US 9,181,772 B2Grant
Decomposable impediments for downhole plugs
Issue Date:2015-11-10
•20 Claims
•9 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A configurable insert for a downhole tool. The configurable insert can include a body having a bore that is blocked by an impediment such that fluid flow is prevented through the body in both axial directions. The impediment can include a decomposable material. The configurable insert can also include at least one shear element disposed on the body for connecting to a setting tool. The shear element can be adapted to shear when exposed to a predetermined force, thereby releasing the setting tool from the body. The configurable insert can also include one or more threads disposed on an outer surface of the body below the at least one shear element for connecting the body to the downhole tool.
Metadata
Inventor
- W. Lynn Frazier
Application Information
Application Number:US 13/893,195
Filing Date:2013-05-13
Priority Date:2009-04-21
Art Unit:3676
Classifications
IPC:
E21B33/134E21B33/129E21B34/06E21B34/14
Field of Search:
E21B 33/124E21B 23/06E21B 23/065E21B 33/134E21B 33/129
Patent Drawings (9 sheets)
Description
Cross-Reference to Related Applications
[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/194,877, filed Jul. 29, 2011, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/799,231, filed Apr. 21, 2010, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/214,347, filed Apr. 21, 2009. All of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
Background
[0002] 1. Field
[0003] Embodiments described generally relate to downhole tools. More particularly, embodiments described relate to configurable inserts that can be engaged in downhole plugs for controlling fluid flow through one or more zones of a wellbore.
[0004] 2. Description of the Related Art
[0005] Bridge plugs, packers, and frac plugs are downhole tools that are typically used to permanently or temporarily isolate one wellbore zone from another. Such isolation is often necessary to pressure test, perforate, frac, or stimulate a zone of the wellbore without impacting or communicating with other zones within the wellbore. To reopen and/or restore fluid communication through the wellbore, plugs are typically removed or otherwise compromised.
[0006] Permanent, non-retrievable plugs and/or packers are typically drilled or milled to remove. Most non-retrievable plugs are constructed of a brittle material such as cast iron, cast aluminum, ceramics, or engineered composite materials, which can be drilled or milled. Problems sometimes occur, however, during the removal or drilling of such non-retrievable plugs. For instance, the non-retrievable plug components can bind upon the drill bit, and rotate within the casing string. Such binding can result in extremely long drill-out times, excessive casing wear, or both. Long drill-out times are highly undesirable, as rig time is typically charged by the hour.
[0007] In use, non-retrievable plugs are designed to perform a particular function. A bridge plug, for example, is typically used to seal a wellbore such that fluid is prevented from flowing from one side of the bridge plug to the other. On the other hand, drop ball plugs allow for the temporary cessation of fluid flow in one direction, typically in the downhole direction, while allowing fluid flow in the other direction. Depending on user preference, one plug type may be advantageous over another, depending on the completion and/or production activity.
[0008] Certain completion and/or production activities may require several plugs run in series or several different plug types run in series. For example, one well may require three bridge plugs and five drop ball plugs, and another well may require two bridge plugs and ten drop ball plugs for similar completion and/or production activities. Within a given completion and/or for a given production activity, the well may require several hundred plugs and/or packers depending on the productivity, depths, and geophysics of each well. The uncertainty in the types and numbers of plugs that might be required typically leads to the over-purchase and/or under-purchase of the appropriate types and numbers of plugs resulting in fiscal inefficiencies and/or field delays.
[0009] There is a need, therefore, for a downhole tool that can effectively seal the wellbore at wellbore conditions; be quickly, easily, and/or reliably removed from the wellbore; and configured in the field to perform one or more functions.
Brief Description of the Drawings
[0010] Non-limiting, illustrative embodiments are depicted in the drawings, which are briefly described below. It is to be noted, however, that these illustrative drawings illustrate only typical embodiments and are not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the invention can admit to other equally effective embodiments.
[0011] FIG. 1 depicts an illustrative, partial section view of a configurable insert for use with a plug, according to one or more embodiments described.
[0012] FIG. 2A depicts an illustrative, partial section view of a configurable insert configured with a solid impediment to block fluid flow bi-directionally, according to one or more embodiments described.
[0013] FIG. 2B depicts an illustrative, partial section view of another configurable insert 100 configured with an impediment at a lower end thereof to control fluid flow, according to one or more embodiments described.
[0014] FIG. 3 depicts a top plan view of an illustrative, solid impediment that can be engaged in the configurable insert, according to one or more embodiments described.
[0015] FIG. 4 depicts an illustrative, partial section view of a configurable insert configured to block fluid flow in at least one direction, according to one or more embodiments described.
[0016] FIG. 5 depicts a top view of a ball stop for use in configurable insert, according to one or more embodiments described.
[0017] FIG. 6 depicts a partial section view of an illustrative plug suitable including a configurable insert, according to one or more embodiments described.
[0018] FIG. 7A depicts a partial section view of an illustrative plug including a configurable insert, according to one or more embodiments described.
[0019] FIG. 7B depicts a partial section view of another illustrative plug including a configurable insert, according to one or more embodiments described.
[0020] FIG. 8 depicts a partial section view of the plug of FIG. 7B after actuation within a wellbore, according to one or more embodiments described.
[0021] FIG. 9 depicts an enlarged, partial section view of the element system of the expanded plug depicted in FIG. 8 , according to one or more embodiments described.
[0022] FIG. 10 depicts an illustrative, complementary set of angled surfaces that function as anti-rotation features to interact and/or engage between a first plug and a second plug in series, according to one or more embodiments described.
[0023] FIG. 11 depicts illustrative, dog clutch anti-rotation features allowing a first plug and a second plug to interact and/or engage in series according to one or more embodiments described.
[0024] FIG. 12 depicts an illustrative, complementary set of flats and slots that serve as anti-rotation features to interact and/or engage between a first plug and a second plug in series, according to one or more embodiments described.
[0025] FIG. 13 depicts another illustrative, complementary set of flats and slots that serve as anti-rotation features to interact and/or engage between a first plug and a second plug in series, according to one or more embodiments described.
Detailed Description
[0026] A configurable insert for use in a downhole plug is provided. The configurable insert can be adapted to receive or engage one or more impediments that control fluid flow in one or more directions therethrough. The configurable insert is designed to shear when a predetermined axial, radial, or a combined axial and radial force is applied, allowing a setting tool to be released from the configurable insert. The term “shear” means to fracture, break, or otherwise deform thereby releasing two or more engaged components, parts, or things, thereby partially or fully separating a single component into two or more components and/or pieces.
[0027] The term “plug” refers to any tool used to permanently or temporarily isolate one wellbore zone from another, including any tool with blind passages, plugged mandrels, as well as open passages extending completely therethrough and passages that are blocked with a check valve. Such tools are commonly referred to in the art as “bridge plugs,” “frac plugs,” and/or “packers.” And such tools can be a single assembly (i.e., one plug) or two or more assemblies (i.e., two or more plugs) disposed within a work string or otherwise connected thereto that is run into a wellbore on a wireline, slickline, production tubing, coiled tubing or any technique known or yet to be discovered in the art.
[0028] FIG. 1 depicts an illustrative, partial section view of a configurable insert 100 for use with a downhole plug, according to one or more embodiments. The configurable insert 100 can include a body 102 having a passageway or bore 105 formed completely or at least partially therethrough. The body 102 can have one or more threads 110 cut into, formed on, or otherwise positioned on an outer surface thereof and one or more threads 120 disposed about, cut into, or formed or otherwise positioned on an inner surface thereof.
[0029] The configurable insert 100 can further include one or more shear elements adapted to shear at a predetermined force or stress. The one or more shear elements can be disposed or formed on the body for connecting to a setting tool. The term “shear element” is intended to refer to any component, part, element, member, or thing that shears or is capable of shearing at a predetermined force that is less than the force required to shear the body of the plug. For example, the shear element can be a shear groove 130 that can be a channel and/or indentation disposed on or formed into the inner and/or outer surface of the configurable insert 100 so that the insert 100 has a reduced wall thickness at the point of the shear groove 130. The shear groove 130 can be continuous about the inner or outer surface of the configurable insert 100 or the shear groove 130 can be intermittently formed thereabout using any pattern or frequency of channels and/or indentations. The shear groove 130 is intended to separate or break when exposed to a given or predetermined force. As will be explained in more detail below, the configurable insert 100 is designed to break at any of the one or more shear grooves 130 disposed thereon when a predetermined axial, radial, or combination of axial and radial forces is applied to the configurable insert 100.
[0030] The bore 105 can have a constant diameter throughout, or the diameter can vary, as depicted in FIG. 1 . For example, the bore 105 can include one or more larger diameter portions or areas 106 that transition to one or more smaller diameter portions or areas 107, forming at least one seat or shoulder 125 therebetween. The shoulder 125 can be a sloped surface between the two portions or areas 106, 107, as depicted in FIG. 1 . Similarly, a second shoulder 115 can be formed as a result of a transition to the larger diameter portion or area 106 from the shear groove 130 having a reduced wall thickness such that the shear groove 130 can define a diameter larger than the diameter of the larger diameter portion or area 106. Further, a third shoulder 135 can be formed by the transition from the portion or area 107 to the lower end 114 of the body 102. The seats or shoulders 115, 125, 135 can be sloped surfaces, as depicted in FIG. 1 , or alternatively flat or substantially flat (not shown).
[0031] The threads 110 can facilitate connection of the configurable insert 100 to a plug, as described below in more detail. Any number of threads 110 can be used. The number of threads 110, for example, can range from about 2 to about 100, such as about 2 to about 50; about 3 to about 25; or about 4 to about 10. The number of threads 110 can also range from a low of about 2, 4, or 6 to a high of about 7, 12, or 20. The pitch of the threads 110 can range from about 0.1 mm to about 200 mm; 0.2 mm to about 150 mm; 0.3 mm to about 100 mm; or about 0.1 mm to about 50 mm. The pitch of the threads 110 can also range from a low of about 0.1 mm, 0.2 mm, or 0.3 mm to a high of about 2 mm, 5 mm or 10 mm. The pitch of the threads 110 can also vary along the axial length of the body 102, for example, ranging from about 0.1 mm to about 200 mm; 0.2 mm to about 150 mm; 0.3 mm to about 100 mm; or about 0.1 mm to about 50 mm. The pitch of the threads 110 can also vary along the axial length of the body 102 from a low of about 0.1 mm, 0.2 mm, or 0.3 mm to a high of about 2 mm, 5 mm or 10 mm.
[0032] The threads 120 are disposed on an inner surface the body 102 for threadably attaching the configurable insert 100 to another configurable insert 100, a setting tool, another downhole tool, plug, or tubing string. The threads 120 can be located toward, near, or at the upper end 113. Any number of threads 120 can be used. The number of threads 110, for example, can range from about 2 to about 100, such as about 2 to about 50; about 3 to about 25; or about 4 to about 10. The number of threads 120 can also range from a low of about 2, 4, or 6 to a high of about 7, 12, or 20. The pitch of the threads 120 can range from about 0.1 mm to about 200 mm; 0.2 mm to about 150 mm; 0.3 mm to about 100 mm; or about 0.1 mm to about 50 mm. The pitch of the threads 120 can also range from a low of about 0.1 mm, 0.2 mm, or 0.3 mm to a high of about 2 mm, 5 mm or 10 mm. The pitch of the threads 120 can also vary along the axial length of the body 102, for example, ranging from about 0.1 mm to about 200 mm; 0.2 mm to about 150 mm; 0.3 mm to about 100 mm; or about 0.1 mm to about 50 mm. The pitch of the threads 120 can also vary along the axial length of the body 102 from a low of about 0.1 mm, 0.2 mm, or 0.3 mm to a high of about 2 mm, 5 mm or 10 mm.
[0033] The first or upper end 113 of the configurable insert 100 can be shaped to engage one or more tools to locate and tighten the configurable insert 100 onto the plug. The end 113 can be, without limitation, hexagonal, slotted, notched, cross-head, square, torx, security torx, tri-wing, torq-set, spanner head, triple square, polydrive, one-way, spline drive, double hex, Bristol, Pentalobular, or other known component surface shape capable of being engaged.
[0034] The second or lower end 114 of the configurable insert 100 can include one or more grooves or channels 140 disposed or otherwise formed on an outer surface thereof. A sealing material, such as an elastomeric O-ring, can be disposed within the one or more channels 140 to provide a fluid seal between the configurable insert 100 and the plug when installed therein. Although a portion of the outer surface or outer diameter of the body 102 proximal the lower end 114 of the configurable insert 100 is depicted as being tapered, the outer surface or diameter of the lower end 114 can have a constant outer diameter.
[0035] As will be explained in more detail below, any of the shoulders 115, 125, 135 can serve as a seat for an impediment to block or restrict flow in one or both directions through the bore 105. The term “impediment” means any plug, ball, flapper, stopper, combination thereof, or thing known in the art capable of blocking fluid flow, in one or both axial directions, through the configurable insert 100 and creating a tight fluid seal at one or more of the shoulder 115, 125, 135. The impediment may or may not be threadably attached to one or more interior threads 120 of the configurable insert 100 and may be coupled to the body 102 in another suitable manner.
[0036] FIG. 2A depicts an illustrative, partial section view of the configurable insert 100, adapted to engage a solid impediment 211 to block fluid flow in two directions, according to one or more embodiments. The solid impediment 211 can be a cork, cap, bung, cover, top, lid, plate, or any component capable of preventing fluid flow fluid flow in all directions through the bore 105. The solid impediment 211 can be capable of being secured to the interior surface of the bore 105, via the threads 120; however, alternatively, the impediment 211 can be retained within the bore 105 by a pin or shaft, or otherwise welded or adhered in place.
[0037] FIG. 2B depicts an illustrative, partial section view of another configurable insert 100B configured with an impediment at a lower end thereof to control fluid flow, according to one or more embodiments. An impediment 222 can be at least partially disposed or formed within the bore 105 to block or control fluid flow in one or more directions through the bore 105 and hence, the configurable insert 100. The impediment 222 can be any shape or size, and can be a solid component made of one or more pieces. The impediment 222 can also include one or more apertures formed therethrough to control fluid flow through the bore 105. For example, the impediment 222 can be a disc-shaped insert, washer, plug, plate, or the like 222, which partially or completely prevents fluid flow in one or more directions through the bore 105. The impediment 445 can be secured anywhere within the bore 305 or secured anywhere to the bore 305. The impediment 222 can be secured within the bore 105 or secured to the bore 105, either permanently or temporarily, by screwing, press-fitting, snapping, molding, plugging, adhering, riveting, or any other technique capable of temporarily or permanently locating the disk at least partially within the bore 105. In certain embodiments, the impediment 222 can be made or formed from the one or more decomposable materials described herein.
[0038] FIG. 3 depicts a top plan view of the illustrative solid impediment 211, according to one or more embodiments. The solid impediment 211 can include a head or other interface 212 for engaging one or more tools to locate and tighten the solid impediment 211 onto or into the configurable insert 100. The interface 212 can be, without limitation, hexagonal, slotted, notched, cross-head, square, torx, security torx, tri-wing, torq-set, spanner head, triple square, polydrive, one-way, spline drive, double hex, Bristol, Pentalobular, or other known component surface shape capable of being engaged.
[0039] FIG. 4 depicts an illustrative, partial section view of the configurable insert 100 adapted to block fluid flow in one direction but allow fluid flow in the other direction, according to one or more embodiments. The configurable insert 100 can be adapted to receive an impediment provided by a ball stop 411 and a ball 409 received in the bore 105, as shown. The ball stop 411 can be coupled in the bore 105 via the threads 120, such that the ball stop 411 can be easily inserted in the field, for example. Further, the ball stop 411 can be configured to retain the ball 409 in the bore 105 between the ball stop 411 and the shoulder 125. The ball 409 can be shaped and sized to provide a fluid tight seal against the seat or shoulder 125 to restrict fluid movement through the bore 105 in the configurable insert 100. However, the ball 409 need not be entirely spherical, and can be provided as any size and shape suitable to seal against the seat or shoulder 125.
[0040] Accordingly, the ball stop 411 and the ball 409 provide a one-way check valve. As such, fluid can generally flow from the lower end 114 of the configurable insert 100 to and out through the upper end 113 thereof; however, the bore 105 may be sealed from fluid flowing from the upper end 113 of the configurable insert 100 to the lower end 114. The ball stop 411 can be, for example, a plate, an annular cover, a ring, a bar, a cage, a pin, or other component capable of preventing the ball 409 from moving past the ball stop 411 in the direction towards the upper end 113 of the configurable insert 100, while still allowing fluid movement in the direction toward the upper end 113 of the configurable insert 100.
[0041] The ball stop 411 can be similar to the solid impediment 211, discussed and described above with reference to FIG. 2 ; however, the ball stop 411 has at least one aperture or hole 421 formed therethrough to allow fluid flow through the ball stop 411. Although not shown, the impediment 222 described and depicted with reference to FIG. 2B can be used in conjunction or in lieu of the ball stop 411. The ball stop 411 can include the tool interface 212 for locating and fastening the ball stop 411 within the configurable insert 100. FIG. 5 depicts a top plan view of the illustrative ball stop 411, depicted in FIG. 4 , according to one or more embodiments.
[0042] The configurable insert 100 can be formed or made from any metal, metal alloy, and/or combinations thereof, such that the configurable insert 100 can shear, break and/or otherwise deform sufficiently to separate along the shear groove 130 at a predetermined axial, radial, or combination axial and radial force without the configurable insert 100, the connection between the configurable insert 100 and the plug, or the plug being damaged. Preferably, at least a portion of the configurable insert 100 is made of an alloy that includes brass. Suitable brass compositions include, but are not limited to, admiralty brass, Aich's alloy, alpha brass, alpha-beta brass, aluminum brass, arsenical brass, beta brass, cartridge brass, common brass, dezincification resistant brass, gilding metal, high brass, leaded brass, lead-free brass, low brass, manganese brass, Muntz metal, nickel brass, naval brass, Nordic gold, red brass, rich low brass, tonval brass, white brass, yellow brass, and/or combinations thereof.
[0043] The configurable insert 100 can also be formed or made from other metallic materials (such as aluminum, steel, stainless steel, copper, nickel, cast iron, galvanized or non-galvanized metals, etc.), fiberglass, wood, composite materials (such as ceramics, wood/polymer blends, cloth/polymer blends, etc.), and plastics (such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyurethane, polyethylethylketone (PEEK), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyamide resins (such as nylon 6 (N6), nylon 66 (N66)), polyester resins (such as polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene isophthalate (PEI), PET/PEI copolymer) polynitrile resins (such as polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polymethacrylonitrile, acrylonitrile-styrene copolymers (AS), methacrylonitrile-styrene copolymers, methacrylonitrile-styrene-butadiene copolymers; and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS)), polymethacrylate resins (such as polymethyl methacrylate and polyethylacrylate), cellulose resins (such as cellulose acetate and cellulose acetate butyrate); polyimide resins (such as aromatic polyimides), polycarbonates (PC), elastomers (such as ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR), ethylene propylene-diene monomer rubber (EPDM), styrenic block copolymers (SBC), polyisobutylene (PIB), butyl rubber, neoprene rubber, halobutyl rubber and the like)), as well as mixtures, blends, and copolymers of any and all of the foregoing materials.
[0044] FIG. 6 depicts an illustrative, partial section view of a plug 600 configured to receive the configurable insert 100, according to one or more embodiments. FIG. 7A depicts an illustrative, partial section view of the configurable insert 100 disposed within the plug 600, according to one or more embodiments. As depicted in FIG. 6 , the plug 600 includes one or more threads 605 disposed at or near the end thereof where the configurable insert 100 can be threadably disposed or otherwise located within the bore 655 of the plug 600.
[0045] At least one conical member (two are shown: 630, 635), at least one slip (two are shown: 640, 645), and at least one malleable element 650 can be disposed about the mandrel 610. As used herein, the term “disposed about” means surrounding the component, e.g., the body 610, allowing for relative motion therebetween. A first section or second end of the conical members 630, 635 has a sloped surface adapted to rest underneath a complementary sloped inner surface of the slips 640, 645. As explained in more detail below, the slips 640, 645 travel about the surface of the adjacent conical members 630, 635, thereby expanding radially outward from the mandrel 610 to engage an inner surface of a surrounding tubular or borehole. A second section or second end of the conical members 630, 635 can include two or more tapered pedals or wedges adapted to rest about the malleable element 650. The wedges pivot, rotate or otherwise extend radially outward to contact an inner diameter of the surrounding tubular or borehole. Additional details of the conical members 630, 635 are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,762,323, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference to the extent consistent with the present disclosure.
[0046] The inner surface of each slip 640, 645 can conform to the first end of the adjacent conical member 630, 635. An outer surface of the slips 640, 645 can include at least one outwardly-extending serration or edged tooth to engage an inner surface of a surrounding tubular, as the slips 640, 645 move radially outward from the mandrel 610 due to the axial movement across the adjacent conical members 630, 635.
[0047] The slips 640, 645 can be designed to fracture with radial stress. The slips 640, 645 can include at least one recessed groove 642 milled therein to fracture under stress allowing the slips 640, 645 to expand outward and engage an inner surface of the surrounding tubular or borehole. For example, the slips 640, 645 can include two or more, for example, preferably four, sloped segments separated by equally spaced recessed grooves 642 to contact the surrounding tubular or borehole.
[0048] The malleable element 650 can be disposed between the two or more conical members 630, 635. A single malleable element 650 is depicted in FIG. 6 , but any number of elements 650 can be used as part of a malleable element system, as is well-known in the art. The malleable element 650 can be constructed of any one or more malleable materials capable of expanding and sealing an annulus within the wellbore. The malleable element 650 is preferably constructed of one or more synthetic materials capable of withstanding high temperatures and pressures, including temperatures up to 450° F., and pressure differentials up to 15,000 psi. Illustrative materials include elastomers, rubbers, TEFLON®, blends and combinations thereof.
[0049] The malleable element(s) 650 can have any number of configurations to effectively seal the annulus. For example, the malleable element(s) 650 can include one or more grooves, ridges, indentations, or protrusions designed to allow the malleable element(s) 650 to conform to variations in the shape of the interior of the surrounding tubular or borehole.
[0050] At least one component, ring or other annular member 680 for receiving an axial load from a setting tool can be disposed about the mandrel 610 and adjacent a first end of the slip 640. The annular member 680 can have first and second ends that are substantially flat. The first end can serve as a shoulder adapted to abut a setting tool (not shown). The second end can abut the slip 640 and transmit axial forces therethrough.
[0051] Each end of the plug 600 can be the same or different. Each end of the plug 600 can include one or more anti-rotation features 670, disposed thereon. Each anti-rotation feature 670 can be screwed onto, formed thereon, or otherwise connected to or positioned about the mandrel 610 so that there is no relative motion between the anti-rotation feature 670 and the mandrel 610. Alternatively, each anti-rotation feature 670 can be screwed onto or otherwise connected to or positioned about a shoe, nose, cap or other separate component, which can be made of composite, that is screwed onto threads, or otherwise connected to or positioned about the mandrel 610 so that there is no relative motion between the anti-rotation feature 670 and the mandrel 610. The anti-rotation feature 670 can have various shapes and forms. For example, the anti-rotation feature 670 can be or can resemble a mule shoe shape (not shown), half-mule shoe shape (illustrated in FIG. 10 ), flat protrusions or flats (illustrated in FIGS. 12 and 13 ), clutches (illustrated in FIG. 11 ), or otherwise angled surfaces 625, 685, 690 (illustrated in FIGS. 6 , 7A, 7B, and 8).
[0052] As explained in more detail below, the anti-rotation features 670 are intended to engage, connect, or otherwise contact an adjacent plug, whether above or below the adjacent plug, to prevent or otherwise retard rotation therebetween, facilitating faster drill-out or mill times. For example, the angled surfaces 685, 690 at the bottom of a first plug 200 can engage the sloped surface 625 at the top of a second plug 600 in series, so that relative rotation therebetween is prevented or greatly reduced.
[0053] A pump down collar 675 can be located about a lower end of the plug 600 to facilitate delivery of the plug 600 into the wellbore. The pump down collar 675 can be a rubber O-ring or similar sealing member to create an impediment in the wellbore during installation, so that a push surface or resistance can be created.
[0054] FIGS. 7A and 7B depict illustrative, partial section views of the plug 600 with the configurable insert 100 disposed therein, according to one or more embodiments described. The configurable insert 100 can be configured to receive a drop ball 701, providing a flow impediment to control flow therein. As such, the solid impediment 212 and the ball stop 411 can be omitted. The drop ball 701 can be received in the configurable insert 100, for example, after deployment of the plug 600 in the wellbore, to constrain, restrict, and/or otherwise prevent fluid movement in the direction from the upper end 113 to the lower end 114 of the configurable insert 100. The drop ball 701 can rest on one of the shoulders 115 and/or 125 to form an essentially fluid tight seal therebetween.
[0055] The shoulder 115, 125 on which the drop ball 701 lands can depend on the relative sizing of the shoulder 115, 125 and the drop ball 701. For example, the lower shoulder 125 can provide a smaller-radius opening than does the upper shoulder 115. Accordingly, a smaller drop ball 701 may pass by the upper shoulder 115 and land on the lower shoulder 125. On the other hand, a larger drop ball 701 can land on the upper shoulder 115 and thus be constrained from reaching the lower shoulder 125. Further, multiple drop balls 701 can be employed and can be sized to be received on either shoulder 115, 125, or other shoulders that can be added to the configurable insert 100. In general, multiple drop balls 701 are deployed in increasing size, thereby providing for each shoulder 115, 125 (and/or others) to receive a drop ball 701 without the upper shoulders preventing access to the lower shoulders.
[0056] As depicted in FIG. 7B , the impediment can also include a ball 702, disposed in the bore 655 below the configurable insert 100. The ball 702 can be inserted into the bore 655 prior to the installation of the configurable insert 100, and can rest or seat against the shoulder 135 when fluid pressure is applied from the lower end of the plug 600. A retaining pin or a washer can be installed into the plug 600 prior to the ball 702 to prevent the ball 702 from escaping the bore 655. Accordingly, once deployed, the configurable insert can provide one or more shoulders 115, 125 to receive a drop ball 701 and can provide a shoulder 135 to seal with a ball 702 disposed in the bore 655 below the configurable insert 100. As such, fluid flow in both axial directions can be prevented: downward, by the drop ball 701 and upward, by the ball 702.
[0057] The plug 600 can be installed in a vertical, horizontal, or deviated wellbore using any suitable setting tool (not shown) adapted to engage the plug 600. One example of such a suitable setting tool or assembly includes a gas operated outer cylinder powered by combustion products and an adapter rod. The outer cylinder of the setting tool abuts an outer, upper end of the plug 600, such as against the annular member 680. The outer cylinder can also abut directly against the upper slip 640, for example, in embodiments of the plug 600 where the annular member 680 is omitted, or where the outer cylinder fits over or otherwise avoids bearing on the annular member 680. The adapter rod (not shown) is threadably connected to the mandrel 610 and/or the insert 100. Suitable setting assemblies that are commercially-available include the Owen Oil Tools wireline pressure setting assembly or a Model 10, 20 E-4, or E-5 Setting Tool available from Baker Oil Tools, for example.
[0058] During the setting process, the outer cylinder (not shown) of the setting tool exerts an axial force against the outer, upper end of the plug 600 in a downward direction that is matched by the adapter rod (not shown) of the setting tool exerting an equal and opposite force from the lower end of the plug 600 in an upward direction. For example, in the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 8 and 9 , the outer cylinder of the setting assembly (not shown) exerts an axial force on the annular member 680, which translates the force to the slips 640, 645 and the malleable element 650 that are disposed about the mandrel 610 of the plug 600. The translated force fractures the recessed groove(s) 642 of the slips 640, 645, allowing the slips 640, 645 to expand outward and engage the inner surface of the casing or wellbore 800, while at the same time compresses the malleable element 650 to create a seal between the plug 600 and the inner surface of the casing or wellbore 800, as shown in FIG. 8 . FIG. 8 depicts an illustrative partial section view of the expanded or actuated plug 600, according to one or more embodiments described. FIG. 9 depicts an illustrative, partial section view of the expanded plug 600 depicted in FIG. 8 , according to one or more embodiments described.
[0059] After actuation or installation of the plug 600, the setting tool can be released from the plug 600, or the insert 100 that is screwed onto the plug 600 by continuing to apply the opposing, axial forces on the mandrel 610 via the adapter rod and the outer cylinder of the setting tool. The opposing, axial forces applied by the outer cylinder and the adapter rod (not shown) result in a compressive load on the mandrel 610, which is borne as internal stress once the plug 600 is actuated and secured within the casing or wellbore 800. The force or stress is focused on the shear groove 130, which will eventually shear, break, or otherwise deform at a predetermined amount, releasing the adapter rod from the plug 600. The predetermined axial force sufficient to deform the shear groove 130 to release the setting tool is less than an axial force sufficient to break the plug 600 otherwise.
[0060] Once actuated and released from the setting tool, the plug 600 is left in the wellbore to serve its purpose, as depicted in FIGS. 8 and 9 . As discussed and described in more detail below, any one or more components of the plug 600, including any of the body, rings, slips, conical members or cones, malleable or sealing elements, shoes, anti-rotation features, inserts, impediments, e.g., the solid impediment 211, ball stop 411, and/or one or more of the balls, 409, 701, 702, etc., can be fabricated from one or more decomposable materials. Suitable decomposable materials will at least partially decompose, degrade, degenerate, melt, combust, soften, decay, break up, break down, dissolve, disintegrate, break, dissociate, reduce into smaller pieces or components, or otherwise fall apart when exposed to one or more predetermined triggers. The predetermined trigger can be unintentional or intentional. The predetermined trigger can be or include certain wellbore conditions or environments, such as predetermined temperature, pressure, pH, and/or a combination thereof. Said another way, the predetermined trigger can be or include any one or more of the following, whether intentional or unintentional: change in temperature; change in pressure; change in acidity or basicity; change in chemical composition of the decomposable material, physical interaction with the decomposable material, or any combination thereof.
[0061] As such, fluid flow communication through the plug 600 can be prevented for a predetermined period of time, e.g., until and/or if the decomposable material(s) falls apart, e.g., degrades sufficiently, allowing fluid flow therethrough. The predetermined period of time can be sufficient to pressure test one or more hydrocarbon-bearing zones within the wellbore. In one or more embodiments, the predetermined period of time can be sufficient to workover the associated well. The predetermined period of time can range from minutes to days. For example, the decomposable or degradable rate of the material can range from about 5 minutes, 40 minutes, or 4 hours to about 12 hours, 24 hours or 48 hours. In another example, the decomposable or degradable rate of the material can be from a low of about 1 second, about 1 minute, about 5 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 4 hours, about 8 hours, or about 12 hours to a high of about 1 day, about 2 days, about 3 days, about 4 days, or about 5 days. In at least one embodiment, the decomposable or degradable rate of the material can be sufficient that fluid may flow through the plug 600 in less than 5 days, less than 4 days, less than 3 days, less than 2.5 days, less than 2 days, less than 1.75 days, less than 1.5 days, less than 1.25 days, less than 1 day, less than 0.75 days, less than 0.5 days, or less than 0.25 days. Extended periods of time are also contemplated.
[0062] The pressures at which the solid impediment 211, the ball stop 411, one or more of the balls 409, 701, 702, and/or any other component of the plug 600 decompose can range from less than atmospheric pressure to about 15,000 psig, about atmospheric pressure to about 15,000 psig, or about 100 psig to about 15,000 psig. For example, the pressure can range from a low of about 100 psig, 1,000 psig, or 5,000 psig to a high about 7,500 psig, 10,000 psig, or about 15,000 psig. The temperatures at which the impediment 211, ball stop 411 and/or the ball(s) 409, 701, 702 and/or any other component of the plug 600 made from or otherwise including the decomposable material can decompose can range from about 0° C. to about 800° F., about 100° F. to about 750° F. For example, the temperature required can range from a low of about 20° F., 100° F., 150° F., or 200° F. to a high of about 350° F., 500° F., or 750° F. In another example, the temperature at which the decomposable material can decompose can be at least 100° F., at least 125° F., at least 150° F., at least 175° F., at least 200° F., at least 250° F., at least 275° F., at least 300° F., at least 325° F., at least 350° F., at least 375° F., or at least 400° F. and less than 750° F., less than 725° F., less than 700° F., less than 675° F., less than 650° F., less than 625° F., less than 600° F., less than 575° F., or less than 550° F.
[0063] The decomposable material can be soluble in any material, such as water, polar solvents, non-polar solvents, acids, bases, mixtures thereof, or any combination thereof. The solvents can be time-dependent solvents. A time-dependent solvent can be selected based on its rate of degradation. For example, suitable solvents can include one or more solvents capable of degrading the soluble components in about 30 minutes, 1 hour, or 4 hours, to about 12 hours, 24 hours, or 48 hours. Extended periods of time are also contemplated.
[0064] The pHs at which the solid impediment 211, ball stop 411, and/or one or more of the balls 409, 701, 702, and/or any other component of the plug 600 decompose can range from about 1 to about 14. For example, the pH can range from a low of about 1, 3, or 5 to a high about 9, 11, or about 14. If the predetermined trigger is or includes a pH, the decomposable material can be exposed to a fluid having a pH of from a low of about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, or about 6 to a high about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, or about 14. The pH of the environment around the plug 600 or at least the component thereof containing the decomposable material can be modified, adjusted, controlled, or otherwise changed by introducing one or more acids, one or more bases, or one or more neutral compounds thereto.
[0065] Suitable base compounds can include, but are not limited to, hydroxides, carbonates, ammonia, amines, amides, or any mixture thereof. Illustrative hydroxides can include, but are not limited to, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide (e.g., aqueous ammonia), lithium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide, or any mixture thereof. Illustrative carbonates can include, but are not limited to, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, ammonium carbonate, or any mixture thereof. Illustrative amines can include, but are not limited to, trimethylamine, triethylamine, triethanolamine, diisopropylethylamine (Hunig's base), pyridine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), or any mixture thereof.
[0066] Suitable acidic compounds can include, but are not limited to, one or more mineral acids, one or more organic acids, one or more acid salts, or any mixture thereof. Illustrative mineral acids can include, but are not limited to, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, or any mixture thereof. Illustrative organic acids can include, but are not limited to, acetic acid, formic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, uric acid, lactic acid, or any mixture thereof. Illustrative acid salts can include, but are not limited to, ammonium sulfate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydrosulfide, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, or any mixture thereof.
[0067] One suitable neutral compound can be or include, but is not limited to, water. In at least one specific embodiment, the predetermined trigger can include contacting the decomposable material with water. The water can be in the form of liquid water, water vapor, e.g., steam, or any fluid that includes liquid water and/or water vapor. Examples of fluids that can include liquid water and/or water vapor include liquid water and/or water vapor mixed with one or more acids and/or one or more bases.
[0068] It should be noted that the one or more bases and/or acids and/or neutral compounds can also chemically react with and/or physically interact with the decomposable material. As such, the base and/or acid and/or neutral compound, if present, can be used to adjust the pH and/or chemically react with and/or physically react with the decomposable material to cause, accelerate, or otherwise promote the at least partial melting, combustion, softening, decay, break up, break down, dissolving, disintegration, decomposition, breaking, dissociation, or otherwise reduce into smaller pieces or components. Some examples of reactive compounds, whether chemically reactive or physically reactive, can include, but are not limit to, water, hydrocarbons, e.g., aliphatic and/or aromatic, alcohols, ketones, alkyl halides, amines, esters, ethers, acyl halides, imides, acid anhydrides, any combination thereof or any mixture thereof.
[0069] To remove the plug 600 from the wellbore, the plug 600 can be drilled-out, milled or otherwise compromised. As it is common to have two or more plugs 600 located in a single wellbore to isolate multiple zones therein, during removal of one or more plugs 600 from the wellbore some remaining portion of the first, upper plug can release from the wall of the wellbore at some point during the drill-out. Thus, when the remaining portion of the first, upper plug 600 falls and engages an upper end of the second, lower plug 600, the anti-rotation features 670 of the remaining portions of the plugs 600, will engage and prevent, or at least substantially reduce, relative rotation therebetween.
[0070] FIGS. 10-13 depict schematic views of illustrative anti-rotation features that can be used with the plugs 600 to prevent or reduce rotation during drill-out. These features are not intended to be exhaustive, but merely illustrative, as there are many other configurations that are equally effective to accomplish the same results. Each end of the plug 600 can be the same or different. For example, FIG. 10 depicts angled surfaces or half-mule anti-rotation features; FIG. 11 depicts dog clutch type anti-rotation features; and FIGS. 12 and 13 depict two types of flats and slot anti-rotation features.
[0071] Referring to FIG. 10 , a lower end of the upper plug 1000A and an upper end of a lower plug 1000B are shown within the casing 800 where the angled surfaces 685, 690 interact with, interface with, interconnect, interlock, link with, join, jam with or within, wedge between, or otherwise communicate with a complementary angled surface 625 and/or at least a surface of the wellbore or casing 800. The interaction between the lower end of the upper plug 1000A and the upper end of the lower plug 1000B and/or the casing 800 can counteract a torque placed on the lower end of the upper plug 1000A, and prevent or greatly reduce rotation therebetween. For example, the lower end of the upper plug 1000A can be prevented from rotating within the wellbore or casing 800 by the interaction with upper end of the lower plug 1000B, which is held securely within the casing 800.
[0072] Referring to FIG. 11 , dog clutch surfaces of the upper plug 1100A can interact with, interface with, interconnect, interlock, link with, join, jam with or within, wedge between, or otherwise communicate with a complementary dog clutch surface of the lower plug 1100B and/or at least a surface of the wellbore or casing 800. The interaction between the lower end of the upper plug 1100A and the upper end of the lower plug 1100B and/or the casing 800 can counteract a torque placed on the lower end of the upper plug 1100A, and prevent or greatly reduce rotation therebetween. For example, the lower end of the upper plug 1100A can be prevented from rotating within the wellbore or casing 800 by the interaction with upper end of the lower plug 1100B, which is held securely within the casing 800.
[0073] Referring to FIG. 12 , the flats and slot surfaces of the upper plug 1200A can interact with, interface with, interconnect, interlock, link with, join, jam with or within, wedge between, or otherwise communicate with complementary flats and slot surfaces of the lower plug 1200B and/or at least a surface of the wellbore or casing 800. The interaction between the lower end of the upper plug 1200A and the upper end of the lower plug 1200B and/or the casing 800 can counteract a torque placed on the lower end of the upper plug 1200A, and prevent or greatly reduce rotation therebetween. For example, the lower end of the upper plug 1200A can be prevented from rotating within the wellbore or casing 800 by the interaction with upper end of the lower plug 1200B, which is held securely within the casing 800. The protruding perpendicular surfaces of the lower end of the upper plug 1200A can mate in only one resulting configuration with the complementary perpendicular voids of the upper end of the lower plug 1200B. When the lower end of the upper plug 1200A and the upper end of the lower plug 1200B are mated, any further rotational force applied to the lower end of the upper plug 1200A will be resisted by the engagement of the lower plug 1200B with the wellbore or casing 800, translated through the mated surfaces of the anti-rotation feature 670, allowing the lower end of the upper plug 1200A to be more easily drilled-out of the wellbore.
[0074] One alternative configuration of flats and slot surfaces is depicted in FIG. 13 . The protruding cylindrical or semi-cylindrical surfaces 1310 perpendicular to the base 1301 of the lower end of the upper plug 1300A mate in only one resulting configuration with the complementary aperture(s) 1320 in the complementary base 1302 of the upper end of the lower plug 1300B. Protruding surfaces 1310 can have any geometry perpendicular to the base 1301, as long as the complementary aperture(s) 1320 match the geometry of the protruding surfaces 1301 so that the surfaces 1301 can be threaded into the aperture(s) 1320 with sufficient material remaining in the complementary base 1302 to resist rotational force that can be applied to the lower end of the upper plug 1300A, and thus translated to the complementary base 1302 by means of the protruding surfaces 1301 being inserted into the aperture(s) 1320 of the complementary base 1302. The anti-rotation feature 670 may have one or more protrusions or apertures 1330, as depicted in FIG. 13 , to guide, interact with, interface with, interconnect, interlock, link with, join, jam with or within, wedge between, or otherwise communicate or transmit force between the lower end of the upper plug 1300A and the upper end of the lower plug 1300B. The protrusion or aperture 1330 can be of any geometry practical to further the purpose of transmitting force through the anti-rotation feature 670.
[0075] The orientation of the components of the anti-rotation features 670 depicted in all figures is arbitrary. Because plugs 600 can be installed in horizontal, vertical, and deviated wellbores, either end of the plug 600 can have any anti-rotation feature 670 geometry, wherein a single plug 600 can have one end of the first geometry and one end of a second geometry. For example, the anti-rotation feature 670 depicted in FIG. 10 can include an alternative embodiment where the lower end of the upper plug 1000A is manufactured with geometry resembling 1000B and vice versa. Each end of each plug 600 can be or include two ends of differently-shaped anti-rotation features, such as an upper end may include a half-mule anti-rotation feature 670, and the lower end of the same plug 600 may include a dog clutch type anti-rotation feature 670. Further, two plugs 600 in series may each comprise only one type of anti-rotation feature 670 each, however the interface between the two plugs 600 may result in two different anti-rotation feature geometries that can interface with, interconnect, interlock, link with, join, jam with or within, wedge between, or otherwise communicate or transmit force between the lower end of the upper plug 600 with the first geometry and the upper end of the lower plug 600 with the second geometry.
[0076] Any of the aforementioned components of the plug 600, including the mandrel, rings, cones, elements, shoe, anti-rotation features, etc., can be formed or made from any one or more non-metallic materials or one or more metallic materials (such as aluminum, steel, stainless steel, brass, copper, nickel, cast iron, galvanized or non-galvanized metals, etc.). Suitable non-metallic materials include, but are not limited to, fiberglass, wood, composite materials (such as ceramics, wood/polymer blends, cloth/polymer blends, etc.), and plastics (such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyurethane, polyethylethylketone (PEEK), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyamide resins (such as nylon 6 (N6), nylon 66 (N66)), polyester resins (such as polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene isophthalate (PEI), PET/PEI copolymer) polynitrile resins (such as polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polymethacrylonitrile, acrylonitrile-styrene copolymers (AS), methacrylonitrile-styrene copolymers, methacrylonitrile-styrene-butadiene copolymers; and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS)), polymethacrylate resins (such as polymethyl methacrylate and polyethylacrylate), cellulose resins (such as cellulose acetate and cellulose acetate butyrate); polyimide resins (such as aromatic polyimides), polycarbonates (PC), elastomers (such as ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR), ethylene propylene-diene monomer rubber (EPDM), styrenic block copolymers (SBC), polyisobutylene (PIB), butyl rubber, neoprene rubber, halobutyl rubber and the like)), as well as mixtures, blends, and copolymers of any and all of the foregoing materials.
[0077] However, as many components as possible are made from one or more non-metallic materials, and preferably made from one or more composite materials. Desirable composite materials can include polymeric composite materials that are wound and/or reinforced by one or more fibers such as glass, carbon, or aramid, for example. The individual fibers are typically layered parallel to each other, and wound layer upon layer. Each individual layer can be wound at an angle of from about 20 degrees to about 160 degrees with respect to a common longitudinal axis, to provide additional strength and stiffness to the composite material in high temperature and/or pressure downhole conditions. The particular winding phase can depend, at least in part, on the required strength and/or rigidity of the overall composite material.
[0078] The polymeric component of the polymeric composite can be an epoxy blend. However, the polymer component of the polymeric composite can also be or include polyurethanes and/or phenolics, for example. In one aspect, the polymeric composite can be a blend of two or more epoxy resins. For example, the polymeric composite can be a blend of a first epoxy resin of bisphenol A and epichlorohydrin and a second cycloaliphatic epoxy resin. Preferably, the cycloaphatic epoxy resin is ARALDITE® RTM liquid epoxy resin, commercially available from Ciga-Geigy Corporation of Brewster, N.Y. A 50:50 blend by weight of the two resins has been found to provide the suitable stability and strength for use in high temperature and/or pressure applications. The 50:50 epoxy blend can also provide suitable resistance in both high and low pH environments.
[0079] The fibers can be wet wound, however, a prepreg roving can also be used to form a matrix. The fibers can also be wound with and/or around, spun with and/or around, molded with and/or around, or hand laid with and/or around a metal material or materials to create an epoxy impregnated metal or a metal impregnated epoxy. For example, a composite of a metal with an epoxy.
[0080] A post cure process can be used to achieve greater strength of the material. For example, the post cure process can be a two stage cure consisting of a gel period and a cross-linking period using an anhydride hardener, as is commonly know in the art. Heat can added during the curing process to provide the appropriate reaction energy which drives the cross-linking of the matrix to completion. The composite may also be exposed to ultraviolet light or a high-intensity electron beam to provide the reaction energy to cure the composite material.
[0081] Suitable decomposable materials can be or include, but are not limited to, one or more halogenated elastomers, polyesters, polyamides, polyurethanes, polyimides, polyethers, polyphenylene sulfides, polysulfones, polyphenylene oxides, polydicyclopentadienes, polyacrylonitriles, polyetherimides, polyolefins, polyethylenechlorinates, polyaryletherketones, styrenes, vulcanized plastics, polyvinyls, polyacrylics, polymethacrylics, any combination thereof, or any mixture thereof. Specific examples of decomposable materials can include, but are not limited to, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidine fluoride, perfluoroalkoxy, fluorinated ethylene propylene, polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid, polyhydroxybutyrate, polyethyelene terephthalate, polybutylene, polmethylmethacrylate, polycarbonate, polypropylene carbonate, cellulose acetate butyrate, polyacetal, nylon 6, nylon 66, nylon 6-12, polyphthalamide, polyparaphenylene terephthalamide, polyurethanes, polystyrene, vulcanized plastic, styrene-isoprene-styrene, polyphenylene sulfide, polystyrene-co-acrylonitrile, polysulfone, polyphenylsulfone, polyetheretherketone, polydioxanone, polyaryletherketone, polyacrylonitrile, polyimide, polyethylene, polypropylene, any combination thereof or any mixture thereof.
[0082] Illustrative polyesters can be or include aliphatic polyesters, semi-aromatic polyesters, aromatic polyesters, any combination thereof, or any mixture thereof. Illustrative aliphatic polyesters can include, but are not limited to, polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid, polycaprolactone, polyethylene adipate, polyhydroxyalkanoate, polyhydroxy butyrate, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate), any combination thereof, or any mixture thereof. Illustrative semi-aromatic polyesters can include, but are not limited to, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polytrimethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, any combination thereof, or any mixture thereof. One aromatic polyester can include vectran, which can be produced by the polycondensation of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 6-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxylic acid.
[0083] In at least one specific embodiment, the decomposable material can be or include one or more aliphatic polyesters. For example, the decomposable material can be or include homopolymers and/or copolymers of one or more glycolic acids, one or more lactic acids, one or more cyclic monomers, one or more hydroxycarboxylic acids, one or more aliphatic ester monomers, any combination thereof, or any mixture thereof. Illustrative glycolic acids can include glycolic acid and glycolide. Glycocide is a bimolecular cyclic ester of glycolic acid. Illustrative lactic acids can include lactic acid and lactide. Lactide is a bimolecular cyclic ester of lactic acid. Lactic acid is chiral and has two optical isomers, i.e., L-lactic acid and D-lactic acid, either or both of which can be used to make the aliphatic polyester. Illustrative cyclic monomers can include, but are not limited to, one or more ethylene oxalates, one or more lactones, one or more carbonates, one or more ethers, one or more ether esters, any combination thereof, or any mixture thereof. A suitable ethylene oxalate can include, but is not limited to, 1,4-dioxane-2,3-dione. Suitable lactones can include, but are not limited to, β-propiolactone, δ-butyrolactone, pivalolactone, γ-butyrolactone, δ-valerolactone, β-methyl-δ-valerolactone, ε-caprolactone, any combination thereof, or any mixture thereof. Illustrative hydroxycarboxylic acids can include, but are not limited to, lactic acid, 3-hydroxypropanoic acid, 4-hydroxybutanoic acid, 6-hydroxycaproic acid, alkyl esters thereof, any combination thereof, or any mixture thereof. Illustrative aliphatic ester monomers can include, but are not limited to, mixtures of an aliphatic diol and an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid. For example, the aliphatic diol can be or include ethylene glycol and/or 1,4-butanediol and the aliphatic dicarboxylic acid can be or include succinic acid, adipic acid, and/or an alkyl ester thereof. If an aliphatic diol and an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid are present, the aliphatic diol and the aliphatic dicarboxylic acid can be present in a substantially equimolar ratio. For example, a molar ratio of the aliphatic diol to the aliphatic dicarboxylic acid can be from about 1:0.9 to about 0.9:1, e.g., about 1:1.
[0084] An aliphatic polyester containing a repeating unit derived from glycolic acid and/or lactic acid can be represented by the formula: [—O—CH(R)—C(O)—], where R is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, respectively. In at least one specific embodiment, the aliphatic polyester can be or include a repeating unit derived from glycolic acid in an amount of at least 40 wt %, at least 45 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 55 wt %, at least 60 wt %, at least 65 wt %, at least 70 wt %, at least 75 wt %, at least 80 wt %, at least 85 wt %, at least 90 wt %, at least 95 wt %, or at least 99 wt %, based on the total weight of the aliphatic polyester. In at least one specific embodiment, the aliphatic polyester can be a homopolymer containing the repeating unit derived from glycolic acid in an amount of about 100%, based on the total weight of the aliphatic polyester. In at least one specific embodiment, the aliphatic polyester can be or include a repeating unit derived from lactic acid in an amount of at least 40 wt %, at least 45 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 55 wt %, at least 60 wt %, at least 65 wt %, at least 70 wt %, at least 75 wt %, at least 80 wt %, at least 85 wt %, at least 90 wt %, at least 95 wt %, or at least 99 wt %, based on the total weight of the aliphatic polyester. In at least one specific embodiment, the aliphatic polyester can be a homopolymer containing the repeating unit derived from lactic acid in an amount of about 100%, based on the total weight of the aliphatic polyester. In at least one specific embodiment, the aliphatic polyester can be or include a repeating unit derived from a reaction product of glycolic acid and lactic acid in an amount of at least 40 wt %, at least 45 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 55 wt %, at least 60 wt %, at least 65 wt %, at least 70 wt %, at least 75 wt %, at least 80 wt %, at least 85 wt %, at least 90 wt %, at least 95 wt %, or at least 99 wt %, based on the total weight of the aliphatic polyester. In at least one specific embodiment, the aliphatic polyester can be a copolymer containing the repeating unit derived from a reaction product of glycolic acid and lactic acid in an amount of about 100%, based on the total weight of the aliphatic polyester. As used herein, the term “copolymer” includes a polymer derived from two or more monomers. As such, the term “copolymer” includes terpolymers.
[0085] The aliphatic polyester can be synthesized by, for example, dehydration polycondensation of an α-hydroxycarboxylic acid such as glycolic acid or lactic acid. Preparation of aliphatic polyesters via dehydration polycondensation is a well known process. In addition to dehydration polycondensation, another well known process for preparing the aliphatic polyester can include ring-opening polymerization of a bimolecular cyclic ester of an α-hydroxycarboxylic acid. For example, when the bimolecular cyclic ester of glycolic acid, i.e., glycolide, undergoes ring-opening polymerization, polyglycolic acid or “PGA” is produced. In another example, when the bimolecular cyclic ester of lactic acid, i.e., lactide, is subjected to ring-opening polymerization, polylactic acid or “PLA” is produced. The cyclic ester can also be derived from other α-hydroxycarboxylic acids, which can include, but are not limited to, α-hydroxybutyric acid, α-hydroxyisobutyric acid, α-hydroxyvaleric acid, α-hydroxycaproic acid, α-hydroxyisocaproic acid, α-hydroxyheptanoic acid, α-hydroxyoctanoic acid, α-hydroxydecanoic acid, α-hydroxymyristic acid, α-hydroxystearic acid, and alkyl-substituted products thereof.
[0086] The ring-opening polymerization of the bimolecular cyclic ester of an α-hydroxycarboxylic acid can be carried out or conducted in the presence of one or more catalysts. The ring-opening polymerization can be carried out or conducted at a temperature from a low of about 90° C., about 100° C., about 110° C., about 120° C., about 130° C., or about 140° C. to a high of about 160° C., about 170° C., about 180° C., about 190° C., about 200° C., or about 210° C. For example, the ring-opening polymerization can be carried out at a temperature of about 135° C. to about 200° C., about 140° C. to about 195° C., about 150° C. to about 190° C., or about 160° C. to about 190° C.
[0087] Suitable catalysts that can be used to promote or accelerate the ring-opening polymerization of the bimolecular cyclic ester can include, but are not limited to, one or more oxides, one or more halides, one or more carboxylic acid salts, and/or one or more alkoxides of one or more metals such as tin (Sn), titanium (Ti), aluminum (Al), antimony (Sb), zirconium (Zr), zinc (Zn) and germanium (Ge). For example, the catalyst can be or include tin compounds including tin halides (e.g., tin dichloride and/or tin tetrachloride), tin organic-carboxylates (e.g., tin octanoates such as tin 2-ethylhexanoate), titanium compounds such as alkoxy-titanates, aluminum compounds such as alkoxy-aluminums, zirconium compounds such as zirconium acetylacetone, and antimony halides. The amount of the catalyst can be from a low of about 0.0001 wt %, about 0.001 wt %, about 0.01 wt %, or about 0.1 wt % to a high of about 0.15 wt %, about 0.2 wt %, about 0.25 wt %, about 0.3 wt %, about 0.4 wt %, about 0.5 wt %, about 0.7 wt %, or about 1 wt %.
[0088] The aliphatic polyester can have a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of from a low of about 500, about 600, about 700, about 800, about 900, about 1,000, about 3,000, about 5,000, about 10,000, about 15,000, about 20,000, about 25,000, about 50,000, about 100,000, about 300,000, about 600,000, or about 900,000 to a high of about 1,000,000, about 2,000,000, about 3,000,000, about 4,000,000, about 5,000,000, about 6,000,000, or about 7,000,000. In another example, the aliphatic polyester can have a weight average molecular weight of from a low of about 30,000, about 40,000, about 50,000, about 70,000, about 90,000, about 110,000, about 150,000, or about 200,000 to a high of about 700,000, about 800,000, about 900,000, about 1,000,000, about 1,200,000, about 1,300,000, or about 1,500,000. In another example, the aliphatic polyester can have a weight average molecular weight of at least 600, at least 1,000, at least 5,000, at least 10,000, at least 20,000, at least 30,000, at least 40,000, at least 50,000, at least 70,000, at least 90,000, at least 110,000, at least 150,000, at least 200,000, at least 300,000, or at least 400,000.
[0089] The weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the aliphatic polyester can be determined by a gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analyzer. More particularly, after an aliphatic polyester sample dissolves in a solution having a predetermined concentration of sodium trifluoroacetate dissolved in hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP), the solution can be filtered through a membrane filter to prepare a sample solution. The sample solution can be injected into the gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analyzer to measure a molecular weight, and a weight average molecular weight (Mw) can be calculated out from the result measured.
[0090] The polyglycolic acid can have a crystalline melting point (Tm) of from a low of about 197° C., about 200° C., about 203° C., about 205° C., about 210° C., about 215° C., or about 220° C. to a high of about 230° C., about 235° C., about 240° C., or about 245° C. The polylactic acid can have a crystalline melting point (Tm) of from a low of about 145° C., about 150° C., about 155° C., about 160° C., or about 165° C. to a high of about 170° C., about 175° C., about 180° C., or about 185° C. The crystalline melting point can be controlled or adjusted by, for example, the weight average molecular weight (Mw), the molecular weight distribution, and/or the presence of and/or amount of one or more copolymerization components. The crystalline melting point (Tm) of the aliphatic polyester can be determined under a nitrogen atmosphere via a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The crystalline melting point refers to a temperature of an endothermic peak attending on melting of a crystal, which is detected in the course of heating the sample from −50° C. to 280° C. [corresponding to a temperature near (the crystalline melting point (Tm)+60.degree. C.)] at a heating rate of 20° C./min under a nitrogen atmosphere. When a plurality of endothermic peaks is observed, a temperature of a peak having the largest peak area is regarded as a crystalline melting point (Tm).
[0091] The polyglycolic acid can have a glass transition temperature (Tg) of from a low of about 25° C., about 30° C., about 35° C., or about 40° C. to a high of about 45° C., about 50° C., about 55° C., or about 60° C. The polylactic acid can have a glass transition temperature (Tg) of from a low of about 45° C., about 50° C., about 55° C., or about 60° C. to a high of about 65° C., about 70° C., or about 75° C. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the aliphatic polyester can be controlled or adjusted by, for example, the weight average molecular weight (Mw), the molecular weight distribution, and/or the presence of and/or amount of one or more copolymerization components. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the aliphatic polyester can be determined under the nitrogen atmosphere by means of the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), similar to the measurement of the crystalline melting point (Tm). More particularly, an intermediate point between a start temperature and an end temperature in transition from a glassy state to a rubbery state when a non-crystalline sample obtained by heating an aliphatic polyester sample to about 280° C. [near (the crystalline melting point (Tm)+60° C.)], holding the sample for 2 minutes at this temperature and then quickly, e.g., at a rate of about 100° C./min) cooling the sample with liquid nitrogen is reheated from a temperature near room temperature to a temperature near 100° C. at a heating rate of 20° C./min under the nitrogen atmosphere by means of the DSC is regarded as a glass transition temperature (Tg).
[0092] A rate of single-sided decomposition from thermal stress alone for the polyglycolic acid can be estimated according to the following equation:
Δmm=−0.5e23.654-9443/K
Δmm=−0.5e23.654-9443/K
[0093] Accordingly, the rate of single-sided decomposition for the component made from polyglycolic acid, e.g., the ball 409, 701, 702, can be estimated based on a known environmental temperature around the plug 600. The rate of degradation for the component made from polyglycolic acid can also be adjusted, controlled, or otherwise influenced by adjusting or controlling the environmental temperature around where the plug 600 is located.
[0094] The aliphatic polyester can also include one or more additives. The one or more additives can be mixed, blended, stirred, reacted, or otherwise combined with the aliphatic polyester and/or the monomer components reacted to form the aliphatic polyester. Illustrative additives can include, but are not limited to, one or more thermal stabilizers, one or more catalyst-deactivating agents, one or more fillers, one or more carboxyl group capping agents, one or more calcium-containing inorganic compounds, e.g., the carbonate, hydroxide, and/or phosphate of calcium, one or more plasticizers, one or more pigments or colorants, one or more nucleating agents, one or more light stabilizers, one or more lubricants, any combination thereof, or any mixture thereof.
[0095] Illustrative carboxyl group capping agents can include, but are not limited to, carbodiimide compounds, e.g., monocarbodiimides and polycarbodiimides such as N,N-2,6-diisopropylphenylcarbodiimide; oxazoline compounds, e.g., 2,2′-m-phenylene-bis(2-oxazoline), 2,2′-p-phenylene-bis(2-oxazoline), 2-phenyl-2-oxagoline, and styrene-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline; oxazine compounds, e.g., 2-methoxy-5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-oxazine; and epoxy compounds, e.g., N-glycidylphthalimide, cyclohexene oxide, and tris (2,3-epoxypropyl)isocyanurate. In at least one embodiment, if the carboxyl group capping agent is present, the carboxyl group capping agent can be or include one or more carbodiimide compounds and/or epoxy compounds. Illustrative thermals stabilizers can include, but are not limited to, phosphoric acid esters having a pentaerythritol skeleton and alkyl phosphate or phosphite esters having an alkyl group of preferably 8-24 carbon atoms.
[0096] If one or more additives are combined with the aliphatic polyester, the amount of each additive can range from a low of about 0.01 wt % to a high of 50 wt %, based on the total weight of the aliphatic polyester. For example, the amount of any given additive can range from a low of about 0.01 wt %, about 0.05 wt %, about 0.1 wt %, about 0.5 wt %, or about 1 wt % to a high of about 3 wt %, about 5 wt %, about 7 wt %, or about 9 wt %, based on the total weight of the aliphatic polyester.
[0097] Commercially available polyglycolic acids can include, but are not limited to, TLF-6267, which is available from DuPont; and the KUREDUX® and KURESURGE® polyglycolic acids available from Kureh Corporation. Specific examples of polyglycolic acids available from Kureh Corporation include the KUREDUX® grades 100E35, 100R60, and 100T60. Commercially available polylactic acids can include, but are not limited to, the LACEA® polylactic acids sold under the names LACEA® H-100, LACEA® H-280, LACEA® H-400, and LACEA® H-440, which are available from Mitsui Chemicals, Inc.; the INGEO® polylactic acids sold under the names INGEO® 3001D, INGEO® 3051D, INGEO® 4032D, INGEO® 4042D, INEGEO® 4060D, INGEO® 6201D, INGEO® 6251D, INGEO® 7000D, and INGEO® 7032D, which are available from Nature Works LLC; the Eco Plastic U'z polylactic acids sold under the names Eco Plastic U'z S-09, Eco Plastic U'z S-12, and Eco Plastic U'z S-17, which are available from the Toyota Motor Corporation; and the VYLOECOL® line of polylactic acids, which are available from TOYOBO CO., LTD.
[0098] Additional details of the aliphatic polyesters and/or components used to produce the aliphatic polyesters are discussed and described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,688,586; 5,853,639; 5,908,917; 6,001,439; 6,046,251; 6,159,416; 6,183,679; 6,245,437; 6,673,403; 6,852,827; 6,891,048; 6,916,939; 6,951,956; 7,235,673; 7,501,464; 7,538,178; 7,538,179; 7,622,546; 7,713,464; 7,728,100; 7,781,600; 7,785,682; 7,799,837; 7,812,181; 7,976,919; 7,998,385; 8,003,721; 8,039,548; 8,119,699; 8,133,955; 8,163,866; 8,230,925; 8,293,826; 8,304,500; 8,318,837; 8,362,158; 8,404,868; and 8,424,610; U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos.: 2005/0175801; 2006/0047088; 2009/0081396; 2009/0118462; 2009/0131602; 2009/0171039; 2009/0318716; 2010/0093948; 2010/0184891; 2010/0286317; 2010/0215858; 2011/0008578; 2011/0027590; 2011/0104437; 2011/0108185; 2011/0190456; 2011/0263875; 2012/0046414; 2012/0086147; 2012/0130024; 2012/0156473; 2012/0193835; 2012/0270048; 2012/0289713; 2013/0079450; 2013/0087061; 2013/0081813; 2013/0081801; and WO Publication Nos.: WO2002/070508; WO2002/083661; WO2003/006525; WO2003/006526; WO2003/037956; WO2003/074092; WO2003/090438; WO2003/099562; WO2004/033527; WO2005/044894; WO2006/064611.
[0099] In one specific embodiment, the ball 409, 701, 702 can be made from the one or more decomposable materials or at least partially made from the one or more decomposable materials. The ball 409, 701, 702 can be made homogenous or the ball 409, 701, 702 can be made of multiple layers where each layer is made of the same or different materials, and where at least one layer is made from the one more decomposable materials. For example, the ball 409, 701, 702 can have a core and any number of discrete layers surrounding the core, where the core or any of the discrete layers is made from the one or more decomposable materials. Any number of discrete layers can be used depending on the size of the ball 409, 701, 702 and the thickness of the individual layers. For example, the number of discrete layers can range from a low of 1, 5, or 10 to a high of 10, 20, or 50.
[0100] The core and any one or more layers in a multi-layer component can be formed or made from the same decomposable material or composition. Similarly, the core and any one or more layers in a multi-layer component can be formed or made from different decomposable materials or compositions. In one specific embodiment, a first layer of the ball 409, 701, 702 can be made of a first decomposable material and the core of the ball 409, 701, 702 can be made of a second decomposable material, where the first and second decomposable materials have different predetermined triggers, e.g., the first and second predetermined triggers may be or may include different temperatures. Said another way, the first layer of the ball 409, 701, 702 can be made of a first decomposable material and the core of the ball 409, 701, 702 can be made of a second decomposable material, where the first and second decomposable materials undergo different rates of at least partial decomposition, degradation, degeneration, melting, combustion, softening, decay, break up, break down, dissolving, disintegration, breaking, dissociation, reduction into smaller pieces or components, or otherwise falls apart when exposed to the same predetermined trigger. Any of the other component(s), including any of the body, rings, cones, malleable and/or sealing elements, shoe, impediment 211, 222, anti-rotation features, etc., of the plug 600 can be made the same way as the ball 409, 701, 702.
[0101] Certain embodiments and features have been described using a set of numerical upper limits and a set of numerical lower limits. It should be appreciated that ranges including the combination of any two values, e.g., the combination of any lower value with any upper value, the combination of any two lower values, and/or the combination of any two upper values are contemplated unless otherwise indicated. Certain lower limits, upper limits and ranges appear in one or more claims below. All numerical values are “about” or “approximately” the indicated value, and take into account experimental error and variations that would be expected by a person having ordinary skill in the art.
[0102] Various terms have been defined above. To the extent a term used in a claim is not defined above, it should be given the broadest definition persons in the pertinent art have given that term as reflected in at least one printed publication or issued patent. Furthermore, all patents, test procedures, and other documents cited in this application are fully incorporated by reference to the extent such disclosure is not inconsistent with this application and for all jurisdictions in which such incorporation is permitted.
[0103] The terms “up” and “down”; “upward” and “downward”; “upper” and “lower”; “upwardly” and “downwardly”; “upstream” and “downstream”; “above” and “below”; and other like terms as used herein refer to relative positions to one another and are not intended to denote a particular spatial orientation since the tool and methods of using same can be equally effective in either horizontal or vertical wellbore uses.
[0104] While the foregoing is directed to embodiments of the present invention, other and further embodiments of the invention can be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof, and the scope thereof is determined by the claims that follow.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A downhole tool, comprising:
a mandrel;
at least one sealing element disposed about the mandrel;
at least one slip disposed about the mandrel;
at least one conical member disposed about the mandrel; and
a configurable insert disposed at least partially within an upper end of the mandrel, the configurable insert comprising:
a body having a bore that is blocked with an impediment such that fluid flow is prevented through the body in both axial directions, wherein an outer surface of the body has a larger outer diameter that transitions to a smaller outer diameter, defining a frustoconical outer shoulder therebetween, and wherein the impediment comprises one or more decomposable materials;
at least one shear element disposed on the body for connecting to a setting tool, wherein the shear element releases the setting tool when exposed to a predetermined force that is less than a force required to break the body;
one or more threads disposed on the outer surface of the body below the at least one shear element for connecting the body to the mandrel, wherein the one or more threads are disposed on the larger outer diameter of the body; and
at least one circumferential groove disposed on the outer surface of the body below the one or more threads on the outer surface of the body.
2. The downhole tool of claim 1, wherein the one or more decomposable materials comprises one or more aliphatic polyesters selected from the group consisting of: polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid, and a copolymer containing a repeating unit derived from a reaction product of glycolic acid and lactic acid.
3. The downhole tool of claim 1, wherein the one or more decomposable materials comprises polyglycolic acid.
4. The downhole tool of claim 1, wherein the decomposable material comprises a homopolymer containing a repeating unit derived from glycolic acid in an amount of at least 50 wt %, based on the total weight of the material.
5. The downhole tool of claim 1, wherein the setting tool comprises an outer sleeve that is adapted to engage the downhole tool proximate the upper end of the mandrel.
6. The downhole tool of claim 1, wherein the impediment is secured to an inner surface of the body of the configurable insert via a weld, one or more threads, a pin, a shaft, an adhesive, or a combination thereof.
7. The downhole tool of claim 1, wherein the decomposable material comprises one or more aliphatic polyesters.
8. The downhole tool of claim 7, wherein the aliphatic polyester comprises a homopolymer containing a repeating unit derived from glycolic acid in an amount of at least 50 wt %, based on the total weight of the aliphatic polyester.
9. The downhole tool of claim 7, wherein the aliphatic polyester comprises a copolymer containing a repeating unit derived from a reaction product of glycolic acid and lactic acid in an amount of at least 50 wt %, based on the total weight of the aliphatic polyester.
10. The downhole tool of claim 1, wherein the decomposable material at least partially decomposes, degrades, degenerates, melts, combusts, softens, decays, breaks up, breaks down, dissolves, disintegrates, decomposes, softens, breaks, or dissociates when exposed to one or more predetermined triggers, and wherein the one or more predetermined triggers comprises heating decomposable material to a temperature of about 200° F. or more.
11. The downhole tool of claim 1, wherein the decomposable material at least partially decomposes, degrades, degenerates, melts, combusts, softens, decays, breaks up, breaks down, dissolves, disintegrates, decomposes, softens, breaks, or dissociates, when exposed to one or more predetermined triggers, and wherein the one or more predetermined triggers comprises contacting the decomposable material with water.
12. The downhole tool of claim 1, wherein the decomposable material at least partially decomposes, degrades, degenerates, melts, combusts, softens, decays, breaks up, breaks down, dissolves, disintegrates, decomposes, softens, breaks, or dissociates, when exposed to one or more predetermined triggers, and wherein the one or more predetermined triggers comprises contacting the decomposable material with one or more acids, one or more bases, or one or more neutral compounds.
13. The downhole tool of claim 1, wherein the impediment is a solid component.
14. The downhole tool of claim 1, wherein the impediment is a ball.
15. The downhole tool of claim 1, wherein the impediment comprises a ball and a ball stop.
16. The downhole tool of claim 1, further comprising one or more anti-rotation features disposed proximate one or both ends of the mandrel.
17. The downhole tool of claim 1, wherein the at least one shear element is disposed within the bore of the body.
18. The downhole tool of claim 1, wherein the at least one shear element comprises one or more shearable threads.
19. The downhole tool of claim 1, wherein the at least one shear element comprises a shear pin.
20. The downhole tool of claim 1, wherein the at least one shear element is an area of reduced wall thickness in the body.
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