Alkyl-amide-substituted pyridyl compounds useful as modulators of IL-12, IL-23 and/or IFNα responses

[0001] This application is a 371 of PCT/US2013/068842 filed Nov. 7, 2013 which claims benefit of 61/723,854 filed Nov. 8, 2012.

[0002] This invention relates to compounds useful in the modulation of IL-12, IL-23 and/or IFNα by acting on Tyk-2 to cause signal transduction inhibition. Provided herein are alkyl amide-substituted pyridyl compounds, compositions comprising such compounds, and methods of their use. The invention further pertains to pharmaceutical compositions containing at least one compound according to the invention that are useful for the treatment of conditions related to the modulation of IL-12, IL-23 and/or IFNα in a mammal.

[0003] The heterodimeric cytokines interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23, which share a common p40 subunit, are produced by activated antigen-presenting cells and are critical in the differentiation and proliferation of Th1 and Th17 cells, two effector T cell lineages which play key roles in autoimmunity. IL-23 is composed of the p40 subunit along with a unique p19 subunit. IL-23, acting through a heterodimeric receptor composed of IL-23R and IL-12Rβ1, is essential for the survival and expansion of Th17 cells which produce pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-6 and TNF-α (McGeachy, M. J. et al., “The link between IL-23 and Th17 cell-mediated immune pathologies”, Semin. Immunol., 19:372-376 (2007)). These cytokines are critical in mediating the pathobiology of a number of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and lupus. IL-12, in addition to the p40 subunit in common with IL-23, contains a p35 subunit and acts through a heterodimeric receptor composed of IL-12Rβ1 and IL-12Rβ2. IL-12 is essential for Th1 cell development and secretion of IFNγ, a cytokine which plays a critical role in immunity by stimulating MHC expression, class switching of B cells to IgG subclasses, and the activation of macrophages (Gracie, J. A. et al., “Interleukin-12 induces interferon-gamma-dependent switching of IgG alloantibody subclass”, Eur. J. Immunol., 26:1217-1221 (1996); Schroder, K. et al., “Interferon-gamma: an overview of signals, mechanisms and functions”, J. Leukoc. Biol., 75(2):163-189 (2004)).

[0004] The importance of the p40-containing cytokines in autoimmunity is demonstrated by the discovery that mice deficient in either p40, p19, or IL-23R are protected from disease in models of multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, lupus and psoriasis, among others (Kyttaris, V. C. et al., “Cutting edge: IL-23 receptor deficiency prevents the development of lupus nephritis in C57BL/6-lpr/lpr mice”, J. Immunol., 184:4605-4609 (2010); Hong, K. et al., “IL-12, independently of IFN-gamma, plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of a murine psoriasis like skin disorder”, J. Immunol., 162:7480-7491 (1999); Hue, S. et al., “Interleukin-23 drives innate and T cell-mediated intestinal inflammation”, J. Exp. Med., 203:2473-2483 (2006); Cua, D. J. et al., “Interleukin-23 rather than interleukin-12 is the critical cytokine for autoimmune inflammation of the brain”, Nature, 421:744-748 (2003); Murphy, C. A. et al., “Divergent pro- and anti-inflammatory roles for IL-23 and IL-12 in joint autoimmune inflammation”, J. Exp. Med., 198:1951-1957 (2003)).

[0005] In human disease, high expression of p40 and p19 has been measured in psoriatic lesions, and Th17 cells have been identified in active lesions in the brain from MS patients and in the gut mucosa of patients with active Crohn's disease (Lee, E. et al., “Increased expression of interleukin 23 p19 and p40 in lesional skin of patients with psoriasis vulgaris”, J. Exp. Med., 199:125-130 (2004); Tzartos, J. S. et al., “Interleukin-17 production in central nervous system infiltrating T cells and glial cells is associated with active disease in multiple sclerosis”, Am. J. Pathol., 172:146-155 (2008)). The mRNA levels of p19, p40, and p35 in active SLE patients were also shown to be significantly higher compared with those in inactive SLE patients (Huang, X. et al., “Dysregulated expression of interleukin-23 and interleukin-12 subunits in systemic lupus erythematosus patients”, Mod. Rheumatol., 17:220-223 (2007)), and T cells from lupus patients have a predominant Th1 phenotype (Tucci, M. et al., “Overexpression of interleukin-12 and T helper 1 predominance in lupus nephritis”, Clin. Exp. Immunol., 154:247-254 (2008)).

[0006] Moreover, genome-wide association studies have identified a number of loci associated with chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases that encode factors that function in the IL-23 and IL-12 pathways. These genes include IL23A, IL12A, IL12B, IL12RB1, IL12RB2, IL23R, JAK2, TYK2, STAT3, and STAT4 (Lees, C. W. et al., “New IBD genetics: common pathways with other diseases”, Gut, 60:1739-1753 (2011); Tao, J. H. et al., “Meta-analysis of TYK2 gene polymorphisms association with susceptibility to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases”, Mol. Biol. Rep., 38:4663-4672 (2011); Cho, J. H. et al., “Recent insights into the genetics of inflammatory bowel disease”, Gastroenterology, 140:1704-1712 (2011)).

[0007] Indeed, anti-p40 treatment, which inhibits both IL-12 and IL-23, as well as IL-23-specific anti-p19 therapies have been shown to be efficacious in the treatment of autoimmunity in diseases including psoriasis, Crohn's Disease and psoriatic arthritis (Leonardi, C. L. et al., “PHOENIX 1 study investigators. Efficacy and safety of ustekinumab, a human interleukin-12/23 monoclonal antibody, in patients with psoriasis: 76-week results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (PHOENIX 1)”, Lancet, 371:1665-1674 (2008); Sandborn, W. J. et al., “Ustekinumab Crohn's Disease Study Group. A randomized trial of Ustekinumab, a human interleukin-12/23 monoclonal antibody, in patients with moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease”, Gastroenterology, 135:1130-1141 (2008); Gottlieb, A. et al., “Ustekinumab, a human interleukin 12/23 monoclonal antibody, for psoriatic arthritis: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial”, Lancet, 373:633-640 (2009)). Therefore, agents which inhibit the action of IL-12 and IL-23 may be expected to have therapeutic benefit in human autoimmune disorders.

[0008] The Type I group of interferons (IFNs), which include the IFNα members as well as IFNβ, IFNε, IFNκ and IFNω, act through a heterodimer IFNα/β receptor (IFNAR). Type I IFNs have multiple effects in both the innate and adaptive immune systems including activation of both the cellular and humoral immune responses as well as enhancing the expression and release of autoantigens (Hall, J. C. et al., “Type I interferons: crucial participants in disease amplification in autoimmunity”, Nat. Rev. Rheumatol., 6:40-49 (2010)).

[0009] In patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a potentially fatal autoimmune disease, increased serum levels of interferon (IFN)α (a type I interferon) or increased expression of type I IFN-regulated genes (a so-called IFNα signature) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in affected organs has been demonstrated in a majority of patients (Bennett, L. et al., “Interferon and granulopoiesis signatures in systemic lupus erythematosus blood”, J. Exp. Med., 197:711-723 (2003); Peterson, K. S. et al., “Characterization of heterogeneity in the molecular pathogenesis of lupus nephritis from transcriptional profiles of laser-captured glomeruli”, J. Clin. Invest., 113:1722-1733 (2004)), and several studies have shown that serum IFNα levels correlate with both disease activity and severity (Bengtsson, A. A. et al., “Activation of type I interferon system in systemic lupus erythematosus correlates with disease activity but not with antiretroviral antibodies”, Lupus, 9:664-671 (2000)). A direct role for IFNα in the pathobiology of lupus is evidenced by the observation that the administration of IFNα to patients with malignant or viral diseases can induce a lupus-like syndrome. Moreover, the deletion of the IFNAR in lupus-prone mice provides high protection from autoimmunity, disease severity and mortality (Santiago-Raber, M. L. et al., “Type-I interferon receptor deficiency reduces lupus-like disease in NZB mice”, J. Exp. Med., 197:777-788 (2003)), and genome-wide association studies have identified loci associated with lupus that encode factors that function in the type I interferon pathway, including IRF5, IKBKE, TYK2, and STAT4 (Deng, Y. et al., “Genetic susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus in the genomic era”, Nat. Rev. Rheumatol., 6:683-692 (2010); Sandling, J. K. et al., “A candidate gene study of the type I interferon pathway implicates IKBKE and IL8 as risk loci for SLE”, Eur. J. Hum. Genet., 19:479-484 (2011)). In addition to lupus, there is evidence that aberrant activation of type I interferon-mediated pathways are important in the pathobiology of other autoimmune diseases such as Sjögren's syndrome and scleroderma (Båve, U. et al., “Activation of the type I interferon system in primary Sjögren's syndrome: a possible etiopathogenic mechanism”, Arthritis Rheum., 52:1185-1195 (2005); Kim, D. et al., “Induction of interferon-alpha by scleroderma sera containing autoantibodies to topoisomerase I: association of higher interferon-alpha activity with lung fibrosis”, Arthritis Rheum., 58:2163-2173 (2008)). Therefore, agents which inhibit the action of type I interferon responses may be expected to have therapeutic benefit in human autoimmune disorders.

[0010] Tyrosine kinase 2 (Tyk2) is a member of the Janus kinase (JAK) family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases and has been shown to be critical in regulating the signal transduction cascade downstream of receptors for IL-12, IL-23 and type I interferons in both mice (Ishizaki, M. et al., “Involvement of Tyrosine Kinase-2 in Both the IL-12/Th1 and IL-23/Th17 Axes In vivo”, J. Immunol., 187:181-189 (2011); Prchal-Murphy, M. et al., “TYK2 kinase activity is required for functional type I interferon responses in vivo”, PLoS One, 7:e39141 (2012)) and humans (Minegishi, Y. et al., “Human tyrosine kinase 2 deficiency reveals its requisite roles in multiple cytokine signals involved in innate and acquired immunity”, Immunity, 25:745-755 (2006)). Tyk2 mediates the receptor-induced phosphorylation of members of the STAT family of transcription factors, an essential signal that leads to the dimerization of STAT proteins and the transcription of STAT-dependent pro-inflammatory genes. Tyk2-deficient mice are resistant to experimental models of colitis, psoriasis and multiple sclerosis, demonstrating the importance of Tyk2-mediated signaling in autoimmunity and related disorders (Ishizaki, M. et al., “Involvement of Tyrosine Kinase-2 in Both the IL-12/Th1 and IL-23/Th17 Axes In vivo”, J. Immunol., 187:181-189 (2011); Oyamada, A. et al., “Tyrosine kinase 2 plays critical roles in the pathogenic CD4 T cell responses for the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis”, J. Immunol., 183:7539-7546 (2009)).

[0011] In humans, individuals expressing an inactive variant of Tyk2 are protected from multiple sclerosis and possibly other autoimmune disorders (Couturier, N. et al., “Tyrosine kinase 2 variant influences T lymphocyte polarization and multiple sclerosis susceptibility”, Brain, 134:693-703 (2011)). Genome-wide association studies have shown other variants of Tyk2 to be associated with autoimmune disorders such as Crohn's Disease, psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis, further demonstrating the importance of Tyk2 in autoimmunity (Ellinghaus, D. et al., “Combined Analysis of Genome-wide Association Studies for Crohn Disease and Psoriasis Identifies Seven Shared Susceptibility Loci”, Am. J. Hum. Genet., 90:636-647 (2012); Graham, D. et al., “Association of polymorphisms across the tyrosine kinase gene, TYK2 in UK SLE families”, Rheumatology (Oxford), 46:927-930 (2007); Eyre, S. et al., “High-density genetic mapping identifies new susceptibility loci for rheumatoid arthritis”, Nat. Genet., 44:1336-1340 (2012)).

[0012] In view of the conditions that may benefit by treatment involving the modulation of cytokines and/or interferons, new compounds capable of modulating cytokines and/or interferons, such as IL-12, IL-23 and/or IFNα, and methods of using these compounds may provide substantial therapeutic benefits to a wide variety of patients in need thereof.

[0013] The invention is directed to compounds of Formula I, infra, that which are useful as modulators of IL-12, IL-23 and/or IFNα by inhibiting Tyk2-mediated signal transduction.

[0014] The present invention also provides processes and intermediates for making the compounds of the present invention.

[0015] The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and at least one of the compounds of the present invention.

[0016] The present invention also provides a method for the modulation of IL-12, IL-23 and/or IFNα by inhibiting Tyk-2-mediated signal transduction comprising administering to a host in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of at least one of the compounds of the present invention.

[0017] The present invention also provides a method for treating proliferative, metabolic, allergic, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, comprising administering to a host in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of at least one of the compounds of the present invention.

[0018] A preferred embodiment is a method for treating inflammatory and autoimmune diseases or diseases. For the purposes of this invention, an inflammatory and autoimmune disease or disorder includes any disease having an inflammatory or autoimmune component.

[0019] An alternate preferred embodiment is a method for treating metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis.

[0020] The present invention also provides the use of the compounds of the present invention for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of cancers.

[0021] The present invention also provides the compounds of the present invention for use in therapy.

[0022] These and other features of the invention will be set forth in the expanded form as the disclosure continues.

[0023] Provided herein is at least one chemical entity chosen from compounds of formula I:

[0024]
or stereoisomers, tautomers, pharmaceutically-acceptable salts, solvates, or prodrugs thereof, wherein:

[0025] R¹ is C_1-3alkyl optionally substituted by 0-7 R^1a;

[0026] R^1a at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, or CN;

[0027] R² is a 5-14 membered heterocycle containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-4 R^2a;

[0028] R^2a at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, ═O, halo, OCF₃, CN, NO₂, —(CH₂)_rOR^b, —(CH₂)_rSR^b, —(CH₂)_rC(O)R^b, —(CH₂)_rC(O)OR^b, —(CH₂)_rOC(O)R^b, CH₂)_rNR¹¹R¹¹, —(CH₂)_rC(O)NR¹¹R¹¹, —(CH₂)_rNR^bC(O)R^c, —(CH₂)_rNR^bC(O)OR^c, —NR^bC(O)NR¹¹R¹¹, —S(O)_pNR¹¹R¹¹, —NR^bS(O)_pR^c, —S(O)_pR^c, C_1-6 alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^a, C_1-6 haloalkyl, C_2-6 alkenyl substituted with 0-3 R^a, C_2-6 alkynyl substituted with 0-3 R^a, —(CH₂)_r-3-14 membered carbocycle substituted with 0-1 R^a, —(CH₂)_r-5-7 membered heteroaryl comprising carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S(O)_p substituted with 0-2 R^a; and —(CH₂)_r-5-7 membered heterocycle comprising carbon atoms or 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S(O)_p substituted with 0-2 R^a;

[0029] R³ is C_3-10 cycloalkyl substituted with 0-3 R^3a, C_6-10 aryl substituted with 0-3 R^3a, a 5-10 membered heterocycle containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R^3a, or a 5-10 membered heteroaryl containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R^3a;

[0030] R^3a at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, ═O, halo, OCF₃, CF₃, CHF₂, CN, NO₂, —(CH₂)_rOR^b, —(CH₂)_rSR^b, —(CH₂)_rC(O)R^b, —(CH₂)_rC(O)OR^b, —(CH₂)_rOC(O)R^b, —(CH₂)_rNR¹¹R¹¹, —(CH₂)_rC(O)NR¹¹R¹¹, —(CH₂)_rNR^bC(O)R^c, —(CH₂)_rNR^bC(O)OR^c, —NR^bC(O)NR¹¹R¹¹, —S(O)_pNR¹¹R¹¹, —NR^bS(O)_pR^c, —S(O)_pR^c, C_1-6 alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^a, C_2-6 alkenyl substituted with 0-3 R^a, C_2-6 alkynyl substituted with 0-3 R^a, C_1-6 haloalkyl, —(CH₂)_r-3-14 membered carbocycle substituted with 0-3 R^a, a —(CH₂)_r-5-7 membered heteroaryl comprising carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, S or O substituted with 0-3 R^a, or a —(CH₂)_r-5-10 membered heterocycle comprising carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S(O)_p substituted with 0-3 R^a;

[0031] or two R^3a, together with the atoms to which they are attached, combine to form a fused ring wherein said ring is selected from phenyl and a 5-7 membered heterocycle or heteroaryl, each comprising carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, S or O;

[0032] R⁴ and R⁵ are independently hydrogen, C_1-4 alkyl substituted with 0-1 R^f, (CH₂)_r-phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^d, or a —(CH₂)-5-7 membered heterocycle comprising carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S(O)_p;

[0033] R¹¹ at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, C_1-4 alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^f, CF₃, C_3-10 cycloalkyl substituted with 0-1 R^f, (CH)_r-phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^d, or —(CH₂)_r-5-7 membered heterocycle comprising carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S(O)_p substituted with 0-3 R^d;

[0034] R^a at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, F, Cl, Br, OCF₃, CF₃, CHF₂, CN, NO₂, —(CH₂)_rOR^b, —(CH₂)_rSR^b, —(CH₂)_rC(O)R^b, —(CH₂)_rC(O)OR^b, —(CH₂)_rOC(O)R^b, —(CH₂)_rNR¹¹R¹¹, —(CH₂)_rC(O)NR¹¹R¹¹, —(CH₂)_rNR^bC(O)R^c, —(CH₂)_rNR^bC(O)OR^c, —NR^bC(O)NR¹¹R¹¹, —S(O)_pNR¹¹R¹¹, —NR^bS(O)_pR^c, —S(O)R^c, —S(O)₂R^c, C_1-6 alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^f, C_1-6 haloalkyl, C_2-6 alkenyl substituted with 0-3 R^a, C_2-6 alkynyl substituted with 0-3 R^a, —(CH₂)_r-3-14 membered carbocycle, —(CH₂)_r-5-7 membered heteroaryl comprising carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S(O)_p substituted with 0-3 R^f; or —(CH₂)_r-5-7 membered heterocycle comprising carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S(O)_p substituted with 0-3 R^f, alternatively two R^a on adjacent or the same carbon atom form a cyclic acetal of the formula —O—(CH₂)_n—O—, or —O—CF₂—O—, wherein n is selected from 1 or 2;

[0035] R^b is hydrogen, C_1-6 alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^d, C_1-6 haloalkyl, C_3-6 cycloalkyl substituted with 0-2 R^d, or —(CH₂)_r-5-7 membered heterocycle comprising carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S(O)_p substituted with 0-3 R^f, or (CH₂)_r-phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^d;

[0036] R^c is C_1-6 alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^f, (CH₂)_r—C_3-6 cycloalkyl substituted with 0-3 R^f, (CH₂)_r-phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^f; or

[0037] R^d at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, F, Cl, Br, OCF₃, CF₃, CN, NO₂, —OR^e, —(CH₂)_rC(O)R^c, —NR^eR^e, —NR^eC(O)OR^c, C_1-6 alkyl, or (CH₂)_r-phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^f;

[0038] R^e is selected from hydrogen, C_1-6 alkyl, C_3-6 cycloalkyl, and (CH₂)_r-phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^f;

[0039] R^f independently at each occurrence is hydrogen, halo, CN, NH₂, OH, C_3-6 cycloalkyl, CF₃, O(C_1-6alkyl) or a —(CH₂)_r-5-7 membered heteroaryl comprising carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S(O)_p;

[0040] p is 0, 1, or 2; and

[0041] r is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;

provided that the compound of formula (I) is not:

[0042]

[0043] In another embodiment are provided compounds of formula I or stereoisomers, tautomers, pharmaceutically-acceptable salts, solvates, or prodrugs thereof, wherein:

[0044] R¹ is C_1-3alkyl optionally substituted by 0-7 R^1a;

[0045] R^1a at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, CF₃ or CN;

[0046] R² is a 5-14 membered heterocycle containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-4 R^2a;

[0047] R^2a at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, ═O, halo, OCF₃, CN, NO₂, —(CH₂)_rOR^b, —(CH₂)_rSR^b, —(CH₂)_rC(O)R^b, —(CH₂)_rC(O)OR^b, —(CH₂)_rOC(O)R^b, —CH₂)_rNR¹¹R¹¹, —(CH₂)_rC(O)NR¹¹R¹¹, —(CH₂)_rNR^bC(O)R^c, —(CH₂)_rNR^bC(O)OR^c, —NR^bC(O)NR¹¹R¹¹, —S(O)_pNR¹¹R¹¹, —NR^bS(O)_pR^c, —S(O)_pR^c, C_1-6 alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^a, C_1-6 haloalkyl, C_2-6 alkenyl substituted with 0-3 R^a, C_2-6 alkynyl substituted with 0-3 R^a, —(CH₂)_r-3-14 membered carbocycle substituted with 0-1 R^a, —(CH₂)_r-5-7 membered heteroaryl comprising carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S(O)_p substituted with 0-2 R^a; and —(CH₂)_r-5-7 membered heterocycle comprising carbon atoms or 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S(O)_p substituted with 0-2 R^a;

[0048] R³ is C_3-10 cycloalkyl substituted with 0-3 R^3a, C_6-10 aryl substituted with 0-3 R^3a, a 5-10 membered heterocycle containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R^3a, or a 5-10 membered heteroaryl containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R^3a;

[0049] R^3a at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, ═O, halo, OCF₃, OCHF₂, CF₃, CHF₂, CN, NO₂, —(CH₂)_rOR^b, —(CH₂)_rSR^b, —(CH₂)_rC(O)R^b, —(CH₂)_rC(O)OR^b, —(CH₂)_rOC(O)R^b, —(CH₂)_rNR¹¹R¹¹, —(CH₂)_rC(O)NR¹¹R¹¹, —(CH₂)_rNR^bC(O)R^c, —(CH₂)_rNR^bC(O)OR^c, —NR^bC(O)NR¹¹R¹¹, —S(O)_pNR¹¹R¹¹, —NR^bS(O)_pR^c, —S(O)_pR^c, C_1-6 alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^a, C_2-6 alkenyl substituted with 0-3 R^a, C_2-6 alkynyl substituted with 0-3 R^a, C_1-6 haloalkyl, —(CH₂)_r-3-14 membered carbocycle substituted with 0-3 R^a, a —(CH₂)_r-5-7 membered heteroaryl comprising carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, S or O substituted with 0-3 R^a, or a —(CH₂)_r-5-10 membered heterocycle comprising carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S(O)_p substituted with 0-3 R^a;

[0050] or two R^3a, together with the atoms to which they are attached, combine to form a fused ring wherein said ring is selected from phenyl and a 5-7 membered heterocycle or heteroaryl, each comprising carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, S or O;

[0051] R⁴ and R⁵ are independently hydrogen, C_1-4 alkyl substituted with 0-1 R^f, (CH₂)_r-phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^d, or a —(CH₂)-5-7 membered heterocycle comprising carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S(O)_p;

[0052] R¹¹ at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, C_1-6 alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^f, CF₃, C_3-10 cycloalkyl substituted with 0-3 R^f, (CH)_r-phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^d, or —(CH₂)_r-5-7 membered heterocycle comprising carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S(O)_p substituted with 0-3 R^d;

[0053] R^a at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, ═O, F, Cl, Br, OCF₃, CF₃, CHF₂, CN, NO₂, —(CH₂)_rOR^b, —(CH₂)_rSR^b, —(CH₂)_rC(O)R^b, —(CH₂)_rC(O)OR^b, —(CH₂)_rOC(O)R^b, —(CH₂)_rNR¹¹R¹¹, —(CH₂)_rC(O)NR¹¹R¹¹, —(CH₂)_rNR^bC(O)R^c, —(CH₂)_rNR^bC(O)OR^c, —NR^bC(O)NR¹¹R¹¹, —S(O)_pNR¹¹R¹¹, —NR^bS(O)_pR^c, —S(O)R^c, —S(O)₂R^c, C_1-6 alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^f, C_1-6 haloalkyl, C_2-6 alkenyl substituted with 0-3 R^a, C_2-6 alkynyl substituted with 0-3 R^a, —(CH₂)_r-3-14 membered carbocycle, —(CH₂)_r-5-7 membered heteroaryl comprising carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S(O)_p substituted with 0-3 R^f; or —(CH₂)_r-5-7 membered heterocycle comprising carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S(O)_p substituted with 0-3 R^f, alternatively two R^a on adjacent or the same carbon atom form a cyclic acetal of the formula —O—(CH₂)_n—O—, or —O—CF₂—O—, wherein n is selected from 1 or 2;

[0054] R^b is hydrogen, C_1-6 alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^d, C_1-6 haloalkyl, C_3-6 cycloalkyl substituted with 0-2 R^d, or —(CH₂)_r-5-7 membered heterocycle comprising carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S(O)_p substituted with 0-3 R^f, or (CH₂)_r-phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^d;

[0055] R^c is C_1-6 alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^f, (CH₂)_r—C_3-6 cycloalkyl substituted with 0-3 R^f, (CH₂)_r-phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^f; or

[0056] R^d at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, F, Cl, Br, OCF₃, CF₃, CN, NO₂, —OR^e, —(CH₂)_rC(O)R^c, —NR^eR^e, —NR^eC(O)OR^c, C_1-6 alkyl, or (CH₂)_r-phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^f;

[0057] R^e is selected from hydrogen, C_1-6 alkyl, C_3-6 cycloalkyl, and (CH₂)_r-phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^f;

[0058] R^f independently at each occurrence is hydrogen, halo, CN, NH₂, NH(C_1-6alkyl), N(C_1-6alkyl)₂, OH, C_3-6 cycloalkyl, CF₃, O(C_1-6alkyl), phenyl;

[0059] or R^f independently at each occurrence is an optionally substituted —(CH₂)_r-5-10 membered heteroaryl comprising carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S(O) or C_3-6 cycloalkyl, each group optionally substituted with halo, CN, CF₃, C_1-6 alkyl or O(C_1-6alkyl);

[0060] p is 0, 1, or 2; and

[0061] r is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[0062] In another embodiment, there is provided a compound of formula I, or stereoisomers, tautomers, pharmaceutically-acceptable salts, solvates, or prodrugs thereof, R² is pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, pyrazolyl, naphthyridinyl, pyrazopyrimidinyl, triazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, isothiadiazolyl, oxazolyl, isooxazolyl, oxdiazolyl, isoxadiazolyl or imidazolyl, each group substituted by 0-4 groups selected from R^2a. Especially preferred are embodiments providing compounds wherein each R² has a nitrogen atom adjacent to the point of connection to the pyridyl core ring.

[0063] In another embodiment, there is provided a compound of formula I, or stereoisomers, tautomers, pharmaceutically-acceptable salts, solvates, or prodrugs thereof, wherein both R⁴ and R⁵ are hydrogen.

[0064] In another embodiment, there is provided a compound of formula I, wherein:

[0065]
or stereoisomers, tautomers, pharmaceutically-acceptable salts, solvates, or prodrugs thereof, wherein:

[0066] R¹ is C_1-3alkyl substituted by 0-7 R^1a;

[0067] R^1a at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or deuterium;

[0068] R² is pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazopyrimidinyl, triazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, isothiadiazolyl, oxazolyl, isooxazolyl, oxdiazolyl, isoxadiazolyl, and imidazolyl, each group substituted by 0-4 groups selected from R^2a (especially where R² is pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, or pyrrolopyridinyl, each groups substituted by 0-4 R^2a);

[0069] R^2a at each occurrence is independently halo, CN, —(CH₂)_rOR^b, —(CH₂)_rC(O)R^b, —(CH₂)_rC(O)NR¹¹R¹¹, —S(O)_pNR¹¹R¹¹, —C_1-6alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^a, C_1-6 haloalkyl, —(CH₂)_r-3-14 membered carbocycle substituted with 0-1 R^a, a —(CH₂)_r-5-7 membered heteroaryl comprising carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S(O)_p substituted with 0-2 R^a; or a —(CH₂)_r-5-7 membered heterocycle comprising carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S(O)_p substituted with 0-2 R^a;

[0070] R³ is C_3-10 cycloalkyl substituted with 0-3 R^3a, a C_6-10 aryl substituted with 0-3 R^3a, or a 5-10 membered heterocycle containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R^3a;

[0071] R^3a at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, halo, OCF₃, CF₃, CHF₂, CN, —(CH₂)_rOR^b, —(CH₂)_rSR^b, —(CH₂)_rC(O)R^b, —(CH₂)_rNR¹¹R¹¹, —(CH₂)_rC(O)NR¹¹R¹¹, —(CH₂)_rNR^bC(O)R^c, —S(O)_pNR¹¹R¹¹, —NR^bS(O)_pR^c, —S(O)_pR^c, C_1-6 alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^a, C_1-6 haloalkyl, a —(CH₂)_r-3-14 membered carbocycle substituted with 0-3 R^a, a —(CH₂)_r-5-7 membered heteroaryl comprising carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, S or O substituted with 0-3 R^a, or a —(CH₂)_r-5-10 membered heterocycle comprising carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S(O)_p substituted with 0-3 R^a;

[0072] or two R^3a, together with the atoms to which they are attached, combine to form a fused ring wherein that ring is selected from phenyl, or a 5-7 membered heterocycle or heteroaryl, each comprising carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, S or O; and

[0073] R¹¹ at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, C_1-4 alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^f, or C_3-10 cycloalkyl substituted with 0-1 R^f.

[0074] In another, preferred embodiment, there is provided a compound of formula I, or stereoisomers, tautomers, pharmaceutically-acceptable salts, solvates, or prodrugs thereof, wherein:

[0075] R^a at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, ═O, F, —(CH₂)_rOR^b, C_1-6 alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^f;

[0076] R^b at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, C_1-6 alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^d, C_1-6 haloalkyl, C_3-6 cycloalkyl substituted with 0-2 R^d, or —(CH₂)_r-5-7 membered heterocycle comprising carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S(O)_p substituted with 0-3 R^f, or (CH₂)_r-phenyl substituted with 0-3 R^d;

[0077] R^c at each occurrence is independently C_1-6 alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^f;

[0078] R^d at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, F or —OH;

[0079] R^f at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, halo, CN, OH, O(C_1-6alkyl), or optionally substituted imidazolyl;

[0080] p is 0, 1 or 2; and

[0081] r is 0, 1 or 2.

[0082] In another embodiment, there is provided a compound, or a or stereoisomers, tautomers, pharmaceutically-acceptable salts, solvates, or prodrugs thereof, wherein:

[0083] R¹ is C_1-3alkyl substituted by 0-7 deuterium atoms;

[0084] R² is pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, naphthyridinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazopyrimidinyl, triazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, isothiadiazolyl, oxazolyl, isooxazolyl, oxdiazolyl, isoxadiazolyl, and imidazolyl, each group substituted by 0-4 groups selected from R^2a (especially where R² is pyrazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, naphthyridinyl, quinolinyl, or pyrrolopyridinyl, each groups substituted by 0-4 R^2a);

[0085] R^2a at each occurrence is independently halo, CN, —(CH₂)_rOR^b, —(CH₂)_rC(O)R^b, —(CH₂)_rC(O)NR¹¹R¹¹, —(CH₂)_rNR¹¹R¹¹, —S(O)_pNR¹¹R¹¹, —C_1-6alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^a, C_1-6 haloalkyl, —(CH₂)_r-3-14 membered carbocycle substituted with 0-1 R^a, a —(CH₂)_r-5-10 membered heteroaryl comprising carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S(O)_p substituted with 0-2 R^a; or a —(CH₂)_r-5-7 membered heterocycle comprising carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S(O)_p substituted with 0-2 R^a;

[0086] R³ is C_3-10 cycloalkyl substituted with 0-3 R^3a, a C_6-10 aryl substituted with 0-3 R^3a, or a 5-10 membered heterocycle containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, substituted with 0-3 R^3a;

[0087] R^3a at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, halo, OCF₃, OCHF₂, CF₃, CHF₂, CN, —(CH₂)_rOR^b, —(CH₂)_rSR^b, —(CH₂)_rC(O)R^b, —(CH₂)_rNR¹¹R¹¹, —(CH₂)_rC(O)NR¹¹R¹¹, —(CH₂)_rNR^bC(O)R^c, —S(O)_pNR¹¹R¹¹, —NR^bS(O)_pR^c, —S(O)_pR^c, C_1-6 alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^a, C_1-6 haloalkyl, a —(CH₂)_r-3-14 membered carbocycle substituted with 0-3 R^a, a —(CH₂)_r-5-7 membered heteroaryl comprising carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, S or O substituted with 0-3 R^a, or a —(CH₂)_r-5-10 membered heterocycle comprising carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S(O)_p substituted with 0-3 R^a;

[0088] or two R^3a, together with the atoms to which they are attached, combine to form a fused ring wherein that ring is selected from phenyl, or a 5-7 membered heterocycle or heteroaryl, each comprising carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, S or O; and

[0089] R¹¹ at each occurrence is independently hydrogen;

[0090] or R¹¹ at each occurrence is independently phenyl, C_1-6 alkyl, or C_3-10 cycloalkyl, each group substituted with 0-3 R^f.

[0091] In a more preferred embodiment, compounds of formula (I), or stereoisomers, tautomers, pharmaceutically-acceptable salts, solvates, or prodrugs thereof, are provided wherein R² is pyridyl substituted with 0-3 R^2a.

[0092] In a more preferred embodiment compounds of formula (I), or stereoisomers, tautomers, pharmaceutically-acceptable salts, solvates, or prodrugs thereof, are provided wherein R² is selected from:

[0093]

[0094] In yet another embodiment there are provided compounds of formula (I), or stereoisomers, tautomers, pharmaceutically-acceptable salts, solvates, or prodrugs thereof, wherein R³ is phenyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, furanyl, pyridyl or pyranyl, each substituted with 0-3 R^3a.

[0095] In another, more preferred embodiment, there is provided a compound of formula (I), or stereoisomers, tautomers, pharmaceutically-acceptable salts, solvates, or prodrugs thereof, wherein:

[0096] R^3a at each occurrence independently is hydrogen, Ph, CN, NH₂, OCF₃, OCHF₂, OR^b, halo, C_3-6cycloalkyl, C(O)NR¹¹R¹¹ S(O)₂NR₁₁R₁₁, C(O)R^b, SO_pR^c, NR^bSO_pR^c, NR^bC(O)R^c, haloalkyl, CN, a 5-10 membered heterocycle containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S substituted with 0-3 R^a and C_1-6 alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^a, or

[0097] one R^3a and a second R^3a, together with the atoms to which they are attached, combine to form a fused 5-7 membered heterocycle containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S or fused phenyl;

[0098] R¹¹ is at each occurrence independently hydrogen, phenyl, cyclopropyl, or C_1-6alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^f;

[0099] R^a is at each occurrence independently halo or OR^b;

[0100] R^b is at each occurrence independently hydrogen, a 5-10 membered heterocycle containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S substituted with 0-3 R^f or C_1-6 alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^d;

[0101] R^d is at each occurrence independently halo or OH;

[0102] R^c is at each occurrence independently C_1-6 alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^f;

[0103] R^f is at each occurrence independently hydrogen, halo or OH;

[0104] or R^f is at each occurrence independently cyclopropyl, cyclohexyl, pyridyl, thiazolyl, indolyl or imidazolyl, each group optionally substituted with CN or OMe; and

[0105] p is 2.

[0106] Also, in another, more preferred embodiment, there is provided a compound of formula (I), or a stereoisomer or pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

[0107] R^3a at each occurrence independently is hydrogen, Ph, CN, NH₂, OCF₃, OR^b, halo, C_3-6cycloalkyl, C(O)NR¹¹R¹¹ S(O)₂NR₁₁R₁₁, C(O)R^b, SO_pR^c, NR^bSO_pR^c, NR^bC(O)R^c, haloalkyl (CF₃), CN, a 5-10 membered heterocycle containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S substituted with 0-3 R^a (preferably morpholinyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl or triazolyl, each substituted with 0-3 R^a), and C_1-6 alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^a, or

[0108] one R^3a and a second R^3a, together with the atoms to which they are attached, combine to form a fused 5-7 membered heterocycle containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S (preferably said fused heterocycle is pyrrolidinyl or dioxanyl) or fused phenyl;

[0109] R¹¹ is hydrogen, cyclopropyl, or C_1-4alkyl substituted with 0-1 R^f;

[0110] R^a is halo (preferably F) or OR^b;

[0111] R^b is hydrogen, a 5-10 membered heterocycle containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S (preferably pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl) substituted with 0-3

[0112] R^f or C_1-6 alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^d;

[0113] R^d is halo (preferably F) or OR^e;

[0114] R^c is C_1-6 alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^f;

[0115] R^e is hydrogen;

[0116] R^f is hydrogen, halo (preferably F), OH, or imidazolyl; and

[0117] p is 2.

[0118] In another, embodiment, there is provided a compound of formula (I), or stereoisomers, tautomers, pharmaceutically-acceptable salts, solvates, or prodrugs thereof, wherein:

[0119] R³ is

[0120]

[0121] R^3aa is S(O)_pR^c, OR^b, OCHF₂, chloro, F, CN, NH₂, C(O)NR¹¹R¹¹, NR^bSO_pR^c, NR^bC(O)R^c, C_1-6 alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^a or a 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S substituted with 0-3 R^a;

[0122] R^3ab, R^3ac, or R^3ad are independently hydrogen, Cl, F, Br, CN, OR^b, C_1-6 alkyl substituted 0-3 R^a; C(O)NR¹¹R¹¹, C(O)R^b, S(O)pRc, or a 4- to 7-membered heterocycle containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S substituted with 0-3 R^a; and

[0123] p is 0-2.

[0124] In an alternate embodiment, there is provided a compound of formula (I), or stereoisomers, tautomers, pharmaceutically-acceptable salts, solvates, or prodrugs thereof, wherein:

[0125] R³ is

[0126]

[0127] R^3aa is S(O)_pR^c, OR^b, chloro, F, CN, NH₂, C(O)NR¹¹R¹¹, NR^bSO_pR^c, NR^bC(O)R^c, C_1-6 alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^a or a 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S (preferably pyrazolyl or triazolyl) substituted with 0-3 R^a;

[0128] R^3ab, R^3ab, or R^3ad are independently hydrogen, Cl, F, Br, CN, OR^b, C_1-6 alkyl substituted 0-3 R^a; C(O)NR¹¹R¹¹, C(O)R^b, S(O)pRc, or a 4- to 7-membered heterocycle (preferably oxazolyl, morpholinyl or aziridinyl) containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S substituted with 0-3 R^a;

[0129] R^a is OR^b or halo;

[0130] R^b is hydrogen, C_1-6 alkyl substituted with 0-2 R^d, a 5- to 7-membered heterocycle containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S (preferably piperidinyl or morpholinyl);

[0131] R¹¹ at each occurrence independently is hydrogen, cyclopropyl substituted with 0-3 R^f or C_1-4 alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^f;

[0132] R^b is hydrogen or C_1-6 alkyl substituted with 0-2 R^d;

[0133] R^c is C_1-6 alkyl substituted with 0-3 R^f;

[0134] R^d independently at each occurrence is F or OH;

[0135] R^f is halo (preferably F) or imidazolyl; and

[0136] p is 0-2.

[0137] In a further embodiment, there is provided a compound of formula I, or stereoisomers, tautomers, pharmaceutically-acceptable salts, solvates, or prodrugs thereof, wherein R^3aa is OR^b.

[0138] In a more preferred embodiment, there is provided a compound of formula I, or stereoisomers, tautomers, pharmaceutically-acceptable salts, solvates, or prodrugs thereof, wherein R^3aa is OH, OMe, OCF₃, OCHF₂, OCH₂F, or OEt.

[0139] In an alternate further embodiment, there is provided a compound of formula I, or stereoisomers, tautomers, pharmaceutically-acceptable salts, solvates, or prodrugs thereof, wherein R^3aa is S(O)_pR^c. More preferably R^3aa is S(O)C_1-6alkyl or S(O)₂C_1-6alkyl (especially SO₂Me).

[0140] In a yet another embodiment, there is provided a compound of formula I, or stereoisomers, tautomers, pharmaceutically-acceptable salts, solvates, or prodrugs thereof, wherein R³ is selected from:

[0141]

[0142] In yet another preferred embodiment, there is provided a compound of formula I, or stereoisomers, tautomers, pharmaceutically-acceptable salts, solvates, or prodrugs thereof, wherein R¹ is CH₃, C₂H₅, CD₃, or CD₂CD₃ (even more preferred are embodiments wherein R¹ is CH₃ or CD₃).

[0143] In another embodiment, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more compounds of formula (I), or stereoisomers, tautomers, pharmaceutically-acceptable salts, solvates, or prodrugs thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.

[0144] The present invention is also directed to pharmaceutical compositions useful in treating diseases associated with the modulation of IL-12, IL-23 and/or IFNα by acting on Tyk-2 to cause signal transduction inhibition, comprising compounds of formula I, or pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof, and pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers or diluents.

[0145] The invention further relates to methods of treating diseases associated with the modulation of IL-12, IL-23, and/or IFNα, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound according to formula I.

[0146] The present invention also provides processes and intermediates for making the compounds of the present invention.

[0147] The present invention also provides a method for treating proliferative, metabolic, allergic, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases (or use of the compounds of the present invention for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of these diseases), comprising administering to a host in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of at least one of the compounds of the present invention or stereoisomers, tautomers, pharmaceutically-acceptable salts, solvates, or prodrugs thereof.

[0148] The present invention also provides a method of treating an inflammatory or autoimmune disease (or use of the compounds of the present invention for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of these diseases) comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound of Formula I.

[0149] The present invention also provides a method for treating a disease (or use of the compounds of the present invention for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of these diseases), comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound of Formula I, wherein the disease is rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), lupus nephritis, cutaneous lupus, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, Crohn's Disease, psoriatic arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, systemic scleroderma, ulcerative colitis, Graves' disease, discoid lupus erythematosus, adult onset Stills, systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis, gout, gouty arthritis, type 1 diabetes, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, sepsis, septic shock, Shigellosis, pancreatitis (acute or chronic), glomerulonephritis, autoimmune gastritis, diabetes, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmune neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, atopic dermatitis, myasthenia gravis, pancreatitis (acute or chronic), ankylosing spondylitis, pemphigus vulgaris, Goodpasture's disease, antiphospholipid syndrome, idiopathic thrombocytopenia, ANCA-associated vasculitis, pemphigus, Kawasaki disease, Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP), dermatomyositis, polymyositis, uveitis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, autoimmune pulmonary inflammation, autoimmune thyroiditis, autoimmune inflammatory eye disease, and chronic demyelinating polyneuropathy.

[0150] The present invention also provides a method of treating an inflammatory or autoimmune disease (or use of the compounds of the present invention for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of these diseases), comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound of Formula I, wherein the disease is selected from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), lupus nephritis, cutaneous lupus, Crohn's Disease, ulcerative colitis, type 1 diabetes, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and multiple sclerosis.

[0151] The present invention also provides a method for treating a rheumatoid arthritis (or use of the compounds of the present invention for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound of Formula I.

[0152] In addition, the present invention also provides a method of treating a condition (or use of the compounds of the present invention for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of these conditions) comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound of Formula I, wherein the condition is selected from acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, metastatic melanoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, multiple myeloma, solid tumors, ocular neovasculization, and infantile haemangiomas, B cell lymphoma, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, multiple vasculitides, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), myasthenia gravis, allergic rhinitis, multiple sclerosis (MS), transplant rejection, Type I diabetes, membranous nephritis, inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmune thyroiditis, cold and warm agglutinin diseases, Evans syndrome, hemolytic uremic syndrome/thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (HUS/TTP), sarcoidosis, Sjögren's syndrome, peripheral neuropathies, pemphigus vulgaris and asthma.

[0153] The present invention also provides a method of treating a IL-12, IL-23, and/or IFNα mediated disease (or use of the compounds of the present invention for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of said diseases), comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound of formula I.

[0154] The present invention also provides a method of treating a IL-12, IL-23 and/or IFNα mediated disease (or use of the compounds of the present invention for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of these diseases), comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound of formula I, wherein the IL-12, IL-23 and/or IFNα mediated disease is a disease modulated by IL-12, IL-23 and/or IFNα.

[0155] The present invention also provides a method of treating diseases, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound of formula I in combination with other therapeutic agents.

[0156] The present invention also provides the compounds of the present invention use in therapy.

[0157] In another embodiment, compounds of formula I are selected from exemplified compounds or combinations of exemplified compounds or other embodiments herein.

[0158] In another embodiment are compounds having an IC₅₀<1000 nM in at least one of the assays described below.

[0159] The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof. This invention encompasses all combinations of preferred aspects and/or embodiments of the invention noted herein. It is understood that any and all embodiments of the present invention may be taken in conjunction with any other embodiment or embodiments to describe additional more preferred embodiments. It is also to be understood that each individual element of the preferred embodiments is its own independent preferred embodiment. Furthermore, any element of an embodiment is meant to be combined with any and all other elements from any embodiment to describe an additional embodiment.

[0160] The following are definitions of terms used in this specification and appended claims. The initial definition provided for a group or term herein applies to that group or term throughout the specification and claims, individually or as part of another group, unless otherwise indicated.

[0161] Compounds of this invention may have one or more asymmetric centers. Unless otherwise indicated, all chiral (enantiomeric and diastereomeric) and racemic forms of compounds of the present invention are included in the present invention. Many geometric isomers of olefins, C═N double bonds, and the like can also be present in the compounds, and all such stable isomers are contemplated in the present invention. Cis- and trans-geometric isomers of the compounds of the present invention are described and may be isolated as a mixture of isomers or as separated isomeric forms. The present compounds can be isolated in optically active or racemic forms. It is well known in the art how to prepare optically active forms, such as by resolution of racemic forms or by synthesis from optically active starting materials. All chiral, (enantiomeric and diastereomeric) and racemic forms and all geometric isomeric forms of a structure are intended, unless the specific stereochemistry or isomer form is specifically indicated.

[0162] When any variable (e.g., R³) occurs more than one time in any constituent or formula for a compound, its definition at each occurrence is independent of its definition at every other occurrence. Thus, for example, if a group is shown to be substituted with 0-2 R³, then said group may optionally be substituted with up to two R³ groups and R³ at each occurrence is selected independently from the definition of R³. Also, combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds.

[0163] When a bond to a substituent is shown to cross a bond connecting two atoms in a ring, then such substituent may be bonded to any atom on the ring. When a substituent is listed without indicating the atom via which such substituent is bonded to the rest of the compound of a given formula, then such substituent may be bonded via any atom in such substituent. Combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds.

[0164] In cases wherein there are nitrogen atoms (e.g., amines) on compounds of the present invention, these can be converted to N-oxides by treatment with an oxidizing agent (e.g., MCPBA and/or hydrogen peroxides) to afford other compounds of this invention. Thus, all shown and claimed nitrogen atoms are considered to cover both the shown nitrogen and its N-oxide (N→O) derivative.

[0165] In accordance with a convention used in the art,

[0166]
is used in structural formulas herein to depict the bond that is the point of attachment of the moiety or substituent to the core or backbone structure.

[0167] A dash “-” that is not between two letters or symbols is used to indicate a point of attachment for a substituent. For example, —CONH₂ is attached through the carbon atom.

[0168] The term “optionally substituted” in reference to a particular moiety of the compound of Formula I (e.g., an optionally substituted heteroaryl group) refers to a moiety having 0, 1, 2, or more substituents. For example, “optionally substituted alkyl” encompasses both “alkyl” and “substituted alkyl” as defined below. It will be understood by those skilled in the art, with respect to any group containing one or more substituents, that such groups are not intended to introduce any substitution or substitution patterns that are sterically impractical, synthetically non-feasible and/or inherently unstable.

[0169] As used herein, the term “at least one chemical entity” is interchangeable with the term “a compound”.

[0170] As used herein, the term “alkyl” or “alkylene” is intended to include both branched and straight-chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having the specified number of carbon atoms. For example, “C_1-10 alkyl” (or alkylene), is intended to include C₁, C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅, C₆, C₇, C₈, C₉, and C₁₀ alkyl groups. Additionally, for example, “C₁-C₆ alkyl” denotes alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Alkyl groups can be unsubstituted or substituted so that one or more of its hydrogens are replaced by another chemical group. Example alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl (Me), ethyl (Et), propyl (e.g., n-propyl and isopropyl), butyl (e.g., n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl), pentyl (e.g., n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl), and the like.

[0171] “Alkenyl” or “alkenylene” is intended to include hydrocarbon chains of either straight or branched configuration and having one or more double carbon-carbon bonds that may occur in any stable point along the chain. For example, “C_2-6 alkenyl” (or alkenylene), is intended to include C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅, and C₆ alkenyl groups. Examples of alkenyl include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-pentenyl, 4-pentenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, 4-hexenyl, 5-hexenyl, 2-methyl-2-propenyl, 4-methyl-3-pentenyl, and the like.

[0172] “Alkynyl” or “alkynylene” is intended to include hydrocarbon chains of either straight or branched configuration and having one or more triple carbon-carbon bonds that may occur in any stable point along the chain. For example, “C_2-6 alkynyl” (or alkynylene), is intended to include C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅, and C₆ alkynyl groups; such as ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl and the like.

[0173] One skilled in the field will understand that, when the designation “CO₂” is used herein, this is intended to refer to the group

[0174]

[0175] When the term “alkyl” is used together with another group, such as in “arylalkyl”, this conjunction defines with more specificity at least one of the substituents that the substituted alkyl will contain. For example, “arylalkyl” refers to a substituted alkyl group as defined above where at least one of the substituents is an aryl, such as benzyl. Thus, the term aryl(C_0-4)alkyl includes a substituted lower alkyl having at least one aryl substituent and also includes an aryl directly bonded to another group, i.e., aryl(C₀)alkyl. The term “heteroarylalkyl” refers to a substituted alkyl group as defined above where at least one of the substituents is a heteroaryl.

[0176] When reference is made to a substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, alkylene, alkenylene, or alkynylene group, these groups are substituted with one to three substituents as defined above for substituted alkyl groups.

[0177] The term “alkoxy” refers to an oxygen atom substituted by alkyl or substituted alkyl, as defined herein. For example, the term “alkoxy” includes the group —O—C_1-6alkyl such as methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentoxy, 2-pentyloxy, isopentoxy, neopentoxy, hexoxy, 2-hexoxy, 3-hexoxy, 3-methylpentoxy, and the like. “Lower alkoxy” refers to alkoxy groups having one to four carbons.

[0178] It should be understood that the selections for all groups, including for example, alkoxy, thioalkyl, and aminoalkyl, will be made by one skilled in the field to provide stable compounds.

[0179] The term “substituted”, as used herein, means that any one or more hydrogens on the designated atom or group is replaced with a selection from the indicated group, provided that the designated atom's normal valence is not exceeded. When a substituent is oxo, or keto, (i.e., ═O) then 2 hydrogens on the atom are replaced. Keto substituents are not present on aromatic moieties. Unless otherwise specified, substituents are named into the core structure. For example, it is to be understood that when (cycloalkyl)alkyl is listed as a possible substituent, the point of attachment of this substituent to the core structure is in the alkyl portion. Ring double bonds, as used herein, are double bonds that are formed between two adjacent ring atoms (e.g., C═C, C═N, or N═N).

[0180] Combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds or useful synthetic intermediates. A stable compound or stable structure is meant to imply a compound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation from a reaction mixture to a useful degree of purity, and subsequent formulation into an efficacious therapeutic agent. It is preferred that the presently recited compounds do not contain a N-halo, S(O)₂H, or S(O)H group.

[0181] The term “cycloalkyl” refers to cyclized alkyl groups, including mono-, bi- or poly-cyclic ring systems. C_3-7 cycloalkyl is intended to include C₃, C₄, C₅, C₆, and C₇ cycloalkyl groups. Example cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, norbornyl, and the like. As used herein, “carbocycle” or “carbocyclic residue” is intended to mean any stable 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered monocyclic or bicyclic or 7-, 8-, 9-, 10-, 11-, 12-, or 13-membered bicyclic or tricyclic ring, any of which may be saturated, partially unsaturated, unsaturated or aromatic. Examples of such carbocycles include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptenyl, cycloheptyl, cycloheptenyl, adamantyl, cyclooctyl, cyclooctenyl, cyclooctadienyl, [3.3.0]bicyclooctane, [4.3.0]bicyclononane, [4.4.0]bicyclodecane, [2.2.2]bicyclooctane, fluorenyl, phenyl, naphthyl, indanyl, adamantyl, anthracenyl, and tetrahydronaphthyl (tetralin). As shown above, bridged rings are also included in the definition of carbocycle (e.g., [2.2.2]bicyclooctane). Preferred carbocycles, unless otherwise specified, are cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and phenyl. When the term “carbocycle” is used, it is intended to include “aryl”. A bridged ring occurs when one or more carbon atoms link two non-adjacent carbon atoms. Preferred bridges are one or two carbon atoms. It is noted that a bridge always converts a monocyclic ring into a bicyclic ring. When a ring is bridged, the substituents recited for the ring may also be present on the bridge.

[0182] The term “aryl” refers to monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbon groups having 6 to 12 carbon atoms in the ring portion, such as phenyl, and naphthyl groups, each of which may be substituted.

[0183] Accordingly, in compounds of formula I, the term “cycloalkyl” includes cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, bicyclooctyl, etc., as well as the following ring systems:

[0184]
and the like, which optionally may be substituted at any available atoms of the ring(s).

[0185] Preferred cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and

[0186]

[0187] The term “halo” or “halogen” refers to chloro, bromo, fluoro and iodo.

[0188] The term “haloalkyl” means a substituted alkyl having one or more halo substituents. For example, “haloalkyl” includes mono, bi, and trifluoromethyl.

[0189] The term “haloalkoxy” means an alkoxy group having one or more halo substituents. For example, “haloalkoxy” includes OCF₃.

[0190] Thus, examples of aryl groups include:

[0191]
(fluorenyl) and the like, which optionally may be substituted at any available carbon or nitrogen atom. A preferred aryl group is optionally-substituted phenyl.

[0192] The terms “heterocycle”, “heterocycloalkyl”, “heterocyclo”, “heterocyclic”, or “heterocyclyl” may be used interchangeably and refer to substituted and unsubstituted 3- to 7-membered monocyclic groups, 7- to 11-membered bicyclic groups, and 10- to 15-membered tricyclic groups, in which at least one of the rings has at least one heteroatom (O, S or N), said heteroatom containing ring preferably having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms selected from O, S, and N. Each ring of such a group containing a heteroatom can contain one or two oxygen or sulfur atoms and/or from one to four nitrogen atoms provided that the total number of heteroatoms in each ring is four or less, and further provided that the ring contains at least one carbon atom. The nitrogen and sulfur atoms may optionally be oxidized and the nitrogen atoms may optionally be quaternized. The fused rings completing the bicyclic and tricyclic groups may contain only carbon atoms and may be saturated, partially saturated, or fully unsaturated. The heterocyclo group may be attached at any available nitrogen or carbon atom. As used herein the terms “heterocycle”, “heterocycloalkyl”, “heterocyclo”, “heterocyclic”, and “heterocyclyl” include “heteroaryl” groups, as defined below.

[0193] In addition to the heteroaryl groups described below, exemplary monocyclic heterocyclyl groups include azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, oxetanyl, imidazolinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidyl, piperazinyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidyl, 2-oxopyrrolodinyl, 2-oxoazepinyl, azepinyl, 1-pyridonyl, 4-piperidonyl, tetrahydropyranyl, morpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl sulfoxide, thiamorpholinyl sulfone, 1,3-dioxolane and tetrahydro-1,1-dioxothienyl and the like. Exemplary bicyclic heterocyclo groups include quinuclidinyl. Additional monocyclic heterocyclyl groups include

[0194]

[0195] The term “heteroaryl” refers to substituted and unsubstituted aromatic 5- or 6-membered monocyclic groups, 9- or 10-membered bicyclic groups, and 11- to 14-membered tricyclic groups which have at least one heteroatom (O, S or N) in at least one of the rings, said heteroatom-containing ring preferably having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms selected from O, S, and N. Each ring of the heteroaryl group containing a heteroatom can contain one or two oxygen or sulfur atoms and/or from one to four nitrogen atoms provided that the total number of heteroatoms in each ring is four or less and each ring has at least one carbon atom. The fused rings completing the bicyclic and tricyclic groups may contain only carbon atoms and may be saturated, partially saturated, or unsaturated. The nitrogen and sulfur atoms may optionally be oxidized and the nitrogen atoms may optionally be quaternized. Heteroaryl groups which are bicyclic or tricyclic must include at least one fully aromatic ring but the other fused ring or rings may be aromatic or non-aromatic. The heteroaryl group may be attached at any available nitrogen or carbon atom of any ring. As valence allows, if said further ring is cycloalkyl or heterocyclo it is additionally optionally substituted with ═O (oxo).

[0196] Exemplary monocyclic heteroaryl groups include pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolinyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, furanyl, thienyl, oxadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl and the like.

[0197] Exemplary bicyclic heteroaryl groups include indolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothienyl, quinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzopyranyl, indolizinyl, benzofuranyl, chromonyl, coumarinyl, benzopyranyl, cinnolinyl, quinoxalinyl, indazolyl, pyrrolopyridyl, furopyridyl, dihydroisoindolyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl and the like.

[0198] Exemplary tricyclic heteroaryl groups include carbazolyl, benzindolyl, phenanthrollinyl, acridinyl, phenanthridinyl, xanthenyl and the like.

[0199] In compounds of formula I, preferred heteroaryl groups include:

[0200]
and the like, which optionally may be substituted at any available carbon or nitrogen atom.

[0201] Unless otherwise indicated, when reference is made to a specifically-named aryl (e.g., phenyl), cycloalkyl (e.g., cyclohexyl), heterocyclo (e.g., pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, and morpholinyl) or heteroaryl (e.g., tetrazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, thiazolyl, and furyl) the reference is intended to include rings having 0 to 3, preferably 0 to 2, substituents selected from those recited above for the aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclo and/or heteroaryl groups, as appropriate.

[0202] The term “carbocyclyl” or “carbocyclic” refers to a saturated or unsaturated monocyclic or bicyclic ring in which all atoms of all rings are carbon. Thus, the term includes cycloalkyl and aryl rings. Monocyclic carbocycles have 3 to 6 ring atoms, still more typically 5 or 6 ring atoms. Bicyclic carbocycles have 7 to 12 ring atoms, e.g., arranged as a bicyclo[4,5], [5,5], [5,6] or [6,6] system, or 9 or 10 ring atoms arranged as a bicyclo[5,6] or [6,6] system. Examples of mono- and bicyclic carbocycles include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, 1-cyclopent-1-enyl, 1-cyclopent-2-enyl, 1-cyclopent-3-enyl, cyclohexyl, 1-cyclohex-1-enyl, 1-cyclohex-2-enyl, 1-cyclohex-3-enyl, phenyl and naphthyl. The carbocyclic ring may be substituted in which case the substituents are selected from those recited above for cycloalkyl and aryl groups.

[0203] The term “heteroatoms” shall include oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen.

[0204] When the term “unsaturated” is used herein to refer to a ring or group, the ring or group may be fully unsaturated or partially unsaturated.

[0205] Throughout the specification, groups and substituents thereof may be chosen by one skilled in the field to provide stable moieties and compounds and compounds useful as pharmaceutically-acceptable compounds and/or intermediate compounds useful in making pharmaceutically-acceptable compounds.

[0206] The compounds of formula I may exist in a free form (with no ionization) or can form salts which are also within the scope of this invention. Unless otherwise indicated, reference to an inventive compound is understood to include reference to the free form and to salts thereof. The term “salt(s)” denotes acidic and/or basic salts formed with inorganic and/or organic acids and bases. In addition, the term “salt(s)” may include zwitterions (inner salts), e.g., when a compound of formula I, contains both a basic moiety, such as an amine or a pyridine or imidazole ring, and an acidic moiety, such as a carboxylic acid. Pharmaceutically acceptable (i.e., non-toxic, physiologically acceptable) salts are preferred, such as, for example, acceptable metal and amine salts in which the cation does not contribute significantly to the toxicity or biological activity of the salt. However, other salts may be useful, e.g., in isolation or purification steps which may be employed during preparation, and thus, are contemplated within the scope of the invention. Salts of the compounds of the formula I may be formed, for example, by reacting a compound of the formula I with an amount of acid or base, such as an equivalent amount, in a medium such as one in which the salt precipitates or in an aqueous medium followed by lyophilization.

[0207] Exemplary acid addition salts include acetates (such as those formed with acetic acid or trihaloacetic acid, for example, trifluoroacetic acid), adipates, alginates, ascorbates, aspartates, benzoates, benzenesulfonates, bisulfates, borates, butyrates, citrates, camphorates, camphorsulfonates, cyclopentanepropionates, digluconates, dodecylsulfates, ethanesulfonates, fumarates, glucoheptanoates, glycerophosphates, hemisulfates, heptanoates, hexanoates, hydrochlorides (formed with hydrochloric acid), hydrobromides (formed with hydrogen bromide), hydroiodides, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonates, lactates, maleates (formed with maleic acid), methanesulfonates (formed with methanesulfonic acid), 2-naphthalenesulfonates, nicotinates, nitrates, oxalates, pectinates, persulfates, 3-phenylpropionates, phosphates, picrates, pivalates, propionates, salicylates, succinates, sulfates (such as those formed with sulfuric acid), sulfonates (such as those mentioned herein), tartrates, thiocyanates, toluenesulfonates such as tosylates, undecanoates, and the like.

[0208] Exemplary basic salts include ammonium salts, alkali metal salts such as sodium, lithium, and potassium salts; alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium and magnesium salts; barium, zinc, and aluminum salts; salts with organic bases (for example, organic amines) such as trialkylamines such as triethylamine, procaine, dibenzylamine, N-benzyl-β-phenethylamine, 1-ephenamine, N,N′-dibenzylethylene-diamine, dehydroabietylamine, N-ethylpiperidine, benzylamine, dicyclohexylamine or similar pharmaceutically acceptable amines and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine and the like. Basic nitrogen-containing groups may be quaternized with agents such as lower alkyl halides (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides), dialkyl sulfates (e.g., dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, and diamyl sulfates), long chain halides (e.g., decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides), aralkyl halides (e.g., benzyl and phenethyl bromides), and others. Preferred salts include monohydrochloride, hydrogensulfate, methanesulfonate, phosphate or nitrate salts.

[0209] The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

[0210] As used herein, “pharmaceutically-acceptable salts” refer to derivatives of the disclosed compounds wherein the parent compound is modified by making acid or base salts thereof. Examples of pharmaceutically-acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acid salts of basic groups such as amines; and alkali or organic salts of acidic groups such as carboxylic acids. The pharmaceutically-acceptable salts include the conventional non-toxic salts or the quaternary ammonium salts of the parent compound formed, for example, from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids. For example, such conventional non-toxic salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, and nitric; and the salts prepared from organic acids such as acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, pamoic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicylic, sulfanilic, 2-acetoxybenzoic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, and isethionic, and the like.

[0211] The pharmaceutically-acceptable salts of the present invention can be synthesized from the parent compound which contains a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two; generally, nonaqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile are preferred. Lists of suitable salts are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Edition, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa. (1990), the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

[0212] All stereoisomers of the compounds of the instant invention are contemplated, either in admixture or in pure or substantially pure form. Stereoisomers may include compounds which are optical isomers through possession of one or more chiral atoms, as well as compounds which are optical isomers by virtue of limited rotation about one or more bonds (atropisomers). The definition of compounds according to the invention embraces all the possible stereoisomers and their mixtures. It very particularly embraces the racemic forms and the isolated optical isomers having the specified activity. The racemic forms can be resolved by physical methods, such as, for example, fractional crystallization, separation or crystallization of diastereomeric derivatives or separation by chiral column chromatography. The individual optical isomers can be obtained from the racemates from the conventional methods, such as, for example, salt formation with an optically active acid followed by crystallization.

[0213] The present invention is intended to include all isotopes of atoms occurring in the present compounds. Isotopes include those atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers. By way of general example and without limitation, isotopes of hydrogen include deuterium and tritium. Isotopes of carbon include ¹³C and ¹⁴C. Isotopically-labeled compounds of the invention can generally be prepared by conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described herein, using an appropriate isotopically-labeled reagent in place of the non-labeled reagent otherwise employed.

[0214] Prodrugs and solvates of the inventive compounds are also contemplated. The term “prodrug” denotes a compound which, upon administration to a subject, undergoes chemical conversion by metabolic or chemical processes to yield a compound of the formula I, and/or a salt and/or solvate thereof. Any compound that will be converted in vivo to provide the bioactive agent (i.e., the compound for formula I) is a prodrug within the scope and spirit of the invention. For example, compounds containing a carboxy group can form physiologically hydrolyzable esters which serve as prodrugs by being hydrolyzed in the body to yield formula I compounds per se. Such prodrugs are preferably administered orally since hydrolysis in many instances occurs principally under the influence of the digestive enzymes. Parenteral administration may be used where the ester per se is active, or in those instances where hydrolysis occurs in the blood. Examples of physiologically hydrolyzable esters of compounds of formula I include C_1-6alkylbenzyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, indanyl, phthalyl, methoxymethyl, C_1-6alkanoyloxy-C_1-6alkyl, e.g., acetoxymethyl, pivaloyloxymethyl or propionyloxymethyl, C_1-6alkoxycarbonyloxy-C_1-6alkyl, e.g., methoxycarbonyl-oxymethyl or ethoxycarbonyloxymethyl, glycyloxymethyl, phenylglycyloxymethyl, (5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolen-4-yl)-methyl and other well known physiologically hydrolyzable esters used, for example, in the penicillin and cephalosporin arts. Such esters may be prepared by conventional techniques known in the art.

[0215] Various forms of prodrugs are well known in the art. For examples of such prodrug derivatives, see:

[0216] a) Bundgaard, H., ed., Design of Prodrugs, Elsevier (1985), and Widder, K. et al., eds., Methods in Enzymology, 112:309-396, Academic Press (1985);

[0217] b) Bundgaard, H., Chapter 5, “Design and Application of Prodrugs”, Krosgaard-Larsen, P. et al., eds., A Textbook of Drug Design and Development, pp. 113-191, Harwood Academic Publishers (1991); and

[0218] c) Bundgaard, H., Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 8:1-38 (1992), each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0219] Compounds of the formula I and salts thereof may exist in their tautomeric form, in which hydrogen atoms are transposed to other parts of the molecules and the chemical bonds between the atoms of the molecules are consequently rearranged. It should be understood that the all tautomeric forms, insofar as they may exist, are included within the invention. Additionally, inventive compounds may have trans- and cis-isomers.

[0220] It should further be understood that solvates (e.g., hydrates) of the compounds of Formula I are also with the scope of the present invention. Methods of solvation are generally known in the art.

[0221] The compounds of the invention modulate IL-23-stimulated and IFNα-stimulated cellular functions, including gene transcription. Other types of cellular functions that may be modulated by the compounds of the instant invention include, but are not limited to, IL-12-stimulated responses.

[0222] Accordingly, compounds of formula I have utility in treating conditions associated with the modulation of the function of IL-23 or IFNα, and particularly the selective inhibition of function of IL-23, IL-12 and/or IFNα, by acting on Tyk2 to mediate signal transduction. Such conditions include IL-23-, IL-12-, or IFNα-associated diseases in which pathogenic mechanisms are mediated by these cytokines

[0223] As used herein, the terms “treating” or “treatment” encompass the treatment of a disease state in a mammal, particularly in a human, and include: (a) preventing or delaying the occurrence of the disease state in a mammal, in particular, when such mammal is predisposed to the disease state but has not yet been diagnosed as having it; (b) inhibiting the disease state, i.e., arresting its development; and/or (c) achieving a full or partial reduction of the symptoms or disease state, and/or alleviating, ameliorating, lessening, or curing the disease or disorder and/or its symptoms.

[0224] In view of their activity as modulators of IL-23-, IL-12 and IFNα-stimulated cellular responses, compounds of Formula I are useful in treating IL-23-, IL-12- or IFNα-associated diseases including, but not limited to, inflammatory diseases such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, asthma, graft versus host disease, allograft rejection, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; autoimmune diseases such as Graves' disease, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosis, cutaneous lupus, lupus nephritis, discoid lupus erythematosus, psoriasis; auto-inflammatory diseases including CAPS, TRAPS, FMF, adult onset stills, systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis, gout, gouty arthritis; metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction; destructive bone disorders such as bone resorption disease, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, multiple myeloma-related bone disorder; proliferative disorders such as acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia; angiogenic disorders such as angiogenic disorders including solid tumors, ocular neovasculization, and infantile haemangiomas; infectious diseases such as sepsis, septic shock, and Shigellosis; neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cerebral ischemias or neurodegenerative disease caused by traumatic injury, oncologic and viral diseases such as metastatic melanoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, multiple myeloma, and HIV infection and CMV retinitis, AIDS, respectively.

[0225] More particularly, the specific conditions or diseases that may be treated with the inventive compounds include, without limitation, pancreatitis (acute or chronic), asthma, allergies, adult respiratory distress syndrome, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, glomerulonephritis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosis, cutaneous lupus, lupus nephritis, discoid lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, chronic thyroiditis, Graves' disease, autoimmune gastritis, diabetes, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmune neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, atopic dermatitis, chronic active hepatitis, myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, psoriasis, graft vs. host disease, inflammatory reaction induced by endotoxin, tuberculosis, atherosclerosis, muscle degeneration, cachexia, psoriatic arthritis, Reiter's syndrome, gout, traumatic arthritis, rubella arthritis, acute synovitis, pancreatic β-cell disease; diseases characterized by massive neutrophil infiltration; rheumatoid spondylitis, gouty arthritis and other arthritic conditions, cerebral malaria, chronic pulmonary inflammatory disease, silicosis, pulmonary sarcoidosis, bone resorption disease, allograft rejections, fever and myalgias due to infection, cachexia secondary to infection, keloid formation, scar tissue formation, ulcerative colitis, pyresis, influenza, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, metastatic melanoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, multiple myeloma, sepsis, septic shock, and Shigellosis; Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cerebral ischemias or neurodegenerative disease caused by traumatic injury; angiogenic disorders including solid tumors, ocular neovasculization, and infantile haemangiomas; viral diseases including acute hepatitis infection (including hepatitis A, hepatitis B and hepatitis C), HIV infection and CMV retinitis, AIDS, ARC or malignancy, and herpes; stroke, myocardial ischemia, ischemia in stroke heart attacks, organ hypoxia [should this be hypoxia], vascular hyperplasia, cardiac and renal reperfusion injury, thrombosis, cardiac hypertrophy, thrombin-induced platelet aggregation, endotoxemia and/or toxic shock syndrome, conditions associated with prostaglandin endoperoxidase syndase-2, and pemphigus vulgaris. Preferred methods of treatment are those wherein the condition is selected from Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, allograft rejection, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, and pemphigus vulgaris. Alternatively preferred methods of treatment are those wherein the condition is selected from ischemia reperfusion injury, including cerebral ischemia reperfusions injury arising from stroke and cardiac ischemia reperfusion injury arising from myocardial infarction. Another preferred method of treatment is one in which the condition is multiple myeloma.

[0226] When the terms “IL-23-, IL-12- and/or IFNα-associated condition” or “IL-23-, IL-12- and/or IFNα-associated disease or disorder” are used herein, each is intended to encompass all of the conditions identified above as if repeated at length, as well as any other condition that is affected by IL-23, IL-12 and/or IFNα.

[0227] The present invention thus provides methods for treating such conditions, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically-effective amount of at least one compound of Formula I or a salt thereof “Therapeutically effective amount” is intended to include an amount of a compound of the present invention that is effective when administered alone or in combination to inhibit IL-23, IL-12 and/or IFNα function and/or treat diseases.

[0228] The methods of treating IL-23-, IL-12 and/or IFNα-associated conditions may comprise administering compounds of Formula I alone or in combination with each other and/or other suitable therapeutic agents useful in treating such conditions. Accordingly, “therapeutically effective amount” is also intended to include an amount of the combination of compounds claimed that is effective to inhibit IL-23, IL-12 and/or IFNα function and/or treat diseases associated with IL-23, IL-12 and/or IFNα.

[0229] Exemplary of such other therapeutic agents include corticosteroids, rolipram, calphostin, cytokine-suppressive anti-inflammatory drugs (CSAIDs), Interleukin-10, glucocorticoids, salicylates, nitric oxide, and other immunosuppressants; nuclear translocation inhibitors, such as deoxyspergualin (DSG); non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen, celecoxib and rofecoxib; steroids such as prednisone or dexamethasone; antiviral agents such as abacavir; antiproliferative agents such as methotrexate, leflunomide, FK506 (tacrolimus, PROGRAF®); anti-malarials such as hydroxychloroquine; cytotoxic drugs such as azathiprine and cyclophosphamide; TNF-α inhibitors such as tenidap, anti-TNF antibodies or soluble TNF receptor, and rapamycin (sirolimus or RAPAMUNE®) or derivatives thereof

[0230] The above other therapeutic agents, when employed in combination with the compounds of the present invention, may be used, for example, in those amounts indicated in the Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR) or as otherwise determined by one of ordinary skill in the art. In the methods of the present invention, such other therapeutic agent(s) may be administered prior to, simultaneously with, or following the administration of the inventive compounds. The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions capable of treating IL-23-, IL-12- or IFNα-associated conditions by inhibiting Tyk2-mediated signal transduction, including IL-23-, IL-12- and/or IFNα-mediated diseases, as described above.

[0231] The inventive compositions may contain other therapeutic agents as described above and may be formulated, for example, by employing conventional solid or liquid vehicles or diluents, as well as pharmaceutical additives of a type appropriate to the mode of desired administration (e.g., excipients, binders, preservatives, stabilizers, flavors, etc.) according to techniques such as those well known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation.

[0232] Accordingly, the present invention further includes compositions comprising one or more compounds of Formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

[0233] A “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to media generally accepted in the art for the delivery of biologically active agents to animals, in particular, mammals. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are formulated according to a number of factors well within the purview of those of ordinary skill in the art. These include without limitation the type and nature of the active agent being formulated; the subject to which the agent-containing composition is to be administered; the intended route of administration of the composition; and, the therapeutic indication being targeted. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include both aqueous and non-aqueous liquid media, as well as a variety of solid and semi-solid dosage forms. Such carriers can include a number of different ingredients and additives in addition to the active agent, such additional ingredients being included in the formulation for a variety of reasons, e.g., stabilization of the active agent, binders, etc., well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Descriptions of suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, and factors involved in their selection, are found in a variety of readily available sources such as, for example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th Edition (1985), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0234] The compounds of Formula I may be administered by any means suitable for the condition to be treated, which may depend on the need for site-specific treatment or quantity of drug to be delivered. Topical administration is generally preferred for skin-related diseases, and systematic treatment preferred for cancerous or pre-cancerous conditions, although other modes of delivery are contemplated. For example, the compounds may be delivered orally, such as in the form of tablets, capsules, granules, powders, or liquid formulations including syrups; topically, such as in the form of solutions, suspensions, gels or ointments; sublingually; bucally; parenterally, such as by subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular or intrasternal injection or infusion techniques (e.g., as sterile injectable aq. or non-aq. solutions or suspensions); nasally such as by inhalation spray; topically, such as in the form of a cream or ointment; rectally such as in the form of suppositories; or liposomally. Dosage unit formulations containing non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles or diluents may be administered. The compounds may be administered in a form suitable for immediate release or extended release. Immediate release or extended release may be achieved with suitable pharmaceutical compositions or, particularly in the case of extended release, with devices such as subcutaneous implants or osmotic pumps.

[0235] Exemplary compositions for topical administration include a topical carrier such as PLASTIBASE® (mineral oil gelled with polyethylene).

[0236] Exemplary compositions for oral administration include suspensions which may contain, for example, microcrystalline cellulose for imparting bulk, alginic acid or sodium alginate as a suspending agent, methylcellulose as a viscosity enhancer, and sweeteners or flavoring agents such as those known in the art; and immediate release tablets which may contain, for example, microcrystalline cellulose, dicalcium phosphate, starch, magnesium stearate and/or lactose and/or other excipients, binders, extenders, disintegrants, diluents and lubricants such as those known in the art. The inventive compounds may also be orally delivered by sublingual and/or buccal administration, e.g., with molded, compressed, or freeze-dried tablets. Exemplary compositions may include fast-dissolving diluents such as mannitol, lactose, sucrose, and/or cyclodextrins. Also included in such formulations may be high molecular weight excipients such as celluloses (AVICEL®) or polyethylene glycols (PEG); an excipient to aid mucosal adhesion such as hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC), and/or maleic anhydride copolymer (e.g., GANTREZ®); and agents to control release such as polyacrylic copolymer (e.g., CARBOPOL 934®). Lubricants, glidants, flavors, coloring agents and stabilizers may also be added for ease of fabrication and use.

[0237] Exemplary compositions for nasal aerosol or inhalation administration include solutions which may contain, for example, benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance absorption and/or bioavailability, and/or other solubilizing or dispersing agents such as those known in the art.

[0238] Exemplary compositions for parenteral administration include injectable solutions or suspensions which may contain, for example, suitable non-toxic, parenterally acceptable diluents or solvents, such as mannitol, 1,3-butanediol, water, Ringer's solution, an isotonic sodium chloride solution, or other suitable dispersing or wetting and suspending agents, including synthetic mono- or diglycerides, and fatty acids, including oleic acid.

[0239] Exemplary compositions for rectal administration include suppositories which may contain, for example, suitable non-irritating excipients, such as cocoa butter, synthetic glyceride esters or polyethylene glycols, which are solid at ordinary temperatures but liquefy and/or dissolve in the rectal cavity to release the drug.

[0240] The therapeutically-effective amount of a compound of the present invention may be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, and includes exemplary dosage amounts for a mammal of from about 0.05 to 1000 mg/kg; 1-1000 mg/kg; 1-50 mg/kg; 5-250 mg/kg; 250-1000 mg/kg of body weight of active compound per day, which may be administered in a single dose or in the form of individual divided doses, such as from 1 to 4 times per day. It will be understood that the specific dose level and frequency of dosage for any particular subject may be varied and will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed, the metabolic stability and length of action of that compound, the species, age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the subject, the mode and time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, and severity of the particular condition. Preferred subjects for treatment include animals, most preferably mammalian species such as humans, and domestic animals such as dogs, cats, horses, and the like. Thus, when the term “patient” is used herein, this term is intended to include all subjects, most preferably mammalian species that are affected by modulation of IL-23, IL-12 and/or IFNα-mediated functions.

Probe Displacement Assay

[0241] The probe displacement assay is conducted as follows: In a 385 well plate, test compounds along with recombinantly expressed His-tagged protein corresponding to amino acids 575-869 of human Tyk2 (sequence shown below) at 2.5 nM, 40 nM ((R)-N-(1-(3-(8-methyl-5-(methylamino)-8H-imidazo[4,5-d]thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)phenyl)ethyl)-2-([³H]methylsulfonyl)benzamide) (preparation described below) and 80 μg/mL Copper His-Tag scintillation proximity assay beads (Perkin Elmer, Catalog #RPNQ0095) in 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, containing 100 μg/mL bovine serum albumin and 5% DMSO were incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature. The amount of radiolabeled probe (preparation described below) bound to Tyk2 was then quantified by scintillation counting, and the inhibition by the test compound calculated by comparison to wells either with no inhibitor (0% inhibition) or without Tyk2 (100% inhibition). The IC₅₀ value is defined as the concentration of test compound required to inhibit radiolabeled probe binding by 50%.

[0242] Protein Sequence of recombinant Hig-tagged Tyk2 (575-869):

[0243]

	MGSSHHHHHH SSGETVRFQG HMNLSQLSFH RVDQKEITQL
	SHLGQGTRTN VYEGRLRVEG SGDPEEGKMDDEDPLVPGRD
	RGQELRVVLK VLDPSHHDIA LAFYETASLM SQVSHTHLAF
	VHGVCVRGPE NIMVTEYVEHGPLDVWLRRE RGHVPMAWKM
	VVAQQLASAL SYLENKNLVH GNVCGRNILL ARLGLAEGTS
	PFIKLSDPGVGLGALSREER VERIPWLAPE CLPGGANSLS
	TAMDKWGFGA TLLEICFDGE APLQSRSPSE
	KEHFYQRQHRLPEPSCPQLA TLTSQCLTYE
	PTQRPSFRTI LRDLTRL.

[0244] The preparation of radiolabeled probe, (R)-N-(1-(3-(8-methyl-5-(methylamino)-8H-imidazo[4,5-d]thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)phenyl)ethyl)-2-([³H]methylsulfonyl)benzamide, was performed as described below:

[0245] 2-([³H]Methylsulfonyl)benzoic acid: 2-Mercaptobenzoic acid (2.3 mg, 0.015 mmol) and cesium carbonate (2 mg, 0.006 mmol) were added to a 5 mL round-bottomed flask. The flask was attached to a ported glass vacuum line and anhydrous DMF (0.5 mL) was introduced with magnetic stirring. An ampoule of tritiated methyl iodide (200 mCi, Perkin-Elmer lot 3643419) was added to the reaction flask and stirring was maintained at rt for 3 h. In-process HPLC analysis with radiometric detection indicated 80% conversion to the desired product by comparison with authentic standard. Without purification, the crude product was reacted with mCPBA (10 mg, 0.058 mmol) pre-dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) at room temperature with stirring. The reaction was stirred for 7 h and additional mCPBA (10 mg, 0.058 mmol) was added. The reaction was stirred for approximately 24 h and HPLC analysis indicated 35-40% conversion to the desired sulfonate product. The crude product was purified by semi-preparative HPLC (Luna 5 μm C18 (10×250 cm); A: MeOH/H₂O=15/85 (0.1% TFA); B: MeOH; 270 nm; 0-8 min 0% B 1 ml/min; 8-10 min 0% B 1-3 ml/min; 10-55 min 0% B 3 ml/min; 55-65 min 0-10% B 3 ml/min; 65-75 min 10-50% B 3 ml/min; 75-80 min 50-100% B 3 ml/min) to give 81 mCi (40% radiochemical yield) of 2-([³H]methylsulfonyl)benzoic acid product identified by its HPLC co-elution with an authentic standard. The radiochemical purity was measured by HPLC to be 99% (Luna 5μ C18 (4.6×150 cm); A: H₂O (0.1% TFA); B: MeOH; 1.2 ml/min; 270 nm; 0-10 min 20% B; 10-15 min 20-100% B; 15-25 min 100% B. The product was dissolved in anhydrous acetonitrile to give a final solution activity of 5.8 mCi/mL.

[0246] (R)-N-(1-(3-(8-Methyl-5-(methylamino)-8H-imidazo[4,5-d]thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)phenyl)ethyl)-2-([³H]methylsulfonyl)benzamide: A solution of 2-([³H]methylsulfonyl)benzoic acid (23.2 mCi) in acetonitrile was added to a 5 mL round-bottomed flask which was then attached to a vacuum line and carefully evaporated to dryness. (R)-2-(3-(1-Aminoethyl)phenyl)-N,8-dimethyl-8H-imidazo[4,5-d]thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-5-amine (prepared as described in WO 2004/106293 and Dyckman et al., Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 383-386 (2011)) (1.1 mg, 0.0033 mmol) and PyBOP (2 mg, 0.0053 mmol) dissolved in anhydrous DMF (1.5 mL) were added to the flask followed by N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.010 mL). The resulting clear solution was stirred at room temperature for 18 h. HPLC analysis (Luna 5μ, C18 (4.6×150 cm); A: H₂O (0.1% TFA); B: MeOH; 1.2 ml/min; 335 nm; 0-20 min 50% B; 20-25 min 50-100% B; 25-30 min 100% B) indicated approximately a 20% conversion to the desired product by retention time comparison to a sample of non-radiolabeled (R)-N-(1-(3-(8-methyl-5-(methylamino)-8H-imidazo[4,5-d]thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)phenyl)ethyl)-2-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide. The crude reaction mixture was purified by semi-preparative HPLC (Luna 5μ C18 (10×250 cm); A: MeOH/H₂O=50/50 (0.1% TFA); B: MeOH; 335 nm; 0-40 min 0% B 3 ml/min; 40-45 min 0-100% B 3 ml/min). The purification routine was performed a second time to yield a total of 1.7 mCi (7% radiochemical yield) of the desired product in 99.9% radiochemical purity. Mass spectral analysis of the tritiated product (m/z M+H 527.33) was used to establish the specific activity at 80.6 Ci/mmol.

[0247]

		Probe Displacement
	Example No.	(EC50, μM)
	2	0.0132
	42	0.0082
	43	0.0687
	61	0.0164
	62	0.0845
	66	0.0148
	73	0.0120
	79	0.0055
	80	0.0044
	81	0.0227
	87	0.0038
	94	0.0095
	104	0.0177
	107	0.0324
	125	0.4363
	128	0.0213
	134	0.0099
	144	0.0461
	152	0.0406
	165	0.7793
	176	0.0188
	188	0.5570
	194	0.3490
	203	0.0535
	205	0.0251
	211	0.2464
	217	0.2913
	224	0.5968
	226	0.0201
	228	0.0367
	237	0.0291
	238	0.0063
	261	0.1552
	266	0.0065
	283	0.6334
	286	0.1060
	289	0.4951
	298	0.0065
	302	0.1820
	315	0.0050
	325	0.0764
	327	0.0153
	334	0.0140
	345	0.0105
	356	0.0026
	358	0.0053
	363	0.0047
	365	0.0048
	382	0.0046
	383	0.0061
	387	0.0046
	391	0.0060
	393	0.0035
	395	0.0031
	396	0.0065
	409	0.0063
	420	0.0030
	422	0.0057
	426	0.0042
	438	0.0115
	448	0.0080
	449	0.0011
	450	0.0073

Kit225 T Cell Assay

[0248] Kit225 T cells with a stably-integrated STAT-dependent luciferase reporter were plated in RPMI (Gibco) containing 10% heat-inactivated FBS (Gibco) and 100 U/mL PenStrep (Gibco). The cells were then stimulated with either 20 ng/mL human recombinant IL-23 or 200 U/mL human recombinant IFNα (PBL InterferonSource) for 5-6 hours. Luciferase expression was measured using the STEADY-GLO® Luciferase Assay System (Promega) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Inhibition data were calculated by comparison to no inhibitor control wells for 0% inhibition and non-stimulated control wells for 100% inhibition. Dose response curves were generated to determine the concentration required to inhibit 50% of cellular response (IC₅₀) as derived by non-linear regression analysis.

[0249]

Example No.	IL23	IFNα
1	0.0985	0.07
2	0.0574	0.03
3	0.0614	0.07
4	0.036	0.03
5	0.0822	0.05
6	0.091	0.11
7	0.1536	0.1
8	0.1429	0.06
9	0.0978	0.04
10	0.2176	0.12
11	0.1612	0.06
12	0.1094	0.05
13	0.2574	0.12
14	0.1349	0.11
15	0.1076	0.08
16	0.1797	0.1
17	0.1043	0.1
18	1.122	0.4
19	0.7489	0.43
20	0.0507	0.04
21	0.0509	0.03
22	0.0649	0.05
23	0.115	0.09
24	0.0352	0.04
25	0.0877	0.11
26	1.057	0.67
27	0.376	0.18
28	12.5	9.57
29	7.106	7.98
30	0.7528	0.58
31	1.861	1.23
32	2.201	1.08
33	0.6116	0.66
34	0.1142	0.16
35	4.434
36	1.31	0.7
37	0.69	1.15
38	0.55	0.37
39	1.48	1.54
40	0.13	0.13
41	6.12	1.91
42	0.26	0.14
43	0.173	0.87
44	1.245	1.46
45	4.256	1.25
46	2.98	1.39
47	2.41	1.68
48	1.61	0.96
49	0.41	0.54
50	1.54	2
51	0.27	0.2
52	0.2	0.09
53	0.09	0.08
54	0.19	0.16
55	0.13	0.17
56	0.12	0.05
57	0.16	0.19
58	0.22	0.14
59	0.37	0.12
60	0.06	0.04
61	3.53	1.03
62	0.8983	1.29
63	0.7743	0.41
64	5.947	9.03
65	0.4806	0.37
66	1.772	3.17
67	0.2631	0.14
68	0.5018	0.24
69	1.471	1.31
70	0.8198	0.73
71	0.5743	0.76
72	0.5778	0.38
73	0.5061	0.29
74	0.2358	0.26
75	2.027	1.73
76	0.8536	0.74
77	0.538	0.35
78	0.3879	0.12
79	4.104	1.85
80	0.3202	0.46
81	5.583	4.49
82	1.23	0.78
83	5.723	6.94
84	0.3694	0.35
85	1.038	0.63
86	1.822	0.43
87	0.2571	0.16
88	2.863	0.89
89	0.3426	0.37
90	7.205	8.26
91	0.567	0.42
92	3.933	1.54
93	0.4665	12.5
94	3.56	3.43
95	0.9598	0.68
96	0.2567	0.21
97	3.91	3.25
98	0.4804	0.28
99	0.4787	0.31
100	0.1582	0.12
101	0.1998	0.08
102	0.3685	0.15
103	0.3982	0.33
104	0.2463	0.05
105	0.3861	0.19
106	0.4388	0.18
107	0.1889	0.12
108	0.3686	0.23
109	0.9479	0.21
110	0.9977	0.42
111	1.302	0.99
112	0.7167	0.4
113	0.8756	0.2
114	4.552	1.54
115	0.6321	0.44
116	2.188	0.75
117	1.984	0.48
118	1.164	0.57
119	2.198	0.86
120	4.512	1.88
121	0.2436	0.15
122	0.5346	0.25
123	8.793	11.06
124	0.462	0.64
125	9.677	9.97
126	0.8296	0.7
127	0.8525	0.47
128	0.3346	0.14
129	0.0866	0.08
130	0.119	0.05
131	0.1832	0.06
132	0.1871	0.12
133	0.1793	0.07
134	0.314	0.13
135	3.419	1.53
136	0.747	0.39
137	0.1883	0.21
138	0.3541	0.22
139	0.3672	0.18
140	0.2814	0.12
141	0.4007	0.35
142	0.7424	0.41
143	0.7829	0.56
144	0.5169	0.23
145	0.7944	0.42
146	2.16	1.45
147	1.061	0.52
148	0.7509	0.3
149	1.189	0.33
150	2.701	1.52
151	1.138	0.24
152	0.499	0.37
153	1.334	0.97
154	0.7838	0.56
155	0.2748	0.19
156	1.654	0.72
157	5.201	9.86
158	4.44	2.1
159	1.146	1.4
160	1.238	1.07
161	0.7602	0.61
162	0.2154	0.46
163	0.3062	0.23
164	4.412	2.99
165	10.71	6.65
166	0.1572	0.09
167	0.51	0.31
168	1.415	1.22
169	0.3522	0.44
170	1.623	1.72
171	0.1748	0.09
172	0.0892	0.05
173	0.0819	0.05
174	1.035	0.56
175	0.4337	0.5
176	1.045	1.02
177	0.3876
178	1.63	1.88
179	2.73	3.25
180	5.09	2.58
181	6.17	12.5
182	8.85	12.5
183	9.72	5.97
184	7.984	4.11
185	2.576	2.9
186	7.807	7.85
187	2.818	2.58
188	4.304	6.47
189	12.5	9.37
190	0.367	0.51
191	3.069	3.58
192	0.5651	0.54
193	3.673	3.2
194	3.219	8.66
195	3.128	3.52
196	4.379	6.97
197	11.86	5.83
198	4.534	5.3
199	0.8974	0.66
200	0.9041	1.3
201	2.671	6.97
202	12.5	6.56
203	1.46	1.17
204	9.32	8.13
205	0.3722	0.18
206	6.433	5.85
207	3.303	2.04
208	1.846	2.41
209	1.579	1.31
210	1.685	0.86
211	4.274	3.15
212	4.173	2.03
213	1.868	1.31
214	2.934	2.01
215	4.929	4.33
216	0.1518	0.12
217	3.31	1.48
218	0.8017	0.26
219	5.093	2.81
220	0.4924	0.21
221	0.4556	0.15
222	8.039	8.39
223	0.3863	0.19
224	5.612	4.6
225	0.1571	0.09
226	0.1514	0.14
227	4.599	3.24
228	0.1438	0.14
229	0.3099	0.26
230	0.2238	0.16
231	9.176	3.12
232	3.04	2.09
233	1.367	0.87
234	2.796	1.87
235	1.423	0.7
236	2.178	1.11
237	0.4699	0.46
238	4.25	2.36
239	0.2927	0.23
240	0.6247	0.41
241	0.9018	0.5
242	1.735	2.71
243	4.608	2.11
244	1.159	1.26
245	3.257	3.66
246	2.382	1.65
247	0.4092	0.26
248	0.5037	0.25
249	10.48	6.41
250	0.4716	0.3
251	1.082	0.67
252	1.291	0.43
253		0.44
254	0.488	0.31
255	1.555	0.71
256	0.5678	0.7
257	0.5771	0.6
258	0.6465	0.31
259	0.4328	0.2
260	2.4	1.76
261	2.18	1.37
262	0.7272	0.41
263	5.061	3.6
264	0.5421	0.35
265	0.3188	0.21
266	0.3116	0.16
267	2.635	1.83
268	0.7851	0.74
269	1.085	0.9
270	0.2211	0.17
271	1.185	0.82
272	1.056	0.6
273	0.2234	0.16
274	0.3359	0.19
275	1.04	0.68
276	1.344	1.17
277	0.2698	0.24
278	0.3739	0.96
279	0.4755	0.14
280	5.046	5.99
281	0.14	0.14
282	0.511
283	8.9	12.5
284	3	3.63
285		9.29
286	4.22	1.98
287	7.94	10.18
288	3.15	1.31
289	12.5	7.3
290	11.36	6.59
291	3.73	3.57
292	4.72	5.6
293	4.78	11.42
294	6.35	4.9
295	7.3	3.29
296	7.16	2.72
297	0.25	0.6
298	0.11	0.06
299	0.27	0.09
300	0.28	0.13
301	3.16	1.46
302	4.06	2.09
303	2.34	2.65
304	1.24	0.57
305	2.65	3.11
306	2.53	0.56
307	3.74	1.54
308	1.86	1.16
309	1.92	0.63
310	1.08	0.59
311	0.19	0.16
312	0.59	1.02
313	1.33	0.50
314	0.19	0.08
315	0.09	0.08
316	0.07	0.10
317	0.21	0.11
318	0.13	0.13
319	0.09	0.01
320	0.05	0.03
321	0.15	0.14
322	0.07	0.03
323	0.07	0.03
324	0.22	0.07
325	0.46	0.21
326	0.06	0.04
327	0.10	0.01
328	0.60	0.12
329	0.09	0.16
330	0.31	0.09
331	0.06	0.04
332	0.38	0.13
333	0.12	0.09
334	0.31	0.23
335	0.28	0.19
336	0.40	0.44
337	0.11	0.08
338	0.40	0.11
339	0.05	0.03
340	0.22	0.12
341	0.44	0.22
342	0.15	0.13
343	0.16	0.14
344	0.13	0.03
345	0.03	0.03
346	0.04	0.02
347	0.19	0.07
348	0.43	0.18
349	0.06	0.06
350	0.08	0.08
351	0.06	0.02
352	0.02	0.02
353	0.25	0.16
354	0.15	0.13
355	0.03	0.03
356	0.12	0.08
357	0.12	0.03
358	9.98E−03	0.01
359	0.02	0.01
360	0.03	7.74E−03
361	0.06	0.02
362	0.02	0.01
363	0.07	0.04
364	0.01	0.01
365	0.01	0.01
366	0.02	9.22E−03
367	0.02	0.03
368	9.45E−03	0.01
369	0.03	0.01
370	0.03	0.03
371	4.89E−03	3.99E−03
372	0.01	0.01
373	6.22E−03	8.34E−03
374	8.36E−03	6.98E−03
375	0.02	9.47E−03
376	9.35E−03	3.47E−03
377	0.02	0.02
378	0.05	0.01
379	0.08	0.03
380	0.04	0.03
381	0.05	0.02
382	0.01	5.07E−03
383	0.10	0.02
384	0.12	0.17
385	0.07	0.02
386	0.02	0.01
387	0.28	0.12
388	0.05	0.02
389	0.26	0.23
390	1.03	0.33
391	9.66E−03	0.01
392	0.17	0.07
393	5.83E−03	2.86E−03
394	0.08	0.03
395	0.03	0.02
396	0.11	0.06
397	0.06	8.77E−03
398	0.02	0.02
399	0.05	0.05
400	0.30	0.07
401	0.48	0.44
402	0.25	0.33
403	0.24	0.29
404	4.40E−03	8.63E−03
405	0.02	0.01
406	0.25	0.10
407	0.09	0.09
408	0.68	0.43
409	0.04	0.02
410	0.02	8.61E−03
411	0.37	0.21
412	0.45	0.24
413	0.47	0.46
414	0.65	0.28
415	0.32	0.21
416	0.09	0.08
417	0.26	0.33
418	0.35	0.21
419	0.17	0.35
420	0.08	0.12
421	0.46	0.48
422	0.31	0.18
423	0.38	0.37
424	0.49	0.46
425	0.67	0.38
426	0.01	0.01
427	0.14	0.15
428	0.09	0.11
429	0.25	0.15
430	0.16	0.05
431	0.04	0.08
432	0.03	0.02
433	0.29	0.22
434	0.10	0.05
435	0.03	0.05
436	0.24	0.12
437	0.36	0.19
438	0.15	0.08
439	0.21	0.11
440	0.25	0.26
441	0.46	0.24
442	0.45	0.13
443	0.05	0.02
444	0.25	0.18
445	0.53	0.32
446	0.15	0.18
447	0.20	0.16
448	0.011	0.017
449	0.02	0.01
450	0.02	0.01

[0250] The compounds of the present invention may be synthesized by many methods available to those skilled in the art of organic chemistry. General synthetic schemes for preparing compounds of the present invention are described below. These schemes are illustrative and are not meant to limit the possible techniques one skilled in the art may use to prepare the compounds disclosed herein. Different methods to prepare the compounds of the present invention will be evident to those skilled in the art. Additionally, the various steps in the synthesis may be performed in an alternate sequence in order to give the desired compound or compounds.

[0251] Examples of compounds of the present invention prepared by methods described in the general schemes are given in the preparations and examples section set out hereinafter. Several of the compounds described were chiral, some were prepared as racemic mixtures, while others were prepared as a single enantiomer. In each case the preparation of the homochiral examples, or the preparation of the opposite enantiomer, may be carried out by techniques known to one skilled in the art. For example, homochiral compounds may be prepared by separation of racemic products by chiral phase preparative HPLC. Alternatively, the example compounds may be prepared by methods known to give enantiomerically enriched products. These include, but are not limited to, the incorporation of chiral auxiliary functionalities into racemic intermediates which serve to control the diaststereoselectivity of transformations, providing enantio-enriched products upon cleavage of the chiral auxiliary.

[0252]

[0253] Scheme 1 illustrates the preparation of title compounds of the invention (I) from intermediate halo-pyridines (II) and amines (III). This coupling may be affected by many of the ways known to achieve displacement of 2-halo-pyridines by amines. This includes, but is not limited to, the palladium catalyzed N-arylation of amines, and nucleophilic displacement of the halide by the amine. A variety of palladium sources can be used to affect the coupling including both palladium(II) salts (for example palladium diacetate) as well as neutral palladium (such as tetrakis triphenylphosphine palladium or tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium). A large number of catalyst ligands are suitable for this transformation including bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene (Xantphos) and 2-(dicyclohexylphosphino)-3,6-dimethoxy-2′,4′,6′-tri-i-propyl-1,1′-biphenyl (BrettPhos) and many others that those versed in synthetic chemistry are familiar with (see Surry, D. S. et al., Chem. Sci., 2:27-50 (2011)). A variety of bases can be employed (such as potassium carbonate, sodium tert-butoxide, cesium carbonate and the like) as well as a number of solvents (such as 1,4-dioxane, toluene and dimethylacetamide and the like). Nucleophilic displacement is generally possible at elevated temperatures (typically >100° C.) in the presence or absence of either an acid or base catalyst. Heating can be accomplished using either a microwave or conventional heating. Amines are most typically, but not exclusively, aliphatic in such displacements.

[0254]

[0255] Scheme 2 illustrates both the preparation of II as well as an alternative sequence to access I. The selective displacement of the 4-chloro group is possible both in the case of the dihalide (Z═Cl) and in the case where the Z group corresponds to an amine. In the former case displacement leads to intermediate II and in the latter in results in the formation of the title compound I. Displacement of the dihalide is most often accomplished in the presence of a base, such as sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide or N,N-diisopropylethylamine or related, but is also conceivable that it could be accomplished under elevated thermal conditions in the absence of a catalyst, or in the presence of an acid catalyst. In all cases a number of solvents were suitable, including tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. Due to the increased reactivity of the 4-position relative to the 6-position of the 4,6-dichloronicotinamide it is reasonable to assume that alternative strategies could also be envisioned by someone skilled in the art of chemical synthesis. For the case of IVb the displacement can be accomplished under acidic conditions (using a protic acid such as hydrochloric acid), basic conditions (employing N,N-diisopropylethylamine or related) or using the aforementioned palladium-catalyzed N-arylation of amines.

[0256]

[0257] Scheme 3 illustrates the preparation of intermediates IVb from commercially available (or prepared from diethyl 1,3-acetonedicarboxylate following: Platts, M. Y. et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 52:512-514 (2011)) carboxylic acid VI. The amides IVb may be prepared from VI by many of the myriad ways known to prepare carboxamides by the dehydrative condensation of carboxylic acids and amines. For example, condensation of acid VI with amine (NH₂R¹, VII, where for these purposes R¹ is limited to substituted short aliphatic chains) may be effected by treatment of VI with an activating reagent, such as a water-soluble carbodiimide (EDC), in the presence of an N-hydroxy triazole (HOAt or HOBt, or the like) and amine in the presence of base (preferably triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, or the like) in an appropriate polar aprotic solvent (N,N-dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, dichloromethane, or the like). Alternative combination reagents, reagents that combine an activating reagent and a hydroxy triazole, such as O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU) or (benxotriazol-1-yloxy)tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (BOP) can be used in the presence of a base. The carboxylic acid VI may also be converted to an acid chloride by treatment with an appropriate chlorinating agent (thionyl chloride, oxalyl chloride, or the like). Similarly, VI may be converted to an acyl fluoride upon exposure to a fluorinating agent (such as cyanuric fluoride). Condensation of the acyl halide (chloride or fluoride) with the amine VII (typically carried out in the presence of a base such as pyridine or triethylamine in an aprotic solvent) may then provide the amide IVb.

[0258]

[0259] As illustrated in Scheme 4, in the case where R² or R³ possess an acid/ester one can afford pendant amides via dehydrative condensation using standard chemistry techniques. If the carboxylate is a simple ester (as in VIIIa/IXa) saponification to the acid (VIIIb/IXb) can be accomplished using sodium, lithium, or potassium hydroxide under aqueous conditions with an organic co-solvent such as methanol and/or tetrahydrofuran. From the carboxylic acid, coupling to the amine X can be accomplished using the aforementioned coupling reagents (EDC/HOBt, HATU, etc.) or judicious activation of the acid by conversion to the acid chloride/fluoride and then combining the acid halide with the desired amine in the presence of a base such as pyridine.

[0260]

[0261] Scheme 5 illustrates how pendant sulfides can be oxidized to the corresponding sulfones or sulfoxides and, although not illustrated, it is also possible to perform these oxidations on II and then functionalize at the C6 position as shown in Scheme 1. The sulfides (XIII/XIV) can be oxidized to the sulfones (XVa/XVIa) using an oxidant such as sodium tungstate or 3-chloroperbenzoic acid in an organic solvent such as dichloromethane or acetic acid. The partial oxidation to the sulfoxides (XVb/XVIb) generally requires more mild conditions such as hydrogen peroxide in acetic acid; however, it is possible to use the same conditions as when targeting the sulfone if one quenches the reaction at the appropriate time.

[0262]

[0263] A large number of the anilines that were employed in Scheme 2 were commercially available; however, some were not. A strategy for the synthesis of many non-commercially available types of aniline is described in Scheme 6. The commercially available XVIII can be converted to the ether XIX using the Williamson ether synthesis. The Williamson ether formation is a common protocol for the synthesis of ethers, the reaction consists of the combination of an alcohol and a base—such as potassium carbonate, sodium hydride, triethylamine, or any number of others, followed by the addition of a compatible electrophile, such as an aliphatic, benzylic or allylic functional group featuring a leaving group —most commonly a halide, but mesylates/tosylates and other groups are also compatible, is added. The reaction is typically run in a polar aprotic solvent such as tetrahydrofuran or dimethylformamide. The nitro group of XIX is then reduced to the amine (XX) using a heterogeneous catalyst such as palladium, zinc or iron and a hydrogen source such as hydrogen (gas), ammonium chloride or hydrochloric acid, such reactions are typically run in alcoholic solvents. Borylation of the aryl bromide can be accomplished using palladium catalysis (see Ishiyama, T. et al., J. Org. Chem., 60:7508 (1995)); however, metal halogen exchange followed by reaction with electrophilic borane is another common approach. The boronic ester (XXI) can be coupled via the Suzuki coupling to a wide variety of aryl and heteroaryl halides using a number of different catalysts, ligands, bases and solvents. One common combination of reagents is 1,1′-bis(di-tert-butylphosphino)ferrocene palladium dichloride, as the catalyst, tribasic potassium phosphate (in water), as the base, reacting with an aryl bromide using dioxane as the solvent; however, a great number of potential combinations exist, for a partial description see: Barder, T. E. et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127:4685-4696 (2005); and Miyaura, N. et al., Chem. Rev., 95:2457-2483 (1995).

[0264]

[0265] Scheme 7 illustrates a means by which diversity at the R⁹ (I) can be introduced at the end of the synthetic sequence. In this strategy IVa and XX can be coupled following the same procedures described in Scheme 2. Intermediate XXII can be converted to the primary amine via the addition of a protected amine (either via thermal, or selective palladium catalyzed N-arylation conditions) followed by deprotection, for example 4-methoxyphenyl)methanamine can be introduced under strictly thermal conditions followed by deprotection with a protic acid (such as trifluoroacetic acid) to provide XXIII. Addition of XXIII to XXIV can be accomplished in a variety of ways, depending on the nature of R². If R² is aliphatic (cyclic or acyclic), the amine XXIII can be added using a simple S_N2 displacement, usually performed using a single equivalent of a non-nucleophilic base such as sodium hydride. Such additions can be complicated by over alkylation of the amine, to which the standard solution is to use reductive amination of either the ketone or aldehyde version of XXIV. Reductive amination can be accomplished by first generating the imine (using removal of water to drive the reaction) and then using a common reducing agent such as sodium borohydride, or it can be accomplished using reducing agents, such as sodium cyanoborohydride, that are only reactive enough to reduce the imminium intermediate, for a thorough discussion see: Baxter, E. W. et al., Organic Reactions, Vol. 59, p 1, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York (2002). Alternatively if R³ is aryl or heteroaryl the conversion can be accomplished using palladium-catalyzed N-arylation described in Scheme 1. Conversion of XXV to I can be accomplished using the Suzuki coupling reaction as described in Scheme 6, as well as other cross-coupling strategies such as Stille and Negishi cross-couplings (see: Stanforth, S. P., Tetrahedron., 54:263-303 (1998)).

[0266]

[0267] Scheme 8 illustrates how some of heterocycles can be built directly off of carbonyl functionality to arrive at anilines V without the use of a transition metal catalyzed coupling reaction. The commercially available XXVI can be converted to the ether XXVII via the techniques described in Scheme 6, similarly XXVIII can be converted to XXIX. XXVII can be converted to the amide XXX directly using ammonia and ammonium hydroxide in methanol, or via saponification, accomplished using an aqueous base with a polar organic co-solvent like tetrahydrofuran and an alcohol co-solvent like methanol, and amide formation (described in Scheme 5). The amide XXX can be converted to a triazole via formation of the amidine using reagents such as N,N-dimethylacetamide dimethyl acetal or N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal followed by exposure to hydrazine in the presence of acetic acid. Alternatively the tetrazole XXXII can be prepared from XXX by reaction with triazidochlorosilane (generated in situ from tetrachlorosilane and sodium azide, see: El-Ahl, A-A. S. et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 38:1257-1260 (1997)). The hydrazide XXXIII can be converted to the oxadiazole via a condensation reaction with an orthoformate or orthoacetate under thermal or acid catalyzed conditions, often using the orthoformate/orthoacetate as the solvent. Alternatively the aceto variant of hydrazide XXXIII can be converted to the thiazole by exposure to a sulfonating reagent such as Lawesson's reagent and then condensation under thermal conditions, typically in polar aprotic solvent such as dioxane. The ketone XXIX can be converted to the pyrazole XXXVI by condensation with N,N-dimethylacetamide dimethyl acetal or N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (or related) followed by reaction with hydrazine in the presence of acetic acid. In the cases of XXXI, XXXII, and XXXVI the heterocycle can further be reacted with an electrophile such as organo-halides, epoxides or activated carbonyl species (under basic conditions using an inorganic base such as potassium carbonate, a tertiary amine such as triethylamine, or a strong base such as sodium hydride) or with vinyl ethers such as ethoxyethene (under acidic conditions). Other electrophiles such as silyl halides would also be successful as would potentially a selective palladium catalyzed N-arylation. Finally the nitro compounds can be converted to the aniline V via reduction using conditions similar to those described in Scheme 6. This list is far from an exhaustive collection of the heterocycles available from common functional group manipulations of carbonyl moieties and their derivatives (such as cyanides) see: Caron, S., Practical Synthetic Organic Chemistry, 609-647 (2011) and references therein.

[0268]

[0269] Scheme 9 illustrates the synthesis of the thio-variant of V. Starting from the commercially available acid XXXVIII, which can be converted to the ester via heating with methanol in the presence of a protic acid, as well as by any number of techniques available for the synthesis of esters from acids, such as formation of the acid halide (described in Scheme 5) followed by reaction with methanol. Displacement of the chloride to provide XL can be accomplished via nucleophilic addition using sodium thiomethoxide. Conversion to the functionalized aniline XLI follows the same techniques illustrated and described in Scheme 8. Additionally the final sulfide product can be oxidized to the sulfone using the oxidation conditions described in Scheme 5.

[0270]

[0271] Scheme 10 illustrates another form of the final compound I. In this strategy the aniline XLII (made via reduction of the nitro compound XXVII by analogy to Scheme 6) is added to the dichloride IVa using the techniques from Scheme 2. Conversion to XLIV can be accomplished using the same techniques described in Scheme 1. Saponification of the methyl ester (XLIV) to provide the acid XLV is typically accomplished under aqueous conditions employing a strong water soluble base such as potassium-, lithium-, or sodium hydroxide using tetrahydrofuran and an alcohol co-solvent. The acid XLV can be converted to various heterocycles using the techniques described in Scheme 8, or it can be coupled with an amine to generate the amide XLVII as the final product as described in Scheme 3.

[0272]

[0273] Scheme 11 illustrates another variant of V, where the aniline has been substituted with a heterocycle via a carbon-nitrogen bond. Starting from commercially available XVIII an Ullmann condensation (for a recent review see: Mannier, F. et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 48:6954-6971 (2009)) can be used. This reaction is typically performed in the presence of a copper salt (such as copper(I) oxide), an inorganic base (such as cesium carbonate) and often a ligand (although some solvents such as DMF can take the role of the ligand). The phenol XLVIII can be converted to the ether XLIX using the Williamson ether conditions as described in Scheme 6. Conversion to the aniline (L) is accomplished by reduction of the nitro group as described in Scheme 6.

[0274]

[0275] Scheme 12 describes the synthesis of anilines LI and LIV. A Sonogashira coupling of XX/XIX with ethynyltrimethylsilane followed by removal of the silyl group using a mild base (such as potassium carbonate in a protic solvent such as methanol) or a fluoride source (such as tetrabutylammonium fluoride or potassium fluoride) can be used to provide the terminal alkynes LI and LII. The Sonogashira coupling is performed using a palladium catalyst (such as tetrakis triphenylphosphine palladium), a copper catalyst such as copper(I) iodide, and a base (typically an amine base such as triethylamine or diisopropylamine) using either the base as the solvent or a polar solvent such as dimethylformamide; however, a great deal of work has been done running the reaction with different ligands and additives and even in the absence of the catalysts, see: Chinchilla, R. et al., Chem. Rev., 107:874-923 (2007); Chinchilla, R. et al., Chem. Soc. Rev., 40:5084-5121 (2011). The aniline LI can be coupled to IVa as described in Scheme 2 and then converted to the target ligand I as described in Scheme 1 or further elaborated using the techniques described for LIII (to follow). LII can be converted to the 1,2,3-triazole using the Huisgen cycloaddition (or “Click chemistry”), This reaction is run between an alkyne and an azide using a copper catalyst (commonly copper(II) sulfate), a reducing agent (such as sodium ascorbate), the reaction can be run in a number of solvents/co-solvents including water, tert-butyl alcohol, tetrahydrofuran and toluene. A great deal of work has been done describing the variety and versatility of this cycloaddition, for reviews see: Kolb, H. C. et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 40:2004-2021 (2001), and Meldal, M. et al., Chem. Rev., 108:2952-3015 (2008). If the Huisgen cycloaddition is performed with a removable group such as methyl pivalate this can be removed and the triazole alkylated as described in Scheme 8. Otherwise the nitro group can be reduced as described in Scheme 6 and LIV can be carried forward to react with IVa as described in Scheme 2.

[0276]

[0277] Scheme 13 illustrates the synthesis of penultimate compounds LVII (converted to target ligands using the coupling procedures described in Scheme 1). Intermediate LV (prepared using the techniques described in Scheme 12 and Scheme 2) can be converted to the isoxazole LVII using a [3+2] cycloaddition with a nitrile oxide (formed in situ from a N-hydroxyimidoyl chloride and a mild non-nucleophilic base). The reaction can be run thermally in aprotic solvents (such as dichloroethane) but recent work has described the utility of catalysts in the reaction, see: Grecian, S. et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 47:8285-8287 (2008).

[0278]

[0279] Scheme 14 illustrates the synthesis of target compounds LXII and LXIII. Commercially available LVIII can be converted to the aniline LX following the strategies outlined in Scheme 6. Addition of LX to IVa follows the techniques described in Scheme 2 to provide LXI, which can be coupled with III following the strategies described in Scheme 1. Conversion of the cyano-containing LXII to the oxadiazole LXIII can be accomplished via the nucleophilic addition of hydroxylamine to the cyanide, performed under basic conditions typically in a polar protic solvent such as water or alcohol, followed by acylation and condensation with acetic anhydride, done by heating the intermediate with acetic anhydride in a polar aprotic solvent.

[0280] Preparation of compounds of Formula (I), and intermediates used in the preparation of compounds of Formula (I), can be prepared using procedures shown in the following Examples and related procedures. The methods and conditions used in these examples, and the actual compounds prepared in these Examples, are not meant to be limiting, but are meant to demonstrate how the compounds of Formula (I) can be prepared. Starting materials and reagents used in these examples, when not prepared by a procedure described herein, are generally either commercially available, or are reported in the chemical literature, or may be prepared by using procedures described in the chemical literature.

[0281] In the Examples given, the phrase “dried and concentrated” generally refers to drying of a solution in an organic solvent over either sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate, followed by filtration and removal of the solvent from the filtrate (generally under reduced pressure and at a temperature suitable to the stability of the material being prepared). Column chromatography was performed with pre-packed silica gel cartridges using an Isco medium pressure chromatography apparatus (Teledyne Corporation), eluting with the solvent or solvent mixture indicated. Preparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed using a reverse phase column (Waters SunFire C₁₈, Waters XBridge C₁₈, PHENOMENEX® Axia C₁₈, YMC S5 ODS or the like) of a size appropriate to the quantity of material being separated, generally eluting with a gradient of increasing concentration of methanol or acetonitrile in water, also containing 0.05% or 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid or 10 mM ammonium acetate, at a rate of elution suitable to the column size and separation to be achieved. Chemical names were determined using ChemDraw Ultra, version 9.0.5 (CambridgeSoft). The following abbreviations are used:

• [0282] NaHCO₃ (aq)=saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate
• [0283] brine=saturated aqueous sodium chloride
• [0284] DCM=dichloromethane
• [0285] DIEA=N,N-diisopropylethylamine
• [0286] DMAP=4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine
• [0287] DMF=N,N-dimethylformamide
• [0288] DMSO=dimethyl sulfoxide
• [0289] EDC=N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride
• [0290] EtOAc=ethyl acetate
• [0291] HOAT=1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole
• [0292] HOBT=1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate
• [0293] rt=ambient room temperature (generally about 20-25° C.)
• [0294] TEA=triethylamine
• [0295] TFA=trifluoroacetic acid
• [0296] THF=tetrahydrofuran

[0297] Analytical HPLC was performed on Shimadzu LC10AS liquid chromatographs using the following methods:

Method A (used in all cases, unless otherwise indicated):

[0298] Linear gradient of 0 to 100% solvent B over 4 minutes (“min”), with 1 minute (“min”) hold at 100% B

[0299] Ultraviolet (“UV”) visualization at 220 nanometers (“nm”)

[0300] Column: YMC 55 ODS Ballistic 4.6×50 mm

[0301] Flow rate: 4 milliliters (“mL”)/min

[0302] Solvent A: 0.2% phosphoric acid, 90% water, 10% methanol

[0303] Solvent B: 0.2% phosphoric acid, 90% methanol, 10% water

Method B:

[0304] Column: PHENOMENEX® Luna C18(2), 4.6×50 mm×5 μm

[0305] Mobile Phase: (A) 10:90 methanol:water; (B) 90:10 methanol:water

[0306] Buffer: 0.1% TFA

[0307] Gradient Range: 0-100% B

[0308] Gradient Time: 4 min

[0309] Flow Rate: 4 mL/min

[0310] Analysis Time: 5 min

[0311] Detection:

• • [0312] Detector 1: UV at 220 nm
  • [0313] Detector 2: MS(ESI⁺)
  • [0314] Detector 3: ELSD
    Method C:

[0315] Column: Waters SunFire C18, 4.6×50 mm×5 μm

[0316] Mobile Phase: (A) 10:90 methanol:water; (B) 90:10 methanol:water

[0317] Buffer: 0.1% TFA

[0318] Gradient Range: 0-100% B

[0319] Gradient Time: 4 min

[0320] Flow Rate: 4 mL/min

[0321] Analysis Time: 5 min

[0322] Detection:

• • [0323] Detector 1: UV at 220 nm
  • [0324] Detector 2: MS(ESI⁺)
  • [0325] Detector 3: ELSD
    Method D:

[0326] Column: PHENOMENEX® Luna C18(2), 4.6×50 mm×5 μm

[0327] Mobile Phase: (A) 10:90 methanol:water; (B) 90:10 methanol:water

[0328] Buffer: 0.1% TFA

[0329] Gradient Range: 0-100% B

[0330] Gradient Time: 4 min

[0331] Flow Rate: 4 mL/min

[0332] Analysis Time: 5 min

[0333] Detection:

• • [0334] Detector 1: UV at 220 nm
  • [0335] Detector 2: MS(ESI⁺)
  • [0336] Detector 3: ELSD
    Method E:

[0337] Column: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18, 2.1×50 mm, 1.7 μm particles

[0338] Mobile Phase: (A) 5:95 acetonitrile:water; (B) 95:5 acetonitrile:water

[0339] Buffer: 10 mM ammonium acetate

[0340] Gradient Range: 0-100% B

[0341] Gradient Time: 3 min

[0342] Flow Rate: 1.11 mL/min

[0343] Analysis Time: 4 min

[0344] Detection:

• • [0345] Detector 1: UV at 220 nm
  • [0346] Detector 2: MS(ESI⁺)
  • [0347] Detector 3: ELSD
    Method F:

[0348] Column: Waters SunFire C18 (4.6×150 mm), 3.5 μm

[0349] Mobile Phase: (A) 5:95 acetonitrile:water; (B) 95:5 acetonitrile:water

[0350] Buffer: 0.1% TFA

[0351] Gradient Range: 0-100% B

[0352] Gradient Time: 12 min

[0353] Flow Rate: 4 mL/min

[0354] Analysis Time: 15 min

[0355] Detection:

• • [0356] Detector 1: UV at 220 nm
  • [0357] Detector 2: UV at 254 nm
    Method G:

[0358] Column: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18, 2.1×50 mm, 1.7 μm particles

[0359] Mobile Phase: (A) 5:95 acetonitrile:water; (B) 95:5 acetonitrile:water

[0360] Buffer: 0.05% TFA

[0361] Gradient Range: 0-100% B

[0362] Gradient Time: 3 min

[0363] Flow Rate: 1.11 mL/min

[0364] Analysis Time: 4 min

[0365] Detection:

• • [0366] Detector 1: UV at 220 nm
  • [0367] Detector 2: MS(ESI⁺)
  • [0368] Detector 3: ELSD
    Method H:

[0369] Column: (LCMS) Ascentis Express C18, 4.6×50 mm, 2.7 μm particles

[0370] Mobile Phase: (A) 5:95 acetonitrile:water; (B) 95:5 acetonitrile:water

[0371] Buffer: 10 mM ammonium acetate

[0372] Gradient Range: 0-100% B

[0373] Gradient Time: 4 min

[0374] Flow Rate: 4 mL/min

[0375] Analysis Time: 5 min

[0376] Detection:

• • [0377] Detector 1: UV at 220 nm
  • [0378] Detector 2: MS(ESI⁺)
    Method I:

[0379] Column: Waters XBridge C18, 4.6×50 mm, 5 μm particles

[0380] Mobile Phase: (A) 5:95 acetonitrile:water; (B) 95:5 acetonitrile:water

[0381] Buffer: 0.05% TFA

[0382] Gradient Range: 0-100% B

[0383] Gradient Time: 4 min

[0384] Flow Rate: 4 mL/min

[0385] Analysis Time: 5 min

[0386] Detection:

• • [0387] Detector 1: UV at 220 nm
  • [0388] Detector 2: MS(ESI⁺)
    Method J:

[0389] Column: (LCMS) BEH C18, 2.1×50 mm, 1.7 μm particles

[0390] Mobile Phase: (A) water; (B) acetonitrile

[0391] Buffer: 0.05% TFA

[0392] Gradient Range: 2%-98% B (0 to 1 min) 98% B (to 1.5 min) 98%-2% B (to 1.6 min)

[0393] Gradient Time: 1.6 min

[0394] Flow Rate: 0.8 mL/min

[0395] Analysis Time: 2.2 min

[0396] Detection:

• • [0397] Detector 1: UV at 254 nm
  • [0398] Detector 2: MS(ESI⁺)
    Method K:

[0399] Column: (LCMS) BEH C18, 3.0×50 mm, 1.7 μm particles

[0400] Mobile Phase: (A) 5:95 acetonitrile:water; (B) 95:5 acetonitrile:water

[0401] Buffer: 10 mM ammonium acetate

[0402] Gradient Range: 0-100% B

[0403] Gradient Time: 1.8 min

[0404] Flow Rate: 1.2 mL/min

[0405] Analysis Time: 4 min

[0406] Detection:

• • [0407] Detector 1: UV at 220 nm
  • [0408] Detector 2: MS(ESI⁺)
    Method L:

[0409] Column: (LCMS) SunFire C18 2.1×30 mm, 2.5 μm particles

[0410] Mobile Phase: (A) 10:90 methanol:water; (B) 90:10 methanol:water

[0411] Buffer: 0.1% TFA

[0412] Gradient Range: 0-100% B

[0413] Gradient Time: 2 min

[0414] Flow Rate: 1 mL/min

[0415] Analysis Time: 3 min

[0416] Detection:

• • [0417] Detector 1: UV at 220 nm
  • [0418] Detector 2: MS(ESI⁺)
    Method M:

[0419] Column: (LCMS) SunFire C18 2.1×30 mm, 3.5 μm particles

[0420] Mobile Phase: (A) 10:90 methanol:water; (B) 90:10 methanol:water

[0421] Buffer: 0.1% TFA

[0422] Gradient Range: 0-100% B

[0423] Gradient Time: 4 min

[0424] Flow Rate: 1 mL/min

[0425] Analysis Time: 5 min

[0426] Detection:

• • [0427] Detector 1: UV at 220 nm
  • [0428] Detector 2: MS(ESI⁺)
    Method N:

[0429] Column: Waters SunFire C18 (3×150 mm), 3.5 μm

[0430] Mobile Phase: (A) 5:95 acetonitrile:water; (B) 95:5 acetonitrile:water

[0431] Buffer: 0.05% TFA

[0432] Gradient Range: 0-100% B

[0433] Gradient Time: 12 min

[0434] Flow Rate: 0.5 mL/min

[0435] Analysis Time: 15 min

[0436] Detection:

• • [0437] Detector 1: UV at 220 nm
  • [0438] Detector 2: UV at 254 nm
    Method O:

[0439] Column: Waters SunFire C18 (4.6×150 mm), 3.5 μm

[0440] Mobile Phase: (A) 5:95 acetonitrile:water; (B) 95:5 acetonitrile:water

[0441] Buffer: 0.05% TFA

[0442] Gradient Range: 0-50% B (0-15 min) 50-100% B (15-18 min)

[0443] Gradient Time: 18 min

[0444] Flow Rate: 1 mL/min

[0445] Analysis Time: 23 min

[0446] Detection:

• • [0447] Detector 1: UV at 220 nm
  • [0448] Detector 2: UV at 254 nm
    Method P:

[0449] Column: Waters XBridge Phenyl, 4.6×150 mm, 3.5 μm particles

[0450] Mobile Phase: (A) 5:95 acetonitrile:water; (B) 95:5 acetonitrile:water

[0451] Buffer: 0.05% TFA

[0452] Gradient Range: 0-100% B

[0453] Gradient Time: 12 min

[0454] Flow Rate: 1 mL/min

[0455] Analysis Time: 15 min

[0456] Detection:

• • [0457] Detector 1: UV at 220 nm
  • [0458] Detector 2: UV at 254 nm

[0459]
Step 1

[0460] To a round bottomed flask containing 4,6-dichloronicotinic acid (60 g, 313 mmol) was added chloroform (500 mL) and a single drop of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). The reaction was cooled to 0° C. and oxalyl chloride (82 mL, 938 mmol) was subsequently added over 5 minutes. The reaction was maintained at 0° C. for one hour and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The reaction vessel was recharged with chloroform and re-concentrated, this was repeated one additional time, yielding a brown oil. The oil was dissolved in chloroform (500 mL) and cooled to 0° C. To the chilled reaction vessel was added methylamine (2 M in THF, 390 mL, 780 mmol) in a gradual manner. Stirring was maintained at 0° C. for 1 hour and then the reaction was quenched via the addition of water. The product was extracted with chloroform and the combined organic layers were washed with water and brine (saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution) and then dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The crude product (52 g) was combined with another batch of crude material (27 g) and then purified using flash chromatography eluting with 40-50% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether, providing 73 g of the product Intermediate 1. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆); δ 8.60 (bm, 1H), δ 8.47 (s, 1H), δ 7.89 (s, 1H), δ 2.78 (d, J=4.6 Hz, 3H). LC retention time 1.25 min [A]. Mass Spectrometry (“MS”) (E+) m/z: 205 (MH⁺).

Step 2

[0461] To a solution of Intermediate 1 (1.8 g, 8.78 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (THF, 68 mL) was added 2-(methylthio)aniline (1.83 g, 13.2 mmol) followed by sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide solution (NaHMDS, 1M in THF, 61 mL, 61 mmol). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes and then quenched with water. The crude product was extracted with ethyl acetate, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, concentrated and purified by automated chromatography (0-100% EtOAc/hexanes) to provide Intermediate 2 (2.16 g, 80% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.34 (s, 1H), 8.77 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 8.51 (s, 1H), 7.44-7.22 (m, 4H), 6.51 (s, 1H), 2.80 (d, J=4.6 Hz, 3H), 2.43 (s, 3H). LC retention time 0.86 min [J]. MS(E⁺) m/z: 308 (MH⁺).

Step 3

[0462] Intermediate 2 (900 mg, 2.92 mmol) was suspended in acetic acid (AcOH, 9.7 mL), and hydrogen peroxide (30% aqueous solution, 6.0 mL, 58.5 mmol) and sodium tungstate dihydrate (964 mg, 2.92 mmol) were subsequently added. The reaction was complete after 30 minutes, and was then diluted with water and ethyl acetate. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer extracted once with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed once with saturated aqueous sodium bisulfate and once with water. The combined organic layers were then dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure and purified with automated silica gel chromatography (0-100% EtOAc/hexanes), yielding the sulfone product Intermediate 3. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.76 (s, 1H), 8.79 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 8.57 (s, 1H), 7.96 (dd, J=7.9, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.79-7.73 (m, 1H), 7.70-7.66 (m, 1H), 7.46 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (s, 1H), 3.17 (s, 3H), 2.79 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 3H). LC retention time 0.72 min [J]. MS(E⁺) m/z: 339 (MH⁺).

[0463]

[0464] 5-Fluoropyridin-2-amine (40 mg, 0.35 mmol) was combined with Intermediate 3 (80 mg, 0.24 mmol). To the vessel was added dimethylacetamide (DMA, 1 mL) followed by tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (Pd₂dba₃, 22 mg, 0.024 mmol), 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene (Xantphos, 27 mg, 0.047 mmol) and cesium carbonate (153 mg, 0.47 mmol). The vessel was then evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen three times and then heated to 145° C. for 2 hours. The crude product was diluted with DMF and filtered, before being purified using preparative HPLC providing 50 mg (51% yield) of 1. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.82 (s, 1H), 9.82 (s, 1H), 8.57-8.48 (m, 2H), 8.09 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.93 (dd, J=7.9, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.83-7.77 (m, 1H), 7.76-7.73 (m, 1H), 7.69-7.60 (m, 2H), 7.59 (s, 1H), 7.40-7.34 (m, 1H), 3.15 (s, 3H), 2.77 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 3H). LC retention time 1.23 min [E]. MS(E⁺) m/z: 416 (MH⁺).

[0465] The following Examples were prepared in a similar manner to the product of Example 1:

[0466]

[0467]

Exam-
ple			Rt (min)	m/z
No.	Ar1	Ar2	[Method]	[M + H]+
2			1.56 [E]	448
3			1.23 [E]	398
4			1.31 [E]	412
5			1.33 [E]	423
6			1.26 [E]	446
7			1.14 [E]	513
8			1.18 [E]	428
9			1.20 [E]	483
10			1.22 [E]	416
11			1.46 [E]	450
12			1.27 [E]	432
13			1.29 [E]	434
14			0.94 [E]	466
15			1.03 [G]	428
16			1.38 [G]	466
17			1.06 [G]	432
18			1.32 [G]	454
19			1.05 [G]	505
20			1.04 [G]	416
21			1.05 [G]	412
22			1.05 [G]	412
23			1.35 [G]	416
24			1.42 [G]	428
25			1.21 [G]	448
26			1.02 [G]	440
27			1.03 [G]	423
28			1.53 [E]	470
29			1.46 [E]	452
30			1.01 [G]	423
31			1.24 [E]	412
32			1.30 [E]	430
33			1.28 [E]	437
34			1.44 [E]	441
35			1.39 [E]	441
36			1.04 [E]	399
37			0.92 [E]	399
38			1.07 [E]	399
39			1.15 [E]	417
40			1.15 [E]	413
41			1.20 [E]	424
42			1.16 [E]	413
43			1.35 [E]	453
44			1.22 [E]	446
45			1.17 [E]	428
46			1.20 [E]	416
47			1.30 [E]	434
48			1.28 [E]	441
49			1.30 [E]	430
50			1.32 [E]	434
51			1.30 [E]	434
52			1.42 [E]	430
53			1.36 [E]	416
54			1.46 [E]	434
55			1.32 [E]	434
56			1.32 [E]	430
57			1.32 [E]	434
58			1.31 [E]	441
59			1.62 [E]	466
60			1.44 [E]	430
61			1.10 [E]	476

[0468]

[0469] To a solution of Intermediate 2 (50 mg, 0.16 mmol) in acetic acid (0.9 mL) was added hydrogen peroxide (33% aqueous solution, 18 μL, 0.20 mmol) and the reaction allowed to run for 4 hours. One drop of saturated aqueous sodium bisulfite was added, the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, rendered neutral with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and then extracted with DCM (3×). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄ filtered and concentrated leaving Intermediate 4 as a colorless powder 55 mg, 100%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.38 (s, 1H), 8.81 (d, J=4.2 Hz, 1H), 8.53 (s, 1H), 7.87 (dd, J=7.6, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.66-7.61 (m, 1H), 7.59-7.55 (m, 1H), 7.48 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 6.60 (s, 1H), 2.80 (d, J=4.6 Hz, 3H), 2.70 (s, 3H). LC retention time 1.68 [A]. MS(E⁺) m/z: 324 (MH⁺).

[0470]

[0471] 5-Fluoropyridin-2-amine (13.8 mg, 0.124 mmol) was combined with Intermediate 3 (20 mg, 0.062 mmol). To the vessel was added dimethylacetamide (DMA, 0.6 mL) followed by Pd₂dba₃ (5.7 mg, 0.0062 mmol), Xantphos (27 mg, 0.047 mmol) and cesium carbonate (80 mg, 0.247 mmol). The vessel was then evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen three times and then heated to 145° C. for 2 hours. The crude product was diluted with DMF and filtered, before being purified using preparative HPLC providing 5.2 mg (21% yield) of 62. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, methanol-d₄) δ 8.37 (s, 1H), 7.98-7.92 (m, 2H), 7.67-7.62 (m, 1H), 7.59-7.52 (m, 2H), 7.43-7.37 (m, 1H), 7.35-7.29 (m, 2H), 2.95 (s, 3H), 2.81 (s, 3H). LC retention time 1.13 [E]. MS(E⁺) m/z: 400 (MH⁺).

[0472]

[0473] To a stirred solution of Intermediate 1 (800 mg, 3.90 mmol) was added 2-aminobenzamide (1.59 g, 11.7 mmol) followed by NaHMDS (1M in THF, 23.4 mL, 23.4 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 2 hours at which point methanol was added to quench the reaction. The solvents were removed in vacuo and the crude material purified using flash chromatography (5-10% MeOH/chloroform) to provide Intermediate 5 (950 mg, 80% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.90 (s, 1H), 8.62 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 8.41 (s, 1H), 7.95 (br. s., 1H), 7.62 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.53-7.38 (m, 3H), 7.29-7.15 (m, 1H), 6.92 (s, 1H), 2.78 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 3H).). LC retention time 0.64 min [J]. MS(E⁺) m/z: 305 (MH⁺).

[0474]

[0475] 5-Fluoropyridin-2-amine (74 mg, 0.66 mmol) was combined with Intermediate 5 (100 mg, 0.328 mmol). To the vessel was added dimethylacetamide (3 mL) followed by Pd₂dba₃ (30 mg, 0.033 mmol), Xantphos (38 mg, 0.066 mmol) and cesium carbonate (214 mg, 0.656 mmol). The vessel was then evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen three times and then heated to 145° C. for 45 minutes. The crude product was diluted with DMF and filtered, before being purified using preparative HPLC providing 16.4 mg (12.5% yield) of 63. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.89 (s, 1H), 9.73 (s, 1H), 8.37 (s, 1H), 8.33 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 8.08 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.92 (s, 1H), 7.68 (s, 1H), 7.67-7.62 (m, 1H), 7.62-7.59 (m, 1H), 7.57 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.52-7.45 (m, 1H), 7.40 (s, 1H), 7.13-7.06 (m, 1H), 4.05 (s, 1H), 3.90 (s, 1H), 2.75 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 3H). LC retention time 1.24 min [E]. MS(E⁺) m/z: 381 (MH⁺).

[0476] The following Examples were prepared in a similar manner to the product of Example 63:

[0477]

[0478]

Exam-
ple			Rt (min)	m/z
No.	Ar1	Ar2	[Method]	[M + H]+
64			1.78 [E]	374
65			1.72 [E]	384
66			1.36 [E]	382
67			1.17 [E]	377
68			1.02 [E]	363
69			1.10 [E]	381
70			1.05 [E]	393
71			0.85 [G]	381
72			0.91 [G]	377
73			0.92 [G]	393
74			0.85 [G]	381
75			1.50 [E]	439
76			1.53 [E]	439
77			1.52 [E]	439
78			0.91 [G]	377
79			0.73 [G]	393
80			0.97 [G]	397
81			0.77 [G]	379
82			1.08 [G]	431
83			1.08 [G]	377
84			1.12 [G]	388
85			0.90 [G]	447
86			1.18 [G]	402
87			1.37 [E]	413
88			1.12 [G]	470
89			1.31 [G]	413
90			0.91 [G]	397
91			1.43 [E]	431
92			1.10 [G]	388
93			0.67 [G]	406
94			0.74 [G]	393
95			1.31 [G]	431
96			1.78 [E]	404
97			1.38 [E]	427
98			1.51 [E]	477
99			1.83 [E]	402
100			1.76 [E]	400
101			1.59 [E]	471
102			1.51 [E]	497
103			1.58 [E]	481
104			1.63 [E]	469
105			1.52 [E]	469
106			1.58 [E]	495
107			1.59 [E]	467
108			1.42 [G]	414
109			1.42 [G]	398
110			1.33 [G]	383
111			1.42 [G]	398
112			1.40 [G]	414
113			1.82 [G]	398
114			1.33 [G]	423
115			1.84 [G]	402
116			2.15 [G]	460
117			2.02 [G]	452
118			1.42 [G]	423
119			1.41 [G]	386
120			2.07 [G]	452
121			1.34 [G]	409
122			1.70 [E]	404
123			1.88 [E]	418
124			1.12 [G]	393
125			1.88 [G]	412
126			1.26 [E]	479
127			1.40 [E]	451
128			1.85 [E]	400
129			1.82 [E]	400
130			1.83 [E]	416
131			1.73 [E]	386
132			1.88 [E]	400
133			1.33 [G]	416
134			1.81 [E]	411
135			2.09 [E]	454
136			1.97 [E]	436
137			1.84 [E]	404
138			1.95 [E]	454
139			1.84 [E]	425
140			1.93 [E]	438
141				414
142			1.41 [E]	469
143			1.62 [G]	462
144			2.00 [E]	420
145			1.74 [E]	411
146			1.45 [G]	418
147			1.21 [G]	368
148			1.30 [G]	382
149			1.23 [G]	386
150			1.61 [G]	444
151			1.66 [E]	404
152			1.44 [G]	407
153			1.21 [G]	402
154			1.19 [G]	398
155			1.14 [G]	393
156			1.28 [G]	436
157			1.26 [G]	436
158			1.33 [G]	402
159			1.40 [G]	382
160			1.21 [G]	407
161			1.28 [G]	398
162			1.58 [E]	411
163			1.22 [G]	421
164			1.46 [E]	478
165			1.35 [E]	461
166			1.43 [E]	411
167			1.34 [E]	479
168			1.24 [E]	461
169			1.52 [E]	416
170			1.34 [E]	398
171			1.70 [E]	386
172			1.59 [E]	368
173			1.68 [E]	393
174			1.24 [E]	395
175			1.23 [E]	399
176			1.22 [E]	406
177			1.23 [E]	402
178				364
179			1.20 [E]	376
180			1.63 [E]	428
181			1.50 [E]	446
182			1.06 [E]	379
183			1.30 [E]	378

[0479]
Step 1

[0480] To a solution of 4,6-dichloronicotinic acid (4 g, 20.8 mmol) in methanol (8 mL) and tetrahydrofuran (16 mL) was added lithium hydroxide mono-hydrate (2.62 g, 62.5 mmol) and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure and 12 mL of water was added, the solution was cooled to 0° C. and 1 N hydrochloric acid (aqueous) was added while the solution was agitated resulting in a precipitate. Gradual addition of the acid was continued until the pH measured (litmus paper) to be ˜4. The suspension was then filtered and the solid collected and triturated with diethyl ether for 1 hour. The solid was filtered, dried and collected yielding Intermediate 6 (2.84 g, 73%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.23 (br. s., 1H), 8.54 (s, 1H), 7.32 (s, 1H), 3.94 (s, 3H). LC retention time 0.55 min [J]. MS(E⁺) m/z: 188 (MH⁺).

Step 2

[0481] 5-Fluoropyridin-2-amine (1.195 g, 10.66 mmol) was combined with Intermediate 6 (1.00 g, 5.33 mmol). To the vessel was added DMA (20 mL) followed by Pd₂dba₃ (488 mg, 0.533 mmol), Xantphos (617 mg, 1.07 mmol) and cesium carbonate (3.47 g, 107 mmol). The vessel was then evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen three times and then heated to 145° C. for 30 minutes. The crude reaction was diluted with methanol and filtered (rinsing with methanol). The filtrate was concentrated to minimal volume using a rotary evaporator connected to an oil pump. To the viscous oil was added 1N HCl (aqueous) to a pH ˜2 resulting in a precipitate which was then sonicated and filtered off, rinsing with cold water. The solid was collected, dried and suspended in diethyl ether. The slurry was sonicated and subsequently filtered, rinsing with diethyl ether. The solid was once again collected and this time suspended in 1:1 dichloromethane:ether and again sonicated. Filtration followed by a 1:1 dichloromethane:ether rinse and a hexanes rinse yielded the Intermediate 7 (1.31 g, 94%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.60 (s, 1H), 8.35 (d, J=3.1 Hz, 1H), 7.86 (td, J=8.6, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (s, 1H), 3.96 (s, 3H). LC retention time 0.50 min [J]. MS(E⁺) m/z: 264 (MH⁺).

Step 3

[0482] To a suspension of Intermediate 7 (1.53 g, 5.81 mmol) in glacial acetic acid (50 mL) was added hydrobromic acid (48% in AcOH, 9.86 mL, 87 mmol)). The vessel was sealed and heated to 110° C. for 4 hours. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and the solvent removed under reduced pressure, the crude product was co-evaporated with toluene and then suspended in diethyl ether and filtered rinsing with ether. The resulting red powder (1.8 g, 100%) was carried on without further purification. LC retention time 0.55 min [J]. MS(E⁺) m/z: 250 (MH⁺).

Step 4

[0483] Intermediate 8 (1.1 g, 4.41 mmol) was dissolved in phosphorus oxychloride (POCl₃, 25 mL, 265 mmol), to this was added triethylamine (0.61 mL, 4.4 mmol)) and the reaction was sealed and heated to 110° C. for 2 hours. The reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure and dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (20 mL). The solution was cooled to 0° C. and methylamine (2M in THF, 4.42 mL, 8.84 mmol) was gradually added. The reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 1 hour, concentrated and then purified using flash chromatography providing Intermediate 9 (500 mg, 40% yield). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.20 (s, 1H), 8.36 (m, 1H), 8.29 (m, 2H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.69 (m, 2H), 2.76 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 3H). LC retention time 0.57 min [J]. MS(E⁺) m/z: 281 (MH⁺).

[0484]

[0485] Intermediate 9 (20 mg, 0.071 mmol) was combined aniline (13 mg, 0.4 mmol) in NMP (1 mL), to this was added hydrochloric acid (4M in dioxane, 14 μL, 0.057 mmol) and the vessel was sealed and heated to 120° C. overnight. The crude reaction was filtered and purified using preparative HPLC providing 8.7 mg (36% yield) of 184. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, methanol-d₄) δ 8.29 (s, 1H), 8.00 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (s, 1H), 7.45-7.37 (m, 3H), 7.35-7.29 (m, 3H), 7.20-7.14 (m, 1H), 2.93 (s, 3H). LC retention time 1.62 min [E]. MS(E⁺) m/z: 338 (MH⁺).

[0486] The following Examples were prepared in a similar manner to the product of Example 184:

[0487]

[0488]

Example			Rt (min)	m/z
No.	Ar1	Ar2	[Method]	[M + H]+
185			1.87	[E]	378
186			1.24	[E]	405
187			1.46	[E]	453
188			1.88	[E]	388
189			1.74	[E]	370
190			6.25	[F]	368
191			1.00	[G]	382
192			1.23	[G]	398
193			1.30	[G]	352
194			1.60	[G]	414
195			1.18	[G]	368
196			1.18	[G]	356
197			1.30	[G]	352
198			1.46	[G]	378
199			1.24	[G]	386
200			1.10	[G]	435
201			0.94	[G]	416
202			1.22	[G]	368
203			1.34	[G]	402
204			1.21	[G]	374
205			1.28	[G]	404
206			1.42	[G]	436
207			1.74	[E]	402
208			7.46	[F]	354
209			2.55	[H]	422
210			2.64	[H]	438
211			2.09	[H]	423
212			6.22	[F]	377
213			1.28	[G]	433
214			1.12	[G]	423
215			1.25	[G]	433
216			1.41	[G]	435
217			1.50	[G]	419
218			1.28	[G]	453
219			1.26	[G]	453
220			1.16	[G]	465
221			1.25	[G]	514
222			1.04	[G]	513
223			1.20	[G]	449
224			1.19	[G]	449
225			1.23	[G]	463
226			1.30	[G]	451
227			1.14	[E]	439
228			1.31	[E]	171
229			1.43	[E]	493
230			1.52	[E]	485
231			10.2	[F]	352
232			1.36	[E]	467

[0489]
Step 1

[0490] To a stirred solution of Intermediate 1 (1.00 g, 4.88 mmol) in DMA (30 mL) was added 4-amino-3-methoxybenzoic acid (1.22 g, 7.32 mmol) followed by NaHMDS (1M in THF, 36.6 mL, 36.6 mmol). The reaction was stirred for 2 hours at which point the THF was removed in vacuo and HCl (1M aqueous) was added to adjust to pH to ˜5, the resulting heterogeneous slurry was filtered off yielding Intermediate 10. The filtrate was extracted with DCM and washed with water (3×), dried, concentrated and purified by automated silica gel chromatography (0-100% MeOH/DCM) to yield additional material. Total yield=0.87 g, 53%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.86 (br. s., 1H), 10.64 (s, 1H), 8.81 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 8.52 (s, 1H), 7.65-7.50 (m, 3H), 7.14 (s, 1H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 2.80 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 3H). LC retention time 0.70 [J]. MS(E⁺) m/z: 336 (MH⁺).

Step 2

[0491] 5-Fluoropyridin-2-amine (217 mg, 1.94 mmol) was combined with Intermediate 10 (500 mg, 1.49 mmol). To the vessel was added dimethylacetamide (10 mL) followed by Pd₂dba₃ (136 mg, 0.15 mmol), Xantphos (172 mg, 0.30 mmol) and cesium carbonate (0.970 g, 2.98 mmol). The vessel was then evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen three times and then heated to 145° C. for 2 hours. The crude product was filtered and then concentrated on rotary evaporator connected to an oil pump vacuum. The crude oil was absorbed onto silica gel, dried and then purified using automated chromatography (0-100% MeOH/DCM) to provide 300 mg (49% yield) of Intermediate 11. LC retention time 0.66 [J]. MS(E⁺) m/z: 412 (MH⁺).

[0492]

[0493] To a DMF (1 mL) solution containing Intermediate 11 (30 mg, 0.073 mmol), ammonium chloride (7.8 mg, 0.15 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (51 μL, 0.29 mmol) was added O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU, 36 mg, 0.095 mmol) and the reaction stirred for 1 hour. The reaction was filtered and purified by pHPLC providing 233 (12 mg, 40% yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.66 (s, 1H), 9.86 (s, 1H), 8.56-8.44 (m, 2H), 8.20 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.87 (s, 1H), 7.72-7.62 (m, 2H), 7.61-7.55 (m, 3H), 7.31 (br. s., 1H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 2.77 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 3H). LC retention time 1.09 [E]. MS(E⁺) m/z: 411 (MH⁺).

[0494] The following Examples were prepared in a similar manner to the product of Example 233

[0495]

[0496]

Example			Rt (min)	m/z
No.	Ar1	Ar2	[Method]	[M + H]+
234			1.11	[E]	395
235			1.62	[E]	463
236			1.29	[E]	465
237			1.20	[E]	425
238			1.08	[E]	455
239			1.57	[E]	479
240			1.53	[E]	467
241			1.25	[E]	481
242			1.03	[E]	381
243			1.13	[E]	395
244			1.54	[E]	449
245			1.22	[E]	451
246			1.49	[E]	437
247			1.49	[E]	501
248			1.40	[E]	465
249			1.11	[E]	505
250			1.16	[E]	411
251			1.34	[E]	409
252			1.52	[E]	465
253			1.42	[E]	430

[0497]
Step 1

[0498] To a stirred solution of Intermediate 1 (0.25 g, 1.22 mmol) in DMA (3 mL) was added 4-chloro-2-methoxyaniline (0.25 g, 1.58 mmol) followed by NaHMDS (1M in THF, 3.66 mL, 3.66 mmol). The reaction was stirred for 20 minutes and then water was gradually added resulting in the product crashing out as a precipitate. The product was collected by filtration, washed with additional water and then dried under vacuum providing Intermediate 12 (361 mg, 91% yield). LC retention time 3.44 min [A].

Step 2

[0499] Methyl 2-aminoisonicotinate (70 mg, 0.46 mmol) was combined with Intermediate 12 (100 mg, 0.31 mmol). To the vessel was added dimethylacetamide (0.6 mL) followed by Pd₂dba₃ (28 mg, 0.031 mmol), Xantphos (35 mg, 0.061 mmol) and cesium carbonate (0.25 g, 0.77 mmol). The vessel was then evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen three times and then heated to 145° C. for 1 hour. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and 0.1 mL of sodium hydroxide (1M in water, 0.1 mmol) was added and the reaction was reheated to 60° C. and stirred overnight. The reaction was diluted with MeOH (˜5 mL) and the resulting solids filtered off, rinsing with MeOH, yielding Intermediate 13 (63 mg, 48% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.43 (s, 1H), 9.51 (s, 1H), 8.51-8.38 (m, 2H), 8.04 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (s, 1H), 7.71 (s, 1H), 7.54 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.20-7.12 (m, 2H), 7.08 (dd, J=8.6, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 2.77 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 3H). LC retention time 2.83 min [A].

[0500]

[0501] Intermediate 13 (20 mg, 0.047 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (0.2 mL) and methylamine hydrochloride (9.5 mg, 0.14 mmol) as well as N,N-diisopropylethylamine (24 μL, 0.14 mmol) were subsequently added to the reaction vessel. To this vessel was added (benxotriazol-1-yloxy)tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (BOP, 31 mg, 0.070 mmol) and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The solution was diluted further with DMF, filtered and purified via pHPLC providing 254 (1.5 mg, 7.3% yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, methanol-d₄) δ 8.32 (s, 1H), 8.28 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (s, 1H), 7.64 (s, 1H), 7.51 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (dd, J=5.0, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.03-6.96 (m, 2H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 2.96 (s, 3H), 2.94 (s, 3H). LC retention time 1.46 [E]. MS(E⁺) m/z: 441 (MH⁺).

[0502] The following Examples were prepared in a similar manner to the product of Example 254:

[0503]

[0504]

Example			Rt (min)	m/z
No.	Ar1	Ar2	[Method]	[M + H]+
255			1.40 [E]	427
256			1.34 [E]	429
257			1.42 [E]	443
258			1.48 [E]	457
259			1.59 [E]	467
260			1.52 [E]	441
261			1.65 [E]	467
262			1.30 [E]	455
263			1.27 [E]	497
264			1.26 [E]	429
265			1.35 [E]	499
266			1.35 [E]	487
267			1.15 [E]	411
268			1.24 [E]	465
269			1.24 [E]	481
270			1.47 [E]	483
271			1.24 [E]	469
272			1.24 [E]	439
273			1.30 [E]	443
274			1.36 [E]	457
275			1.49 [I]	425
276			1.20 [E]	411
277			1.30 [E]	439
278			1.29 [E]	450