System-wide uplink band gain control in a distributed antenna system (DAS), based on per band gain control of remote uplink paths in remote units

[0001] The technology of the present disclosure relates generally to distributed antenna systems (DASs) that support distributing communications services to remote units, and particularly to per band gain control of remote uplink paths in remote units.

[0002] Wireless communication is rapidly growing, with ever-increasing demands for high-speed mobile data communication. As an example, local area wireless services (e.g., so-called “wireless fidelity” or “WiFi” systems) and wide area wireless services are being deployed in many different types of areas (e.g., coffee shops, airports, libraries, etc.). Distributed communications or antenna systems communicate with wireless devices called “clients,” “client devices,” or “wireless client devices,” which must reside within the wireless range or “cell coverage area” in order to communicate with an access point device. Distributed antenna systems are particularly useful to be deployed inside buildings or other indoor environments where client devices may not otherwise be able to effectively receive radio-frequency (RF) signals from a source, such as a base station for example. Example applications where distributed antenna systems can be used to provide or enhance coverage for wireless services include public safety, cellular telephony, wireless local access networks (LANs), location tracking, and medical telemetry inside buildings and over campuses.

[0003] One approach to deploying a distributed antenna system involves the use of RF antenna coverage areas, also referred to as “antenna coverage areas.” Antenna coverage areas can be formed by remotely distributed antenna units, also referred to as remote units (RUs). The remote units each contain or are configured to couple to one or more antennas configured to support the desired frequency(ies) or polarization to provide the antenna coverage areas. Antenna coverage areas can have a radius in the range from a few meters up to twenty meters as an example. Combining a number of remote units creates an array of antenna coverage areas. Because the antenna coverage areas each cover small areas, there typically may be only a few users (clients) per antenna coverage area. This arrangement generates a uniform high quality signal enabling high throughput supporting the required capacity for the wireless system users.

[0004] As an example, FIG. 1 illustrates distribution of communications services to coverage areas 10(1)-10(N) of a DAS 12, wherein ‘N’ is the number of coverage areas. These communications services can include cellular services, wireless services such as RFID tracking, Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), local area network (LAN), WLAN, and combinations thereof, as examples. The coverage areas 10(1)-10(N) may be remotely located. In this regard, the remote coverage areas 10(1)-10(N) are created by and centered on remote antenna units 14(1)-14(N) connected to a central unit 16 (e.g., a head-end controller or head-end unit). The central unit 16 may be communicatively coupled to a base station 18. In this regard, the central unit 16 receives downlink communications signals 20D from the base station 18 to be distributed to the remote antenna units 14(1)-14(N). The remote antenna units 14(1)-14(N) are configured to receive downlink communications signals 20D from the central unit 16 over a communications medium 22 to be distributed as downlink communications signals 20D to the respective coverage areas 10(1)-10(N) of the remote antenna units 14(1)-14(N). Each remote antenna unit 14(1)-14(N) may include an RF transmitter/receiver (not shown) and a respective antenna 24(1)-24(N) operably connected to the RF transmitter/receiver to wirelessly distribute the communications services to client devices 26 within their respective coverage areas 10(1)-10(N). The size of a given coverage area 10(1)-10(N) is determined by the amount of RF power transmitted by the respective remote antenna unit 14(1)-14(N), the receiver sensitivity, antenna gain and the RF environment, as well as by the RF transmitter/receiver sensitivity of the client device 26. Client devices 26 usually have a fixed RF receiver sensitivity, so that the above-mentioned properties of the remote antenna units 14(1)-14(N) mainly determine the size of their respective remote coverage areas 10(1)-10(N).

[0005] In the DAS 12 in FIG. 1, the remote antenna units 14(1)-14(N) are also configured to receive uplink communications signals 20U from the client devices 26 in their respective coverage areas 10(1)-10(N). The uplink communications signals 20U may be received in multiple frequency bands. The uplink communications signals 20U received in multiple frequency bands can be routed to different uplink path circuits (not shown) in the remote units 14(1)-14(N) related to their frequency band. At the related uplink path circuits in the remote units 14(1)-14(N), the uplink communications signals 20U can be filtered, amplified, and combined together into the combined uplink communications signals 20U to be distributed to the central unit 16. If the input power of one of the frequency bands of the received uplink communications signals 20U in a given remote unit 14 is P_I, the final uplink power level P_L of the signal is given by P_L=P_I+G_R+G_H, where G_R is the gain in the remote unit 14 from its antenna 24 to the signal combination point and G_H is the gain in the head-end unit. In this case, G_R+G_H is referred to as the end-to-end gain.

[0006] In the DAS 12 in FIG. 1, the gain G_R of a remote unit 14 determines the sensitivity of the remote unit 14. Higher gain provides higher sensitivity (i.e., increased ability to decode weak uplink communications signals 20U). In this regard, each remote antenna unit 14(1)-14(N) in the DAS 12 in FIG. 1 may include automatic level controllers (ALCs) 28(1)-28(N) that limit the power level of the received incoming uplink communications signals 20U to a predetermined power level. The ALCs 28(1)-28(N) can be used in the remote antenna units 14(1)-14(N) to avoid strong incoming uplink communications signals 20U overloading the communications signal processing circuitry (e.g., an amplifier) and distorting the uplink communications signal 20U. As another example, if the DAS 12 is an optical fiber-based DAS in which the remote antenna units 14(1)-14(N) convert the uplink communications signal 20U to optical uplink signals, a strong uplink communications signal 20U could overload the laser diode (not shown) used to convert the uplink communications signal 20U to optical uplink signals.

[0007] It may be important that the combined uplink power of the combined uplink communications signals 20U remain below a combined uplink power level threshold. For example, if the DAS 12 in FIG. 1 is an optical fiber-based DAS, the signal combination point may be a laser diode to convert the combined uplink communications signals 20U to an optical signal. The laser diode enters into a non-linear region above a defined power level. Since which remote units 14(1)-14(N) may receive a high power signal is not known beforehand, the system must prepare for a worst case power level scenario where each of the remote units 14(1)-14(N) is assumed to receive a high power signal. To ensure the remote units 14(1)-14(N) can handle such a worst case power level scenario, the gain G_R of the remote units 14(1)-14(N) needs to be set to a very low value in order to maintain the combined uplink power level at or below the combined power level threshold. This creates a dilemma. If the uplink power level of the combined uplink communications signals 20U of a remote unit 14 is below the combined uplink power level threshold at any given time, the gain G_R of the remote unit 14 will be lower than it could otherwise be with the combined uplink power level still not exceeding the combined uplink power level threshold. Thus, the sensitivity of the remote unit 14 will be less than it could otherwise be if a lower combined uplink power level of the combined uplink communications signals 20U were assumed. However, if the gain G_R of the remote unit 14 were set assuming a lower combined uplink power level of the combined uplink communications signals 20U, there will be times when the combined uplink power level of the combined uplink communications signals 20U is higher thus causing the combined uplink power level to exceed the combined uplink power level threshold for the remote unit 14.

[0008] No admission is made that any reference cited herein constitutes prior art. Applicant expressly reserves the right to challenge the accuracy and pertinency of any cited documents.

[0009] Embodiments disclosed herein include system-wide uplink band gain control in a distributed antenna system (DAS) based on per-band gain control of remote uplink paths in remote units. In one embodiment, for each uplink band in the DAS, a gain control system receives remote uplink band power measurements for each remote uplink path for the uplink band. Based on these uplink band power measurements, the gain control system determines if the uplink gain of remote uplink paths in the remote units for the analyzed uplink band should be adjusted. If the uplink gain of remote uplink paths of the analyzed uplink band should be adjusted, the gain control system directs a remote uplink gain control circuit in a remote uplink path for the analyzed uplink band to adjust the uplink gain by a defined remote uplink band gain level. As a non-limiting example, this allows the initial uplink gain of the uplink band paths in the remote units to be set higher to increase sensitivity, because the gain of the uplink band paths for a given band across remote units can thereafter be reduced, if needed or desired, without reducing gain in other uplink band paths in the remote units. This is opposed to reducing the gain of all remote uplink paths in remote units equally, which would result in reduced sensitivity of all remote uplink paths in the one or more remote units.

[0010] One embodiment relates to a gain control system for providing system-wide uplink band gain control in a DAS, based on per-band gain control of remote uplink paths in remote units. The gain control system comprises a plurality of remote units. Each remote unit comprises a plurality of remote uplink band power measurement circuits each coupled to a remote uplink path among a plurality of remote uplink paths each carrying at least one uplink band communications signal in a remote unit. Each remote uplink band power measurement circuit among the plurality of remote uplink band power measurement circuits is configured to measure a remote uplink band power of an uplink band communications signal in the remote uplink path in the remote unit. Each remote uplink band power measurement circuit is also configured to provide a remote uplink band power measurement indicative of the measured remote uplink band power of the uplink band communications signal in the remote uplink path. The gain control system also comprises a central controller configured to, for each uplink band in the DAS, receive the remote uplink band power measurement for each remote uplink path for the uplink band. The central controller is also configured to determine if an uplink gain of the remote uplink paths of the plurality of remote uplink paths of the uplink band should be adjusted. If the uplink gain of the remote uplink paths of the uplink band should be adjusted, the central controller is configured to direct a remote uplink gain control circuit for each remote uplink path of the uplink band, to adjust the uplink gain of the respective remote uplink path by a defined remote uplink band gain level.

[0011] Another embodiment of the disclosure relates to a method of providing system-wide uplink band gain control in a DAS, based on per-band gain control of remote uplink paths in remote units. The method comprises, for each uplink band of a plurality of uplink bands in the DAS, receiving remote uplink band power measurements for each remote uplink path of the uplink band. The method also comprises determining if an uplink gain of the remote uplink paths of a plurality of uplink paths of the uplink band should be adjusted. If the uplink gain of the remote uplink paths of the plurality of uplink paths of the uplink band should be adjusted, the method comprises directing a remote uplink gain control circuit for each remote uplink path of the uplink band to adjust the uplink gain of the respective remote uplink path by a defined remote uplink band gain level.

[0012] Another embodiment of the disclosure relates to a non-transitory computer-readable medium having stored thereon computer executable instructions to cause a remote controller to provide system-wide uplink band gain control in a DAS, based on per-band gain control of remote uplink paths in remote units. For each uplink band of a plurality of uplink bands in the DAS, the remote controller receives remote uplink band power measurements for each remote uplink path for the uplink band. The remote controller also determines if an uplink gain of the remote uplink paths of a plurality of uplink paths of the uplink band should be adjusted. If the uplink gain of the remote uplink paths of the plurality of uplink paths of the uplink band should be adjusted, the remote controller directs a remote uplink gain control circuit for each remote uplink path of the uplink band to adjust the uplink gain of the respective remote uplink path by a defined remote uplink band gain level.

[0013] Another embodiment of the disclosure relates to a DAS. The DAS comprises a central unit configured to receive at least one downlink communications signal from a network. The central unit is also configured to distribute the received at least one downlink communications signal to a plurality of remote units. The central unit is also configured to receive a plurality of uplink communications signals from the plurality of remote units. The central unit is also configured to combine the received plurality of uplink communications signals into a combined uplink communications signal in a central uplink path. The central unit is also configured to distribute the received plurality of uplink communications signals to the network. The plurality of remote units each comprise a plurality of remote uplink band power measurement circuits each coupled to a remote uplink path among a plurality of remote uplink paths each carrying at least one uplink band communications signal in a remote unit. Each remote uplink band power measurement circuit among the plurality of remote uplink band power measurement circuits is configured to measure a remote uplink band power of an uplink band communications signal in the remote uplink path in the remote unit and provide a remote uplink band power measurement indicative of the measured remote uplink band power of the uplink band communications signal in the remote uplink path.

[0014] Each remote unit is configured to receive the at least one downlink communications signal from the central unit. Each remote unit is also configured to distribute the received at least one downlink communications signal to at least one client device. Each remote unit is also configured to receive at least one uplink communications signal among the plurality of uplink communications signals in at least one remote uplink path from the at least one client device. Each remote unit is also configured to distribute the received at least one uplink communications signal among the plurality of uplink communications signals to the central unit. For each uplink band in the DAS, the central controller is configured to receive the remote uplink band power measurement for each remote uplink path for the uplink band, determine if an uplink gain of the remote uplink paths of the plurality of remote uplink paths of the uplink band should be adjusted, and if the uplink gain of the remote uplink paths of the plurality of remote uplink paths of the uplink band should be adjusted, direct a remote uplink gain control circuit for each remote uplink path of the uplink band to adjust the uplink gain of the respective remote uplink path by a defined remote uplink band gain level.

[0015] Additional features and advantages will be set forth in the detailed description which follows, and in part, will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the description or recognized by practicing the embodiments as described in the written description and claims hereof, as well as the appended drawings.

[0016] It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are merely exemplary, and are intended to provide an overview or framework to understand the nature and character of the claims.

[0017] The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate one or more embodiment(s), and together with the description serve to explain the principles and operation of the various embodiments.

[0025] Various embodiments will be further clarified by the following examples.

[0026] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary distributed antenna system (DAS) 30. As will be discussed in more detail below, the DAS 30 employs an exemplary gain control system 32 configured to individually control the uplink path gain in remote units 34(1)-34(P) to provide system-wide uplink band gain control. Each of the remote units 34(1)-34(P) are connected to a central unit 36. The gain is adjusted for each of the uplink paths of individual remote units 34(1)-34(P) for an uplink band if the uplink gain of that uplink band should be adjusted. As will be discussed in more detail below, this allows the initial uplink gain of all remote units 34(1)-34(P) to be set higher to increase sensitivity, because the gain of each uplink band can be adjusted if needed. The gain of an uplink band that needs to be adjusted can be reduced without reducing the gain in the other remote units 34(1)-34(P) that would otherwise reduce their sensitivity. This is opposed to reducing the gain level of uplink paths in the remote units 34(1)-34(P) equally, which would result in reduced sensitivity of all the remote units 34(1)-34(P). Before discussing the gain control system 32 of the DAS 30, the components of the DAS 30 are first described below.

[0027] As shown in FIG. 2, the central unit 36 is provided. The central unit 36 is configured to receive one or more downlink communications signals 38D from a base station 40 or other network device to be distributed to the plurality of remote units 34(1)-34(P). There are ‘P’ number of remote units 34 provided in the DAS 30. The central unit 36 is configured to distribute the received downlink communications signals 38D over a downlink communications medium (not shown) to the remote units 34(1)-34(P) to be distributed to client devices in communication, wired and/or wirelessly, with the remote units 34(1)-34(P). The central unit 36 is also configured to receive a plurality of uplink communications signals 38U(1)-38U(P) from the plurality of remote units 34(1)-34(P) to be distributed to the base station 40. As shown in FIG. 2, in this example, separate uplink communications medium 42(1)-42(P) are provided to communicatively couple the central unit 36 to each remote unit 34(1)-34(P), respectively. The remote units 34(1)-34(P) are each configured to receive the uplink communications signals 38U(1)-38U(P) over respective antenna ports 44(1)-44(P). The uplink communications signals 38U(1)-38U(P) are distributed over one or more remote uplink paths 46(1)-46(P) in the respective remote units 34(1)-34(P).

[0028] As shown in FIG. 2, each remote unit 34(1)-34(P) includes more than one remote uplink path 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q), where ‘Q’ is the number of remote uplink paths. For example, each remote uplink path 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) may be configured to support a different frequency band of the possible uplink communications signals 38U(1)-38U(P) supported by the DAS 30. These different frequency bands are referred to herein as uplink bands. A multiplexer 48(1)-48(P) provided in the remote units 34(1)-34(P) is configured to separate out the different frequency bands in the respective received uplink communications signals 38U(1)-38U(P) to direct the separate frequency bands of uplink communications signals 38U(1)-38U(P) to the correct remote uplink path 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q). For example, the received uplink communications signal 38U(1) in remote unit 34(1) may be separated by the multiplexer 48(1) into uplink communications signals 38U(1)(1)-38U(1)(Q), where ‘Q’ is the number of frequency bands supported by the remote unit 34(1). Similarly, the received uplink communications signal 38U(P) in remote unit 34(P) may be separated by the multiplexer 48(P) into uplink communications signals 38U(P)(1)-38U(P)(Q) of ‘Q’ different frequency bands. The remote units 34(1)-34(P) include remote uplink combiners 50(1)-50(P). The remote uplink combiners 50(1)-50(P) are configured to combine the respective uplink communications signals 38U(1)(1)-38U(1)(Q)-38U(P)(1)-38U(P)(Q) from each remote uplink path 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) in its respective remote unit 34(1)-34(P) into combined uplink communications signals 38U(1)-38U(P) to be distributed to the central unit 36.

[0029] With continuing reference to FIG. 2, in this example, the DAS 30 is an optical fiber-based DAS. In this regard, each remote unit 34(1)-34(P) has an electrical-to-optical (E-O) converter 52(1)-52(P) in the form of laser diodes 54(1)-54(P) that are configured to convert the electrical uplink communications signals 38U(1)-38U(P) into optical uplink communications signals 38U(1)-38U(P) to be distributed over optical uplink communications medium 42(1)-42(P) to the central unit 36. Because the uplink communications signals 38U(1)-38U(P) may be received by the remote units 34(1)-34(P) at power levels that could overload the laser diodes 54(1)-54(P) and thus cause non-linearity issues with E-O signal conversions, each remote uplink path 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) in the remote units 34(1)-34(P) in this example includes a remote uplink gain control system 56(1)(1)-56(1)(Q)-56(P)(1)-56(P)(Q). The remote uplink gain control systems 56(1)(1)-56(1)(Q)-56(P)(1)-56(P)(Q) are configured to limit the uplink power Up(1)-Up(P) of the combined uplink communications signals 38U(1)-38U(P) applied to the laser diodes 54(1)-54(P) to respective remote uplink threshold power level.

[0030] In this regard, with continuing reference to FIG. 2, each remote uplink gain control system 56(1)(1)-56(1)(Q)-56(P)(1)-56(P)(Q) includes a remote uplink band power measurement circuit 58(1)(1)-58(1)(Q)-58(P)(1)-58(P)(Q). The remote uplink band power measurement circuits 58(1)(1)-58(1)(Q)-58(P)(1)-58(P)(Q) in this example are comprised of power detectors 60(1)(1)-60(1)(Q)-60(P)(1)-60(P)(Q) that are configured to measure power or another measurement that can be correlated to power. Each power detector 60(1)(1)-60(1)(Q)-60(P)(1)-60(P)(Q) is configured to measure a remote uplink power of the received uplink communications signals 38U(1)(1)-38U(1)(Q)-38U(P)(1)-38U(P)(Q) in the remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) after being attenuated by remote uplink gain control circuits 68(1)(1)-68(1)(Q)-68(P)(1)-68(P)(Q) discussed below. The power detectors 60(1)(1)-60(1)(Q)-60(P)(1)-60(P)(Q) are also configured to provide remote uplink power measurements 62(1)(1)-62(1)(Q)-62(P)(1)-62(P)(Q) indicative of the remote uplink power of the respective attenuated uplink communications signal 38U(1)(1)-38U(1)(Q)-38U(P)(1)-38U(P)(Q) in the respective remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) to respective remote controllers 64(1)-64(P) provided in the remote units 34(1)-34(P).

[0031] With continuing reference to FIG. 2, the remote controllers 64(1)-64(P) determine if any remote uplink gains in the respective remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) should be adjusted or limited based on the measured respective remote uplink power of the received uplink communications signals 38U(1)(1)-38U(1)(Q)-38U(P)(1)-38U(P)(Q). If so, the remote controllers 64(1)-64(P) are configured to issue respective remote uplink gain adjustment signals 66(1)(1)-66(1)(Q)-66(P)(1)-66(P)(Q) to respective remote uplink gain control circuits 68(1)(1)-68(1)(Q)-68(P)(1)-68(P)(Q) provided in the remote uplink gain control systems 56(1)(1)-56(1)(Q)-56(P)(1)-56(P)(Q). The remote uplink gain control circuits 68(1)(1)-68(1)(Q)-68(P)(1)-68(P)(Q) may be provided as automatic level controllers (ALCs) or automatic gain controllers (AGCs), as non-limiting examples. The remote uplink gain control circuits 68(1)(1)-68(1)(Q)-68(P)(1)-68(P)(Q) are disposed in the respective remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q). The remote uplink gain control circuits 68(1)(1)-68(1)(Q)-68(P)(1)-68(P)(Q) are configured to adjust the remote uplink gain in the remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) based on respective received remote uplink gain adjustment signals 66(1)(1)-66(1)(Q)-66(P)(1)-66(P)(Q) from the respective remote unit controllers 64(1)-64(P). As discussed above, the remote uplink gain control circuits 68(1)(1)-68(1)(Q)-68(P)(1)-68(P)(Q) may also independently limit the remote uplink gain in the remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q).

[0032] Note that in this example, a dedicated remote controller 64(1)-64(P) is provided in each remote unit 34(1)-34(P); the functionality of the remote controllers 64(1)-64(P) could be part of another internal controller in the respective remote units 34(1)-34(P) or a controller external to the remote units 34(1)-34(P) such as in the central unit 36.

[0033] With continuing reference to FIG. 2, as discussed above, the optical uplink communications signals 38U(1)-38U(P) are received by the central unit 36 over the uplink communications medium 42(1)-42(P). In this embodiment, the central unit 36 includes uplink optical-to-electrical (O-E) converters 70(1)-70(P) to convert the optical uplink communications signals 38U(1)-38U(P) back to electrical uplink communications signals 38U(1)-38U(P). The electrical uplink communications signals 38U(1)-38U(P) are then processed (e.g., amplified) and combined by uplink combiner 72 into a combined uplink communications signal 38U in a central uplink path 74. To provide system-wide uplink band gain control based on per-band gain control of remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) in remote units 34(1)-34(P), a central uplink gain control system 76 is provided in the central unit 36. The central uplink gain control system 76 includes a central controller 78 provided in the central unit 36.

[0034] With continuing reference to the DAS 30 in FIG. 2, though the remote uplink power of each received uplink communications signal 38U(1)-38U(P) in the remote units 34(1)-34(P) can be controlled by remote uplink gain control systems 56(1)(1)-56(1)(Q)-56(P)(1)-56(P)(Q) to be within desired power limits or below a remote uplink threshold power level, the central uplink gain control system 76 may determine that the uplink gain for an uplink band should be adjusted. In order to accomplish this, the remote uplink gain control systems 56(1)(1)-56(1)(Q)-56(P)(1)-56(P)(Q) in the remote units 34(1)-34(P) can be controlled by the central controller 78 in the central unit 36 to adjust the remote uplink gain of the individual uplink communications signals 38U(1)(1)-38U(1)(Q)-38U(P)(1)-38U(P)(Q) received in each remote unit 34(1)-34(P). In this embodiment, each of the remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) that correspond to a particular uplink band use the same index number. For example, the first uplink band is processed by remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(P)(1), the second uplink band is processed by remote uplink paths 46(1)(2)-46(P)(2), and so on. While in this embodiment, each of the remote units 34(1)-34(P) includes each of the uplink bands, the DAS 30 is not limited to that arrangement. In other embodiments, each of the remote units 34(1)-34(P) may include two or more of the uplink bands as long as each uplink band supported is included in two or more of the remote units 34(1)-34(P).

[0035] In this regard, the central controller 78 in the DAS 30 in FIG. 2 can send a remote uplink gain control signal 80 to the remote controllers 64(1)-64(P) for the remote units 34(1)-34(P). In response, the remote controllers 64(1)-64(P) can issue the remote uplink gain adjustment signals 66(1)(1)-66(1)(Q)-66(P)(1)-66(P)(Q) to respective remote uplink gain control circuits 68(1)(1)-68(1)(Q)-68(P)(1)-68(P)(Q) provided in the remote uplink gain control systems 56(1)(1)-56(1)(Q)-56(P)(1)-56(P)(Q) to adjust the remote uplink power of the individual uplink communications signals 38U(1)(1)-38U(1)(Q)-38U(P)(1)-38U(P)(Q). Thus, the gain control system 32 in the DAS 30 in FIG. 2 is configured to adjust the remote uplink gains of the remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) based on the remote uplink power in the respective remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q).

[0036] However, if the remote gain level of the remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) is adjusted to reduce the remote gain level, the sensitivity of the remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) in the remote units 34(1)-34(P) is reduced as a result. In the case where a weak uplink communications signal 38U(1)(1)-38U(1)(Q)-38U(P)(1)-38U(P)(Q) is also received at that uplink path, the power level of the weak uplink communications signal 38U(1)(1)-38U(1)(Q)-38U(P)(1)-38U(P)(Q) might go below the sensitivity threshold. In other words, weak uplink communications signal 38U(1)(1)-38U(1)(Q)-38U(P)(1)-38U(P)(Q) would be a lower power level than desired when reaching the base station 40, and as a result may not be able to be decoded within the base station 40. Therefore, this creates a dilemma in that the gain of the remote units 34(1)-34(P) should be set high for increased sensitivity and/or to allow low power level uplink communications signals 38U(1)(1)-38U(1)(Q)-38U(P)(1)-38U(P)(Q) to pass through the remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) of the remote units 34(1)-34(P) with high enough power to reach the base station 40, but also avoid the high power level uplink communications signals 38U(1)(1)-38U(1)(Q)-38U(P)(1)-38U(P)(Q) exceeding a threshold power level.

[0037] In this regard, in this example, the central controller 78 in the central unit 36 is configured to provide individualized gain control of remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) in the remote units 34(1)-34(P) to provide system-wide uplink band gain control based on per-band gain control of remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) in remote units 34(1)-34(P). This is opposed to reducing the remote gain level of remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) in the remote units 34(1)-34(P) equally.

[0038] In this regard, in this example, DAS 30 in FIG. 2 and as illustrated in the flowchart in FIG. 3, the central controller 78 is configured to perform the following for each uplink band of a plurality of uplink bands in the DAS 30 (block 100). The order in which the uplink bands are operated on does not matter. In some embodiments, this process may even be carried out in parallel for each uplink band at the same time. Many examples herein refer to the process as it relates to one or more specific uplink bands (such as uplink band 1). The central controller 78 is configured to receive remote uplink power measurements 62(1)(1)-62(1)(Q)-62(P)(1)-62(P)(Q) for each remote uplink path 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) for the uplink band (block 102 in FIG. 3). As discussed before, the first uplink band may be processed by remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(P)(1), the second uplink band may be processed by remote uplink paths 46(1)(2)-46(P)(2), and so on. The central controller 78 is then configured to determine if the uplink gain of the remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) for the uplink band should be adjusted (block 104). This determination is based on the received remote uplink power measurements 62(1)(1)-62(1)(Q)-62(P)(1)-62(P)(Q) and may be made in many ways as will be discussed in more detail below. In one embodiment, the remote uplink power measurements 62(1)(1)-62(1)(Q)-62(P)(1)-62(P)(Q) are used to determine if any of the remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) for the uplink band are high power remote uplink paths. The central controller 78 may then determine if the uplink gain of the remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) for the uplink band should be increased, decreased, or not changed.

[0039] With continuing reference back to FIG. 2, if the uplink gain of the remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) for the uplink band should not be adjusted (block 106 in FIG. 3), the central controller 78 can repeat the process by returning back to block 100 in FIG. 3 and continuing on to another uplink band in the DAS 30. However, if the uplink gain of the remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) for the uplink band should not be adjusted (block 106 in FIG. 3), the central controller 78 is further configured to direct a remote uplink gain control circuit 68(1)(1)-68(1)(Q)-68(P)(1)-68(P)(Q) in the respective remote uplink gain control system 56(1)(1)-56(1)(Q)-56(P)(1)-56(P)(Q) for each remote uplink path 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) of the uplink band to adjust the uplink gain of the respective remote uplink path 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) by a defined remote uplink gain level (block 108 in FIG. 3). The defined remote uplink gain level may be any amount but is preferably small. In some embodiments, the defined remote uplink gain level is less than 10 dB, and in some embodiments the defined remote uplink gain level is 1 dB. The defined remote uplink gain level reduction may be set to a programmed value or calculated. Since this process may be repeated many times in some embodiments, a smaller defined remote uplink gain level will allow the system more precision in arriving at a desired uplink gain of the respective remote uplink path 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q). On the other hand, since the process of blocks 100 through 106 takes a certain amount of time, smaller defined remote uplink gain level will require more iterations to converge at a desired uplink gain of the respective remote uplink path 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) and will therefore take more time to complete. In some embodiments, the central controller 78 is configured to wait a specified amount of time in order to increase the accuracy of the remote uplink power measurements 62(1)(1)-62(1)(Q)-62(P)(1)-62(P)(Q). For instance, the central controller 78 may only perform the process of blocks 100 through 106 once every minute in order to decrease the chances that the uplink gain of the remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) is adjusted incorrectly.

[0040] FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating another exemplary process of a gain control system 32 in the DAS 30 in FIG. 2 for providing system-wide uplink band gain control, based on per-band gain control of remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) in remote units 34(1)-34(P). The central controller 78 is configured to perform the following for each uplink band of a plurality of uplink bands in the DAS 30 (block 110). In some embodiments, the central controller 78 is optionally configured to set the uplink band gain of a plurality of remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) to an initial remote uplink gain level (block 112). This process may not need to be performed if an initial remote uplink gain level is already set by some other process or component. In some embodiments, the initial remote uplink gain level is set to a maximum gain level allowed in order to maximize the sensitivity of the plurality of remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q). The central controller 78 is configured to receive remote uplink power measurements 62(1)(1)-62(1)(Q)-62(P)(1)-62(P)(Q) for each remote uplink path 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) for the uplink band (block 114 in FIG. 4). Based on the received remote uplink power measurements 62(1)(1)-62(1)(Q)-62(P)(1)-62(P)(Q), the central controller 78 is configured to identify as high power remote uplink paths, any remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) of the uplink band that have a remote uplink power measurement 62(1)(1)-62(1)(Q)-62(P)(1)-62(P)(Q) above a remote uplink threshold power level configured in the respective remote uplink gain control system 56(1)(1)-56(1)(Q)-56(P)(1)-56(P)(Q) (block 116). The high power remote uplink paths may additionally be identified as those remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) within a defined power level (e.g. within 10 dB) from the respective remote uplink threshold power level. For example, the remote uplink threshold power levels for the remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) may be set to a single default remote uplink threshold power level used for all remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q), or to individual default remote uplink threshold power levels specific to each of the remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q). In embodiments where the remote uplink gain control circuits 68(1)(1)-68(1)(Q)-68(P)(1)-68(P)(Q) include ALCs, a remote uplink path 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) may be identified as a high power remote uplink path if the respective ALC was activated.

[0041] With continuing reference back to FIG. 2, if the number of remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) of the band identified as high power remote uplink paths exceeds a high power remote uplink path threshold level (block 118), the central controller 78 determines that the uplink gain of the remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) for the uplink band should be decreased. This situation implies that the uplink gain of the remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) for the uplink band is set too high and too many of the remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) for the uplink band are being identified as high power remote uplink paths. Therefore, the central controller 78 is further configured to direct a remote uplink gain control circuit 68(1)(1)-68(1)(Q)-68(P)(1)-68(P)(Q) in the respective remote uplink gain control system 56(1)(1)-56(1)(Q)-56(P)(1)-56(P)(Q) for each remote uplink path 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) of the uplink band to reduce the uplink gain of the respective remote uplink path 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) by the defined remote uplink gain level (block 120). As discussed above, the defined remote uplink gain level may be any amount but is preferably small. In some embodiments, the defined remote uplink gain level is less than 10 dB, and in some embodiments the defined remote uplink gain level is 1 dB. The defined remote uplink gain level reduction may be set to a programmed value or calculated. The high power remote uplink path threshold level may be set to a programmed value or calculated. The high power remote uplink path threshold level also may be a number, or it may be expressed as a ratio of the number of remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) of the band identified as high power remote uplink paths to a total number of remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) of the uplink band.

[0042] In some embodiments, maintaining a predetermined end-to-end gain for an uplink path of each uplink band is desirable. The end-to-end gain is the sum of the uplink gain in the remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) and an uplink gain in a respective head-end uplink gain control circuit 82(1)-82(Q) for the uplink band. The head-end uplink gain control circuits 82(1)-82(Q) may be located in the central unit 36 or in another suitable location. In FIG. 2, the head-end gain control circuits 82(1)-82(Q) are included in respective radio interface modules (RIMs) 84(1)-84(Q). In order to maintain the predetermined end-to-end gain for an uplink path, after the uplink gain of the remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) of the uplink band is reduced by the defined remote uplink gain level (block 120 in FIG. 4), the central controller 78 is further configured to direct a head-end uplink gain control circuit 82(1)-82(Q) for the uplink band to increase the uplink gain of the band by the defined remote uplink band gain level (block 122 in FIG. 4).

[0043] With continuing reference back to FIG. 2, if the number of remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) of the band identified as high power remote uplink paths does not exceed the high power remote uplink path threshold level (block 118 in FIG. 4), the central controller 78 may optionally determine if there are too few remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) of the band identified as high power remote uplink paths. This could be an indication that the uplink gain of the remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) of the uplink band could be increased, thereby increasing the sensitivity of the remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q). As such, if the number of remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) of the band identified as high power remote uplink paths is less than a second high power remote uplink path threshold level (block 124), the central controller 78 determines that the uplink gain of the remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) for the uplink band should be increased. Therefore, the central controller 78 is further configured to direct a remote uplink gain control circuit 68(1)(1)-68(1)(Q)-68(P)(1)-68(P)(Q) in the respective remote uplink gain control system 56(1)(1)-56(1)(Q)-56(P)(1)-56(P)(Q) for each remote uplink path 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) of the uplink band to increase the uplink gain of the respective remote uplink path 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) by the defined remote uplink gain level (block 126 in FIG. 4). The second high power remote uplink path threshold level also may be a number, or it may be expressed as a ratio of the number of remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) of the band identified as high power remote uplink paths to a total number of remote uplink paths 46(1)(1)-46(1)(Q)-46(P)(1)-46(P)(Q) of the uplink band.

[0044] In embodiments where maintaining a predetermined end-to-end gain for the uplink path is desirable, the central controller 78 is further configured to direct a head-end uplink gain control circuit 82(1)-82(Q) for the uplink band to decrease the uplink gain of the band by the defined remote uplink band gain level (block 128 in FIG. 4). The central controller 78 can repeat the process by returning back to block 114 in FIG. 4 and continuing on to another uplink band in the DAS 30. Also, the process may be repeated because the uplink communications signals 38U(1)(1)-38U(1)(Q)-38U(P)(1)-38U(P)(Q) received at each remote unit 34(1)-34(P) may continuously change (e.g., new calls are initiated or terminated, subscribers get closer to the DAS antennas or get away from the DAS antennas).

[0045] The gain control system 32 in the DAS 30 in FIG. 2 can be provided in other DASs as well, without limitation. For example, FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of another exemplary optical fiber-based DAS 130 that may be employed according to the embodiments disclosed herein to include a gain control system, like the gain control system 32 in FIG. 2, to provide system-wide uplink band gain control based on per-band gain control. In this embodiment, the optical fiber-based DAS 130 includes optical fiber for distributing communications services. The optical fiber-based DAS 130 in this embodiment is comprised of three (3) main components. One or more radio interfaces provided in the form of radio interface modules (RIMs) 132(1)-132(M) in this embodiment are provided in a central unit 134 to receive and process downlink electrical communications signals 136D(1)-136D(R) prior to optical conversion into downlink optical communications signals. The RIMs 132(1)-132(M) provide both downlink and uplink interfaces. The notations “1-R” and “1-M” indicate that any number of the referenced component, 1-R and 1-M, respectively, may be provided. The central unit 134 is configured to accept the plurality of RIMs 132(1)-132(M) as modular components that can easily be installed and removed or replaced in the central unit 134. In one embodiment, the central unit 134 is configured to support up to twelve (12) RIMs 132(1)-132(12).

[0046] Each RIM 132(1)-132(M) can be designed to support a particular type of radio source or range of radio sources (i.e., frequencies) to provide flexibility in configuring the central unit 134 and the optical fiber-based DAS 130 to support the desired radio sources. For example, one RIM 132 may be configured to support the Personal Communication Services (PCS) radio band. Another RIM 132 may be configured to support the 700 MHz radio band. In this example, by inclusion of these RIMs 132, the central unit 134 could be configured to support and distribute communications signals on both PCS and LTE 700 radio bands, as an example. RIMs 132 may be provided in the central unit 134 that support any frequency bands desired, including but not limited to the US Cellular band, Personal Communication Services (PCS) band, Advanced Wireless Services (AWS) band, 700 MHz band, Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) 900, GSM 1800, and Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS). The RIMs 132 may also be provided in the central unit 134 that support any wireless technologies desired, including Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), CDMA200, 1xRTT, Evolution—Data Only (EV-DO), UMTS, High-speed Packet Access (HSPA), GSM, General Packet Radio Services (GPRS), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Long Term Evolution (LTE), iDEN, and Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD).

[0047] The RIMs 132 may be provided in the central unit 134 that support any frequencies desired, including but not limited to US FCC and Industry Canada frequencies (824-849 MHz on uplink and 869-894 MHz on downlink), US FCC and Industry Canada frequencies (1850-1915 MHz on uplink and 1930-1995 MHz on downlink), US FCC and Industry Canada frequencies (1710-1755 MHz on uplink and 2110-2155 MHz on downlink), US FCC frequencies (698-716 MHz and 776-787 MHz on uplink and 728-746 MHz on downlink), EU R & TTE frequencies (880-915 MHz on uplink and 925-960 MHz on downlink), EU R & TTE frequencies (1710-1785 MHz on uplink and 1805-1880 MHz on downlink), EU R & TTE frequencies (1920-1980 MHz on uplink and 2110-2170 MHz on downlink), US FCC frequencies (806-824 MHz on uplink and 851-869 MHz on downlink), US FCC frequencies (896-901 MHz on uplink and 929-941 MHz on downlink), US FCC frequencies (793-805 MHz on uplink and 763-775 MHz on downlink), and US FCC frequencies (2495-2690 MHz on uplink and downlink)

[0048] The downlink electrical communications signals 136D(1)-136D(R) are provided to a plurality of optical interfaces provided in the form of optical interface modules (OIMs) 138(1)-138(N) in this embodiment to convert the downlink electrical communications signals 136D(1)-136D(R) into downlink optical communications signals 140D(1)-140D(R). The notation “1-N” indicates that any number of the referenced component 1-N may be provided. The OIMs 138 may be configured to provide one or more optical interface components (OICs) that contain optical to electrical (O/E) and electrical to optical (E/O) converters, as will be described in more detail below. The OIMs 138 support the radio bands that can be provided by the RIMs 132, including the examples previously described above. Thus, in this embodiment, the OIMs 138 may support a radio band range from 400 MHz to 2700 MHz, as an example.

[0049] The OIMs 138(1)-138(N) each include E/O converters (not shown) to convert the downlink electrical communications signals 136D(1)-136D(R) into the downlink optical communications signals 140D(1)-140D(R). The downlink optical communications signals 140D(1)-140D(R) are communicated over downlink optical fiber(s) communications medium 142D to a plurality of remote antenna units 144(1)-144(P). The notation “1-P” indicates that any number of the referenced component 1-P may be provided. O/E converters (not shown) provided in the remote antenna units 144(1)-144(P) convert the downlink optical communications signals 140D(1)-140D(R) back into the downlink electrical communications signals 136D(1)-136D(R), which are provided to antennas 148(1)-148(P) in the remote antenna units 144(1)-144(P) to client devices in the reception range of the antennas 148(1)-148(P).

[0050] E/O converters (not shown) are also provided in the remote antenna units 144(1)-144(P) to convert uplink electrical communications signals 150U(1)-150U(P) received from client devices through the antennas 148(1)-148(P) into uplink optical communications signals 140U(1)-140U(P) to be communicated over an uplink optical fiber communications medium 142U to the OIMs 138(1)-138(N). The OIMs 138(1)-138(N) include O/E converters (not shown) that convert the uplink optical communications signals 140U(1)-140U(P) into uplink electrical communications signals 152U(1)-152U(P) that are processed by the RIMs 132(1)-132(M) and provided as uplink electrical communications signals 152U(1)-152U(P). Note that the downlink optical fiber communications medium 142D and uplink optical fiber communications medium 142U connected to each remote antenna unit 144(1)-144(P) may be a common optical fiber communications medium, wherein for example, wave division multiplexing (WDM) may be employed to provide the downlink optical communications signals 140D(1)-140D(R) and the uplink optical communications signals 140U(1)-140U(P) on the same optical fiber communications medium.

[0051] The DAS 130 in FIG. 5 may also be provided in an indoor environment, as illustrated in FIG. 6. FIG. 6 is a partially schematic cut-away diagram of a building infrastructure 154 employing the DASs 30, 130 described herein. The building infrastructure 154 in this embodiment includes a first (ground) floor 156(1), a second floor 156(2), and a third floor 156(3). The floors 156(1)-156(3) are serviced by the central unit 158 to provide the antenna coverage areas 160 in the building infrastructure 154. The central unit 158 is communicatively coupled to the base station 162 to receive downlink communications signals 164D from the base station 162. The central unit 158 is communicatively coupled to the remote antenna units 166 to receive the uplink communications signals 164U from the remote antenna units 166, as previously discussed above. The downlink and uplink communications signals 164D, 164U communicated between the central unit 158 and the remote antenna units 166 are carried over a riser cable 168. The riser cable 168 may be routed through interconnect units (ICUs) 170(1)-170(3) dedicated to each floor 156(1)-156(3) that route the downlink and uplink communications signals 164D, 164U to the remote antenna units 166 and also provide power to the remote antenna units 166 via array cables 172.

[0052] FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram representation of additional detail illustrating a computer system 174 that could be employed in any controllers disclosed herein, including the central controller 78 and the remote controllers 64(1)-64(P) in the DAS 30 in FIG. 2. The computer system 174 is adapted to execute instructions from an exemplary computer-readable medium to perform these and/or any of the functions or processing described herein.

[0053] In this regard, the computer system 174 in FIG. 7 may include a set of instructions that may be executed to calculate gain of DAS segments in a DAS. The computer system 174 may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines in a LAN, an intranet, an extranet, or the Internet. While only a single device is illustrated, the term “device” shall also be taken to include any collection of devices that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. The computer system 174 may be a circuit or circuits included in an electronic board card, such as, a printed circuit board (PCB), a server, a personal computer, a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a computing pad, a mobile device, or any other device, and may represent, for example, a server or a user's computer.

[0054] The exemplary computer system 174 in this embodiment includes a processing device or processor 176, a main memory 178 (e.g., read-only memory (ROM), flash memory, dynamic random access memory (DRAM), such as synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), etc.), and a static memory 180 (e.g., flash memory, static random access memory (SRAM), etc.), which may communicate with each other via a data bus 182. Alternatively, the processor 176 may be connected to the main memory 178 and/or static memory 180 directly or via some other connectivity means. The processor 176 may be a controller, and the main memory 178 or static memory 180 may be any type of memory.

[0055] The processor 176 represents one or more general-purpose processing devices, such as a microprocessor, central processing unit, or the like. More particularly, the processor 176 may be a complex instruction set computing (CISC) microprocessor, a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) microprocessor, a very long instruction word (VLIW) microprocessor, a processor implementing other instruction sets, or other processors implementing a combination of instruction sets. The processor 176 is configured to execute processing logic in instructions for performing the operations and steps discussed herein.

[0056] The computer system 174 may further include a network interface device 184. The computer system 174 also may or may not include an input 186, configured to receive input and selections to be communicated to the computer system 174 when executing instructions. The computer system 174 also may or may not include an output 188, including but not limited to a display, a video display unit (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) or a cathode ray tube (CRT)), an alphanumeric input device (e.g., a keyboard), and/or a cursor control device (e.g., a mouse). The computer system 174 may or may not include a data storage device that includes instructions 192 stored in a computer-readable medium 194. The instructions 192 may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 178 and/or within the processor 176 during execution thereof by the computer system 174, the main memory 178, and the processor 176 also constituting computer-readable medium. The instructions 192 may further be transmitted or received over a network 192 via the network interface device 184.

[0057] While the computer-readable medium 194 is shown in an exemplary embodiment to be a single medium, the term “computer-readable medium” should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) that store the one or more sets of instructions. The term “computer-readable medium” shall also be taken to include any medium that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying a set of instructions for execution by the processing device and that cause the processing device to perform any one or more of the methodologies of the embodiments disclosed herein. The term “computer-readable medium” shall accordingly be taken to include, but not be limited to, solid-state memories, optical medium, and magnetic medium.

[0058] The embodiments disclosed herein include various steps. The steps of the embodiments disclosed herein may be formed by hardware components or may be embodied in machine-executable instructions, which may be used to cause a general-purpose or special-purpose processor programmed with the instructions to perform the steps. Alternatively, the steps may be performed by a combination of hardware and software.

[0059] The embodiments disclosed herein may be provided as a computer program product, or software, that may include a machine-readable medium (or computer-readable medium) having stored thereon instructions, which may be used to program a computer system (or other electronic devices) to perform a process according to the embodiments disclosed herein. A machine-readable medium includes any mechanism for storing or transmitting information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). For example, a machine-readable medium includes: a machine-readable storage medium (e.g., ROM, random access memory (“RAM”), a magnetic disk storage medium, an optical storage medium, flash memory devices, etc.); and the like.

[0060] Unless specifically stated otherwise and as apparent from the previous discussion, it is appreciated that throughout the description, discussions utilizing terms such as “processing,” “computing,” “determining,” “displaying,” or the like, refer to the action and processes of a computer system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data and memories represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computer system's registers into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer system memories or registers or other such information storage, transmission, or display devices.

[0061] The algorithms and displays presented herein are not inherently related to any particular computer or other apparatus. Various systems may be used with programs in accordance with the teachings herein, or it may prove convenient to construct more specialized apparatuses to perform the required method steps. The required structure for a variety of these systems will appear from the description above. In addition, the embodiments described herein are not described with reference to any particular programming language. It will be appreciated that a variety of programming languages may be used to implement the teachings of the embodiments as described herein.

[0062] Those of skill in the art will further appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithms described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, instructions stored in memory or in another computer-readable medium and executed by a processor or other processing device, or combinations of both. The components of the distributed antenna systems described herein may be employed in any circuit, hardware component, integrated circuit (IC), or IC chip, as examples. Memory disclosed herein may be any type and size of memory and may be configured to store any type of information desired. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. How such functionality is implemented depends on the particular application, design choices, and/or design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present embodiments.

[0063] The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a processor, a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), or other programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. Furthermore, a controller may be a processor. A processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration).

[0064] The embodiments disclosed herein may be embodied in hardware and in instructions that are stored in hardware, and may reside, for example, in RAM, flash memory, ROM, Electrically Programmable ROM (EPROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM), registers, a hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of computer-readable medium known in the art. An exemplary storage medium is coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in a remote station. In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a remote station, base station, or server.

[0065] The operational steps described in any of the exemplary embodiments herein are described to provide examples and discussion. The operations described may be performed in numerous different sequences other than the illustrated sequences. Furthermore, operations described in a single operational step may actually be performed in a number of different steps. Additionally, one or more operational steps discussed in the exemplary embodiments may be combined. Those of skill in the art will also understand that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips, that may be references throughout the above description, may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields, or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.

[0066] Unless otherwise expressly stated, it is in no way intended that any method set forth herein be construed as requiring that its steps be performed in a specific order. Accordingly, where a method claim does not actually recite an order to be followed by its steps or it is not otherwise specifically stated in the claims or descriptions that the steps are to be limited to a specific order, it is no way intended that any particular order be inferred.

[0067] Various modifications and variations can be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Since modifications combinations, sub-combinations and variations of the disclosed embodiments incorporating the spirit and substance of the invention may occur to persons skilled in the art, the invention should be construed to include everything within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.