Oligonucleotide replacement for di-tagged and directional libraries

[0001] This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. provisional application Ser. 61/437,451, filed Jan. 28, 2011, and Ser. 61/506,777, filed Jul. 12, 2011, both entitled “Fragmenting and Di-Tagging DNA using a transposon with oligonucleotide replacement, non-displacement gap-fill, and ligation. The contents of these applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0002] The present invention relates to molecular biology, and more specifically to methods of using transposases to fragment and tag nucleic acids, which can be useful as DNA libraries for sequencing.

[0003] Sample preparation for next-generation sequencing can involve fragmentation of genomic DNA or double-stranded cDNA (prepared from RNA) into smaller fragments, followed by addition of functional tag sequences (“tags”) to the strands of the fragments. Where a single-stranded sequence is tagged at both ends, the term “di-tagged” can be used. Such tags include priming sites for DNA polymerases for sequencing reactions, restriction sites, and domains for capture, amplification, detection, address, and transcription promoters. Previous methods for generating DNA fragment libraries required fragmenting the target DNA mechanically using a sonicator, nebulizer, or by a nuclease, and then joining (e.g., by ligation) the oligonucleotides containing the tags to the ends of the fragments.

[0004] A novel method for using transposons to rapidly achieve these steps was disclosed in US 2010/0120098 by Grunenwald, which is incorporated herein by reference, to generate fragments from any double-stranded DNA (e.g. genomic, amplicon, viral, phage, cDNA derived from RNA, etc.). Particularly useful transposon systems include the hyperactive Tn5 transposon system described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,965,443 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,437,109 by Reznikoff, and the Mu transposon system in U.S. Pat. No. 6,593,113 by Tenkanen, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. Reznikoff in particular described a 19-base transposase end sequence (SEQ ID NO:3) that is frequently referred to as “ME”. In some embodiments of the transposon method, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used as a downstream step for DNA amplification. This can raise concerns because of PCR's potential to over- or underrepresent the relative amounts of a given sequence, depending on its G+C composition, especially in regions of extreme G+C content where PCR bias can confound the annotation and analysis of the data.

[0005] The present invention provides a method for adding one or more tags to the double-stranded product of a tagmentation reaction. The method involves providing a double-stranded target nucleic acid and a transposome having a transposase with two transposon end sequences: a “transferred strand” and a “non-transferred strand”. The transposome breaks the target nucleic acid into fragments while covalently transferring the transferred strand to a first strand of the fragment; the non-transferred strand of the transposome remains hybridized to the transferred strand. In one embodiment, the non-transferred strand has the general formulas

[0006]

	SEQ ID NO: 20
	BTGTYTCBTN1-9
	SEQ ID NO: 21
	NTGTMTCNTN0-10

where the IUPAC nomenclature for degenerate nucleotide positions is used, and N_x-y indicates a sequence having a range of x to y nucleotides, inclusive. Among the fragments, the non-transferred strand is removed from the transferred strand and replaced by an oligo that comprises a tag sequence. The replacement oligo is then joined to the second strand of the fragment by ligation and optionally by an extension step. The result of the method is a fragment of the target nucleic acid that has been tagged with one or more tag sequences, which can be useful for subsequent analysis, such as sequencing.

[0007] The invention also provides a method for generating directional libraries by providing the target nucleic acid where one strand is chemically modified. Selectively enriching one strand in the product of the tagementation reaction results in a fragment that has been tagged in a strand-specific manner, i.e. a 5′-end tag and a 3′-end tag.

[0008] Novel transposase end sequences are also provided herein, having the general sequences

[0009]

	SEQ ID NO: 1
	MRWTGTGHWKAVGARACAV
	and
	SEQ ID NO: 2
	NSHBGHSHDDRNGAKACAN.

These end sequences can be used in the methods of the invention, and with transposases for related tagmentation reactions in general.

[0015] The present invention provides an improved method for preparing di-tagged dsDNA. The method involves (a) providing a double-stranded target nucleic acid and a transposome having a transposase with two transposon end sequences: a “transferred strand” and a “non-transferred strand”; (b) allowing the transposome to fragment the target nucleic acid, whereby the transferred strand is covalently transferred to a first strand of the fragment, and the non-transferred strand remains hybridized to the transferred strand; (c) removing the non-transferred strand from the transferred strand; (d) providing a replacement oligo that comprises a tag sequence, to hybridize to transferred strand; and (e) ligating the replacement oligo to the second strand of the fragment. Thus, the method generates a tagmentation product having a transferred strand and a replacement oligo.

[0016] The target DNA used in the method can be any nucleic acid of interest. Target nucleic acids can include DNA, peptide nucleic acid, morpholino nucleic acid, locked nucleic acid, glycol nucleic acid, threose nucleic acid, mixtures thereof, and hybrids thereof. In a preferred embodiment, genomic DNA fragments or amplified copies thereof are used as the target nucleic acid. In another preferred embodiment, mitochondrial or chloroplast DNA is used.

[0017] A target nucleic acid can comprise any nucleotide sequence. In some embodiments, the target nucleic acid comprises homopolymer sequences. A target nucleic acid can also include repeat sequences. Repeat sequences can be any of a variety of lengths including, for example, 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000 nucleotides or more. Repeat sequences can be repeated, either contiguously or non-contiguously, any of a variety of times including, for example, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20 times or more.

[0018] Some embodiments described herein can utilize a single target nucleic acid. Other embodiments can utilize a plurality of target nucleic acids. In such embodiments, a plurality of target nucleic acids can include a plurality of the same target nucleic acids, a plurality of different target nucleic acids where some target nucleic acids are the same, or a plurality of target nucleic acids where all target nucleic acids are different. Embodiments that utilize a plurality of target nucleic acids can be carried out in multiplex formats so that reagents are delivered simultaneously to the target nucleic acids, for example, in one or more chambers or on an array surface. In some embodiments, the plurality of target nucleic acids can include substantially all of a particular organism's genome. The plurality of target nucleic acids can include at least a portion of a particular organism's genome including, for example, at least about 1%, 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the genome. In particular embodiments the portion can have an upper limit that is at most about 1%, 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the genome

[0019] Target nucleic acids can be obtained from any source. For example, target nucleic acids may be prepared from nucleic acid molecules obtained from a single organism or from populations of nucleic acid molecules obtained from natural sources that include one or more organisms. Sources of nucleic acid molecules include, but are not limited to, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, or organisms. Cells that may be used as sources of target nucleic acid molecules may be prokaryotic (bacterial cells, for example, Escherichia, Bacillus, Serratia, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Clostridium, Chlamydia, Neisseria, Treponema, Mycoplasma, Borrelia, Legionella, Pseudomonas, Mycobacterium, Helicobacter, Erwinia, Agrobacterium, Rhizobium, and Streptomyces genera); archeaon, such as crenarchaeota, nanoarchaeota or euryarchaeotia; or eukaryotic such as fungi, (for example, yeasts), plants, protozoans and other parasites, and animals (including insects (for example, Drosophila spp.), nematodes (e.g., Caenorhabditis elegans), and mammals (for example, rat, mouse, monkey, non-human primate and human).

[0020] In some embodiments, the target nucleic acid can be provided where one strand is chemically modified, such as with a fragmentation site. A fragmentation site can be used to cleave the physical, but not the informational association between a first barcode sequence and a second barcode sequence. Cleavage may be by biochemical, chemical or other means. In some embodiments, a fragmentation site can include a nucleotide or nucleotide sequence that may be fragmented by various means. For example, a fragmentation site may be a substrate for an enzyme, such as a nuclease, that will cleave the physical association between a first barcode sequence and a second barcode sequence. For example, the fragmentation site comprises a restriction endonuclease site and may be cleaved with an appropriate restriction endonuclease. In another example, a fragmentation site can comprise at least one ribonucleotide in a nucleic acid that may otherwise comprise deoxyribonucleotides and may be cleaved with an RNAse. Chemical cleavage agents capable of selectively cleaving the phosphodiester bond between a deoxyribonucleotide and a ribonucleotide include metal ions, for example rare-earth metal ions (e.g., La³⁺, particularly Tm³⁺, Yb³⁺ or Lu³⁺ (Chen et al. Biotechniques. 2002, 32: 518-520; Komiyama et al. Chem. Commun. 1999, 1443-1451)), Fe(3) or Cu(3), or exposure to elevated pH, e.g., treatment with a base such as sodium hydroxide. As used herein, selective cleavage of the phosphodiester bond between a deoxyribonucleotide and a ribonucleotide can refer to the chemical cleavage agent is not capable of cleaving the phosphodiester bond between two deoxyribonucleotides under the same conditions.

[0021] In another example, the fragmentation site can comprise one or more recognition sequences for a nickase, that is, a nicking endonuclease that breaks one strand of a double-stranded nucleic acid. Thus, the fragmentation site can comprise a first nickase recognition sequence, a second nickase recognition sequence. The cut site for each recognition sequence can be the same site or different site.

[0022] In another example, a fragmentation site can include one or more nucleotide analogues that comprise an abasic site and permits cleavage at the fragmentation site in the presence of certain chemical agents, such as polyamine, N,N′-dimethylethylene-diamine (DMED) (U.S. Patent Publication No. 2010/0022403). In one embodiment, the chemical modification can be a conversion of cytosines to uracils. In some embodiments, an abasic site may be created within a fragmentation site by first providing a fragmentation site comprising a deoxyuridine (U) of a double stranded nucleic acid. The enzyme uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG) may then be used to remove the uracil base, generating an abasic site on one strand. The polynucleotide strand including the abasic site may then be cleaved at the abasic site by treatment with endonuclease (e.g. Endo IV endonuclease, AP lyase, FPG glycosylase/AP lyase, Endo VIII glycosylase/AP lyase), heat or alkali. Abasic sites may also be generated at nucleotide analogues other than deoxyuridine and cleaved in an analogous manner by treatment with endonuclease, heat or alkali. For example, 8-oxo-guanine can be converted to an abasic site by exposure to FPG glycosylase. Deoxyinosine can be converted to an abasic site by exposure to AlkA glycosylase. The abasic sites thus generated may then be cleaved, typically by treatment with a suitable endonuclease (e.g. Endo IV, AP lyase). (U.S. Patent Publication No. 2011/0014657).

[0023] In another example, a fragmentation site may include a diol linkage which permits cleavage by treatment with periodate (e.g., sodium periodate). In another example, a fragmentation site may include a disulphide group which permits cleavage with a chemical reducing agent, e.g. Tris(2-carboxyethyl)-phosphate hydrochloride (TCEP).

[0024] In some embodiments, a fragmentation site may include a cleavable moiety that may be subject to photochemical cleavage. Photochemical cleavage encompasses any method which utilizes light energy in order to achieve cleavage of nucleic acids, for example, one or both strands of a double-stranded nucleic acid molecule. A site for photochemical cleavage can be provided by a non-nucleotide chemical moiety in a nucleic acid, such as phosphoramidite [4-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityloxy)butyramidomethyl)-1-(2-nitrophenyl)-ethyl]-2-cyanoethyl-(N,N-diisopropyl)-phosphoramidite) (Glen Research, Sterling, Va., USA, Cat No. 10-4913-XX).

[0025] In some embodiments, a fragmentation site can include a peptide, for example, conjugate structure in which a peptide molecule is linked to a nucleic acid. The peptide molecule can subsequently be cleaved by a peptidase enzyme of the appropriate specificity, or any other suitable means of non-enzymatic chemical or photochemical cleavage. In some embodiments, a conjugate between peptide and nucleic acid will be formed by covalently linking a peptide to a nucleic acid, e.g., a strand of a double-stranded nucleic acid. Conjugates between a peptide and nucleic acid can be prepared using techniques generally known in the art. In one such technique the peptide and nucleic acid components of the desired amino acid and nucleotide sequence can be synthesized separately, e.g. by standard automated chemical synthesis techniques, and then conjugated in aqueous/organic solution. By way of example, the OPeC™ system commercially available from Glen Research is based on the native ligation of an N-terminal thioester-functionalized peptide to a 5′-cysteinyl oligonucleotide.

[0026] The method of the invention can use any transposase that can accept a transposase end sequence and fragment a target nucleic acid, attaching a transferred end, but not a non-transferred end. A “transposome” is comprised of at least a transposase enzyme and a transposase recognition site. In some such systems, termed “transposomes”, the transposase can form a functional complex with a transposon recognition site that is capable of catalyzing a transposition reaction. The transposase or integrase may bind to the transposase recognition site and insert the transposase recognition site into a target nucleic acid in a process sometimes termed “tagmentation”. In some such insertion events, one strand of the transposase recognition site may be transferred into the target nucleic acid.

[0027] Some embodiments can include the use of a hyperactive Tn5 transposase and a Tn5-type transposase recognition site (Goryshin and Reznikoff, J. Biol. Chem., 273:7367 (1998)), or MuA transposase and a Mu transposase recognition site comprising R1 and R2 end sequences (Mizuuchi, K., Cell, 35: 785, 1983; Savilahti, H, et al., EMBO J., 14: 4893, 1995). An exemplary transposase recognition site that forms a complex with a hyperactive Tn5 transposase (e.g., EZ-Tn5™ Transposase, Epicentre Biotechnologies, Madison, Wis.).

[0028] More examples of transposition systems that can be used with certain embodiments provided herein include Staphylococcus aureus Tn552 (Colegio et al., J. Bacteriol., 183: 2384-8, 2001; Kirby C et al., Mol. Microbiol., 43: 173-86, 2002), Ty1 (Devine & Boeke, Nucleic Acids Res., 22: 3765-72, 1994 and International Publication WO 95/23875), Transposon Tn7 (Craig, N L, Science. 271: 1512, 1996; Craig, N L, Review in: Curr Top Microbiol Immunol., 204:27-48, 1996), Tn/O and IS10 (Kleckner N, et al., Curr Top Microbiol Immunol., 204:49-82, 1996), Mariner transposase (Lampe D J, et al., EMBO J., 15: 5470-9, 1996), Tc1 (Plasterk R H, Curr. Topics Microbiol. Immunol., 204: 125-43, 1996), P Element (Gloor, G B, Methods Mol. Biol., 260: 97-114, 2004), Tn3 (Ichikawa & Ohtsubo, J Biol. Chem. 265:18829-32, 1990), bacterial insertion sequences (Ohtsubo & Sekine, Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 204: 1-26, 1996), retroviruses (Brown, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 86:2525-9, 1989), and retrotransposon of yeast (Boeke & Corces, Annu Rev Microbiol. 43:403-34, 1989). More examples include IS5, Tn10, Tn903, IS911, and engineered versions of transposase family enzymes (Zhang et al., (2009) PLoS Genet. 5:e1000689. Epub 2009 Oct. 16; Wilson C. et al (2007) J. Microbiol. Methods 71:332-5).

[0029] The Tn5 system uses Tn5 transposases with the 19-base ME sequence (SEQ ID NO:3) as the transferred end. As discussed in Example 2, however, other transferred ends can be used, and can be described by the generic formulas

[0030]

	SEQ ID NO: 1
	MRWTGTGHWKAVGARACAV
	and
	SEQ ID NO: 2
	NSHBGHSHDDRNGAKACAN.

More particularly, the transferred ends can be

[0031]

	SEQ ID NO: 4
	CGTTGTGTGGACGAGACAC 11G:C(C1)
	SEQ ID NO: 5
	CGTTGTGTGGACGAGACAG 11G:C(G1)
	SEQ ID NO: 6
	AGATGTGCATATGATACAG Diff1(G1)
	SEQ ID NO: 7
	AG.TGT....AAGAGACAT Shorty
	SEQ ID NO: 22
	TGACGCGGGTAAGAGACAA Malt 1
	SEQ ID NO: 23
	GGATGCGATGAGGAGACAA Malt 6
	SEQ ID NO: 24
	ACATGACCAAGAGAGACAG Malt 8
	SEQ ID NO: 25
	AGCGGTGAATAAGAGACAA Malt 10
	SEQ ID NO: 26
	AGCGGTGAATAAGAGACAG Malt 11,
	or
	SEQ ID NO: 27
	ACATGAGTATAAGAGACAA Malt 12.

[0032] Based on the truncated sequences discussed in Example 1 and the complementary sequences to SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:2, the present invention also provides a non-transferred strands having the general formula:

[0033]

	SEQ ID NO: 20
	BTGTYTCBTN1-10
	SEQ ID NO: 21
	NTGTMTCNTN0-10

where the N_0-10 indicates zero to ten nucleotides. As examples, the non-transferred strand can be selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, and SEQ ID NO:18.

[0034] The end sequences can further comprise a tag sequence, which can be added covalently to the fragments in the process of the tagmentation method. As used herein, the term “tag” means a nucleotide sequence that is attached to another nucleic acid to provide the nucleic acid with some functionality. Examples of tags include barcodes, primer sites, affinity tags, and reporter moieties.

[0035] Generally, a barcode can include one or more nucleotide sequences that can be used to identify one or more particular nucleic acids. The barcode can be an artificial sequence, or can be a naturally occurring sequence, such as a g-code, described herein. A barcode can comprise at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or more consecutive nucleotides. In some embodiments, a barcode comprises at least about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 80, 90, 100 or more consecutive nucleotides. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the barcodes in a population of nucleic acids comprising barcodes is different. In some embodiments, at least about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99% of the barcodes are different. In more such embodiments, all of the barcodes are different. The diversity of different barcodes in a population of nucleic acids comprising barcodes can be randomly generated or non-randomly generated.

[0036] In some embodiments, a transposon sequence comprises at least one barcode. In some embodiments, a transposon sequence comprises a barcode comprising a first barcode sequence and a second barcode sequence. In some such embodiments, the first barcode sequence can be identified or designated to be paired with the second barcode sequence. For example, a known first barcode sequence can be known to be paired with a known second barcode sequence using a reference table comprising a plurality of first and second bar code sequences known to be paired to one another.

[0037] In another example, the first barcode sequence can comprise the same sequence as the second barcode sequence. In another example, the first barcode sequence can comprise the reverse complement of the second barcode sequence. In some embodiments, the first barcode sequence and the second barcode sequence are different (“bi-codes”). It will be understood that in some embodiments, the vast number of available barcodes permits each template nucleic acid molecule to comprise a unique identification. Unique identification of each molecule in a mixture of template nucleic acids can be used in several applications to identify individual nucleic acid molecules, in samples having multiple chromosomes, genomes, cells, cell types, cell disease states, and species, for example in haplotype sequencing, parental allele discrimination, metagenomic sequencing, and sample sequencing of a genome.

[0038] In some embodiments, useful tag is a primer site that can hybridize to a primer. The orientation of the primer sites in such embodiments can be such that a primer hybridizing to the first primer site and a primer hybridizing to the second primer site are in the same orientation, or in different orientations. In one embodiment, the primer sequence can be complementary to a primer used for amplification. In another embodiment, the primer sequence is complementary to a primer used for sequencing.

[0039] In some embodiments, a tag can include a first primer site, a second primer site having a non-amplifiable site disposed therebetween. The non-amplifiable site is useful to block extension of a polynucleotide strand between the first and second primer sites, wherein the polynucleotide strand hybridizes to one of the primer sites. The non-amplifiable site can also be useful to prevent concatamers. Examples of non-amplifiable sites include a nucleotide analogue, non-nucleotide chemical moiety, amino-acid, peptide, and polypeptide. In some embodiments, a non-amplifiable site comprises a nucleotide analogue that does not significantly base-pair with A, C, G or T.

[0040] In some embodiments, a tag can be an affinity tag. Affinity tags can be useful for the bulk separation of target nucleic acids hybridized to hybridization tags. As used herein, the term “affinity tag” and grammatical equivalents can refer to a component of a multi-component complex, wherein the components of the multi-component complex specifically interact with or bind to each other. For example an affinity tag can include biotin or His that can bind streptavidin or nickel, respectively. Other examples of multiple-component affinity tag complexes include, ligands and their receptors, for example, avidin-biotin, streptavidin-biotin, and derivatives of biotin, streptavidin, or avidin, including, but not limited to, 2-iminobiotin, desthiobiotin, NeutrAvidin (Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg.), CaptAvidin (Molecular Probes), and the like; binding proteins/peptides, including maltose-maltose binding protein (MBP), calcium-calcium binding protein/peptide (CBP); antigen-antibody, including epitope tags, and their corresponding anti-epitope antibodies; haptens, for example, dinitrophenyl and digoxigenin, and their corresponding antibodies; aptamers and their corresponding targets; poly-His tags (e.g., penta-His and hexa-His) and their binding partners including corresponding immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) materials and anti-poly-His antibodies; fluorophores and anti-fluorophore antibodies; and the like. In some embodiments, a tag can comprise a reporter moiety. As used herein, the term “reporter moiety” and grammatical equivalents can refer to any identifiable tag, label, or group. The skilled artisan will appreciate that many different species of reporter moieties can be used with the methods and compositions described herein, either individually or in combination with one or more different reporter moieties. In certain embodiments, a reporter moiety can emit a signal. Examples of signals fluorescent, a chemiluminescent, a bioluminescent, a phosphorescent, a radioactive, a calorimetric, or an electrochemiluminescent signals. Example reporter moieties include fluorophores, radioisotopes, chromogens, enzymes, antigens including epitope tags, semiconductor nanocrystals such as quantum dots, heavy metals, dyes, phosphorescence groups, chemiluminescent groups, electrochemical detection moieties, binding proteins, phosphors, rare earth chelates, transition metal chelates, near-infrared dyes, electrochemiluminescence labels, and mass spectrometer compatible reporter moieties, such as mass tags, charge tags, and isotopes. More reporter moieties that may be used with the methods and compositions described herein include spectral labels such as fluorescent dyes (e.g., fluorescein isothiocyanate, Texas red, rhodamine, and the like), radiolabels (e.g., ³H, ¹²⁵I, ³⁵S, ¹⁴C, ³²P, ³³P, etc.), enzymes (e.g., horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase etc.) spectral calorimetric labels such as colloidal gold or colored glass or plastic (e.g. polystyrene, polypropylene, latex, etc.) beads; magnetic, electrical, thermal labels; and mass tags. Reporter moieties can also include enzymes (horseradish peroxidase, etc.) and magnetic particles. More reporter moieties include chromophores, phosphors and fluorescent moieties, for example, Texas red, dixogenin, biotin, 1- and 2-aminonaphthalene, p,p′-diaminostilbenes, pyrenes, quaternary phenanthridine salts, 9-aminoacridines, p,p′-diaminobenzophenone imines, anthracenes, oxacarbocyanine, merocyanine, 3-aminoequilenin, perylene, bis-benzoxazole, bis-p-oxazolyl benzene, 1,2-benzophenazin, retinol, bis-3-aminopyridinium salts, hellebrigenin, tetracycline, sterophenol, benzimidazolylphenylamine, 2-oxo-3-chromen, indole, xanthen, 7-hydroxycoumarin, phenoxazine, calicylate, strophanthidin, porphyrins, triarylmethanes and flavin. Individual fluorescent compounds which have functionalities for linking to an element desirably detected in an apparatus or assay provided herein, or which can be modified to incorporate such functionalities include, e.g., dansyl chloride; fluoresceins such as 3,6-dihydroxy-9-phenylxanthydrol; rhodamineisothiocyanate; N-phenyl 1-amino-8-sulfonatonaphthalene; N-phenyl 2-amino-6-sulfonatonaphthalene; 4-acetamido-4-isothiocyanato-stilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid; pyrene-3-sulfonic acid; 2-toluidinonaphthalene-6-sulfonate; N-phenyl-N-methyl-2-aminoaphthalene-6-sulfonate; ethidium bromide; stebrine; auromine-0,2-(9′-anthroyl)palmitate; dansyl phosphatidylethanolamine; N,N′-dioctadecyl oxacarbocyanine: N,N′-dihexyl oxacarbocyanine; merocyanine, 4-(3′-pyrenyl)stearate; d-3-aminodesoxy-equilenin; 12-(9′-anthroyl)stearate; 2-methylanthracene; 9-vinylanthracene; 2,2′(vinylene-p-phenylene)bisbenzoxazole; p-bis(2-methyl-5-phenyl-oxazolyl))benzene; 6-dimethylamino-1,2-benzophenazin; retinol; bis(3′-aminopyridinium) 1,10-decandiyl diiodide; sulfonaphthylhydrazone of hellibrienin; chlorotetracycline; N-(7-dimethylamino-4-methyl-2-oxo-3-chromenyl)maleimide; N-(p-(2benzimidazolyl)-phenyl)maleimide; N-(4-fluoranthyl)maleimide; bis(homovanillic acid); resazarin; 4-chloro7-nitro-2,1,3-benzooxadiazole; merocyanine 540; resorufin; rose bengal; 2,4-diphenyl-3(2H)-furanone, fluorescent lanthanide complexes, including those of Europium and Terbium, fluorescein, rhodamine, tetramethylrhodamine, eosin, erythrosin, coumarin, methyl-coumarins, quantum dots (also referred to as “nanocrystals”: see U.S. Pat. No. 6,544,732), pyrene, Malachite green, stilbene, Lucifer Yellow, Cascade Blue™, Texas Red, Cy dyes (Cy3, Cy5, etc.), Alexa Fluor® dyes, phycoerythin, bodipy, and others described in the 6th Edition of the Molecular Probes Handbook by Richard P. Haugland.

[0041] The invention further provides a nucleic acid comprising one or two copies of the transposase end sequences, which can be generated by performing the method of the invention. When the method is performed on a target sequence and different fragments are generated, the invention provides a library of these different nucleic acids.

[0042] The non-transferred strand with or without nuclease-protecting and/or chain-termination groups (e.g. phosphorothioate and/or dideoxy) is then dissociated from the transferred strand and a replacement oligo (which may contain additional DNA tags, as discussed above, such as a sequencing tag) is annealed to the complementary transferred strand sequence with or without nuclease-protective groups (e.g. phosphorothioates). Non-displacing nucleic-acid-modifying enzymes can be used, consisting of a DNA polymerase and a DNA ligase. The DNA polymerases and ligase are utilized to fill-in and ligate the gap between the mono-tagged DNA and replacement oligonucleotide, resulting in a piece of dsDNA with a covalently bound 5′ and a 3′ tag. Thus, the method of the present invention provides a novel way to create di-tagged dsDNA fragments, wherein the polymerase chain reaction is optional.

[0043] The present invention also provides an improved method for preparing a directionally tagged library. The method begins by providing DNA with a strand-specific modification, such as incorporation of a cleavable nucleotide on one particular strand, such as a chemically labile nucleotide or one containing uracil or 8-oxoguanine. Other useful modified nucleotides include 8-oxoadenine, fapy-guanine, methyl-fapy-guanine, fapy-adenine, aflatoxin B₁-fapy-guanine, 5-hydroxy-cytosine, 5-hydroxy-uracil, and ring-opened N-7 guanine adducts (7-methylguanine). In a particular embodiment, each strand can contain a different modification, e.g. one strand can contain uracil modifications and the other strand can contain 8-oxo-guanine modifications.

[0044] The DNA is then cleaved with a mono-tagged transposome consisting of one or more transposase molecules and two oligonucleotide sequences of DNA that are the annealed modified end (ME) DNA. An (ME) sequence in the transferred DNA strand and a non-transferred strand of DNA that may contain a 19 bp ME sequence or truncated DNA sequence. The non-transferred strand (with or without nuclease protecting and/or chain termination groups, e.g. phosphorothioate and/or dideoxy) are then dissociated from the transferred strand and a replacement oligo (which may contain additional DNA sequence such as a sequencing tag) is annealed to the complementary transferred strand sequence with or without nuclease protective groups (e.g. phosphorothioates). Non-displacing nucleic acid modifying enzymes are used consisting of a DNA polymerase (e.g. thermostable polymerases, or nonthermostable polymerases such as DNA polymerase I or Klenow fragment exo) and a DNA ligase. The DNA polymerases and ligase are utilized to fill in and ligate the gap between the mono-tagged DNA and replacement oligonucleotide resulting in a piece of dsDNA with a covalently attached 5′ and a 3′ tag. Alternately, an oligonucleotide can be provided to fill in the gap, followed by ligation.

[0045] Either the modified or unmodified stranded can be specifically treated to enrich or suppress its functionality. The treatment can include using an enzyme, such as uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG) aka uracil N-Glycosylase (UNG), human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (APE I), formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (FPG) a.k.a 8-oxyguanine DNA glycosylase, Endonuclease IV and kinase, Endo III, Endo VIII, hOGG1, T7 Endo I, T4 PDG and afu UDG. In another embodiment, one strand can be selectively enriched by extension using a polymerase that has a preference for naturally occurring nucleotides, rather than chemically modified nucleotides. An example of such a polymerase is a fusion of a Pyrococcus-like polymerase to a dsDNA-binding domain from Sulfolobus solfataricus (SSo7d). Thus, the method of the present invention provides a novel way to create di-tagged DNA fragments from a single predetermined strand, where no subsequent amplification is necessary.

[0046] The invention also provides a transposome comprising a transposase and a nucleic acid containing one or more end sequences. The invention further provides a method for making a transposome with the end sequences by providing a transposase and providing the transferred end sequences, and then allowing the transposase to bind to the transferred end sequence. Exemplary reaction conditions are discussed in Example 1 below. Thus the invention provides a tagmentation method comprising the steps of (a) providing target nucleic acids (b) providing the transposomes of the invention, and (c) allowing the transposomes to fragment the target nucleic acids and tag at least transposase end sequences to the ends of the fragments.

[0047] The term “comprising” as used herein is synonymous with “including,” “containing,” or “characterized by,” and is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps.

[0048] As used herein the term “at least a portion” and/or grammatical equivalents thereof can refer to any fraction of a whole amount. For example, “at least a portion” can refer to at least about 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, 99.9% or 100% of a whole amount.

[0049] As used herein the term “nucleic acid” and/or “oligonucleotide” and/or grammatical equivalents thereof can refer to at least two nucleotide monomers linked together. A nucleic acid can generally contain phosphodiester bonds; however, in some embodiments, nucleic acid analogs may have other types of backbones, comprising, for example, phosphoramide (Beaucage, et al., Tetrahedron, 49:1925 (1993); Letsinger, J. Org. Chem., 35:3800 (1970); Sprinzl, et al., Eur. J. Biochem., 81:579 (1977); Letsinger, et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 14:3487 (1986); Sawai, et al., Chem. Lett., 805 (1984), Letsinger, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 110:4470 (1988); and Pauwels, et al., Chemica Scripta, 26:141 (1986)), phosphorothioate (Mag, et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 19:1437 (1991); and U.S. Pat. No. 5,644,048), phosphorodithioate (Briu, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 111:2321 (1989), O-methylphosphoroamidite linkages (see Eckstein, Oligonucleotides and Analogues: A Practical Approach, Oxford University Press), and peptide nucleic acid backbones and linkages (see Egholm, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 114:1895 (1992); Meier, et al., Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 31:1008 (1992); Nielsen, Nature, 365:566 (1993); Carlsson, et al., Nature, 380:207 (1996)).

[0050] Other analog nucleic acids include those with positive backbones (Denpcy, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 92:6097 (1995)); non-ionic backbones (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,386,023; 5,637,684; 5,602,240; 5,216,141; and 4,469,863; Kiedrowshi, et al., Angew. Chem. Intl. Ed. English, 30:423 (1991); Letsinger, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 110:4470 (1988); Letsinger, et al., Nucleosides & Nucleotides, 13:1597 (1994); Chapters 2 and 3, ASC Symposium Series 580, “Carbohydrate Modifications in Antisense Research”, Ed. Y. S. Sanghui and P. Dan Cook; Mesmaeker, et al., Bioorganic & Medicinal Chem. Lett., 4:395 (1994); Jeffs, et al., J. Biomolecular NMR, 34:17 (1994); Tetrahedron Lett., 37:743 (1996)) and non-ribose (U.S. Pat. No. 5,235,033 and No. 5,034,506, and Chapters 6 and 7, ASC Symposium Series 580, “Carbohydrate Modifications in Antisense Research”, Ed. Y. S. Sanghui and P. Dan Coo). Nucleic acids may also contain one or more carbocyclic sugars (see Jenkins, et al., Chem. Soc. Rev., (1995) pp. 169 176).

[0051] Modifications of the ribose-phosphate backbone may be done to facilitate the addition of additional moieties such as labels, or to increase the stability of such molecules under certain conditions. In addition, mixtures of naturally occurring nucleic acids and analogs can be made. Alternatively, mixtures of different nucleic acid analogs, and mixtures of naturally occurring nucleic acids and analogs may be made. The nucleic acids may be single stranded or double stranded, as specified, or contain portions of both double stranded or single stranded sequence. The nucleic acid may be DNA, for example, genomic or cDNA, RNA or a hybrid, from single cells, multiple cells, or from multiple species, as with metagenomic samples, such as from environmental samples. A nucleic acid can contain any combination of deoxyribo- and ribo-nucleotides, and any combination of bases, including uracil, adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, inosine, xanthanine, hypoxanthanine, isocytosine, isoguanine, and base analogs such as nitropyrrole (including 3-nitropyrrole) and nitroindole (including 5-nitroindole), etc.

[0052] In some embodiments, a nucleic acid can include at least one promiscuous base. Promiscuous bases can base-pair with more than one different type of base. In some embodiments, a promiscuous base can base-pair with at least two different types of bases and no more than three different types of bases. An example of a promiscuous base includes inosine that may pair with adenine, thymine, or cytosine. Other examples include hypoxanthine, 5-nitroindole, acylic 5-nitroindole, 4-nitropyrazole, 4-nitroimidazole and 3-nitropyrrole (Loakes et al., Nucleic Acid Res. 22:4039 (1994); Van Aerschot et al., Nucleic Acid Res. 23:4363 (1995); Nichols et al., Nature 369:492 (1994); Bergstrom et al., Nucleic Acid Res. 25:1935 (1997); Loakes et al., Nucleic Acid Res. 23:2361 (1995); Loakes et al., J. Mol. Biol. 270:426 (1997); and Fotin et al., Nucleic Acid Res. 26:1515 (1998)). Promiscuous bases that can base-pair with at least three, four or more types of bases can also be used.

[0053] As used herein, the term “nucleotide analog” and/or grammatical equivalents thereof can refer to synthetic analogs having modified nucleotide base portions, modified pentose portions, and/or modified phosphate portions, and, in the case of polynucleotides, modified internucleotide linkages, as generally described elsewhere (e.g., Scheit, Nucleotide Analogs, John Wiley, New York, 1980; Englisch, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 30:613-29, 1991; Agarwal, Protocols for Polynucleotides and Analogs, Humana Press, 1994; and S. Verma and F. Eckstein, Ann. Rev. Biochem. 67:99-134, 1998). Generally, modified phosphate portions comprise analogs of phosphate wherein the phosphorous atom is in the +5 oxidation state and one or more of the oxygen atoms is replaced with a non-oxygen moiety, e.g., sulfur. Exemplary phosphate analogs include but are not limited to phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, phosphoroselenoate, phosphorodiselenoate, phosphoroanilothioate, phosphoranilidate, phosphoramidate, boronophosphates, including associated counterions, e.g., H⁺, NH₄⁺, Na⁺, if such counterions are present. Example modified nucleotide base portions include but are not limited to 5-methylcytosine (5mC); C-5-propynyl analogs, including but not limited to, C-5 propynyl-C and C-5 propynyl-U; 2,6-diaminopurine, also known as 2-amino adenine or 2-amino-dA); hypoxanthine, pseudouridine, 2-thiopyrimidine, isocytosine (isoC), 5-methyl isoC, and isoguanine (isoG; see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,432,272). Exemplary modified pentose portions include but are not limited to, locked nucleic acid (LNA) analogs including without limitation Bz-A-LNA, 5-Me-Bz-C-LNA, dmf-G-LNA, and T-LNA (see, e.g., The Glen Report, 16(2):5, 2003; Koshkin et al., Tetrahedron 54:3607-30, 1998), and 2′- or 3′-modifications where the 2′- or 3′-position is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, allyloxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, isobutoxy and phenoxy), azido, amino, alkylamino, fluoro, chloro, or bromo. Modified internucleotide linkages include phosphate analogs, analogs having achiral and uncharged intersubunit linkages (e.g., Sterchak, E. P. et al., Organic Chem., 52:4202, 1987), and uncharged morpholino-based polymers having achiral intersubunit linkages (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,506). Some internucleotide linkage analogs include morpholidate, acetal, and polyamide-linked heterocycles. In one class of nucleotide analogs, known as peptide nucleic acids, including pseudocomplementary peptide nucleic acids (“PNA”), a conventional sugar and internucleotide linkage has been replaced with a 2-aminoethylglycine amide backbone polymer (see, e.g., Nielsen et al., Science, 254:1497-1500, 1991; Egholm et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 114: 1895-1897 1992; Demidov et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 99:5953-58, 2002; Peptide Nucleic Acids: Protocols and Applications, Nielsen, ed., Horizon Bioscience, 2004).

[0054] The following Examples provide illustrative embodiments and do not in any way limit the inventions provided herein.

[0055] A series of hyperactive Tn5 transposomes was prepared, each with one 19-base transposon end sequence:

[0056]

	(SEQ ID NO: 3)
	AGATGTGTATAAGAGACAG (ME)

(the “transferred strand”) and one of the following end sequences (the “non-transferred strand”), shown in 5′-to-3′ orientation:

[0057]

	SEQ ID NO: 8
	CTGTCTCT........... 8 base
	SEQ ID NO: 9
	CTGTCTCTT.......... 9 base
	SEQ ID NO: 10
	CTGTCTCTTA......... 10 base
	SEQ ID NO: 11
	CTGTCTCTTAT........ 11 base
	SEQ ID NO: 12
	CTGTCTCTTATA....... 12 base
	SEQ ID NO: 13
	CTGTCTCTTATAC...... 13 base
	SEQ ID NO: 14
	CTGTCTCTTATACA..... 14 base
	SEQ ID NO: 15
	CTGTCTCTTATACAC.... 15 base
	SEQ ID NO: 16
	CTGTCTCTTATACACA... 16 base
	SEQ ID NO: 17
	CTGTCTCTTATACACAT.. 17 base
	SEQ ID NO: 18
	CTGTCTCTTATACACATC. 18 base
	SEQ ID NO: 19
	CTGTCTCTTATACACATCT 19 base (ME)

where the end sequences contained a tag sequence as depicted in FIG. 3. The transposomes were prepared in a reaction mixture of 2 μl end sequence (25 μM), phosphorylated; 2 μl Tn5 transposase at 10 U/μl, in a final volume of 50 μl having final concentrations of 33 mM Tris-acetate, pH 7.8, 10 mM magnesium acetate and 66 mM potassium acetate. Alternatively, the final concentrations in the reaction volume can be 10 mM Tris-acetate, pH 7.6, 5 mM magnesium chloride, and optionally 10% (v/v) dimethylformamide. After mixing, the reaction was incubated for 1 hour at 37° C. The reaction was stopped with 10 μl of stop solution: 15% sucrose, 66 mM EDTA, 20 mM Tris pH 8, 0.1% SDS, 0.9% Orange G (Sigma O-7252) and Proteinase K at 100 μg/mL. After addition of the stop solution, the mixture was heated to 50° C. for 10 minutes.

[0058] Tagmentation reactions were performed with the transposomes to compare the ability of transposomes having truncated non-transferred end sequences compared to the 19-base non-transferred end, serving as a positive control and no non-transferred end as a negative control. Based on gel electrophoresis analysis, the target DNA in a sample was efficiently fragmented by the transposomes having 18-base to 12-base end sequences, with less efficient fragmentation with 11-base to 9 base end sequences. The 8-base end sequence demonstrated some fragmentation, but not efficiently.

[0059] The 14-base end sequence was selected for further experiments as illustrated in FIG. 4. After tagmentation with transposons having the 19-base transferred strand and the 14-base non-transferred strand, the product was mixed with replacement oligonucleotide (SEQ ID NO:19 with a sequencing tag as the “Arbitrary Tag 2”) at 45° C. for 1 minute and then 37° C. for 30 minutes to remove the non-transferred and replace it with the replacement oligonucleotide. The remaining 9-base gaps were filled in using Tth polymerase, large fragment (without strand-displacement), followed by ligation using E. coli DNA ligase, according to manufacturer's recommended conditions.

[0060] Replacement was demonstrated by addition of an additional 100-base sequence as resolved on an Agilent BioAnalyzer 2100 using a DNA High-Sensitivity Chip. Genomic libraries of Rhodobacter, E. coli, and Staphylococcus were analyzed due to their divergent GC contents of 70, 50, and 33% respectively. These libraries were created utilizing oligonucleotide replacement strategies described here. The GC composition across the first 30 bases showed no additional insertion bias based on GC content of the host genome. Analysis of GC composition across the first 30 bases demonstrated no altered insertion bias based on GC content of the host genome. The data showed that there was an increased depth of coverage where the GC content is above 60% and consistent coverage at lower GC content ranges.

[0061] Several million Transposase end sequences were prepared using a partially randomized library based on the 19-base ME sequence (SEQ ID NO:3). From this library, a number of active transposon ends were identified using E. coli MG1655 genomic DNA as the target nucleic acid and sequenced on a Genome Analyzer_II sequencing instrument (Illumina, Inc.).

[0062]

	SEQ ID NO: 4
	CGTTGTGTGGACGAGACAC 11G:C(C1)
	SEQ ID NO: 5
	CGTTGTGTGGACGAGACAG 11G:C(G1)
	SEQ ID NO: 6
	AGATGTGCATATGATACAG Diff1(G1)
	SEQ ID NO: 7
	AG.TGT....AAGAGACAT Shorty
	SEQ ID NO: 22
	TGACGCGGGTAAGAGACAA Malt 1
	SEQ ID NO: 23
	GGATGCGATGAGGAGACAA Malt 6
	SEQ ID NO: 24
	ACATGACCAAGAGAGACAG Malt 8
	SEQ ID NO: 25
	AGCGGTGAATAAGAGACAA Malt 10
	SEQ ID NO: 26
	AGCGGTGAATAAGAGACAG Malt 11
	SEQ ID NO: 27
	ACATGAGTATAAGAGACAA Malt 12

The alternate end sequences were confirmed by capillary sequencing. One mutant designated 11G:C(G1) (SEQ ID NO:5) had a significantly high melting temperature (58° C. compared to 44° C.) and demonstrated comparable transposition activity in vitro as the ME sequence, as demonstrated by dilution in parallel with transposons with the ME sequence.

[0063] The above description discloses several methods and systems of the present invention. This invention is susceptible to modifications in the methods and materials, as well as alterations in the fabrication methods and equipment. Such modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art from a consideration of this disclosure or practice of the invention disclosed herein. For example, the invention has been exemplified using nucleic acids but can be applied to other polymers as well. Consequently, it is not intended that this invention be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed herein, but that it cover all modifications and alternatives coming within the true scope and spirit of the invention.

[0064] All references cited herein including, but not limited to, published and unpublished applications, patents, and literature references, are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and are hereby made a part of this specification. To the extent publications and patents or patent applications incorporated by reference contradict the disclosure contained in the specification, the specification is intended to supersede and/or take precedence over any such contradictory material.