US 9,110,905 B2Grant
System and method for assigning network blocks to sensors
Issue Date:2015-08-18
•20 Claims
•6 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A system includes a processor device. The processor device is configured to detect a physical topology of a network comprising hosts and sensors in the network. The processor device is also configured to generate a sensor policy for assignment of the sensors to network blocks of the hosts, that balances a processing load and accuracy of the sensors in the network based on physical closeness of the sensors to different divisions of hosts within a same network block.
Metadata
Assignee
- Cisco Technology, Inc.
Inventors
- Jonathan Polley
- William Andrew Vogel, III
Application Information
Application Number:US 13/779,851
Filing Date:2013-02-28
Priority Date:2010-06-11
Art Unit:2456
Classifications
IPC:
G06F15/173G06F11/30H04L12/24
Field of Search:
H04L 41/042H04L 45/02
Patent Drawings (6 sheets)
Description
Cross-Reference to Related Application
[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/813,859, filed Jun. 11, 2010, titled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR ASSIGNING NETWORK BLOCKS TO SENSORS,” which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Technical Field
[0002] The technical field relates in general to communication network monitoring, and more specifically to configuring network sensors used on the communication network.
Background
[0003] Currently, a company can have a network with numerous computers on it, all within multiple networks. The computer system that monitors the company's networks has sensors attached to some of their networks to detect the devices, operating systems, and the like on the networks. However, the sensors are not necessarily one per network. Furthermore, it is not necessarily apparent which one sensor is physically closest to which network.
[0004] In order to obtain a reliably accurate representation of the systems on a particular network and what the systems are doing (such as the servers and clients they are running and who they are connecting to), a user needs the information from the sensor which is closest to that network because the closest sensor has the best view of that network.
[0005] Currently, users manually specify which sensor is assigned to which network based on their own understanding of their network's topology and where their sensors are located.
Summary
[0006] Accordingly, one or more embodiments of the present invention provide methods, systems, and/or computer readable memory mediums. The computer system can include a processor device. Embodiments can detect a physical topology of a network comprising hosts and sensors in the network. Also, embodiments can generate a sensor policy for assignment of the sensors to network blocks of the hosts, that balances a processing load and accuracy of the sensors in the network based on physical closeness of the sensors to different divisions of hosts within a same network block.
[0007] Another embodiment can score a distance between each sensor and hosts within divisions of the same network block.
[0008] Still a further embodiment comprises scaling the scoring to increasingly prefer a larger network block as the divisions of hosts within the network block are iteratively smaller.
[0009] In still other embodiments, a sensor most suited to the network block is determined by recursively determining sensors with best physical proximity scores for smaller and smaller divisions of the network block
[0010] Another embodiment includes transmitting the sensor policy to the sensors in the network to instruct the sensors as to which hosts to monitor.
[0011] Still another embodiment includes displaying the sensor policy for assignment of the sensor, on a display to a user for acceptance of the sensor policy.
[0012] Further, the purpose of the foregoing abstract is to enable the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and the public generally, and especially the scientists, engineers and practitioners in the art who are not familiar with patent or legal terms or phraseology, to determine quickly from a cursory inspection the nature and essence of the technical disclosure of the application. The abstract is neither intended to define the invention of the application, which is measured by the claims, nor is it intended to be limiting as to the scope of the invention in any way.
Brief Description of the Drawings
[0013] The accompanying figures, where like reference numerals refer to identical or functionally similar elements and which together with the detailed description below are incorporated in and form part of the specification, serve to further illustrate various exemplary embodiments and to explain various principles and advantages in accordance with the present invention.
[0014] FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a simplified and representative environment associated with assigning network blocks to sensors;
[0015] FIG. 2 is a user interface illustrating a first aspect of assigning network blocks to sensors;
[0016] FIG. 3 is a user interface illustrating a second aspect of assigning network blocks to sensors;
[0017] FIG. 4 is a user interface illustrating a third aspect of assigning network blocks to sensors;
[0018] FIG. 5 is a user interface illustrating a fourth aspect of assigning network blocks to sensors;
[0019] FIG. 6 is a user interface illustrating a fifth aspect of assigning network blocks to sensors;
[0020] FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating portions of an exemplary computer system; and
[0021] FIG. 8 is a flow chart illustrating a process for assigning network block to sensors.
Detailed Description
[0022] In overview, the present disclosure concerns monitoring of communication networks, often referred to as packet switching networks, which support communication between a source and a destination. Packets on such communication networks may carry information which suggests a physical topology of the network. Such packets can be read when they are in transit between source and destination by sensors that collect the information and report the collected information to a central computer system for further use. More particularly, various inventive concepts and principles are embodied in systems, devices, and methods therein for proposing an assignment of sensors to monitor network blocks within the network, so as to balance a processing load while improving accuracy.
[0023] The instant disclosure is provided to further explain in an enabling fashion the best modes of performing one or more embodiments of the present invention. The disclosure is further offered to enhance an understanding and appreciation for the inventive principles and advantages thereof, rather than to limit in any manner the invention. The invention is defined solely by the appended claims including any amendments made during the pendency of this application and all equivalents of those claims as issued.
[0024] Relational terms such as first and second, and the like, if any, are used herein solely to distinguish one from another entity, item, or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities, items or actions. Some embodiments may include a plurality of processes or steps, which can be performed in any order, unless expressly and necessarily limited to a particular order; i.e., processes or steps that are not so limited may be performed in any order.
[0025] Much of the inventive functionality and many of the inventive principles when implemented, are best supported with or in software or integrated circuits (ICs), such as a digital signal processor and software therefore, and/or application specific ICs. It is expected that one of ordinary skill, notwithstanding possibly significant effort and many design choices motivated by, for example, available time, current technology, and economic considerations, when guided by the concepts and principles disclosed herein will be readily capable of generating such software instructions or ICs with minimal experimentation. Therefore, in the interest of brevity and minimization of any risk of obscuring the principles and concepts according to the present invention, further discussion of such software and ICs, if any, will be limited to the essentials with respect to the principles and concepts used by the exemplary embodiments.
[0026] Further in accordance with exemplary embodiments, a central defense controller can take a list of the top-level networks that the user wishes to monitor, can automatically subdivide those networks and can assign the various subdivided networks to the sensors that can best monitor that traffic due to physical proximity. That is, the network can be measured in relation to the sensors. More particularly, the network can be divided up into blocks, and then for each of those blocks, the controller can determine which sensor is closest to that block and use that sensor. However, the way that the networks are divided up can take into consideration efficiency and user-friendliness. For example, if 90% of the hosts in the network are better covered by sensor A and a couple of hosts are better covered by sensor B, all of the hosts can be assigned to sensor A because it more efficient and more user-friendly for people to be able to read and understand what is going on.
[0027] Referring now to FIG. 1 , a diagram illustrating a simplified and representative environment associated with assigning network blocks to sensors will be discussed and described. FIG. 1 illustrates a Defense Center 101, which is representative of a central defense controller (sometimes referred to herein as a “central computer system”), networks 119, 129, 103, 111 (which are representative of any number of networks), and sensors 105, 107, 109, 111 (which are representative of any number of sensors). Together, these can comprise a network which is monitored by the sensors and reported to the central defense controller.
[0028] In this illustration, the networks are LAN 119, 129, intranet network 103, and a remote host 111 which for the purposes of this document is considered a “network” albeit comprising a single remote host. The LAN 129 and LAN 119 include hosts 113, 115, 117, 123, 125, 127 (which are representative of any number of hosts included in the LAN). The intranet network 103 can include any number of hosts. One or more sensors 105, 107, 109, 111 can be placed between the networks 103, 111, 119, 129 and the Defense Center 101, as will be understood by one of skill in this art.
[0029] The Defense Center 101 can transmit a sensor policy 133 to the sensors 105, 107, 109, 111 according to known techniques, and the sensors receive the sensor policy 133. The sensor policy specifies, among other things, which network(s) a sensor is to monitor. The sensors 105, 107, 109, 111 can observe packets being transmitted on the network between hosts. The sensors 105, 107, 109, 111 individually send a sensor report 131 to the Defense Center 101 which reports on, among other things, contents of packets which the sensor has observed being transmitted, according to known conventions.
[0030] The sensors 105, 107, 109, 111 on the network can use information which they observe in packets, for example, TTL information, to determine their physical distance from the hosts that they can see traffic to and from. The packet information can be collected and analyzed and can be used to create a list of active network blocks. An active network block can then be monitored by the sensor to which it is assigned, typically by the sensor policy 133. The sensor that is assigned to monitor an active network block can be physically closest to the network block and can see the most hosts relative to other sensors.
[0031] A conventional sensor just gathers the information and sends it out, for example to a central defense controller which collects the information from the sensors.
[0032] The central computer system, e.g., the Defense Center 101, can measure physical proximity of the sensors 105, 107, 109, 111 to groupings of hosts, can determine which ones of the sensors have the best combination of monitoring the most hosts in a network block while being closest to the hosts in the network block, so that the combination of sensors assigned to network blocks can achieve a best balance of processing load and accuracy, as further explained. The Defense Center 101 can divide the network into blocks of hosts (using a netmask), and then assign sensors to the different network blocks. A given network block contains a certain number of hosts on the network. For each of the sensors 105, 107, 109, 111, the central computer system 101 can determine the distance between different hosts in the network block and the sensor, and assign a score based on the distance between the host and sensor. Then, this can be repeated for all of the hosts in that block vs. all of the sensors in the network. Then, it can be determined which sensor has the best score. The sensor with the best score is best suited to monitor the network block because that sensor is the one that can monitor the most hosts in the network block and is closest to them. Consequently, that sensor should have the best information about the hosts in that network block.
[0033] The central defense controller, such as the Defense Center available from Sourcefire, or a similar arrangement, is an appropriate central computer system 101 for implementation of embodiments discussed herein.
[0034] When the central computer system 101 looks at a larger network block, the sensor with the best score for that block can be determined, and then the block can be divided up into the next size smaller blocks each having individual sensors and determining scores for each of the smaller blocks. A comparison can be done recursively to determine which has sensor/network block combination the highest overall score. A slight preference can be given to having larger network blocks to avoid recursively degenerating into assigning every host to be monitored individually by a sensor.
[0035] The subdivision into network blocks can be performed dynamically as follows. For example, consider that a score for sensor A is 100. If the network block is divided in half, to be monitored half by sensor A and half by B, it would sum to 110. That suggests that using both sensors A and B is better. In the non-dynamic embodiment, the sum of the scores of the smaller networks can be multiplied by a threshold, e.g., 95% (in order to slightly prefer larger networks). (In this example, 95% of 110 is better than 100, so use of both sensors A and B is proposed.) In the dynamic embodiment, the system can look at how many networks blocks are generated overall; as the number of network blocks grows, the preference threshold grows smaller (which prefers a better granularity for a user's understanding). Two hundred network blocks, for example, is inefficient for users to read and comprehend because it is too many. The inventors have noticed, to keep things at a reasonable value, an initial scaling factor can start at 95%, and can decrease as low as 80%. Below 80% threshold seems to incur loose/arbitrary/inaccurate results. Having no more than 7 recommendations per sensor seems to be user-friendly; thus if there are five sensors, thirty-five network blocks is user-friendly.
[0036] Physical topology detection can use any known technique, of which there are numerous known methodologies. Using hops indicated in a packet to see what is close is an example of a traditional technique. Physical network topology changes constantly in most systems, such as when remote hosts are added or moved. Changes in the physical topology of the network can be detected. If the locations change where the computers are connected, the sensors can detect where the computers are, and report that to the central computer system. Consequently, it is useful to reevaluate physical topology periodically and generate new recommendations for assignments of sensors to network blocks in response to either user interaction or automatically. As time passes, a user can get a recommendation that a network that was monitored by a first sensor is now better monitored by a different sensor which is now closer to that network. The assignments of sensors to network blocks can be reflected in a new or revised sensor policy 133 which can be transmitted to the sensors 105, 107, 109, 111.
[0037] The central computer system, e.g., the Defense Center 101, can generate sensor policy recommendations on a periodic basis and/or upon request. For example, the generation of sensor policy recommendations can be scheduled to re-evaluate the physical topology and assignment of sensors to network blocks, e.g., periodically, e.g., each day or each week.
[0038] Some current sensor policies require that each subnet of the network that the user wishes to monitor have a single sensor assigned to it. One sensor may be the reporting sensor for any number of subnets, however this sensor generates Primary host information for that subnet. Traffic between this subnet and another may be observed by the sensor for that other subnet. It will generate much more limited Secondary host information. If a particular subnet does not have a sensor directly attached to it, the reporting sensor should be the sensor that has the best view of traffic going into and out of that subnet. Other sensors may be able to see different traffic, however, with no one sensor having a complete view of the subnet.
[0039] Thus, information that sensor already passively gather can help the user determine the optimal subnet assignments for the sensors on the network, which subnets have sensors directly connected to them and also which sensors have the best views into additional subnets that the user indicates interest in.
[0040] 1. The user does not accurately know which sensors are closest to which subnets: (A) Each sensor monitors those networks closest to it. (B) The user can verify/modify the assignments before applying the policy.
[0041] 2. The users desire some semi-automated policy tuning: (A) At regular intervals, the central computer system can generate recommended subnet assignments and offer them for review. (B) At some point the user may elect to fully automate the process.
[0042] 3. The user wishes to be protected against topology changes: (A) Notify the user with new recommendations.
[0043] 4. Display the distance from a host to various sensors in the network: (A) Show closest sensor. (B) Show other sensors with how many hops further away they are.
[0044] 5. In this example, a user has initially set up sensor A to watch 10.4.2.0/24. Both sensors A and B have equally good access to this network.
Current:
10.4.2.0/24→A
Recommended:
10.4.2.0/24→A—or—10.4.2.0/24→B
[0045] 6. In this example, a user has set up sensor A to watch subnet 10.4.0.0/16. However, sensor B can see this network better.
Current:
10.4.0.0/16→A
Recommended:
10.4.0.0/16→B
[0046] 7. In this example, a user has set up sensor A to watch subnet 10.4.0.0/16. However, other sensors can observe various portions of this network more effectively, and some portions of the network have no observed traffic.
Current:
10.4.0.0/16→A
Recommended:
10.4.1.0/24→B
10.4.2.0/24→C
10.4.3.0/24→D
10.4.0.0/16→Autodetect
[0047] 8. In this example, a user has set up sensor A to watch 10.4.2.0/24 and sensor B to watch 10.4.3.0/24, and no other sensors to watch 10.4.x.x networks, but the user did initially configure all of 10.4.0.0/16 to be watched. Sensor A has better access to both of these networks.
Current:
10.4.2.0/24→A
10.4.3.0/24→B
10.4.0.0/16→Autodetect
Recommended:
10.4.0.0/16→A
[0048] 9. In this example, a user has set up sensor A to watch 10.4.0.0/16, except 10.4.12.12 and sensor B to watch only 10.4.12.12. Both A and B are equidistant from the 10.4.0.0/16. Current:
10.4.0.0/16→A
Exclude: 10.4.12.12/32→A
10.4.12.12/32→B
Recommended:
10.4.0.0/16→A—or—10.4.0.0/16→B
Remove (Exclude: 10.4.12.12/32→A)
Remove (10.4.12.12/32→B)
[0049] 10. In this example, a user has set the network 10.4.0.0/16 to be autodetected. Traffic is only seen on 10.4.1.0/24 by sensor A and on 10.4.34.0/24 by sensor B.
Current:
10.4.0.0/6→Autodetect
Recommended:
10.4.1.0/24→A
10.4.34.0/24→B
10.4.0.0/16→Autodetect
[0050] Referring now to FIG. 2 a user interface illustrating a first aspect of assigning network blocks to sensors will be discussed and described. A user interface 201 can include a list of networks to monitor. The list can include IP Address, netmask, type of data collection (e.g., host and/or flow data), and the sensor assigned thereto (a so-called “reporting detection engine).
[0051] The illustrated user interface 201 can interact with a user to bring up a display of recommendations for a sensor policy. In this illustration, a link labeled “Detection Engine Auto-detection” can bring up an overlay containing recommendations for the policy. Also, in the illustrated user interface 201, a row that is affected by a recommendation can include an indication such as an icon to bring up the recommendation(s).
[0052] Referring now to FIG. 3 , a user interface 301 illustrating a second aspect of assigning network blocks to sensors will be discussed and described. The user interface 301 can display an overlay listing all recommendations. The illustrated recommendations overlay has three columns: a checkbox to indicate if the recommendation has been accepted or not, the current network/sensor assignments, and the recommendation network/sensor assignments that the system recommends to replace the current assignments. The illustrated user interface has two buttons: “Accept”, which accepts the checked recommendations and replaces the original assignments with the new ones and “Cancel” which returns to the original view, changing nothing.
[0053] In this example, a first current assignment is 10.0.0.0/8 to Auto-detect, 10.1.1.16/28 to rna0/sputnik.sfeng.sourcefire.com; 10.1.1.32/28 to rna0/sputnik.sfeng.sourcefire.com; 10.1.1.80/28 to rna0/sputnik.sfeng.sourcefire.com; 10.1.1.96/28 to rna1/sputnik.sfeng.sourcefire.com; 10.1.1.112/28 to rna0/sputnik.sfeng.sourcefire.com; 10.1.1.192/28 to mal/sputnik.sfeng.sourcefire.com; 10.1.1.208/28 to mal/sputnik.sfeng.sourcefire.com; 10.1.2.0/24 to mal/sputnik.sfeng.sourcefire.com; 10.2.0.0/16 to rna0/sputnik.sfeng.sourcefire.com; and 10.9.0.0/16 to rna0/sputnik.sfeng.sourcefire.com. The recommendation is to replace the first current assignment with 10.0.0.0/8 assigned to Auto-detect. Also, in this example a second current assignment is 10.5.0.0/16 to rna1/sputnik.sfeng.sourcefire.com. The recommendation is to replace the second current assignment with 10.5.0.0/20 to mal/sputnik.sfeng.sourcefire.com; 10.5.16.0/20 to rna0/sputnik.sfeng.sourcefire.com; 10.5.40.0.24 to rna1/sputnik.sfeng.sourcefire.com; and 10.5.45.0/24 to rna0/sputnik.sfeng.sourcefire.com.
[0054] This user interface sets which sensor monitors which network. The sensor policy creation screen can allow the user to choose to autodetect a sensor assignment. This can be presented as an option in the reporting DE dropdown.
[0055] Referring now to FIG. 4 , a user interface 401 illustrating a third aspect of assigning network blocks to sensors will be discussed and described. Here, the user interface 401 allows for collapsing multiple subnets to one. As with FIG. 3 , the left-hand column indicates the current assignment of subnets to sensors, and the right hand column is the recommendation. In this example, multiple subnets are collapsed into one.
[0056] Referring now to FIG. 5 , a user interface 501 illustrating a fourth aspect of assigning network blocks to sensors will be discussed and described. Here, the user interface 501 allows for expanding a subnet from assignment to a single sensor to multiple sensors. As with FIG. 3 , the left-hand column indicates the current assignment of subnets to sensors, and the right hand column is the recommendation. In this example, a single subnet is expanded into multiple subnets.
[0057] Referring now to FIG. 6 , a user interface 601 illustrating a fifth aspect of assigning network blocks to sensors will be discussed and described. In this example, two sensors have been determined to be equally good recommendations. A menu 601 such as the illustrated drop down can be used to interact with the user to determine which one of two equally good recommendations is preferred. The preference can be remembered so that if the same tied recommendation is generated again it will be in a list of ignored recommendations and not shown by default.
[0058] In a variation, the system can be programmed so that the sensor/network “recommendation” can be automatically accepted.
[0059] All of the different divisions of network blocks in combination with the different sensors can be generated. The following is an explanation of an example scoring algorithm that can be used to generate the assignments of networks to sensors. It can be run in two independent passes to generate assignments for Host and Flow networks and/or Host Only networks.
-
- [0060] 1. Extract the list of networks from the policy object.
- [0061] 2. Get the IP/MAC/TTL information for each host that each DE has seen.
- [0062] 3. Generate scores for network assignments:
- [0063] a. For each DE:
- [0064] i. Iterate through the list of hosts:
- [0065] 1. Iterate the list of netmask lengths (0, 4, 8, 16, 20, 24, and 28):
- [0066] a. Combine the host and netmask to generate a network block. This ensures that all possible network blocks that contain at least one host are evaluated. If this block has already been evaluated or falls outside of the list of network blocks in the policy, go to the next netmask.
- [0067] b. Increment the counter for the number of hosts that DE can see in that network.
- [0068] c. Add points to the DE assignment score equal to 1/(1+distance from DE).
- [0064] i. Iterate through the list of hosts:
- [0063] a. For each DE:
- [0069] 4. Recursively find the combination of non-overlapping network blocks where the scores sum to the maximum value.
[0070] A policy object is a policy specifying the networks that are to be monitored. The policy is typically user-defined. A policy object is a known technology in network management systems.
[0071] In the list of netmask lengths, the netmask length corresponds to the different sizes of networks, as is known. A netmask length indicates how big the network is, i.e., how many hosts it has; e.g. a /24 network includes 255 hosts, etc. It is possible that a single /16 network may be better off as four /24 networks.
[0072] The number of hosts in the network block can be counted, from the list of hosts which have been observed by the sensors. Then, using netmasks, the system can determine which host belongs in which network block.
[0073] The scoring discussed herein can use an inverse of the distance, because closer is better. Zero is the ideal score for distance. Even if a sensor can see a lot of hosts, if it is really far away it has a higher score which reflects that it is less accurate.
[0074] The following is a simple example of scoring. Consider a network with ten hosts, sensor A and sensor B. Sensor A is one hop away from the network but can see all of the hosts. Sensor A has score of 5 because each host is worth 0.5 point and it can see all ten hosts. Sensor B has only seen seven of those hosts, but it is 0 hops away (on the same network). Sensor B has score of 7 because each host is worth 1. In this example, sensor B will be preferred. Sensor B is closer and will be able to get more detailed information. It should in time be able to see those other hosts.
[0075] Memory swapping can be used to enable the scoring where the generated combinations cannot reasonably be maintained in memory, for example, when there are thousands of hosts. Consider the following example of memory swapping and memory consumption. In an embodiment, the /8 network is used as the biggest network. Everything that is /8 and smaller can be evaluated; only the hosts for a single /8 network are in memory at one time. As the system looks at each /8 network, the system generates partial numbers for /4 network subdivisions and /0 network subdivisions. Then, the numbers for the overall scoring are summed. The scaling is then done per /8 network set of hosts. The /8 network set of hosts can be maintained in memory for potential reevaluation.
[0076] Referring now to FIG. 7 , a block diagram illustrating portions of an exemplary computer system will be discussed and described. The computer system 701, sometimes referred to herein as a “system,” may include one or more controllers 703, which can receive signals from a sensor 757 which senses communications from a network 707 in accordance with known techniques, where the communications are being sent to a target (not illustrated). The sensor 757 is representative of one or more sensors which can be deployed in accordance with known techniques. The controller 704 can include a processor 705 (sometimes referred to herein as a “processor device”), a memory 711, an optional display 753, and/or an optional user input device such as a keyboard 755. Additional remote or local storage can be provided on a storage medium 751.
[0077] The processor 705 may comprise one or more microprocessors and/or one or more digital signal processors. The memory 711 may be coupled to the processor 705 and may comprise a read-only memory (ROM), a random-access memory (RAM), a programmable ROM (PROM), and/or an electrically erasable read-only memory (EEPROM). The memory 711 may include multiple memory locations for storing, among other things, an operating system, data and variables 713 for programs executed by the processor 705; computer programs for causing the processor to operate in connection with various functions such as to detect 715 the physical topology of the network; generate 717 a sensor policy for assignment of sensors to network blocks; score 719 a distance between sensors and hosts; recursively determine 721 the sensors with the best scores for smaller and smaller divisions of the network block; scale 723 the scoring; transmit 725 the sensor policy to the sensors; display 727 the sensor policy; and a database 729 for other information used by the processor 705. Additional discussion about the computer programs follows. The computer programs may be stored, for example, in ROM or PROM and may direct the processor 705 in controlling the operation of the computer system 701. Much of the interconnection and relationship between the memory 711, the processor 705, the sensor 757, the network 707, the display 753, the keyboard 755, and the storage medium 751 is technology known to one of the skill in the art and will not be discussed herein.
[0078] The processor 705 may be programmed to detect 715 the physical topology of the network comprising hosts and sensors. In the illustrated example, packets are detected by the sensor 757 connected to the computer system 701 and information in the detected packets are supplied to the computer system 701 in accordance with known techniques. Various techniques can be used to passively read data at the sensor while the data is in motion on the network, for example, packet sniffing. Various known sensor devices can be programmed or otherwise configured to operate as the sniffer discussed herein. The sensor 757 can be electrically or wirelessly connected to the processor 705 so as to be in communication therewith, in accordance with conventional techniques. The sensor 757 and processor 705 which are connected together can mutually communicate with each other.
[0079] The processor 705 can be programmed to generate 717 a sensor policy for assignment of sensors to network blocks, that balances a processing load and accuracy of the sensors in the network based on the physical closeness of the sensors to different divisions of hosts within a same network block. Various examples and techniques for generating such a sensor policy have been discussed in detail above.
[0080] The processor 705 can be programmed to score 719 a distance between each sensor and each of the hosts within the different divisions of hosts within the same network block. Various examples and techniques for such scoring have been discussed in detail above.
[0081] The processor 705 can be programmed to recursively determine 721 the sensors with the best physical proximity scores for smaller and smaller divisions of the network block to determine a sensor most suited to the network block. Also, the processor 705 can be programmed to scale 723 the scoring to increasingly prefer a larger network block over its smaller network blocks as the divisions of the network blocks are iteratively smaller. Various examples and techniques for recursively determining the scores and for scaling the scoring have been discussed in detail above.
[0082] The processor 705 can be programmed to transmit 725 the sensor policy to the sensors, so as to instruct the sensors as to which hosts to monitor. The sensor policy can be developed as discussed herein, and then stored in the same form as a conventional sensor policy which includes an assignment of sensors to network blocks. Conventional techniques may be used to transmit the sensor policy.
[0083] The processor 705 can be programmed to display 727 the sensor policy and recommends for assignment of the sensor(s) to network blocks, and to interact with the user via the display 753 so as to accept or rejection the recommended sensor/network block assignments in the sensor policy. Examples of displays are provided above, although numerous variants and evolutions thereof are possible.
[0084] It should be understood that various logical groupings of functions are described herein. Different realizations may omit one or more of these logical groupings. Likewise, in various realizations, functions may be grouped differently, combined, or augmented. Furthermore, functions including those identified as optional can be omitted from various realizations. Similarly, the present description may describe or suggest a database or collection of data and information. One or more embodiments can provide that the database or collection of data and information can be distributed, combined, or augmented, or provided locally (as illustrated) and/or remotely (not illustrated).
[0085] Referring now to FIG. 8 is a flow chart illustrating a process 801 to assign network block to sensors will be discussed and described. The process 801 can advantageously be implemented on, for example, a processor of a controller described in connection with FIG. 7 or other apparatuses appropriately arranged.
[0086] In overview, the process 801 to assign network blocks to sensors can detect 803 a physical topology of the network; determine 805 the sensors best for the network block; divide 807 the network block into smaller network blocks, and repeat the process of determining 805 the sensors best for the network block and dividing 807 the network block; until 809 the network block is below a size threshold. Then, the process 801 can generate the assignments of sensors to the network blocks as the sensor policy, and end 813. Most of the details have been discussed above and are not repeated here.
[0087] Moreover, embodiments can include a computer system configured with the foregoing tangible computer-readable medium and/or method(s); and/or a communication network comprising at least one computer system configured with the foregoing computer-readable medium and/or method(s).
[0088] Although the foregoing discussion discusses passive detection of physical network topology, the network topology may be actively detected, manually determined via interaction with the user, and/or a combination of two or more of these detection methods.
[0089] It should be noted that the communication networks of interest include those that transmit information in packets in accordance with packet processing protocols, for example, by packet switching networks that transmit data, where the packet(s) are generated by a source, the packets are transmitted, and the packets are routed over network infrastructure devices, which are sent to a destination specified in the packet(s). Such networks include, by way of example, the Internet, intranets, local area networks (LAN), wireless LANs (WLAN), wide area networks (WAN), and others. Protocols supporting communication networks that utilize packets include one or more of various networking protocols having any link layers that support the TCP transport layer, or any application that rides over the transport layer, for example, IPV4 or IPV6, and other wireless application protocols or wireline application protocols and/or other protocol structures, and variants and evolutions thereof. Such networks can provide wireless communications capability and/or utilize wireline connections such as cable and/or a connector, or similar.
[0090] The designation “packet” is defined herein as a unit of data formatted in accordance with a packet processing protocol such as IPV4 or IPV6, carried by a packet switching network and includes a header and data, and is sometimes referred to as an IP packet or a datagram.
[0091] A “passively read” packet is defined herein as a packet which was not elicited or initiated by the processor on which the packet is read. To “passively read” data or a packet is defined herein as to receive a packet which was not elicited or initiated by a prior transmission from the processor on which the packet is read.
[0092] The designation “sensor”, sometimes referred to as a “detection engine” or “DE”, is defined herein expressly to indicate a device including a processor whose primary functions are to detect and report network traffic on the network to which it is attached, sometimes referred to as a security appliance, security device, or sensor appliance, and can be standalone or incorporate one or more of: a firewall, an anti-virus scanning device, a content filtering device, an intrusion detection appliance, an intrusion prevention appliance, a penetration testing appliance, a vulnerability assessment appliance, and the like. The sensor can operate inline (installed as an appliance within the network, so that traffic flows through it); as a tap (network traffic between the clients and servers is copied by the tap to the sensor which is essentially invisible to the other network entities); or in a span (traffic is spanned off either the server side or the client side of a router or switch, copying both the incoming and outgoing traffic from any of the ports). The sensor can collect information on the packets which it sees, and can be configured to transmit the collected packet information for individual packets, summaries of packets, reports, and/or as detected events. Examples of such sensors include a Sourcefire™ sensor, a McAfee™ sensor, and the like.
[0093] This disclosure is intended to explain how to fashion and use various embodiments in accordance with the invention rather than to limit the true, intended, and fair scope and spirit thereof. The invention is defined solely by the appended claims, as they may be amended during the pendency of this application for patent, and all equivalents thereof. The foregoing description is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Modifications or variations are possible in light of the above teachings. The embodiment(s) was chosen and described to provide the best illustration of the principles of the invention and its practical application, and to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. All such modifications and variations are within the scope of the invention as determined by the appended claims, as may be amended during the pendency of this application for patent, and all equivalents thereof, when interpreted in accordance with the breadth to which they are fairly, legally, and equitably entitled.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A computer system comprising:
a processor and memory configured to:
receive topology information of a network comprising a plurality of hosts and a plurality of sensors for monitoring hosts, the topology information indicating, for each host that each sensor has observed, a distance between the sensor and host;
divide the network into a plurality of network blocks, each network block comprising one or more hosts;
for each sensor, compute a score for each network block having at least one host that has been observed by the sensor, the score being based on distances between the sensor and the hosts within the network block that have been observed by the sensor;
for each network block, assign to the network block a shortest distance score from among the scores computed for the network block, the shortest distance score corresponding to a sensor having a shortest distance to the network block;
sum the shortest distance scores assigned to the network blocks and apply a scaling factor to the sum to produce a weighted sum of scores, wherein the scaling factor is based on a size of the network blocks and favors having a greater number of hosts per network block;
perform the divide, compute, assign, and sum operations a plurality of times with increasingly smaller network blocks having fewer hosts until a weighted sum of scores indicating a weighted overall shortest distance between sensors and hosts is determined; and
generate a sensor policy that assigns sensors to network blocks based on the weighted sum of scores indicating the weighted overall shortest distance between sensors and hosts.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to transmit the sensor policy to the sensors in the network to instruct the sensors as to which hosts to monitor.
3. The system of claim 1, further comprising a user interface configured to display the sensor policy for assignment of the sensors.
4. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to divide the network into a plurality of network blocks using a netmask, wherein the size of the network blocks is determined by a length of the netmask.
5. The system of claim 1, wherein the distance between the sensor and host is based on a number of hops between the sensor and host.
6. The system of claim 1, wherein the scaling factor ranges from 80% to 100% based on the size of the network blocks.
7. A method comprising:
in a processor device:
receiving topology information of a network comprising a plurality of hosts and a plurality of sensors for monitoring hosts, the topology information indicating, for each host that each sensor has observed, a distance between the sensor and host;
dividing the network into a plurality of network blocks, each network block comprising one or more hosts;
for each sensor, computing a score for each network block having at least one host that has been observed by the sensor, the score being based on distances between the sensor and the hosts within the network block that have been observed by the sensor;
for each network block, assigning to the network block a shortest distance score from among the scores computed for the network block, the shortest distance score corresponding to a sensor having a shortest distance to the network block;
summing the shortest distance scores assigned to the network blocks and applying a scaling factor to the sum to produce a weighted sum of scores, wherein the scaling factor is based on a size of the network blocks and favors having a greater number of hosts per network block;
performing the dividing, computing, assigning, and summing operations a plurality of times with increasingly smaller network blocks having fewer hosts until a weighted sum of scores indicating a weighted overall shortest distance between sensors and hosts is determined; and
generating a sensor policy that assigns sensors to network blocks based on the weighted sum of scores indicating the weighted overall shortest distance between sensors and hosts.
8. The method of claim 7, further comprising transmitting the sensor policy to the sensors in the network to instruct the sensors as to which hosts to monitor.
9. The method of claim 7, further comprising displaying the sensor policy for assignment of the sensors, on a display to a user for acceptance of the sensor policy.
10. A controller configured to perform the method of claim 7.
11. The method of claim 7, wherein dividing the network comprises dividing the network into a plurality of network blocks using a netmask, wherein the size of the network blocks is determined by a length of the netmask.
12. The method of claim 7, wherein the distance between the sensor and host is based on a number of hops between the sensor and host.
13. The method of claim 7, wherein the scaling factor ranges from 80% to 100% based on the size of the network blocks.
14. A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising executable instructions for performing the method of claim 7.
15. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising non-transitory computer-readable instructions for performing the steps of:
receiving topology information of a network comprising a plurality of hosts and a plurality of sensors for monitoring hosts, the topology information indicating, for each host that each sensor has observed, a distance between the sensor and host;
dividing the network into a plurality of network blocks, each network block comprising one or more hosts;
for each sensor, computing a score for each network block having at least one host that has been observed by the sensor, the score being based on distances between the sensor and the hosts within the network block that have been observed by the sensor;
for each network block, assigning to the network block a shortest distance score from among the scores computed for the network block, the shortest distance score corresponding to a sensor having a shortest distance to the network block;
summing the shortest distance scores assigned to the network blocks and applying a scaling factor to the sum to produce a weighted sum of scores, wherein the scaling factor is based on a size of the network blocks and favors having a greater number of hosts per network block;
performing the dividing, computing, assigning, and summing operations a plurality of times with increasingly smaller network blocks having fewer hosts until a weighted sum of scores indicating a weighted overall shortest distance between sensors and hosts is determined; and
generating a sensor policy that assigns sensors to network blocks based on the weighted sum of scores indicating the weighted overall shortest distance between sensors and hosts.
16. The non-transitory storage medium of claim 15, further comprising instructions for transmitting the sensor policy to the sensors in the network to instruct the sensors as to which hosts to monitor.
17. The non-transitory storage medium of claim 15, further comprising instructions for displaying the sensor policy for assignment of the sensors, on a display to a user for acceptance of the sensor policy.
18. The non-transitory storage medium of claim 15, wherein the instructions for dividing the network further comprise instructions for dividing the network into a plurality of network blocks using a netmask, wherein the size of the network blocks is determined by a length of the netmask.
19. The non-transitory storage medium of claim 15, wherein the distance between the sensor and host is based on a number of hops between the sensor and host.
20. The non-transitory storage medium of claim 15, wherein the scaling factor ranges from 80% to 100% based on the size of the network blocks.
Patent Citations (259)
| Patent | Date | Inventor | Cited By |
|---|---|---|---|
| US4550436(A) | 1985-10-01 | Freeman | Applicant |
| US4570157(A) | 1986-02-01 | Kodaira | Applicant |
| US4857912(A) | 1989-08-01 | Everett et al. | Applicant |
| US4912748(A) | 1990-03-01 | Horii et al. | Applicant |
| US4985863(A) | 1991-01-01 | Fujisawa et al. | Applicant |
| US5193192(A) | 1993-03-01 | Seberger | Applicant |
| US5222081(A) | 1993-06-01 | Lewis et al. | Applicant |
| US5404488(A) | 1995-04-01 | Kerrigan et al. | Applicant |
| US5430842(A) | 1995-07-01 | Thompson et al. | Applicant |
| US5459841(A) | 1995-10-01 | Flora-Holmquist et al. | Applicant |
| US5495409(A) | 1996-02-01 | Kanno | Applicant |
| US5497463(A) | 1996-03-01 | Stein et al. | Applicant |
| US5604910(A) | 1997-02-01 | Kojima et al. | Applicant |
| US5646997(A) | 1997-07-01 | Barton | Applicant |
| US5666293(A) | 1997-09-01 | Metz et al. | Applicant |
| US5796942(A) | 1998-08-01 | Esbensen | Applicant |
| US5870554(A) | 1999-02-01 | Grossman et al. | Applicant |
| US5881269(A) | 1999-03-01 | Dobbelstein | Applicant |
| US5901307(A) | 1999-05-01 | Potter et al. | Applicant |
| US5917821(A) | 1999-06-01 | Gobuyan et al. | Applicant |
| US5919257(A) | 1999-07-01 | Trostle | Applicant |
| US5963942(A) | 1999-10-01 | Igata | Applicant |
| US5987473(A) | 1999-11-01 | Jorgensen | Applicant |
| US5995963(A) | 1999-11-01 | Nanba et al. | Applicant |
| US5999937(A) | 1999-12-01 | Ellard | Applicant |
| US6002427(A) | 1999-12-01 | Kipust | Applicant |
| US6141686(A) | 2000-10-01 | Jackowski et al. | Applicant |
| US6199181(B1) | 2001-03-01 | Rechef et al. | Applicant |
| US6219786(B1) | 2001-04-01 | Cunningham et al. | Applicant |
| US6240452(B1) | 2001-05-01 | Welch, Jr. et al. | Applicant |
| US6259805(B1) | 2001-07-01 | Freedman et al. | Applicant |
| US6320848(B1) | 2001-11-01 | Edwards et al. | Applicant |
| US6321338(B1) | 2001-11-01 | Porras et al. | Applicant |
| US6324656(B1) | 2001-11-01 | Gleichauf et al. | Applicant |
| US6334121(B1) | 2001-12-01 | Primeaux et al. | Applicant |
| US6343362(B1) | 2002-01-01 | Ptacek et al. | Applicant |
| US6393474(B1) | 2002-05-01 | Eichert et al. | Applicant |
| US6415321(B1) | 2002-07-01 | Gleichauf et al. | Applicant |
| US6453354(B1) | 2002-09-01 | Jiang et al. | Applicant |
| US6477648(B1) | 2002-11-01 | Schell et al. | Applicant |
| US6487666(B1) | 2002-11-01 | Shanklin et al. | Applicant |
| US6499107(B1) | 2002-12-01 | Gleichauf et al. | Applicant |
| US6539381(B1) | 2003-03-01 | Prasad et al. | Applicant |
| US6546493(B1) | 2003-04-01 | Magdych et al. | Applicant |
| US6587876(B1) | 2003-07-01 | Mahon et al. | Applicant |
| US6590885(B1) | 2003-07-01 | Jorgensen | Applicant |
| US6678734(B1) | 2004-01-01 | Haatainen et al. | Applicant |
| US6678824(B1) | 2004-01-01 | Cannon et al. | Applicant |
| US6684332(B1) | 2004-01-01 | Douglas | Applicant |
| US6711127(B1) | 2004-03-01 | Gorman et al. | Applicant |
| US6754826(B1) | 2004-06-01 | Challenger et al. | Applicant |
| US6766320(B1) | 2004-07-01 | Wang et al. | Applicant |
| US6772196(B1) | 2004-08-01 | Kirsch et al. | Applicant |
| US6789202(B1) | 2004-09-01 | Ko et al. | Applicant |
| US6816973(B1) | 2004-11-01 | Gleichauf et al. | Applicant |
| US6851061(B1) | 2005-02-01 | Holland et al. | Applicant |
| US6957348(B1) | 2005-10-01 | Flowers et al. | Applicant |
| US6983323(B2) | 2006-01-01 | Cantrell et al. | Applicant |
| US6993706(B2) | 2006-01-01 | Cook | Applicant |
| US6999998(B2) | 2006-02-01 | Russell | Applicant |
| US7032114(B1) | 2006-04-01 | Moran | Applicant |
| US7047423(B1) | 2006-05-01 | Maloney et al. | Applicant |
| US7054930(B1) | 2006-05-01 | Cheriton | Applicant |
| US7058821(B1) | 2006-06-01 | Parekh et al. | Applicant |
| US7065657(B1) | 2006-06-01 | Moran | Applicant |
| US7073198(B1) | 2006-07-01 | Flowers et al. | Applicant |
| US7076803(B2) | 2006-07-01 | Bruton et al. | Applicant |
| US7096503(B1) | 2006-08-01 | Magdych et al. | Applicant |
| US7113789(B1) | 2006-09-01 | Boehmke | Applicant |
| US7120635(B2) | 2006-10-01 | Bhide et al. | Applicant |
| US7133916(B2) | 2006-11-01 | Schunemann | Applicant |
| US7134141(B2) | 2006-11-01 | Crosbie et al. | Applicant |
| US7152105(B2) | 2006-12-01 | McClure et al. | Applicant |
| US7174566(B2) | 2007-02-01 | Yadav | Applicant |
| US7181769(B1) | 2007-02-01 | Keanini et al. | Applicant |
| US7231665(B1) | 2007-06-01 | McArdle et al. | Applicant |
| US7243148(B2) | 2007-07-01 | Keir et al. | Applicant |
| US7257630(B2) | 2007-08-01 | Cole et al. | Applicant |
| US7305708(B2) | 2007-12-01 | Norton et al. | Applicant |
| US7310688(B1) | 2007-12-01 | Chin | Applicant |
| US7313695(B2) | 2007-12-01 | Norton et al. | Applicant |
| US7315801(B1) | 2008-01-01 | Dowd et al. | Applicant |
| US7317693(B1) | 2008-01-01 | Roesch et al. | Applicant |
| US7346922(B2) | 2008-03-01 | Miliefsky | Applicant |
| US7350077(B2) | 2008-03-01 | Meier et al. | Applicant |
| US7363656(B2) | 2008-04-01 | Weber et al. | Applicant |
| US7365872(B2) | 2008-04-01 | Lawrence et al. | Applicant |
| US7467202(B2) | 2008-12-01 | Savchuk | Applicant |
| US7467205(B1) | 2008-12-01 | Dempster et al. | Applicant |
| US7467410(B2) | 2008-12-01 | Graham et al. | Applicant |
| US7493388(B2) | 2009-02-01 | Wen et al. | Applicant |
| US7496662(B1) | 2009-02-01 | Roesch et al. | Applicant |
| US7496962(B2) | 2009-02-01 | Roelker et al. | Applicant |
| US7519954(B1) | 2009-04-01 | Beddoe et al. | Applicant |
| US7539681(B2) | 2009-05-01 | Norton et al. | Applicant |
| US7580370(B2) | 2009-08-01 | Boivie et al. | Examiner |
| US7594273(B2) | 2009-09-01 | Keanini et al. | Applicant |
| US7596807(B2) | 2009-09-01 | Ptacek et al. | Applicant |
| US7644275(B2) | 2010-01-01 | Mowers et al. | Applicant |
| US7664845(B2) | 2010-02-01 | Kurtz et al. | Applicant |
| US7673043(B2) | 2010-03-01 | Keir et al. | Applicant |
| US7680929(B1) | 2010-03-01 | Lyon | Applicant |
| US7701945(B2) | 2010-04-01 | Roesch et al. | Applicant |
| US7716742(B1) | 2010-05-01 | Roesch et al. | Applicant |
| US7730011(B1) | 2010-06-01 | Deninger et al. | Applicant |
| US7730175(B1) | 2010-06-01 | Roesch et al. | Applicant |
| US7733803(B2) | 2010-06-01 | Vogel, III et al. | Applicant |
| US7756885(B2) | 2010-07-01 | Norton et al. | Applicant |
| US7801980(B1) | 2010-09-01 | Roesch et al. | Applicant |
| US7805482(B2) | 2010-09-01 | Schiefer | Applicant |
| US7805762(B2) | 2010-09-01 | Rowland | Applicant |
| US7831522(B1) | 2010-11-01 | Satish et al. | Applicant |
| US7885190(B1) | 2011-02-01 | Roesch et al. | Applicant |
| US7904942(B2) | 2011-03-01 | Sun et al. | Applicant |
| US7925384(B2) | 2011-04-01 | Huizenga et al. | Examiner |
| US7948988(B2) | 2011-05-01 | Roesch et al. | Applicant |
| US7949732(B1) | 2011-05-01 | Roesch et al. | Applicant |
| US7996424(B2) | 2011-08-01 | Norton et al. | Applicant |
| US8020211(B2) | 2011-09-01 | Keanini et al. | Applicant |
| US8041773(B2) | 2011-10-01 | Abu-Ghazaleh et al. | Applicant |
| US8046833(B2) | 2011-10-01 | Gustafson et al. | Applicant |
| US8069352(B2) | 2011-11-01 | Sturges et al. | Applicant |
| US8127353(B2) | 2012-02-01 | Rittermann | Applicant |
| US8150039(B2) | 2012-04-01 | de Cesare et al. | Applicant |
| US8272055(B2) | 2012-09-01 | Wease | Applicant |
| US8289882(B2) | 2012-10-01 | Vogel, III et al. | Applicant |
| US8433790(B2) | 2013-04-01 | Polley et al. | Applicant |
| US8474043(B2) | 2013-06-01 | Sturges et al. | Applicant |
| US8578002(B1) | 2013-11-01 | Roesch et al. | Applicant |
| US8601034(B2) | 2013-12-01 | Roesch | Applicant |
| US2001/0027485(A1) | 2001-10-01 | Ogishi et al. | Applicant |
| US2001/0034847(A1) | 2001-10-01 | Gaul, Jr. | Applicant |
| US2002/0035639(A1) | 2002-03-01 | Xu | Applicant |
| US2002/0066034(A1) | 2002-05-01 | Schlossberg | Applicant |
| US2002/0083344(A1) | 2002-06-01 | Vairavan | Applicant |
| US2002/0087716(A1) | 2002-07-01 | Mustafa | Applicant |
| US2002/0112185(A1) | 2002-08-01 | Hodges | Applicant |
| US2002/0123995(A1) | 2002-09-01 | Shibuya | Applicant |
| US2002/0143918(A1) | 2002-10-01 | Soles et al. | Applicant |
| US2002/0144142(A1) | 2002-10-01 | Shohat | Applicant |
| US2002/0165707(A1) | 2002-11-01 | Call | Applicant |
| US2002/0168082(A1) | 2002-11-01 | Razdan | Applicant |
| US2002/0178271(A1) | 2002-11-01 | Graham et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0009699(A1) | 2003-01-01 | Gupta et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0014662(A1) | 2003-01-01 | Gupta et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0046388(A1) | 2003-03-01 | Milliken | Applicant |
| US2003/0065817(A1) | 2003-04-01 | Benchetrit et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0083847(A1) | 2003-05-01 | Schertz et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0093517(A1) | 2003-05-01 | Tarquini et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0101353(A1) | 2003-05-01 | Tarquini et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0126472(A1) | 2003-07-01 | Banzhof | Applicant |
| US2003/0140250(A1) | 2003-07-01 | Taninaka et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0195874(A1) | 2003-10-01 | Akaboshi | Applicant |
| US2003/0212779(A1) | 2003-11-01 | Boyter et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0212910(A1) | 2003-11-01 | Rowland et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0217283(A1) | 2003-11-01 | Hrastar et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0229726(A1) | 2003-12-01 | Daseke et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0010684(A1) | 2004-01-01 | Douglas | Applicant |
| US2004/0015728(A1) | 2004-01-01 | Cole et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0034773(A1) | 2004-02-01 | Balabine et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0064726(A1) | 2004-04-01 | Girouard | Applicant |
| US2004/0073800(A1) | 2004-04-01 | Shah et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0093408(A1) | 2004-05-01 | Hirani et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0093582(A1) | 2004-05-01 | Segura | Applicant |
| US2004/0098618(A1) | 2004-05-01 | Kim et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0117478(A1) | 2004-06-01 | Triulzi et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0123153(A1) | 2004-06-01 | Wright et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0172234(A1) | 2004-09-01 | Dapp et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0179477(A1) | 2004-09-01 | Lincoln et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0193943(A1) | 2004-09-01 | Angelino et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0210756(A1) | 2004-10-01 | Mowers et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0218532(A1) | 2004-11-01 | Khirman | Applicant |
| US2004/0221176(A1) | 2004-11-01 | Cole | Applicant |
| US2004/0250032(A1) | 2004-12-01 | Ji et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0268358(A1) | 2004-12-01 | Darling et al. | Applicant |
| US2005/0005169(A1) | 2005-01-01 | Kelekar | Applicant |
| US2005/0015623(A1) | 2005-01-01 | Williams et al. | Applicant |
| US2005/0044422(A1) | 2005-02-01 | Cantrell et al. | Applicant |
| US2005/0055399(A1) | 2005-03-01 | Savchuk | Applicant |
| US2005/0076066(A1) | 2005-04-01 | Stakutis et al. | Applicant |
| US2005/0108393(A1) | 2005-05-01 | Banerjee et al. | Applicant |
| US2005/0108554(A1) | 2005-05-01 | Rubin et al. | Applicant |
| US2005/0108573(A1) | 2005-05-01 | Bennett et al. | Applicant |
| US2005/0113941(A1) | 2005-05-01 | Ii et al. | Applicant |
| US2005/0114700(A1) | 2005-05-01 | Barrie et al. | Applicant |
| US2005/0160095(A1) | 2005-07-01 | Dick et al. | Applicant |
| US2005/0172019(A1) | 2005-08-01 | Williamson et al. | Applicant |
| US2005/0188079(A1) | 2005-08-01 | Motsinger et al. | Applicant |
| US2005/0223014(A1) | 2005-10-01 | Sharma et al. | Applicant |
| US2005/0229255(A1) | 2005-10-01 | Gula et al. | Applicant |
| US2005/0240604(A1) | 2005-10-01 | Corl, Jr. et al. | Applicant |
| US2005/0251500(A1) | 2005-11-01 | Vahalia et al. | Applicant |
| US2005/0268331(A1) | 2005-12-01 | Le et al. | Applicant |
| US2005/0268332(A1) | 2005-12-01 | Le et al. | Applicant |
| US2005/0273673(A1) | 2005-12-01 | Gassoway | Applicant |
| US2005/0273857(A1) | 2005-12-01 | Freund | Applicant |
| US2006/0174337(A1) | 2006-08-01 | Bernoth | Applicant |
| US2006/0265748(A1) | 2006-11-01 | Potok | Applicant |
| US2006/0288053(A1) | 2006-12-01 | Holt et al. | Applicant |
| US2006/0294588(A1) | 2006-12-01 | Lahann et al. | Applicant |
| US2007/0027913(A1) | 2007-02-01 | Jensen et al. | Applicant |
| US2007/0058631(A1) | 2007-03-01 | Mortier et al. | Applicant |
| US2007/0143852(A1) | 2007-06-01 | Keanini et al. | Applicant |
| US2007/0150948(A1) | 2007-06-01 | De Spiegeleer | Applicant |
| US2007/0162463(A1) | 2007-07-01 | Kester et al. | Applicant |
| US2007/0192286(A1) | 2007-08-01 | Norton et al. | Applicant |
| US2007/0192863(A1) | 2007-08-01 | Kapoor et al. | Applicant |
| US2007/0195797(A1) | 2007-08-01 | Patel et al. | Applicant |
| US2007/0271371(A1) | 2007-11-01 | Singh Ahuja et al. | Applicant |
| US2007/0283007(A1) | 2007-12-01 | Keir et al. | Applicant |
| US2007/0283441(A1) | 2007-12-01 | Cole et al. | Applicant |
| US2007/0288579(A1) | 2007-12-01 | Schunemann | Applicant |
| US2008/0037587(A1) | 2008-02-01 | Roesch et al. | Applicant |
| US2008/0115213(A1) | 2008-05-01 | Bhatt et al. | Applicant |
| US2008/0127342(A1) | 2008-05-01 | Roesch et al. | Applicant |
| US2008/0133523(A1) | 2008-06-01 | Norton et al. | Applicant |
| US2008/0168561(A1) | 2008-07-01 | Durie et al. | Applicant |
| US2008/0196102(A1) | 2008-08-01 | Roesch | Applicant |
| US2008/0209518(A1) | 2008-08-01 | Sturges et al. | Applicant |
| US2008/0244741(A1) | 2008-10-01 | Gustafson et al. | Applicant |
| US2008/0263197(A1) | 2008-10-01 | Stephens | Applicant |
| US2008/0276319(A1) | 2008-11-01 | Rittermann | Applicant |
| US2008/0289040(A1) | 2008-11-01 | Ithal | Applicant |
| US2009/0019141(A1) | 2009-01-01 | Bush et al. | Applicant |
| US2009/0028147(A1) | 2009-01-01 | Russell | Applicant |
| US2009/0041020(A1) | 2009-02-01 | Gibbons et al. | Applicant |
| US2009/0055691(A1) | 2009-02-01 | Ouksel et al. | Applicant |
| US2009/0097662(A1) | 2009-04-01 | Olechowski et al. | Applicant |
| US2009/0164517(A1) | 2009-06-01 | Shields et al. | Applicant |
| US2009/0171981(A1) | 2009-07-01 | Shuster | Applicant |
| US2009/0182864(A1) | 2009-07-01 | Khan et al. | Applicant |
| US2009/0259748(A1) | 2009-10-01 | McClure et al. | Applicant |
| US2009/0262659(A1) | 2009-10-01 | Sturges et al. | Applicant |
| US2009/0271696(A1) | 2009-10-01 | Bailor et al. | Applicant |
| US2009/0282481(A1) | 2009-11-01 | Dow et al. | Applicant |
| US2009/0307776(A1) | 2009-12-01 | Curnyn | Applicant |
| US2009/0320138(A1) | 2009-12-01 | Keanini et al. | Applicant |
| US2010/0027430(A1) | 2010-02-01 | Moore et al. | Applicant |
| US2010/0050260(A1) | 2010-02-01 | Nakakoji et al. | Applicant |
| US2010/0077483(A1) | 2010-03-01 | Stolfo et al. | Applicant |
| US2010/0088767(A1) | 2010-04-01 | Wease | Applicant |
| US2010/0161795(A1) | 2010-06-01 | Deridder et al. | Applicant |
| US2010/0205675(A1) | 2010-08-01 | Vogel, III et al. | Applicant |
| US2010/0257267(A1) | 2010-10-01 | Sohn et al. | Applicant |
| US2010/0268834(A1) | 2010-10-01 | Eidelman et al. | Applicant |
| US2011/0258702(A1) | 2011-10-01 | Olney et al. | Applicant |
| US2011/0307600(A1) | 2011-12-01 | Polley et al. | Applicant |
| US2011/0314143(A1) | 2011-12-01 | Vogel, III et al. | Applicant |
| US2012/0233222(A1) | 2012-09-01 | Roesch | Applicant |
| US2012/0246728(A1) | 2012-09-01 | Wease | Applicant |
| US2014/0007233(A1) | 2014-01-01 | Roesch | Applicant |
| EP1548998(A1) | 2005-06-01 | Applicant | |
| EP2166725(A1) | 2010-03-01 | Applicant | |
| GB2432933(A) | 2007-06-01 | Applicant | |
| WO1/37511(A2) | 2001-05-01 | Applicant | |
| WO2004/100011(A1) | 2004-11-01 | Applicant | |
| WO2005/064884(A1) | 2005-07-01 | Applicant | |
| WO2006/025050 | 2006-03-01 | Applicant | |
| WO2009/032925(A1) | 2009-03-01 | Applicant |
Non-Patent Literature (191)
- Gavalas et al., “Using Mobile Agents for Distributed Network Performance Management”, 1999, Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, Spinger, pp. 96-110.Examiner
- Auffret, Patrice. “SinFP, unification of active and passive operating system fingerprinting.” Journal in Computer Virology 6.3 (2010): 197-205.Applicant
- De Montigny-Leboef, Annie “A multi-packet signature approach to passive operating system detection”. Defense Technical Information Center, 2005.Applicant
- Tu, William, et al. “Automated Service Discovery for Enterprise Network Management.” Mar. 8, 2009.Applicant
- Taleck, Greg. “Ambiguity Resolution via Passive OS Fingerprinting.” Recent Advances in Intrusion Detection. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2003.Applicant
- Martin Roesch, “Snort-Lightweight Intrusion Detection for Networks”, Proceedings of LISA '99: 13th System Administration Conference, Nov. 12, 1999, pp. 229-238, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.105.6212.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the European Patent Office on Mar. 20, 2013 in connection with European Patent Application No. 05773501.1-1952 which corresponds to related U.S. Appl. No. 10/898,220 (now patent No. 7,539,631).Applicant
- Notice of Allowance issued by the Canadian Intellectual Property Office on Apr. 19, 2013 in connection with Canada Patent Application No. 2685292, which corresponds to related U.S. Appl. No. 12/820,227.Applicant
- Final Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Apr. 18, 2013 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 12/969,682.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on May 6, 2013 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 12/820,227.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on May 8, 2013 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 13/086,819.Applicant
- Final Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Jun. 10, 2013 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 13/046,127.Applicant
- Notice of Allowance issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Jul. 12, 2013 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 12/969,682.Applicant
- Notice of Allowance issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Aug. 13, 2013 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 13/046,127.Applicant
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority mailed on Sep. 26, 2013 in connection with PCT application No. PCT/US2012/021633, which corresponds to related U.S. Appl. No. 13/046,127.Applicant
- U.S. Appl. No. 14/013,344, filed Aug. 29, 2013, Roesch.Applicant
- U.S. Appl. No. 12/969,682, filed Dec. 2010, Roesch et al., Systems and Methods for Determining Characteristics of a Network and Enforcing Policy.Applicant
- Aho et al., “Efficient String Matching: An Aid to Bibliographic Search,” Communications from the ACM (Jun. 1975), vol. 18, No. 6, pp. 333-340.Applicant
- Tarjan, et al., “Storing a Sparse Table,” Communications of the ACM (Nov. 1979), vol. 2, No. 11, pp. 606-620.Applicant
- V. Jacobson, et al., Request for Comments: 1323, “TCP Extensions for High Performance,” May 1992 (35 pages).Applicant
- J. Howe, “An Environment for “Sniffing” DCE-RPC Traffic,” CITI Technical Report 93-4, Jun. 21, 1993, 12 pages total.Applicant
- T. Ptacek, et al., “Insertion, Evasion, and Denial of Service: Eluding Network Intrusion Detection”, Jan. 1998, pp. 1-63.Applicant
- R. Gula, “Passive Vulnerability Detection. Techniques to passively find network security vulnerabilities,” Sep. 9, 1999 (5 pp.).Applicant
- N. Chase, “Active Server Pages 3.0 from Scratch” (Dec. 1999), Searching for products section, 13 pp.Applicant
- L. Spitzner, “Passive Fingerprinting,” FOCUS on Intrusion Detection: Passive Fingerprinting (May 3, 2000), pp. 1-4; obtained from: http://www.stillhq.com/pdfdb/000183/data.pdf.Applicant
- N. Brownlee, et al., “Methodology for Passive Analysis of a University Internet Link,” PAM2001 Passive and Active Measurement Workshop, Apr. 2001 (7 pp.).Applicant
- B. Krishnamurthy, “Web Protocols and Practice,” (May 1, 2001), pp. 518-520.Applicant
- G. Lyon, “Remote OS detection via TCP/IP Stack Fingerprinting”(Jun. 30, 2002), pp. 1-12, obtained from: http://web.archive.org/web20021017063625/www.insecure.org/nmap/nmap-fingerprinting-article.html.Applicant
- U. Shankar and V. Paxson, Active Mapping: Resisting NIDS Evasion Without Altering Traffic, Proc. IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy. May 2003, pp. 1-18.Applicant
- D. Roelker, “HTTP IDS Evasions Revisited” (Aug. 1, 2003) [online] (retrieved on Nov. 9, 2006). Retrieved from the Internet <URL: http://docs.idsresearch.org/http—ids—evasions.pdf>.Applicant
- R.P. Lippmann et al., “Passive Operating System Identification from TCP/IP Packet Headers,” Proceedings Workshop on Data Mining for Computer Security (DMSEC), Nov. 2003 (10 pp.).Applicant
- Norton et al., “Multi-Patten Search Engine Aho-Corasick State Machine” (Mar. 17, 2004), Version 2.0, 36 pp.Applicant
- R. Hiyoshi, “Practical Guide to Intrusion Detection System: Snort & Tripwire,” Japan, Apr. 25, 2004, pp. 57-230 (concise English explanation of relevance attached).Applicant
- R. Deraison, et al., “Passive Vulnerability Scanning. Introduction to NeVO,” Tenable Network Security, May 30, 2004, pp. 1-13.Applicant
- Full Band and Matrix Algorithms (Jun. 9, 2004), http://web.archive.org/web20040109154658/http://www.netlib.org/utk/Isi/pcwLSI/text/node150.html.Applicant
- M. Norton, “Optimizing Pattern Matching for Intrusion Detection” (Jul. 4, 2004) [online] (retrieved on Nov. 9, 2006). Retrieved from the Internet <URL: http://docs.idsresearch.org/OptimizingPatternMatchingForIDS.pdf>.Applicant
- R. Deraison, et al., “Nessus Network Auditing,” Sungress Publishing, Jul. 20, 2004, pp. 1-13.Applicant
- Norton et al., “Sourcefire Optimizing Pattern Matching for Intrusion Detection” (Sep. 2004), 14 pp.Applicant
- J. Novak, “Target-Based Fragmentation Reassembly” (Apr. 2005), Revision 2.0, pp. 1-32.Applicant
- S.Siddharth, “Evading NIDS, revisited” (Dec. 12, 2005).Applicant
- “Snort™ Users Manual 2.6.0,” The Snort Project (May 23, 2006), pp. 1-126.Applicant
- “toupper()—convert lowercase character to uppercase,” http://www.mkssoftware.com, printed on Sep. 20, 2008 from http://web.archive.org, archive date Jun. 30, 2006, 2 pp.Applicant
- J. Novak et al., “Target-Based TCP Stream Reassembly” (Aug. 3, 2007), Revision 1.0, pp. 1-23, obtained from: http://www.snort/org/docs/stream5-mode1AUg032007.pdf.Applicant
- “TaoSecurity—Dedicated to FreeBSD, network security monitoring, incident response, and network forensics,” (Oct. 1, 2007), obtained from: http://taosecurity.blogspot.com/2005/02/shmoocon-concludes-shmoocon-finished.html.Applicant
- D. Joseph, et al., “A Policy-aware Switching Layer for Data Centers,” SIGCOMM, Aug. 17-22, 2008, pp. 51-62.Applicant
- “Enhanced Operating System Identification with Nessus,” Tenable Network Security (2007), obtained from: http://blog.tenablesecurity.com/2009/02/enhanced—operat.html, posted by R. Gula on Feb. 16, 2009 (3 pp. total).Applicant
- Matthew Olney et al.: “What would you do with a pointer and a size? A New Detection Framework”, Apr. 22, 2010 (Apr. 2, 2010), XP55002567, http://labs.snort.org/nrt/sfvrt-nrt.pdf (retrieved on Jul. 12, 2011) the whole document.Applicant
- Francois Gagnon et al.: “A Hybrid Approach to Operating System Discovery using Answer Set Programming”, Integrated Network Management, 2007. IM'07, 10th IFIP/IEEE International Symposium On, IEEEE, PI, May 1, 2007, pp. 391-400, XP031182713, ISBN: 978-1-4244-0798-9, p. 293, 394-397.Applicant
- “Snort™ Users Manual 2.2.0RC1,” The Snort Project, Jun. 28, 2004, Retrieved from the Internet: URL:http://cvs.snort.org/viewcvs.cgi/*checkout*/snort/doc/snort—manual.pdf?rev=1.25&content-type=application/pdf [retrieved on Nov. 18, 2010] (XP002610157).Applicant
- V. Yegneswaran, et al., “Internet Sieve: An Architecture for Generating Resilient Signatures,” May 2004, Retrieved from the Internet: URL:http://www.cc.gatech.edu/˜giffin/papers/tr1507/tr1507.pdf [retrieved on Nov. 18, 2010] (XP002610154).Applicant
- D. Roekler, “HTTP IDS Evasions Revisited,” Jan. 8, 2003, Retrieved from the Internet: URL:http://docs.idsresearch.org/http—ids—evasions.pdf [Nov. 18, 2010] (XP002610155).Applicant
- M. Norton, et al., “The New Snort,” Computer Security Journal, CSI Security Institute, XIX, No. 3 (Jan. 1, 2003), pp. 37-47, ISSN: 0277-0865 (XP008039475).Applicant
- Press Release, “FaceTime Protects Enterprises from Information Leaks over Collaborative Suites like Microsoft OCS and IBM Sametime”, issued by FaceTime Communications, Belmont, California, Jul. 14, 2008, retrieved from www.facetime.com/pr/pr080714.aspx , Dec. 1, 2009.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Jul. 16, 2007 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/898,220.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Sep. 6, 2007 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/843,374.Applicant
- Notice of Allowance issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Sep. 6, 2007 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/843,376.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Sep. 26, 2007 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/843,353.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Oct. 4, 2007 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/951,796.Applicant
- Notice of Allowance issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Oct. 5, 2007 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/793,887.Applicant
- International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority issued on Oct. 9, 2007 in connection with PCT application No. PCT/US06/43800, which corresponds to U.S. Appl. No. 11/272,034.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Nov. 21, 2007 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/843,398.Applicant
- European Search Report issued by the European Patent Office on Nov. 22, 2007 in connection with European patent application No. 07014575.0-1244, which corresponds to related U.S. Appl. No. 11/493,934.Applicant
- International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority issued on Dec. 5, 2007 in connection with PCT application No. PCT/US05/25583, which corresponds to U.S. Appl. No. 10/951,796.Applicant
- European Search Report issued by the European Patent Office on Dec. 27, 2007 in connection with European patent application No. 07015003.2-2413, which corresponds to related U.S. Appl. No. 11/501,776.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Jan. 10, 2008 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/843,373.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Feb. 5, 2008 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/843,375.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Feb. 21, 2008 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 11/272,033.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Mar. 12, 2008 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/843,459.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Mar. 20, 2008 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/843,374.Applicant
- Final Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on May 9, 2008 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/843,353.Applicant
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability mailed on May 22, 2008 in connection with PCT application No. PCT/US06/43800, which corresponds to U.S. Appl. No. 11/272,034.Applicant
- Final Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Jun. 4, 2008 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/843,398.Applicant
- International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority issued on Jun. 19, 2008 in connection with PCT application No. PCT/US05/25584, which corresponds to U.S. Appl. No. 10/898,220.Applicant
- Final Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Jun. 26, 2008 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/898,220.Applicant
- International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority issued on Jun. 30, 2008 in connection with PCT application No. PCT/US07/21351, which corresponds to U.S. Appl. No. 11/905,980.Applicant
- International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority issued on Jul. 2, 2008 in connection with PCT application No. PCT/US08/02454, which corresponds to U.S. Appl. No. 11/711,876.Applicant
- International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority issued on Jul. 7, 2008 in connection with PCT application No. PCT/US06/43820, which corresponds to U.S. Appl. No. 11/272,035.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Jul. 11, 2008 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 11/272,034.Applicant
- Final Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Jul. 17, 2008 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/843,459.Applicant
- Final Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Aug. 6, 2008 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/843,375.Applicant
- Notice of Allowance issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Aug. 18, 2008 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 11/272,033.Applicant
- International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority issued on Aug. 18, 2008 in connection with PCT application No. PCT/US08/05466, which corresponds to U.S. Appl. No. 12/149,196.Applicant
- Final Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Aug. 19, 2008 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/843,373.Applicant
- Final Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Aug. 20, 2008 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/843,353.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Oct. 6, 2008 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/843,374.Applicant
- Notice of Allowance issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Oct. 15, 2008 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/951,796.Applicant
- Notice of Allowance issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Oct. 21, 2008 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/843,375.Applicant
- European Office Action issued by the European Patent Office on Nov. 28, 2008 in connection with European patent application No. 07 015 003.2-2413, which corresponds to related U.S. Appl. No. 11/501,776.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Dec. 17, 2008 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/843,398.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Dec. 23, 2008 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 11/272,034.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Jan. 16, 2009 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/843,353.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Jan. 21, 2009 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 11/493,934.Applicant
- Notice of Allowance issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Jan. 21, 2009 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/898,220.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Feb. 4, 2009 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/843,373.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Feb. 9, 2009 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/843,459.Applicant
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority mailed on Mar. 3, 2009 in connection with PCT application No. PCT/US05/025584, which corresponds to U.S. Appl. No. 10/898,220.Applicant
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority mailed on Mar. 17, 2009 in connection with corresponding PCT application No. PCT/US06/43820, which corresponds to related U.S. Appl. No. 11/272,035.Applicant
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability mailed on Apr. 7, 2009 in connection with PCT application No. PCT/US07/021351, which corresponds to U.S. Appl. No. 11/905,980.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Apr. 28, 2009 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 11/501,776.Applicant
- Final Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on May 13, 2009 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/843,374.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on May 14, 2009 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 11/272,034.Applicant
- International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority mailed on May 27, 2009 in connection with PCT application No. PCT/US09/02210, which corresponds to U.S. Appl. No. 12/230,338.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Jun. 1, 2009 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 11/272,035.Applicant
- Notice of Allowance issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Jun. 11, 2009 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/843,373.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Jun. 23, 2009 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 11/785,609.Applicant
- Final Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Jul. 6, 2009 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/843,459.Applicant
- Final Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Jul. 7, 2009 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/843,398.Applicant
- Final Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Jul. 28, 2009 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/843,353.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Jul. 30, 2009 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 11/493,934.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Aug. 20, 2009 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/843,374.Applicant
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability mailed on Sep. 11, 2009 in connection with PCT application No. PCT/US08/002454, which corresponds to U.S. Appl. No. 11/711,876.Applicant
- Advisory Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Sep. 29, 2009 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/843,459.Applicant
- European Search Report issued by the European Patent Office on Oct. 12, 2009 in connection with European patent application No. 05773501.1-2201, which corresponds to related U.S. Appl. Nos. 10/898,220, 11/785,609 and 12/010,900.Applicant
- Final Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Oct. 29, 2009 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 11/501,776.Applicant
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability mailed on Nov. 12, 2009 in connection with PCT application No. PCT/US08/005466, which corresponds to U.S. Appl. No. 12/149,196.Applicant
- Advisory Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Dec. 2, 2009 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/843,398.Applicant
- Notice of Allowance issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Dec. 8, 2009 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 11/501,776.Applicant
- Final Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Dec. 8, 2009 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 11/272,034.Applicant
- Final Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Dec. 9, 2009 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 11/272,035.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Dec. 17, 2009 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 11/493,934.Applicant
- Notice of Allowance issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Jan. 7, 2010 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/843,353.Applicant
- Notice of Allowance issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Jan. 8, 2010 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/843,373.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the European Patent Office on Jan. 15, 2010 in connection with European patent application No. 05773501.1-2201, which corresponds to related U.S. Appl. Nos. 10/898,220, 11/785,609 and 12/010,900.Applicant
- Notice of Allowance issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Feb. 5, 2010 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 11/272,034.Applicant
- Advisory Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Feb. 24, 2010 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 11/272,035.Applicant
- Notice of Allowance issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Mar. 5, 2010 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 11/785,609.Applicant
- International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority issued on Mar. 16, 2010 in connection with PCT application No. PCT/US09/59965, which corresponds to U.S. Appl. No. 12/575,612.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Mar. 16, 2010 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 11/272,035.Applicant
- Final Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Mar. 17, 2010 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/843,374.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Mar. 22, 2010 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 11/493,934.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Apr. 7, 2010 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 11/711,876.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Apr. 15, 2010 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 12/010,900.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Apr. 21, 2010 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/843,459.Applicant
- Notice of Allowance issued by the U.S. Patent Office on May 24, 2010 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/843,398.Applicant
- Advisory Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Aug. 3, 2010 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/843,374.Applicant
- Final Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Sep. 8, 2010 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/843,459.Applicant
- Final Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Sep. 17, 2010 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 11/711,876.Applicant
- Office Action mailed Sep. 7, 2010 from the Japan Patent Office for Japanese patent application No. 2007-523639 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/951,796, now U.S. patent No. 7,496,962 (English translation enclosed).Applicant
- Final Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Sep. 30, 2010 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 11/493,934.Applicant
- Notice of Allowance issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Oct. 5, 2010 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/843,374.Applicant
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability mailed on Oct. 19, 2010 in connection with PCT application No. PCT/US2009/02210, which corresponds to U.S. Appl. No. 12/230,338.Applicant
- Final Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Oct. 25, 2010 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 11/272,035.Applicant
- Final Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Nov. 4, 2010 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/843,459.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Nov. 19, 2010 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/843,459.Applicant
- Final Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Nov. 24, 2010 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 12/010,900.Applicant
- European Search Report issued by the European Patent Office on Dec. 6, 2010 in connection with European patent application No. 05773540.9-2413, which corresponds to related U.S. Patent No. 7,496,962.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Dec. 22, 2010 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 11/905,908.Applicant
- Notice of Allowance issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Jan. 24, 2011 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/843,459.Applicant
- Notice of Allowance issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Feb. 24, 2011 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 11/493,934.Applicant
- Office Action mailed Mar. 1, 2011 from the Japan Patent Office for Japanese patent application No. 2007-523640 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 10/898,220, now U.S. patent No. 7,539,681, U.S. Appl. No. 11/785,609, now U.S. patent No. 7,756,885, and U.S. Appl. No. 12/010,900 (English translation enclosed).Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Apr. 6, 2011 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 11/711,876.Applicant
- Notice of Allowance issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Apr. 6, 2011 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 12/010,900.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Apr. 13, 2011 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 12/230,338.Applicant
- PCT International Preliminary Report on Patentability mailed on Apr. 21, 2011 by the International Bureau of WIPO in connection with PCT patent application No. PCT/US2009/059965, which corresponds to U.S. Appl. No. 12/575,612.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on May 12, 2011 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 12/149,196.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on May 31, 2011 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 12/688,400.Applicant
- Notice of Allowance issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Jun. 22, 2011 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 11/272,035.Applicant
- Notice of Allowance issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Jul. 22, 2011 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 11/711,876.Applicant
- Extended European Search Report issued by the European Patent Office on Jul. 19, 2011 in connection with European patent application No. 06837333.1-2413, which corresponds to related U.S. Patent No. 7,733,803.Applicant
- International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority issued on Jul. 28, 2011 in connection with PCT application No. PCT/US2011/032489, which corresponds to U.S. Appl. No. 13/086,819.Applicant
- International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority issued on Sep. 1, 2011 in connection with PCT application No. PCT/US2011/035874, which corresponds to U.S. Appl. No. 12/820,227.Applicant
- Final Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Sep. 14, 2011 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 12/230,338.Applicant
- Notice of Allowance issued by the Japanese Patent Office on Sep. 30, 2011 in connection with Japanese Patent Application No. 2007-523640, which corresponds to related U.S. Appl. No. 10/898,220, now U.S. Patent No. 7,539,681.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Oct. 21, 2011 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 12/969,682.Applicant
- Notice of Allowance issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Oct. 28, 2011 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 12/149,196.Applicant
- Advisory Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Nov. 28, 2011 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 12/230,338.Applicant
- Final Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Dec. 9, 2011 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 12/688,400.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Feb. 2, 2012 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 12/688,400.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Feb. 15, 2012 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 12/820,227.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Feb. 15, 2012 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 12/230,338.Applicant
- Final Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Mar. 5, 2012 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 12/969,682.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Mar. 19, 2012 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 12/813,859.Applicant
- International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority issued on Apr. 25, 2012 in connection with PCT application No. PCT/US2012/021633, which corresponds to related U.S. Appl. No. 13/046,127.Applicant
- Final Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on May 29, 2012 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 12/230,338.Applicant
- Notice of Allowance issued by the U.S. Patent Office on May 30, 2012 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 12/575,612.Applicant
- Final Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Jun. 5, 2012 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 12/813,859.Applicant
- Notice of Allowance issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Jun. 25, 2012 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 12/688,400.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Oct. 15, 2012 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 12/230,338.Applicant
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability mailed by the International Bureau of WIPO on Oct. 26, 2012, in connection with corresponding PCT application No. PCT/US2011/032489, which corresponds to related U.S. Appl. No. 13/086,819.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Nov. 6, 2012 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 12/820,227.Applicant
- Li, Zhichun, et al. Netshield: Matching with a large vulnerability signature ruleset for high performance network defense. Technical Report NWU-EECS-08-07, Northwestern University, Aug. 2010.Applicant
- Notice of Allowance issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Jan. 9, 2013 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 12/813,859.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Jan. 10, 2013 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 12/969,682.Applicant
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability mailed by the International Bureau of WIPO on Jan. 10, 2013, in connection with corresponding PCT application No. PCT/US2011/035874, which corresponds to related U.S. Appl. No. 12/820,227.Applicant
- Office Action issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Feb. 8, 2013 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 13/046,127.Applicant
- Notice of Allowance issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Mar. 14, 2013 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 12/230,338.Applicant
- Notice of Allowance issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Oct. 30, 2013 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 12/820,227.Applicant
- Notice of Allowance issued by the U.S. Patent Office on Nov. 7, 2013 in connection with related U.S. Appl. No. 13/086,819.Applicant
- Tools, “Intrusion Detection Systems”, Information Assurance Tools Report; 6th Edition, Sep. 25, 2009, pp. 1-87 <http://iac.dtic.mil/csiac/download/intrusion—detection.pdf>.Applicant
- Etienne, Loic et al., “Malicious Traffic Detection in Local Networks with Snort”, 2009, pp. 1-34 <http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/141022>.Applicant
- Kipp, James et al., “Using Snort as an IDS and Network Monitor in Linux”, 2009, 4 pp. <http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc.download?doi=10.1.1.3.616&rep1&type=pdf>.Applicant