vehicle without having to perform an inspection. The repair codes also may be provided to ensure the treatment facility does not miss anything during the repair.

[0056] In any event, crash information for the damaged vehicle 540 may be compared to collision data including historical loss information of similar type vehicles damaged in past collisions to determine which vehicle parts are damaged, and the extent of the damage to the vehicle parts including the type of repair necessary (e.g., whether the vehicle part needs to be repaired and/or replaced) as described above in FIG. 4. A repair code from the set of repair codes may then be assigned to each damaged vehicle part in the list based on the crash characteristics for the damaged vehicle.

[0057] In the example damaged vehicle 540, the two doors 550 and 552 are assigned the repair code 00679 “Replace Door” with an associated cost estimate of $500 for each door. The front, right fender 548 is assigned repair code 00676 “Refinish Fender” with an associated cost estimate of $200, the hood 546 is assigned repair code 00675 “Refinish Hood” with an associated cost estimate of $300, and the roof 544 is assigned repair code 00610 “Replace Roof” with an associated cost estimate of $700. Further, the trunk lid 542 is assigned repair code 00692 “Repair Trunk Lid” with an associated cost estimate of $350, and the rear quarter panel 554 is assigned repair code 00682 “Replace Quarter Panel” with an associated cost estimate of $400. Additionally, the grille 556 is assigned repair code 00678 “Replace Grille” with an associated cost estimate of $250, and the bumper 558 is assigned repair code 00690 “Repair Bumper” with an associated cost estimate of $100. Combining the cost estimates for each of the repair codes corresponding to the damaged vehicle parts, the total cost for repairing the vehicle may be estimated as $3300. This estimate may be used to pay the policy-holder on the insurance claim, and/or to provide a treatment facility with an expectation of the cost of repair for the damaged vehicle.

[0058] FIG. 5D depicts a flow diagram 560 of an example method for estimating the cost of repairing the damaged vehicle. As described above, after a crash, system personnel and/or the processing center 102 may utilize crash characteristics provided by an individual present at the crash site, such as the driver and/or occupant of the damaged vehicle or an emergency responder (block 562). For example, descriptions and images of the damaged vehicle and an approximate speed of the vehicle at the time of the crash and the direction of where the vehicle was damaged may be provided to system personnel by the driver of the vehicle. Alternatively, system personnel and/or the processing center 102 may utilize crash characteristics automatically attained by telematics devices operatively coupled to the vehicle. Some examples of crash characteristics include, and are not limited to, VDI/VIN data, vehicle acceleration, velocity, position of vehicle parts within the vehicle, and/or direction. Some crash information may be attained by an accelerometer and an array of sensors including spatial sensors at the time of the crash and then transmitted via a wireless communication module to system personnel and/or the processing center 102.

[0059] System personnel and/or the processing center 102 may then analyze the crash information. In one example embodiment, system personnel and/or the processing center 102 may compare various combinations of crash characteristics to collision data (block 564). The collision data may include historical loss information of similar type vehicles damaged in past collisions. The collision data may be compiled from past collisions and/or from laboratory crash test results involving other vehicles of the same or similar type as the damaged vehicle. The collision data may further include one or several combinations of impact or collision characteristics that are equated and/or associated to a known amount of vehicle damage. For example, vehicle damage associated with front-end impacts at various vehicle speeds may be associated with a list of vehicle parts likely to need repair and/or replacement from such impacts. By comparing the crash characteristics of the damaged vehicle to impact and/or collision characteristics of the collision data, damage to individual vehicle parts may be identified (block 566). For example, the processing center 102 may identify damage to the hood, the rear quarter panel, the side panel, the roof, etc.

[0060] In addition to identifying damage to individual vehicle parts, the comparison may also be analyzed to determine the extent of the damage to vehicle parts (block 568). For example, the crash characteristics of the damaged vehicle may be compared to collision data to determine whether the damaged vehicle parts need to be repaired and/or replaced. In addition to determining whether the damaged vehicle parts need to be repaired, the comparison may also be analyzed to determine whether the repair will be a light, moderate, heavy, etc., repair.

[0061] Once the extent of the damage is estimated for each damaged vehicle part, a repair code from the set of repair codes is generated for each of the damaged vehicle parts (block 570). For example a repair code may correspond to a particular vehicle make and model, the vehicle part being repaired, the type of repair for the vehicle part including whether the vehicle part needs to be repaired and/or replaced, the extent of the damage to the vehicle part, etc. The repair code may be generated based on the crash characteristics for the damaged vehicle part, and may be associated with a cost estimate for repairing or replacing the vehicle part. The repair codes for each damaged vehicle part may then be aggregated (block 572) to calculate a total cost estimate of repairing the vehicle (block 574). The total cost estimate and each of the repair codes may be provided to a treatment facility to provide the treatment facility with an expectation of the cost of repair for the damaged vehicle, and so the treatment facility knows what needs to be done to repair the vehicle without having to perform an inspection. In some embodiments, the total cost estimate may also be provided to the policy-holder.

[0062] FIG. 6A depicts a flow diagram 600 of an example method for identifying the treatment facility for treating the damaged vehicle. Once the treatment complexity level is estimated and repair codes are generated for each damaged vehicle part, system personnel and/or the processing center 102 may begin to determine an appropriate treatment facility for the damaged vehicle. The treatment complexity level is attained (block 602) and may be compared by system personnel and/or the processing center 102 to a list of treatment facilities that may be capable of providing the necessary treatment (block 604). Matching the estimated treatment complexity level with the treatment facilities in the list may be based on one or more factors, such as a pricing structure, treatment facility capability, treatment facility location, treatment facility quality rating/work quality history and/or certification, treatment facility availability, time, etc. and combinations thereof. One or more of these factors may also be weighted and/or prioritized by system personnel and/or the processing center 102 when determining a treatment facility for treatment of the vehicle. For example, a low complexity treatment generally may not require a high skill level and the convenience of a treatment facility near the vehicle owner may be considered to be more beneficial. Thus, for a low complexity treatment, the location factor of the treatment facility may be weighted and/or prioritized over some of the other factors. For medium or high complexity treatments, the skill level and/or performance record of the treatment facility may need to be higher, and thus weighted and/or prioritized over some of the other factors.

[0063] When a treatment facility is identified, a communication relating to the treatment of the damaged vehicle may be sent by system personnel and/or the processing center 102 (block 606). For example, the processing center 102 may transmit information associated with the treatment in the form of an SMS text, e-mail, phone call, facsimile, etc. to the identified treatment facility. The information may also be provided to the vehicle owner and/or other entities authorized by the vehicle owner, such as a collision repair facility, a vehicle scrap facility, emergency personnel, an insurance agent, etc. In addition, the information transmitted by the processing center 102 may include a request to the treatment facility or a vehicle transporter to transport the damaged vehicle to the identified treatment facility.

[0064] FIG. 6B depicts an example method that can be executed at block 604 of the method 600 of FIG. 6A. The example method illustrates a more detailed version of the process for identifying and/or determining the treatment facilities of block 604 in more detail. System personnel and/or the processing center 102 may receive a list of treatment facilities within a geographic area (block 620). For example, a list of all treatment facilities, including repair and salvage centers, within 200 miles of the damaged vehicle may be received.

[0065] Each treatment facility may then be assigned to a treatment complexity level based on the treatment facility capability. For example, one set of treatment facilities may be designated as speed or light repair treatment facilities, while another set of treatment facilities may be designated as medium or moderate repair treatment facilities. Yet another set of treatment facilities may be designated as heavy or severe repair treatment facilities, another set as scrap and salvage treatment facilities, etc. The set of treatment facilities designated as speed or light repair treatment facilities may be capable of, for example, performing single day repair jobs requiring single panel repair for drivable vehicles. On the other hand, the set of treatment facilities designated as heavy or severe repair treatment facilities may be capable of, for example, ten day or more repair jobs requiring structural replacement and/or several panels damaged. In some embodiments, treatment facilities may be assigned to a treatment complexity level based on experience with damaged vehicles having the assigned treatment complexity. For example, a treatment facility that has worked with hundreds of vehicles requiring heavy or severe repairs may be designated as a heavy or severe repair treatment facility. Moreover, a treatment facility that has only performed a few heavy or severe repairs but has performed hundreds of speed or light repairs may be designated as a speed or light repair treatment facility.

[0066] Each set of treatment facilities corresponding to a particular complexity level may then be sorted and/or ranked to determine the most desirable treatment facilities for a given complexity level. For example, fifty treatment facilities within 200 miles of a damaged vehicle may be designated as medium or moderate repair facilities. The treatment facilities may then be ranked one through fifty based on several factors, and the highest ranking treatment facilities may be identified and/or selected for treating the damaged vehicle. At block 622, system personnel and/or the processing center 102 identify facilities capable of providing the treatment. For example, if the damaged vehicle requires medium or moderate repairs, the fifty treatment facilities designated as medium or moderate repair facilities may be identified.

[0067] At block 624, a treatment score for each facility capable of providing the treatment (e.g., designated as medium or moderate repair treatment facilities), may be assigned based on one or more several treatment facility evaluation characteristics. The treatment facility evaluation characteristics may include repair duration data for the treatment facility, a treatment facility quality rating, a treatment facility availability, a price schedule for treating damaged vehicles, treatment facility location data, a ranking for one or more suppliers used by the treatment facility, or any combination thereof.

[0068] In particular, the processing center 102 may determine repair duration data for each treatment facility which may include the time it took the treatment facility to complete past vehicle treatment jobs. The repair duration data may also include the time it took the treatment facility to complete past vehicle treatment jobs requiring similar treatment and/or for a similar vehicle type as the damaged vehicle. For example, the repair duration data may include an indication that John Smith's Repair Shop takes an average of five days to complete speed or light repairs for Hondas requiring repairs on the bumper. Each treatment facility may be assigned a repair duration treatment score, for example, ranging from zero to ten based on the repair duration data. For example, a treatment facility which takes an average of five days to complete similar treatment for a similar vehicle as the damaged vehicle may receive a higher treatment score than a treatment facility which takes an average of seven days.

[0069] The processing center 102 may also determine a quality rating for each treatment facility. The quality rating may be a numerical score, for example, ranging from zero to five, may be a category (e.g., “high,” “medium,” “low,” “poor,” etc.), may be a percentage, etc. The quality rating may be determined based on reviews for each treatment facility, for example, online reviews detailing customer satisfaction with the repairs, and/or may be determined based on historical data for the treatment facility. For example, damaged vehicles treated by treatment facilities which later have further complications due to the repair may reduce the quality rating of the treatment facilities. The quality rating may also be specific to the type of vehicle. For example, John Smith's repair shop may have a very high quality rating for repairing Hondas based on customer reviews and/or historical data, but may have a low quality rating for repairing Ferraris. In any event, each treatment facility may be assigned a quality rating treatment score, for example, ranging from zero to five based on the quality rating.

[0070] Further, the processing center 102 may receive availability information for each treatment facility. The availability information may be received from the treatment facility's website, from system personnel contacting the treatment facility, from a notification or alert from the treatment facility, for example, after the treatment facility receives a notification that the vehicle has been damaged, etc. In some embodiments, the availability information may include the date that the treatment facilities can begin treatment for the damaged vehicle. Moreover, the availability information may also include the time (e.g., morning, afternoon, evening, 11 a.m., 2 p.m., etc.) that the treatment facilities can begin treatment. Each treatment facility may be assigned an availability treatment score, for example, ranging from zero to twenty based on how soon the treatment facility can begin treatment for the damaged vehicle.

[0071] Additionally, the processing center 102 may determine a price structure for each treatment facility which may include previous prices for completing similar treatment for similar vehicles as the damaged vehicle. While the processing center 102 determines a cost estimate for treating the damaged vehicle by, for example, aggregating cost estimates associated with a set of repair codes, the processing center 102 may obtain data on variations from the cost estimate for each treatment facility. For example, if John Smith's repair shop consistently charges $100 more than the cost estimate based on the repair codes, then the price variation for John Smith's repair shop may be determined as +$100. On the other hand, if Dorothy Johnson's repair shop consistently charges $200 less than the cost estimate based on the repair codes, then the price variation for Dorothy Johnson's repair shop may be determined as −$200. Each treatment facility may be assigned a price variation treatment score, for example, ranging from zero to fifteen based on price variation. In some embodiments, treatment facilities having the lowest price variations may receive the highest price variation treatment scores.

[0072] The processing center 102 may also assign location treatment scores based on location data for the treatment facility. More specifically, the location treatment scores may be assigned based on a particular treatment facility's proximity to the damaged vehicle. For example, a treatment facility located 5 miles from the damaged vehicle may receive a higher location treatment score than a treatment facility located 50 miles from the damaged vehicle.

[0073] Moreover, the processing center 102 may determine a ranking for the suppliers who provide replacement vehicle parts to each of the treatment facilities. The suppliers may be ranked in a similar manner as the treatment facilities based on several factors such as duration data for the supplier, quality of the parts, proximity of the supplier to the treatment facility that the supplier provides parts to, or any combination thereof. The process for ranking suppliers of the treatment facilities is described in more detail below with reference to FIG. 6C. In any event, each treatment facility may be assigned a supplier treatment score, for example, ranging from zero to thirty based on the ranking for the supplier who provides replacement parts to the treatment facility. The above mentioned treatment facility evaluation characteristics are merely example or possible treatment facility evaluation characteristics which may be used to rank the treatment facilities capable of performing vehicle treatment at a particular treatment complexity level. Additional or alternative treatment facility evaluation characteristics may also be used to rank the treatment facilities, and/or in some embodiments, one or more of the treatment facility evaluation characteristics may be omitted.

[0074] In any event, after a treatment score is assigned to each treatment facility for each of the several determined treatment facility evaluation characteristics, an overall treatment score is determined for each treatment facility (block 626) by aggregating and/or combining the treatment scores. For example, the treatment scores may be added together, weighted, scaled, or otherwise mathematically combined as desired to determine an overall treatment score for a treatment facility. In an example scenario, the location treatment score may be weighted more heavily than the quality rating treatment score when ranking speed or light repair treatment facilities. Because the speed or light repair treatment facilities generally do not require high skill levels, proximity may be more significant than skill.

[0075] The processing center 102 may then rank the treatment facilities capable of performing vehicle treatment at a particular treatment complexity level based on their respective overall treatment scores (block 628). For example, the treatment facility having the highest overall treatment score may be ranked first while the treatment facility having the lowest overall treatment score may be ranked last. The rankings for the treatment facilities may then be stored at the processing center 102 for the damaged vehicle (block 630). In some embodiments, the processing center 102 may store several sets of rankings for the damaged vehicle, each set corresponding to treatment facilities assigned to a different treatment complexity level. For example, the processing center 102 may store a set of rankings for the damaged vehicle of speed or light repair treatment facilities, a set of rankings of medium or moderate repair treatment facilities, a set of rankings of heavy or severe repair treatment facilities, a set of rankings of salvage treatment facilities, etc. The rankings may be updated based on changes to historical data for the treatment facilities, such as average price variation, average duration, quality rating, etc.

[0076] Then, a treatment facility for treating the damaged vehicle may be determined based on the rankings (block 632). For example, if the treatment complexity level for the damaged vehicle is speed or light repair, the processing center 102 may automatically select the highest ranking speed or light repair treatment facility. In some embodiments, the processing center 102 may transmit a display to a computing device, allowing a user such as a policy-holder and/or owner of the damaged vehicle to select a treatment facility from a list of the highest ranking speed or light repair treatment facilities, (e.g., a list of speed or light repair treatment facilities ranking above a predetermined threshold ranking such as the three highest ranking facilities). In other embodiments, the processing center 102 may transmit a display to a computing device including all of the speed or light repair treatment facilities and including the respective ranking for each facility. In any event, once the treatment facility is selected, the processing center 102 may transmit information associated with transporting the damaged vehicle to the selected treatment facility. Such information may include a request to transport the damaged vehicle from the crash site directly to the treatment facility. The request to transport the vehicle may be sent to the selected treatment facility or to a vehicle transporter 114 capable of transporting damaged vehicles from collision sites.

[0077] In addition to ranking treatment facilities, system personnel and/or the processing center 102 may rank suppliers who provide vehicle parts to the treatment facilities as described above. In some embodiments, the supplier ranking for a supplier who provides vehicle parts to a treatment facility may be a treatment facility evaluation characteristic. For example, each treatment facility may be assigned a supplier treatment score, for example, ranging from zero to thirty based on the ranking for the supplier who provides replacement parts to the treatment facility. In some scenarios, more than one treatment facility may use the same supplier resulting in each of these treatment facilities receiving the same or similar supplier treatment scores. Moreover, a treatment facility may use more than one supplier. In this scenario, the supplier treatment scores for each supplier may be averaged and/or weighted based on the frequency at which the treatment facility uses each respective supplier.

[0078] In any event, FIG. 6C depicts an example method for ranking suppliers of treatment facilities that can be executed as part of the block 624 of the method 604 of FIG. 6B. At block 640, the system personnel and/or the processing center 102 may receive a list of suppliers used by the treatment facilities identified in the list of treatment facilities received at block 620 of the method 604 of FIG. 6B. Each treatment facility may provide one or more suppliers that the treatment facility prefers to use and/or the processing center 102 may determine which suppliers provide parts to a treatment facility based on historical data from previous collisions. For example, if after a previous collision John Smith's repair shop ordered parts from Bill's supply center, the processing center 102 may determine that John Smith's repair shop uses Bill's supply center to order parts from.

[0079] At block 642, a supply score for each supplier may be assigned based on one or several supplier evaluation characteristics. The supplier evaluation characteristics may include duration data for the supplier, quality of the parts, proximity of the supplier to the treatment facility that the supplier provides parts to, or any combination thereof.

[0080] More specifically, the duration data for the supplier may be similar to the repair duration data for the treatment facilities as described above in FIG. 6B. For example, the duration data for the supplier may include data on the time it took the supplier to deliver vehicle parts from past repairs. In some embodiments, the data for the supplier may include data on the time it took the supplier to deliver similar parts as those needed for the damaged vehicle. The duration data may also include a frequency in which the supplier meets certain delivery times, e.g., delivery times specified by the treatment facility or estimated delivery times. Each supplier may be assigned a duration supply score, for example, ranging from zero to ten based on the duration data. For example, a supplier which takes an average of two days to deliver vehicle parts may receive a higher duration supply score than a supplier which takes an average of four days.

[0081] The processing center 102 may also assign proximity supply scores based on the proximity of the supplier to a respective treatment facility which orders parts from the supplier. For example, a supplier located 30 miles from a respective treatment facility may receive a higher proximity supply score than a supplier location 200 miles from a respective treatment facility.

[0082] The above mentioned supplier evaluation characteristics are merely example or possible supplier evaluation characteristics which may be used to rank the suppliers. Additional or alternative supplier evaluation characteristics may also be used to rank the suppliers, and/or in some embodiments, one or more of the supplier evaluation characteristics may be omitted.

[0083] In any event, after a supply score is assigned to each supplier for each of the several determined factors, an overall supply score is determined for each supplier (block 644) by aggregating and/or combining the supply scores for the supplier. For example, the supply scores may be added together, weighted, scaled, or otherwise mathematically combined as desired to determine an overall supply score for a supplier.

[0084] The processing center 102 may then rank the suppliers based on their respective overall supply scores (block 646). For example, the supplier having the highest overall supply score may be ranked first while the supplier having the lowest overall treatment score may be ranked last. The rankings for the suppliers may then be stored at the processing center 102 for the damaged vehicle (block 648). The rankings may be updated based on changes to historical data for the suppliers, such as average duration, parts quality rating, etc.

[0085] Then, a supply treatment score may be assigned to each of the treatment facilities as described with reference to FIG. 6B, based on the rankings for the suppliers (block 650). For example, a treatment facility which receives vehicle parts from a highly ranked supplier may be assigned a high supply treatment score.

[0086] Another example method for identifying the treatment facility for treating the damaged vehicle is depicted in the flow diagram 700 shown in FIG. 6D. System personnel and/or the processing center 102 receive the treatment complexity level (block 702), which may then be compared to vehicle collision data. The vehicle collision data may comprise empirical data including measurements of damaged vehicles of the same or similar type to that of the vehicle damaged in the crash. Based on the comparison, a determination of the type of treatment for the damaged vehicle may be made, generally, to repair the vehicle or salvage the vehicle (block 704). The determination of the type of treatment may be made by system personnel and/or the processing center 102 evaluating the extent of vehicle damage by, for example, comparing one or more characteristics of the damaged vehicle's crash information to a hierarchy of vehicle collision data of similar type vehicles. Other characteristics relevant to determining the type of treatment for the damaged vehicle may include various factors associated with repairing or salvaging the damaged vehicle, such as, for example: the dynamic market value of one more damaged and/or undamaged vehicle parts; the dynamic market value of one or more damaged and/or undamaged vehicle parts defined within one or more vehicle repair codes; the type of skill and resources necessary to repair the damaged vehicle and/or vehicle parts; and the type of skill and resources necessary to salvage the damaged vehicle and/or damaged vehicle parts. As noted above, the significance or magnitude associated with one or more factors utilized in determining the treatment complexity level of the damaged vehicle may change. For example, the market value for an undamaged vehicle and/or its vehicle parts may fluctuate if the market demand for such vehicle and/or vehicle parts increases or decreases.

[0087] It is therefore contemplated by this invention to monitor such dynamic changes in the market value of one or more factors included within the determination of the treatment complexity level to provide a timely and more accurate treatment for a damaged vehicle.

[0088] If the damaged vehicle is to be repaired, an extent of the repairs may be determined (block 706). The range of repair levels may vary from minor to medium to major and the range may be segmented in relation to the treatment complexity levels. In other words, one range of vehicle damages may be associated to one particular treatment complexity level.

[0089] The time and cost to repair the damaged vehicle may also be considered in the analysis to determine whether to repair or salvage the damaged vehicle. Additional factors that may also be considered in determining the treatment complexity level include the make, model, and year of the damaged vehicle, and the availability and/or market desirability for undamaged vehicle parts. For example, an older model vehicle may be more expensive to repair because replacement vehicle parts may be difficult to obtain. Once the repair level has been determined, a repair treatment facility may be selected (block 708). At a minimum, the selected repair treatment facility is capable of performing the level of repair necessary. Additional factors that may be considered when determining a repair treatment facility may include the proximity of the repair treatment facility to the damaged vehicle, e.g., collision site; the treatment facility's availability to timely repair the vehicle; and, a current or prior business relationship between the repair treatment facility and the entity using and/or administrating the treatment system 100. When the repair center is determined, information associated with the repair of the vehicle may be transmitted from system personnel and/or the processing center 102. Such information may include a request to transport the damaged vehicle from the crash site directly to the repair treatment facility (block 710). The request to transport the vehicle may be sent to the selected repair treatment facility or to a vehicle transporter 114 capable of transporting damaged vehicles from collision sites.

[0090] If the damage to the vehicle is too extensive or costly to be repaired, the damaged vehicle may be salvaged. In some instances where the damaged vehicle is determined to be a total loss, the vehicle may be immediately sold or put up for auction or scrapped and shredded for its scrap metal (block 712). Scrapping the vehicle may be appropriated for low dollar, high curb weight vehicles where the value of the damaged vehicle is perceived to be in the scrap metal. In other instances, the damaged vehicle may be dismantled to salvage any value associated with the damaged vehicle. For example, if the damaged vehicle includes undamaged vehicle parts, the vehicle may be dismantled and the undamaged vehicle parts may be harvested and stored in a storage facility 116 for later use and/or sale. The determination to sell or dismantle the damaged vehicle may include consideration of the treatment complexity level, the make, model, and year of the vehicle, and the market demand and/or desirability of particular harvested vehicle parts, e.g., at-risk vehicle parts for vehicles that are no longer in production. Additionally, a higher monetized recovery of the damaged vehicle may be attained if the damaged vehicle is partially repaired and/or dismantled to a varying extent, and then sold. For example, higher end and late model vehicles and/or vehicle parts may be prepared for sale. Such vehicles and vehicle parts, as well as rare or hard to find vehicles and vehicle parts may be privately or publicly sold or auctioned through a salvage treatment facility partnering with an entity using or administrating the treatment system 100. Any unwanted vehicle parts that remain after dismantling may be shredded or scrapped. Once the salvage level has been determined, a salvage treatment facility may be identified from among the salvage treatment centers (block 714). At a minimum, the selected salvage treatment facility is capable of performing the level of salvage necessary. Additional factors may also be considered to determine a particular salvage treatment facility. For example, the proximity of the salvage treatment facility to the damaged vehicle, e.g., crash site. Further considerations for determining a salvage treatment facility may also include the availability to timely salvage the vehicle, the existence of a current or prior business relationship between the salvage treatment facility and the entity using or administrating the treatment system 100, etc. When the salvage treatment facility is determined, information associated with the salvage of the vehicle may be transmitted by system personnel and/or the processing center 102. Such information may include a request to transport the vehicle to the identified salvage treatment facility (block 716). The request to transport the vehicle may be sent to the selected salvage treatment facility 112 or to a vehicle transporter 114 capable of transporting the damaged vehicle from the collision site to the salvage treatment facility.

[0091] FIG. 7 illustrates a block diagram of an example treatment system 900 capable of being incorporated into the treatment system 100 shown in FIG. 1 and supporting the processes described herein for treating a vehicle damaged in a crash. The high-level architecture of the vehicle treatment system 900 includes both hardware and software applications, as well as various data communications channels for communicating data between the various hardware and software components. The vehicle treatment system 900 may be divided into front-end components 902 and back-end components 904. The front-end components 902 include one or more computing devices, such as a mobile computing device 910 and/or an on-board computing device 914. Either computing device 910, 914 may be permanently or removably attached to a vehicle 908 and may interface with various sensors coupled to the vehicle 908 (e.g., a speedometer, an accelerometer, a compass, a global position unit (GPS), spatial sensor disposed throughout the vehicle, etc.) and/or may interface with various external output devices in the vehicle 908, such as one or more tactile alert systems, one or more speakers, one or more displays, etc.

[0092] Each of the mobile computing device 910 and the on-board computing device 914 is capable of performing all of the functions of the computing device described herein or may supplement the functions performed by the other computing device. The mobile computing device 910 and on-board computing device 914 may communicate with one another directly over a wired or wireless link 916. In addition, the mobile computing device 910 and the on-board computing device 914 may communicate with a network 930 over wired or wireless links 912, 918, respectively. The network 930 may be a proprietary network, a secure public internet, a virtual private network, or some other type of network, such as dedicated access lines, plain ordinary telephone lines, satellite links, etc., and combinations thereof. Where the network 930 comprises the internet, data communications may take place over the network 930 via an internet communication protocol.

[0093] The treatment system 900 may also include a notification alert system 920 (e.g., automatic collision notification (ACN), advanced automatic collision or crash notification (AACN), event data recorder (EDR)), that may record and/or transmit information associated with treating the vehicle 908 after being involved in a crash. The front-end components 902 and the back-end components 904 communicate via the communication network 930. The back-end components 904 include a computing device such as a server 940 device or system. The server device 940 may include one or more processors 962 adapted and configured to execute various software applications and/or modules of the vehicle treatment system 900, in addition to other software routines. The server device 940 may further include a database 946 adapted to store the various software applications, modules, and/or routines as well as data related to the operation of the vehicle treatment system 900. The data may include, for example, information collected by the mobile computing device 910 and/or the on-board computing device 914 pertaining to the vehicle treatment system 900 and uploaded to the server device 940, such as sensor inputs, analyses corresponding to the methods discussed above, and images. Other kinds of information that may be stored in the database may include historical vehicle collision data compiled from crash data involving vehicles categorized in the same or similar type of vehicle as the vehicle 908 and contact information relating to vehicle service repair and/or salvage treatment facilities, part suppliers, vehicle transporters, vehicle owner, insurance personnel, etc. The computing devices 910, 914 and/or server device 940 may access or store data and/or software applications in the database 946 when executing various functions and tasks associated with the operation of the vehicle treatment system 900.

[0094] Although the vehicle treatment system 900 is shown to include one server device 940, one mobile computing device 910, and one on-board computing device 914, it should be understood that additional server devices 940, mobile computing devices 910, and on-board computing devices 914 may be utilized. For example, the system 900 may include several server devices 940 and numerous mobile computing devices 910, all of which may be interconnected via the network 930. As discussed above, the mobile computing device 910 may perform the various functions described herein in conjunction with the on-board computing device 914 or alone. Likewise, the on-board computing device 914 may perform the various functions described herein in conjunction with the mobile computing device 910 or alone. In either instance, the mobile computing device 910 or on-board computing device may not need to be present. Furthermore, the processing performed by the one or more server devices 940 may be distributed among a plurality of server devices 940 configured in an arrangement known as “cloud computing.” This arrangement may provide several advantages, such as, for example, enabling near real-time uploads and downloads of information as well as periodic uploads and downloads of information. This arrangement may provide for a thin-client embodiment of the mobile computing device 910 and/or on-board computing device 914 described herein as well as a primary backup of some or all of the data gathered by the mobile computing device 910 and/or on-board computing device 914. All of the information involved with the treatment system 100, for example, crash information, collision data, VDI/VIN data, images, historical loss information, damage evaluation tools, damaged vehicle parts list, inventory of vehicle parts stored at the storage facility, vehicle transporters, treatment centers, customer contact information, insurance agent/entity contact information, etc. may be displayed in a variety of formats at the server device 940, wherein system personnel and/or the processing center 102 is provided access to such information for treating the damaged vehicle.

[0095] The server device 940 may have a controller 955 that is operatively connected to the database 946 via a link 956. The controller 955 may also be operatively connected to the network 930 via a communication link 935. It should be noted that, while not shown, additional databases may be linked to the controller 955 in a known manner. The controller 955 may include a program memory 960, a processor 962 (e.g., a microprocessor or a microcontroller), a random-access memory (RAM) 964, input/output (I/O) circuitry 966, and a user interface module 963 all of which may be interconnected via an address/data bus 965. The user interface module 963 facilitates human-to-machine interaction and may include a display screen, keyboard, mouse device, microphone, speaker, etc. Although the I/O circuitry 966 is shown as a single block, the I/O circuitry 966 may include a number of different types of I/O circuits. The program memory 960 may be configured to store computer-readable instructions that when executed by the processor 962 cause the server device 940 to implement a server application 942 and/or a web server 943. The instructions for the server application 942 may cause the server device 940 to implement the methods described herein. While shown as a single block in FIG. 7, it will be appreciated that the server application 942 may include a number of different programs, modules, routines, sub-routines, etc., that may separately or collectively cause the server device 940 to implement the server application 942. It should also be appreciated that although only one processor 962 is shown, the controller 955 may include multiple processors and/or microprocessors. Similarly, the memory of the controller 955 may include multiple RAMs 964 and multiple program memories 960. The RAM(s) 964 and program memories 960 may be implemented as semiconductor memories, magnetically readable memories, and/or optically readable memories, for example. Further, while the instructions for the server application 942 and web server 943 are shown being stored in the program memory 960, the instructions may additionally or alternatively be stored in the database 946 and/or RAM 964.

[0096] Alternatively, the vehicle treatment system 900 may include only the front-end components 902. For example, a mobile computing device 910 and/or on-board computing device 914 may perform any and/or all of the processing associated with compiling or gathering crash information, determining a treatment complexity level based on the crash information, determining a treatment for the vehicle based on the a treatment complexity level; and transmitting information associated with the treatment of the vehicle.

[0097] Referring now to FIG. 8, the mobile computing device 910 may include a user interface module 1002, a positioning module 1006 such as a global positioning system (GPS) module, a communication module 1020 which may include one or more wireless radios, a forward image capture module 1018, a rearward image capture module 1022, an accelerometer array 1024, and a controller 1004. Similarly, the on-board computing device 914 may include a user interface module 1002, a GPS module 1006, a communication module 1020 which may include one or more wireless radios, a forward image capture module 1018, a rearward image capture module 1022, an accelerometer array 1024, and a controller 1004.

[0098] The mobile computing device 910 and on-board computing device 914 may be integrated into a single device that can perform the functions of both devices. It will be appreciated that functions performed by either the mobile computing device 910 or the on-board computing device 914 may also be performed by the on-board computing device 914 in cooperation with the mobile computing device 910. The mobile computing device 910 may be a general-use mobile personal computer, cellular phone, smartphone, tablet computer, wearable computer (e.g., a watch, glasses, etc.), or a device dedicated to facilitating treatment of a damaged vehicle. The on-board computing device 914 may be a general-use on-board computer capable of performing the functions relating to vehicle operation or dedicated to facilitate treatment of a damaged vehicle. The on-board computing device 914 may be installed by the manufacturer of the vehicle 908 or as an aftermarket modification to the vehicle. Further, the mobile computing device 910 and/or on-board computing device 914 may be a thin-client device that outsources some or most processing to the server device 940.

[0099] Similar to the controller 955, the controller 1004 includes a program memory 1008, a microprocessor (MP) 1010, a random-access memory (RAM) 1012, and input/output (I/O) circuitry 1016, all of which are interconnected via an address/data bus 1014. Although the I/O circuitry 1016 is depicted in FIG. 8 as a single block, the I/O circuitry 1016 may include a number of different types of I/O circuits. The program memory 1008 includes an operating system 1026, a data storage device 1028, a plurality of software applications 1030, and a plurality of software routines 1034. The operating system 1026 may include one of a plurality of mobile platforms such as the iOS®, Android™, Palm® webOS, Windows® Mobile/Phone, BlackBerry® OS, or Symbian® OS mobile technology platforms, developed by Apple Inc., Google Inc., Palm Inc. (now Hewlett-Packard Company), Microsoft Corporation, Research in Motion (RIM), and Nokia, respectively. The data storage 1028 may include application data for the plurality of applications 1030, routine data for the plurality of routines 1034, and other data necessary to interact with the server 940 through the network 930. In particular, the data storage device 1028 may include vehicle collision data associated with a vehicle type that includes the vehicle 908. The vehicle type may include the make, model, and year of the vehicle. The vehicle collision data may include one or more compilations of recorded measurements of damaged vehicle parts and components and the corresponding acceleration and derived vectors, e.g., velocity and direction, of such characteristics attributed for the damage. In some embodiments, the controller 1004 may also include, or otherwise be operatively coupled for communication with other data storage mechanisms (e.g., one or more hard disk drives, optical storage drives, solid state storage devices, etc.) that may reside within the mobile computing device 910 and/or on-board computer 914 or operatively coupled to the network 930 and/or server device 940.

[0100] The GPS module 1006 may use “Assisted GPS” (A-GPS), satellite GPS, or any other suitable global positioning protocol or system that locates vehicle 908 via the position of the mobile computing device 910 and/or on-board computing device 914. For example, A-GPS utilizes terrestrial cell phone towers or Wi-Fi hotspots (e.g., wireless router points) to more accurately and more quickly determine the location of the vehicle 908 via the mobile computing device 910 and/or on-board computing device 914 while satellite GPS is generally more useful in more remote regions that lack cell towers or Wi-Fi hotspots. The GPS module 1006 may also facilitate the determination of the velocity and direction of the vehicle 908, via the coupling of the mobile computing device 910 and/or on-board computing device 914 to the vehicle.

[0101] The accelerometer array 1024 is one example of a telematics device or module that may incorporate one or more accelerometers positioned to determine the acceleration and direction of movements of the mobile computing device 910 and/or on-board computing device 914, which effectively correlate to the acceleration and direction of movements of the vehicle 908. In some embodiments, the accelerometer array 1024 may include an X-axis accelerometer 1024x, a Y-axis accelerometer 1024y, and a Z-axis accelerometer 1024z to measure the acceleration and direction of movement in each respective dimension. It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that a three dimensional vector describing a movement of the vehicle 908 via the mobile computing device 910 and/or on-board computing device 914 through three dimensional space can be established by combining the outputs of the X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis accelerometers 1024x, y, z using known methods. Single- and multi-axis models of the accelerometer 1024 are capable of detecting magnitude and direction of acceleration as a vector quantity, and may be used to sense orientation and/or coordinate acceleration of the vehicle 908.

[0102] The forward and rearward image capture module 1018, 1022 may be built-in cameras within the mobile computing device 910 and/or on-board computing device 914 and/or may be peripheral cameras, such as webcams, cameras installed inside the vehicle 908, cameras installed outside the vehicle 908, etc., that are communicatively coupled with the mobile computing device 910 and/or on-board computing device 914. The image capture module 1018, 1022 may be oriented toward the front and rear of the vehicle 908. For example, the forward image capture module 1018 may be oriented toward the front of the vehicle 908 to observe the forward area of the vehicle 908 while the rearward image capture module 1022 may be oriented toward the rear of the vehicle 908 to observe the rearward area of the vehicle 908, or vice-versa. Some embodiments of the treatment system 900 may have both a forward image capture module 1018 and a rearward image capture module 1022, but other embodiments may have only one or no image capture module. Further, either or both of the forward image capture module 1018 and the rearward image capture module 1022 may include an infrared illuminator 1018i, 1022i, respectively, to facilitate low light and/or night image capturing. Such an infrared illuminator 1018i, 1022i may be automatically activated when light is insufficient for image capturing.

[0103] The GPS module 1006, the image capture modules 1018, 1022, and the accelerometer array 1024 may be referred to collectively as the “sensors” of the mobile computing device 910 and/or on-board computing device 914. Of course, it will be appreciated that additional GPS modules 1006, image capture modules 1018, 1022, and/or the accelerometer arrays 1024 may be operatively coupled to the mobile computing device 910 and/or on-board computing device 914. Further, the mobile computing device 910 and/or on-board computing device 914 may also include or be coupled to other sensors such as a thermometer, microphone, thermal image capture device, biomedical sensor, etc. The microphone may be incorporated with the user interface module 1002 and used to receive voice inputs from the vehicle operator while the thermometer and/or thermal image capture device may be used to determine fire or heat damage to the vehicle 908, and the biomedical sensor may capture biological characteristics of the vehicle operator.

[0104] The communication module 1020 may communicate with the server device 940 via any suitable wired or wireless communication protocol network, such as a wireless telephony network (e.g., GSM, CDMA, LTE, etc.), a Wi-Fi network (802.11 standards), a WiMAX network, a Bluetooth network, etc. The communication unit 1020 may also be capable of communicating using a near field communication standard (e.g., ISO/IEC 18092, standards provided by the NFC Forum, etc.).

[0105] The mobile computing device 910 and/or on-board computing device 914 may include the user-input interface 1002, which may include a “soft” keyboard that is presented on a display screen of the mobile computing device 910 and/or on-board computing device 914, an external hardware keyboard communicating via a wired or a wireless connection (e.g., a Bluetooth keyboard), and an external mouse, or any other suitable user-input device or component (see examples in FIG. 8). As described earlier, the user-input module 1002 may also include a microphone (not shown) capable of receiving voice input from a vehicle operator as well as a display screen.

[0106] With reference to the controllers 955, 1004, it should be appreciated that although FIG. 8 depicts only one microprocessor 1010, the controller 1004 may include multiple microprocessors 1010. The memory of the controller 1004 may also include multiple RAMs 1012 and multiple program memories 1008. The controller 1004 may implement the RAM 1012 and the program memories 1008 as semiconductor memories, magnetically readable memories, and/or optically readable memories, for example. The one or more processors 1010 may be adapted and configured to execute any of the plurality of software applications 1030 and/or any of the plurality of software routines 1034 residing in the program memory 1008, in addition to other software applications. One of the plurality of applications 1030 may be a client application 1032 that may be implemented as a series of machine-readable instructions for performing the various functions associated with implementing the vehicle treatment system 900 as well as receiving information at, displaying information on, and transmitting information from the mobile device 910 and/or the on-board computing device 914. A client application 1032 may function to implement a system wherein the front-end components 902 communicate and cooperate with back-end components 904 as described above. The client application 1032 may include machine-readable instructions for implementing the user interface 1002 to allow a user to input commands to, and receive information from, the vehicle treatment system 900. One of the plurality of applications 1030 may be a native web browser 1036, such as Apple's Safari®, Google Android™ mobile web browser, Microsoft Internet Explorer® for Mobile, Opera Mobile™, that may be implemented as a series of machine-readable instructions for receiving, interpreting, and displaying web page information from the server device 940 or other back-end components 904 while also receiving inputs from the vehicle operator. Another application of the plurality of applications may include an embedded web browser 1042 that may be implemented as a series of machine-readable instructions for receiving, interpreting, and displaying web page information from the server device 940 or other back-end components 904 within the client application 1032.

[0107] Another of the plurality of client applications 1030 or routines 1034 may include an accelerometer routine 1038 that determines the acceleration and direction of movements of the mobile computing device 910 and/or on-board computing device 914, which correlate to the acceleration and direction of the vehicle 908. The accelerometer routine may process data from the accelerometer array 1024 to determine one or more vectors describing the motion of the vehicle 908 for use with the client application 1032. In some embodiments where the accelerometer array 1024 has X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis accelerometers 1024x,y,z, the accelerometer routine 1038 may combine the data from each accelerometer 1024x,y,z to establish the vectors describing the motion of the vehicle 908 as it moves through three dimensional space. In some embodiments, the accelerometer routine 1038 may use data pertaining to less than three axes.

[0108] Another routine in the plurality of applications 1030 or routines 1034 may include a vehicle velocity routine 1040 that coordinates with the GPS module 1006 to retrieve vehicle velocity and direction information for use with one or more of the plurality of applications, such as the client application 1032, or for use with other routines.

[0109] Yet another routine in the plurality of applications 1030 or routines 1034 may include an image capture routine that coordinates with the image capture modules 1018, 1022 to retrieve image data for use with one or more of the plurality of applications, such as the client application 1032, or for use with other routines.

[0110] Another routine in the plurality of applications 1030 or routines 1034 may include a position determination routine that coordinates with the spatial sensors disposed throughout the vehicle to determine the position of vehicle parts relative to the vehicle for use with one or more of the plurality of applications, such as the client application 1032, or for use with other routines.

[0111] The user or vehicle operator may also launch or instantiate any other suitable user interface application (e.g., the native web browser 1036, or any other one of the plurality of software applications 1030) to access the server device 940 to implement the vehicle treatment system 900. Additionally, the user or vehicle operator may launch the client application 1032 from the mobile computing device 910 and/or on-board computing device 914, to access the server device 940 to implement the vehicle treatment system 900.

[0112] After the vehicle operating information (e.g., acceleration, velocity, and direction) has been gathered or determined by the sensors or the mobile computing device 910 and/or on-board computing device 914, previously recorded collision data may be utilized to determine the extent of damage to the vehicle 908 involved in a crash. Once the extent of the damage has been assessed, a treatment for the vehicle 908 can be determined. For example, the mobile computing device 910 and/or on-board computing device 914 may determine that the damaged vehicle can be repaired or scrapped, and where the damaged vehicle may be taken for such treatment. The mobile computing device 910 and/or on-board computing device 914 may also transmit information associated with the treatment of the damaged vehicle. For example, the transmitted information may be sent to a treatment facility capable of performing the treatment and/or the information may be sent to a transportation facility and include a request to transport the damaged vehicle to the treatment facility. In some embodiments, the mobile computing device 910 and/or on-board computing device 914 may display on the user interface 1002 an initial loss report screen including, for example, a cost estimate for treating the vehicle, for example, based on one or more repair codes. The initial loss report screen may also include other treatment information such as the crash information, the vehicle type including make and model, the treatment complexity level, an estimated repair duration for repairing the vehicle, a list of damaged parts associated with such collision, treatment facilities capable of treating the vehicle and their respective availabilities, etc. The display may also include options allowing the user to select a treatment facility from the list of treatment facilities, transfer funds into the user's personal account, schedule a rental car, etc.

[0113] In this manner, a user is provided with the option to select from the best, nearby treatment facilities for treating the damaged vehicle on a simple, easy to read display. Moreover, treatment scores for each treatment facility are constantly updated, such that the user is provided with the best, nearby treatment facilities according to the most recent treatment scores.

[0114] In embodiments where the mobile computing device 910 and/or on-board computing device 914 is a thin-client device, the server device 940 may perform many of the processing functions remotely that may otherwise be performed by system personnel and/or the mobile computing device 910 and/or on-board computing device 914. In such embodiments, the server device 940 may include a number of software applications capable of receiving vehicle operating information gathered by the sensors and/or acquiring collision data to be used in determining the extent of damage to the vehicle 908 involved in the crash. For example, the mobile computing device 910 and/or on-board computing device 914 may gather information from its sensors as described herein, but instead of using the information locally, the mobile computing device 910 and/or on-board computing device 914 may send the information to the server device 940 for remote processing. The server device 940 may perform the analysis of the gathered crash information to determine the amount of damage to the vehicle 908 as described herein. The server device 940 may then determine whether the damaged vehicle can be repaired or scrapped, and where the damaged vehicle may be taken for such treatment (e.g., based on receiving a list of treatment facilities within a geographic area and ranking the facilities as described above with reference to FIGS. 6A-6D). The server device 940 may also transmit information associated with the treatment of the damaged vehicle. For example, the information transmitted by the server device 940 may be sent to a treatment facility and/or a transport facility and include a request to transport the damaged vehicle to the treatment facility, or the server device 940 may transmit the information to the mobile computing device 910 and/or on-board computing device 914.

[0115] FIGS. 9A-C depict application screens or web pages that may be presented on the user interface 1002 of the mobile computing device 910 as part of the user interface used to implement the vehicle treatment system 900. While FIGS. 9A-C depict web pages or application screens of information capable of being presented on the display 1002 of the mobile computing device 910, it is to be understood that the application screens or web pages could be displayed on the display 1002 of the on-board computing device 914, or on any other web-enabled computing device (e.g., a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a tablet computer, a wearable computing device, etc.), in addition to being displayed on the mobile device 910 or as an alternative. In addition, the application screens or web pages may also be displayed on the user interface 963 of the server device 940. The application screens or web pages may be generated by the mobile computing device 910/914 or sent to the mobile computing device 910/914 by the server 940 (e.g., as with a thin client). The user may launch the application from the mobile computing device 910/914 via any suitable manner, such as touch-selecting a client application icon on the display 1002 of the mobile computing device 910/914, speaking a voice command into the microphone (not shown) of the mobile computing device 910/914, double-clicking on the client application icon via a mouse (not shown) of a computer or a trackpad (not shown) of a laptop, touch-selecting or double-clicking on a web page, or initiating the application from any of the vehicle's on-board system(s), telematics devices, etc. After the user launches the application 1032, the application 1032 may begin to run on the mobile computing device 910/914 as described above in connection to block 202, FIG. 2; or the mobile computing device 910 may communicate with the on-board computing device 914 and the client application 1032 may begin to run on the on-board computing device 914.

[0116] With reference now to FIG. 9A, an example initial loss report screen 1100 of the client application and/or routine may be displayed on the screen of the mobile computing device 910/914 or any other web-enabled computing device. In some embodiments the initial loss report screen 1100 may be displayed on a screen for the system personnel. The initial loss report screen 1100 may include a vehicle information section 1110 including VDI/VIN data, a crash information section 1112, a treatment complexity level section 1122, a recommended treatment facility section 1114, an estimated repair duration section 1116, a listing of damaged parts from a collision, an estimated cost of repair section 1120, and a vehicle repair status section 1118. However, this is merely an example initial loss report screen 1100. It should be understood that additional or alternative sections may be included on the initial loss report screen 1100, and in some embodiments, some of the above mentioned sections may be omitted. Moreover, while the initial loss report screen 1100 displays a damaged vehicle entering the repair process, it should also be understood that the initial loss report screen can display a damaged vehicle entering the scrap and/or salvage process. In such an embodiment, the recommended treatment facility section 1114 may include salvage treatment centers, and the estimated cost of repair section 1120 may include the market value of the vehicle.

[0117] Further, in some embodiments, the set of repair codes may be generated based on additional or alternative crash characteristics and in other embodiments some of the above mentioned crash characteristics may be omitted when generating the set of repair codes.

[0118] The vehicle information section 1110 may include VDI/VIN data such as the make, model, year, and/or type of vehicle. The vehicle information section 1110 may also include policy-holder information such as the name of the insured, the policy number, the insurance agent, etc.

[0119] As mentioned above, the example initial loss report screen 1100 may also include a crash information section 1112 which may include telematics data from the vehicle such as vehicle acceleration, velocity, direction, braking distance, whether the vehicle's airbags deployed, whether the vehicle is drivable, position of vehicle parts within the vehicle, etc. The crash information section 1112 may also include images of the damaged vehicle or any other suitable impact characteristics of the vehicle involved in the crash.

[0120] The crash information may then be compared to collision data such as the collision data 106 of FIG. 1 to identify a treatment complexity level. For example, the treatment complexity level section 1122 identifies the treatment complexity level for the damaged vehicle as “Level 2: Light Repair.” The identified treatment complexity level may be displayed as, for example, “Level 1: Speed Repair,” “Level 2: Light Repair,” “Level 3: Medium Repair,” “Level 4: Heavy Repair,” “Salvage,” “Scrap,” or any other suitable treatment complexity level. Moreover, in some embodiments, an image of the damaged vehicle may be displayed along with the identified treatment complexity level to confirm that the complexity level appears to match with the amount of damage to the vehicle. For example, in the treatment complexity level section 1122 the damaged vehicle appears to have damage to the hood and nowhere else which seems to correspond to “Level 2: Light Repair.”

[0121] Based on the treatment complexity level, the initial loss report screen 1100 may display a cost estimate for treating the vehicle in the estimated cost of repair section 1120. As described above, the processing center 102 may determine a cost estimate for treating the vehicle by identifying a list of damaged vehicle parts in the damaged vehicle, generating a repair code for each damaged vehicle part and aggregating the cost estimates associated with each repair code to calculate an estimate of a total cost of repair. In other embodiments, the cost estimate may be determined in any other suitable manner, for example, based on the historical loss information. This estimate may be displayed, and in the example initial loss report screen 1100, the cost estimate for treating the vehicle is $1,850. The estimated cost of repair section 1120 may also include a base vehicle value which may be obtained from a vehicle valuation service such as Kelley Blue Book. In some embodiments, if the damaged vehicle is determined to be a total loss and/or if the processing center 102 determines the damaged vehicle should be salvaged, the cost estimate for treating the vehicle may be the base vehicle value.

[0122] In addition to including an estimated cost of repair, the initial loss report screen 1100 may include a vehicle repair status section 1118, indicating the current status of vehicle repair. In some embodiments, steps in the repair process which have been completed may be denoted by a check mark or an ‘X’ next to the step, by highlighting, bolding, or underlining the step, or in any other suitable manner. For example, in the vehicle repair status section 1118, the steps “Refinish Hood,” “Refinish Fender,” and “Replace Grille,” have been completed as denoted by the check marks next to each respective step, whereas the step “Replace Door,” has not. In this manner, a user may become aware of roughly how much time is left for the treatment facility to complete repairs on the vehicle. Treatment facility personnel may update the status of vehicle repair via a computing device at the treatment facility (e.g., by selecting one or more user controls on a display). The updated status may then be transmitted to the processing center 102, which in turn, may transmit the updated status via the client application 1032 to the mobile computing device 910/914, or any other web-enabled device.

[0123] A repair duration may also be estimated in the estimated repair duration section 1116. The repair duration may be estimated based on an average duration for repairing similar type vehicles having similar type damage as the damaged vehicle which were damaged in past collisions. The average duration may be determined based on the collision data 106. Moreover, the estimated cost of repair section 1120 may include a projected days of repair which may be the same or different than the average duration for repairing similar type vehicles. The projected days of repair may be based on the most recent past collisions involving similar type vehicles having similar type damage as the damaged vehicle. The projected days of repair may also be based on the average duration for repairing similar type vehicles having similar type damage by recommended treatment facilities in the recommended treatment facility section 1114. Moreover, in some embodiments, the repair duration may be based on the current status of vehicle repair. For example, as steps in the repair process become completed, the projected days of repair may decrease.

[0124] The initial loss report screen 1100 may display a list of recommended treatment facilities capable of performing the requisite treatment at the requisite treatment complexity level and/or within a geographic area (e.g., within 200 miles of the damaged vehicle). For example, as described above, the processing center 102 may obtain a list of treatment facilities and assign each treatment facility a particular treatment complexity level (e.g., “Level 1: Speed Repair”). For each treatment complexity level, the assigned treatment facilities may be ranked according to several treatment facility evaluation characteristics as described above. For example, the treatment facility evaluation characteristics may include repair duration data for the treatment facility, a treatment facility quality rating, a treatment facility availability, a price schedule for treating damaged vehicles, treatment facility location data, a ranking for one or more suppliers used by the treatment facility, etc. The highest ranking treatment facilities assigned to the identified treatment complexity level as displayed in treatment complexity level section 1122, may then be displayed in the recommended treatment facility section 1114. For example, Joe's Auto, Smith Collision, and Performance A/B may be the three highest ranking treatment facilities designated as “Level 2: Light Repair” treatment facilities. While three treatment facilities are displayed in the recommended treatment facility section 1114, the initial loss report screen 1100 may include two facilities, four facilities, five facilities, ten facilities, any subset of treatment facilities assigned to the identified treatment complexity level, or any other suitable number of recommended treatment facilities. In some embodiments, the processing center 102 may include a predetermined threshold ranking, and each treatment facility assigned to the identified treatment complexity level and above the predetermined threshold ranking may be displayed in the recommended treatment facility section 1114.

[0125] Each recommended treatment facility may also include one or several of the treatment facility evaluation characteristics such as location data for the treatment facility which may include a distance from the damaged vehicle. For example, the recommended treatment facility section 1114 displays an indication that Joe's Auto is 2.3 miles away, Smith Collision is 3.1 miles away, and Performance A/B is 5.6 miles away. Further, the recommended treatment facilities may include the treatment facility availability characteristic such as a projected date for beginning treatment on the vehicle. In some embodiments, the recommended treatment facility section 1114 may include calendars displaying an available date for each recommended treatment facility to begin treatment on the damaged vehicle. For example, Joe's Auto may begin treatment on April 1, Smith Collision may begin treatment on April 3, and Performance A/B may begin treatment on April 9. In some embodiments, the recommended treatment facility section 1114 may display available times in addition to the available dates (e.g., morning, afternoon, evening, 11 a.m., 1 p.m., etc.). Moreover, in some embodiments, the recommended treatment facility section 1114 may include the treatment facility quality rating characteristic such as grades for each of the recommended treatment facilities. The grades may be letter grades such as “A,” “B,” “C”, etc., may be a numerical score, for example, from one to one hundred, may be the ranking of the treatment facilities as determined by the processing center 102, may be categories such as “high,” “medium,” “low,” “poor,” may be a number of stars, for example, ranging from one to five stars, etc. The grades may be based on the ranking of the treatment facilities as determined by the processing center 102, may be based on the quality of the treatment facilities within the specified geographic area as compared to other treatment facilities in other geographic areas, or may be determined in any other suitable manner.

[0126] Each recommended treatment facility may include the repair duration data characteristic such as an estimated number of days for completing the treatment. In some scenarios, the estimated number of days for completing the treatment may be the same as the estimated repair duration in the estimated repair duration section 1116. In other scenarios, the estimated number of days may be different and may be determined based on collision data for vehicles in past collisions which were treated by the recommended treatment facility. For example, Joe's Auto may typically complete a “Level 2: Light Repair” for Hondas in four days, whereas Smith Collision may typically complete a “Level 2: Light Repair” for Hondas in three days. Moreover, the estimated number of days for completing the treatment may be determined based on collision data for vehicle treated by the recommended treatment facility and having similar type damage. For example, Performance A/B may typically complete a “Level 2: Light Repair” for Hondas having slight damage to the fender in two days. In some embodiments, the estimated number of days for completing the treatment may be displayed on the calendars in addition to the available dates for beginning treatment. For example, the calendar for Joe's Auto may include April 1 marked on the calendar indicating Joe's Auto expects to begin treatment on April 1. Further, the calendar for Joe's Auto may also have April 5 marked indicating Joe's Auto expects to complete treatment on April 5 meaning the treatment is expected to last four days. The dates may be marked on the calendar by highlighting the dates, by placing an ‘X’ over the dates, by displaying the dates in different colors, or in any other suitable manner. In some embodiments, a user of the client application or web page such as a policy-holder and/or owner of the damaged vehicle, may select one of the recommended treatment facilities from the recommended treatment facility section 1114 by, for example, touch-selecting or double clicking on the recommended treatment facility.

[0127] In some embodiments, the initial loss report screen 1100 may also include one or several user controls for scheduling a rental car while the damaged vehicle receives treatment. For example, if the user selects the schedule a rental car option via the user control, the client application 1032 may display a rental car webpage including rental rates and availability for one or several car rental companies.

[0128] After the user selects a recommended treatment facility, the client application 1032 may display a pre-authorization screen such as the pre-authorization screen 1140 as shown in FIG. 9B. FIG. 9B depicts an example pre-authorization screen 1140 which may be displayed on the screen of the mobile computing device 910/914 or any other web-enabled computing device. When a user selects a treatment facility from the recommended treatment facility section 1114, the processing center 102 may transmit the pre-authorization screen which asks the user whether she pre-authorizes the selected treatment facility to begin repairs on her vehicle before receiving an itemized list of parts and labor and a total cost for the treatment 1142. The pre-authorization screen also includes user controls for selecting “Yes” 1144 and “No” 1146. If the user double-clicks or touch selects the “Yes” button 1144, the processing center 102 may then transmit information associated with the treatment to the selected treatment facility (e.g., the treatment complexity level, a list of damaged vehicle parts, the cost estimate, etc.) as well as a notification that the treatment facility is authorized to complete the treatment. In addition, the processing center 102 may transmit a request to a vehicle transporter or to the treatment facility to transport the damaged vehicle to the selected treatment facility.

[0129] On the other hand, if the user double-clicks or touch selects the “No” button 1146, the processing center 102 may transmit a request to the selected treatment facility to deliver an itemized list of parts and labor as well as the cost for performing the treatment. In some embodiments, the processing center 102 may transmit the information associated with the treatment to the selected treatment facility for the treatment facility to compare with when inspecting the vehicle. The processing center 102 may also transmit a request to a vehicle transporter or to the treatment facility to transport the damaged vehicle to the selected treatment facility. In this example scenario, the selected transmit facility may then inspect the vehicle and generate the itemized list of parts and labor and as well as the cost for performing the treatment. When the itemized list is generated, the selected transmit facility may then send the list to the processing center 102. In turn, the processing center 102 may send a push notification to the mobile computing device 910/914 or any other web-enabled device indicating that the selected treatment facility has inspected the vehicle and generated an itemized list of parts. The client application 1032 may then display an authorization screen 1150 as shown in FIG. 9C.

[0130] The authorization screen 1150 may include the itemized list of parts and labor 1152 as well as the total cost for the treatment 1154. Moreover, the authorization screen may ask the user whether she authorizes the repair 1156. If the user double-clicks or touch selects the “Yes” button 1158, the processing center 102 may then transmit an indication to the selected treatment facility that the repair has been authorized and to proceed with the repair. If the user double-clicks or touch selects the “No” button 1160, the processing center 102 may transmit an indication to the selected treatment facility that the repair has not been authorized and may request that the vehicle is not worked on until further notice. System personnel and/or the processing center 102 may then contact the user asking why the repair is not authorized and if the user would like to select another treatment facility. In other embodiments, after the user selects the “No” button 1160, the client application 1032 may display the initial loss report screen 1100 of FIG. 9A and may remove the selected treatment facility from the recommended treatment facility section 1114.

[0131] Moreover, if the user selects the “Yes” button 1158, the client application 1032 may display a screen (not shown) prompting the user to receive funds. If the user agrees, the system personnel, an insurance agent and/or the processing center 102 may electronically transmit funds equal to the total cost for the treatment 1154 into the user's personal account such as a bank account.

[0132] Throughout this specification, plural instances may implement components, operations, or structures described as a single instance. Although individual operations of one or more methods are illustrated and described as separate operations, one or more of the individual operations may be performed concurrently, and nothing requires that the operations be performed in the order illustrated. Structures and functionality presented as separate components in example configurations may be implemented as a combined structure or component. Similarly, structures and functionality presented as a single component may be implemented as separate components. These and other variations, modifications, additions, and improvements fall within the scope of the subject matter herein.

[0133] Additionally, certain embodiments are described herein as including logic or a number of routines, subroutines, applications, or instructions. These may constitute either software (e.g., code embodied on a machine-readable medium) or hardware. In hardware, the routines, etc., are tangible units capable of performing certain operations and may be configured or arranged in a certain manner. In example embodiments, one or more computer systems (e.g., a standalone, client or server computer system) or one or more hardware modules of a computer system (e.g., a processor or a group of processors) may be configured by software (e.g., an application or application portion) as a hardware module that operates to perform certain operations as described herein.

[0134] In various embodiments, a hardware module may be implemented mechanically or electronically. For example, a hardware module may comprise dedicated circuitry or logic that is permanently configured (e.g., as a special-purpose processor, such as a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) to perform certain operations. A hardware module may also comprise programmable logic or circuitry (e.g., as encompassed within a general-purpose processor or other programmable processor) that is temporarily configured by software to perform certain operations. It will be appreciated that the decision to implement a hardware module mechanically, in dedicated and permanently configured circuitry, or in temporarily configured circuitry (e.g., configured by software) may be driven by cost and time considerations.

[0135] Accordingly, the term “hardware module” should be understood to encompass a tangible entity, be that an entity that is physically constructed, permanently configured (e.g., hardwired), or temporarily configured (e.g., programmed) to operate in a certain manner or to perform certain operations described herein. Considering embodiments in which hardware modules are temporarily configured (e.g., programmed), each of the hardware modules need not be configured or instantiated at any one instance in time. For example, where the hardware modules comprise a general-purpose processor configured using software, the general-purpose processor may be configured as respective different hardware modules at different times. Software may accordingly configure a processor, for example, to constitute a particular hardware module at one instance of time and to constitute a different hardware module at a different instance of time.

[0136] Hardware modules can provide information to, and receive information from, other hardware modules. Accordingly, the described hardware modules may be regarded as being communicatively coupled. Where multiple of such hardware modules exist contemporaneously, communications may be achieved through signal transmission (e.g., over appropriate circuits and buses) that connect the hardware modules. In embodiments in which multiple hardware modules are configured or instantiated at different times, communications between such hardware modules may be achieved, for example, through the storage and retrieval of information in memory structures to which the multiple hardware modules have access. For example, one hardware module may perform an operation and store the output of that operation in a memory device to which it is communicatively coupled. A further hardware module may then, at a later time, access the memory device to retrieve and process the stored output. Hardware modules may also initiate communications with input or output devices, and can operate on a resource (e.g., a collection of information).

[0137] The various operations of example methods described herein may be performed, at least partially, by one or more processors that are temporarily configured (e.g., by software) or permanently configured to perform the relevant operations. Whether temporarily or permanently configured, such processors may constitute processor-implemented modules that operate to perform one or more operations or functions. The modules referred to herein may, in some example embodiments, comprise processor-implemented modules.

[0138] Similarly, the methods or routines described herein may be at least partially processor-implemented. For example, at least some of the operations of a method may be performed by one or more processors or processor-implemented hardware modules. The performance of certain operations may be distributed among the one or more processors, not only residing within a single machine, but deployed across a number of machines. In some example embodiments, the processor or processors may be located in a single location (e.g., within a home environment, an office environment or as a server farm), while in other embodiments the processors may be distributed across a number of locations.

[0139] The performance of certain operations may be distributed among the one or more processors, not only residing within a single machine, but deployed across a number of machines. In some example embodiments, the one or more processors or processor-implemented modules may be located in a single geographic location (e.g., within a home environment, an office environment, or a server farm). In other example embodiments, the one or more processors or processor-implemented modules may be distributed across a number of geographic locations.

[0140] Unless specifically stated otherwise, discussions herein using words such as “processing,” “computing,” “calculating,” “determining,” “presenting,” “displaying,” or the like may refer to actions or processes of a machine (e.g., a computer) that manipulates or transforms data represented as physical (e.g., electronic, magnetic, or optical) quantities within one or more memories (e.g., volatile memory, non-volatile memory, or a combination thereof), registers, or other machine components that receive, store, transmit, or display information.

[0141] As used herein any reference to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular element, feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment.

[0142] Some embodiments may be described using the expression “coupled” and “connected” along with their derivatives. For example, some embodiments may be described using the term “coupled” to indicate that two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact. The term “coupled,” however, may also mean that two or more elements are not in direct contact with each other, but yet still cooperate or interact with each other. The embodiments are not limited in this context.

[0143] As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” refers to an inclusive or and not to an exclusive or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present).

[0144] In addition, use of the “a” or “an” are employed to describe elements and components of the embodiments herein. This is done merely for convenience and to give a general sense of the description. This description, and the claims that follow, should be read to include one or at least one and the singular also includes the plural unless it is obvious that it is meant otherwise.

[0145] Although the preceding text sets forth a detailed description of numerous different embodiments, it should be understood that the legal scope of the invention is defined by the words of the claims set forth at the end of this patent. The detailed description is to be construed as example only and does not describe every possible embodiment, as describing every possible embodiment would be impractical, if not impossible. One could implement numerous alternate embodiments, using either current technology or technology developed after the filing date of this patent, which would still fall within the scope of the claims.

[0146] It should be understood that, unless a term is expressly defined in this patent using the sentence “As used herein, the term ‘_{——————}’ is hereby defined to mean . . . ” or a similar sentence, there is no intent to limit the meaning of that term, either expressly or by implication, beyond its plain or ordinary meaning, and such term should not be interpreted to be limited in scope based on any statement made in any section of this patent (other than the language of the claims). To the extent that any term recited in the claims at the end of this patent is referred to in this patent in a manner consistent with a single meaning, that is done for sake of clarity only so as to not confuse the reader, and it is not intended that such claim term be limited, by implication or otherwise, to that single meaning. Finally, unless a claim element is defined by reciting the word “means” and a function without the recital of any structure, it is not intended that the scope of any claim element be interpreted based on the application of 35 U.S.C. §112, sixth paragraph.