Stride maker elliptical exercise apparatus

[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/573,422 filed Sep. 14, 2012 which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/385,425 filed Feb. 21, 2012 which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/799,909 filed May 5, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,133,159, incorporating all of these by reference.

[0002] 1. Field

[0003] The present invention relates to a standup exercise apparatus that simulates walking and jogging with arm exercise. More particularly, the present invention relates to an exercise machine having separately supported pedals for the feet and arm exercise coordinated with the motion of the feet where the pedal stride length is determined by the movements of an operator. Crank arms are positioned forward the operator at pedal height.

[0004] 2. State of the Art

[0005] The benefits of regular exercise to improve overall health, appearance and longevity are well documented in the literature. For exercise enthusiasts the search continues for safe apparatus that provides full body exercise for maximum benefit in minimum time.

[0006] Recently, a new category of exercise equipment has appeared on the commercial market called varying stride elliptical cross trainers. These cross trainers guide the feet along a closed loop shaped curve to simulate the motions of jogging and climbing with varying stride lengths. The shorter stride lengths have pedals which follow up and down curves that are generally arcuate in shape causing difficult startup. The longer stride lengths have pedals which follow closed loop curves having more of a banana shape than elliptical and the heel of the foot remains off the pedal for a significant part of the pedal cycle often resulting in numb toe. There is a need for a variable stride exercise apparatus capable of long, medium and shorter stride lengths where the pedals always follow generally elliptical curve paths with easy startup and where the heel of the foot remains in contact with the pedal for most of the pedal cycle.

[0007] Varying stride elliptical cross trainers are shown without cams in Rodgers, Jr. U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,828,698 and 7,708,669 as well as U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,520,839 and 7,530,926 which show a pendulum striding exercise apparatus having a foot support members hung from a generally horizontal beam pivoted to achieve the varying stride length pedal curves. Rodgers, Jr. in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,708,668 and 7,507,184 show exercise apparatus with flexible support elements having varying stride lengths. Miller in U.S. Patent Applications 2009/0105049 and 2011/0172062 also shows an exercise apparatus having varying stride lengths. Eschenbach in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,841,968, 7,938,754 and 8,029,416 shows user defined motion elliptical exercise apparatus with a default elongate curve for easy starting. Chuang et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 7,608,018 shows a front drive user defined motion elliptical apparatus. Grind in U.S. Pat. No. 7,922,625 shows an adaptive motion exercise device with oscillating track. Ohrt et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 7,942,787 shows several adaptive motion rear drive exercise apparatus.

[0008] It is an objective of this invention to provide an exercise apparatus having varying stride lengths determined by the movement of an operator with a default mode for easy starting. A further objective is an exercise apparatus having varying stride lengths where the pedals follow elliptical curves for short, medium and long stride lengths where the heel of the foot remains in contact with the pedal throughout most of the pedal cycle.

[0009] The present invention relates to the kinematic motion control of pedals which simulate walking and jogging during operation. More particularly, apparatus is provided that offers variable intensity exercise through a leg operated cyclic motion in which the pedal supporting each foot is guided through successive positions during the motion cycle while a load resistance acts upon the mechanism.

[0010] The pedals are guided through an oblong curve motion while pedal angles are controlled to vary about the horizontal during the pedal cycle. Arm exercise is by handles coordinated with the mechanism guiding the foot pedals. The range of handle movement generally determines the pedal stride length.

[0011] In the original embodiment, the apparatus includes a separate pedal for each foot attached to a foot support member. A pair of crank arms rotate about a pivot axis positioned on the framework. A pair of support links are pivotally connected intermediate the ends to the crank arms and to foot support members. A pair of tracks are supported by the framework where a track actuator can change the incline. A pair of rollers are each rotatably attached to a respective foot support member and maintain rollable contact with a respective track. A pair of handles are attached to handle supports which are pivotally connected to the framework. A pair of connector links are pivotally connected to the handle supports and to one end of the support links. A cross member is pivotally connected to the framework. A pair of crossing links are pivotally connected to the cross member and to each handle support. The crossover member and crossing links form a crossover assembly to cause one handle to move forward while the other handle moves rearward.

[0012] The stride length of the pedal is generally determined by the range of movement of the handles. The shortest stride length occurs with no movement of the handles while the longest stride length of the pedals occurs with the longest range of movement of the handles. An even shorter stride is possible using only the feet to determine stride length with the hands of the user positioned upon the framework.

[0013] Load resistance is applied to the crank in this embodiment by a pulley which drives a belt to a smaller pulley attached to a flywheel supported by the framework. A tension belt covers the circumference of the flywheel to provide friction for load resistance on the intensity of exercise. A control system can adjust the tension on the tension belt through a load actuator to vary the intensity of exercise. It should be understood that other forms of load resistance such as magnetic, alternator, air fan or others may be applied to the crank. The control system also can adjust the incline of the tracks with the track actuator during operation to further change the intensity of exercise.

[0014] In an alternate embodiment, the apparatus includes a separate pedal for each foot attached to a foot support member. A pair of crank arms rotate about a pivot axis positioned on the framework forward an operator at generally pedal height. A pair of drive links are attached to the crank arms. Drive support links are pivotally connected to the drive links and the framework. A pair of support links are pivotally connected to the drive links and to the foot support members. A pair of rocker link guides are pivotally connected to the framework and to the foot support members. A pair of handle supports with handles attached are pivotally connected to the framework. A pair of connector links are pivotally connected to the handle supports and to the support links. A cross member is pivotally connected to the framework. A pair of crossing links are pivotally connected to the cross member and to each handle support. The crossover member and crossing links form a crossover assembly to cause one handle to move forward while the other handle moves rearward. Energy storage devices are connected to the control links and framework to establish a default position for the control links that is generally vertical.

[0015] The stride length of the pedal is related to the range of movement of the handle. The shortest stride length occurs with no movement of the handles in the default mode for easy starting while the longest stride length of the pedals occurs with the longest range of movement of the handles.

[0016] Load resistance is applied to the crank in this embodiment by a pulley which drives a belt to a smaller pulley attached to a flywheel supported by the framework. A tension belt covers the circumference of the flywheel to provide friction for load resistance on the intensity of exercise. An adjustment knob can adjust the tension on the tension belt to vary the intensity of exercise. It should be understood that other forms of load resistance such as magnetic, alternator, air fan or others may be applied to the crank.

[0017] In an alternate embodiment, the rocker link guides are replaced with roller and track guides wherein the rollers are pivotally connected to the foot support members and the tracks are attached to the frame. The remainder of this embodiment is essentially the same as the alternate embodiment. Operation is the same as the preferred embodiment. Easy starting occurs in the default mode with the handles held stationary as the pedals follow a short elongate curve. The longer handle range followed by the movement of the operator, the longer the stride length becomes.

[0018] In an alternate embodiment, the apparatus includes a separate pedal for each foot attached to a foot support member. A pair of crank arms rotate about a pivot axis positioned on the framework adjacent a horizontal supporting surface. A pair of support links are pivotally connected at the lower ends to the crank arms and at the upper ends to foot support members. A pair of tracks are supported by the framework where the incline can be changed. A pair of rollers are each rotatably attached to a respective foot support member and maintain rollable contact with a respective track. A pair of handle supports are pivotally connected to the framework which have handles attached. A pair of connector links are pivotally connected to the handle supports and to the support links. A cross member is pivotally connected to the framework. A pair of crossing links are pivotally connected to the cross member and to each handle support. The crossover member and crossing links form a crossover assembly to cause one handle to move forward while the other handle moves rearward.

[0019] The stride length of the pedal is generally determined by the range of movement of the handles. The shortest stride length occurs with no movement of the handles while the longest stride length of the pedals occurs with the longest range of movement of the handles. An even shorter stride is possible using only the feet to determine stride length with the hands of the user positioned upon the framework.

[0020] Load resistance is applied to the crank in this embodiment by a pulley which drives a belt to a smaller pulley attached to a flywheel supported by the framework. A tension belt covers the circumference of the flywheel to provide friction for load resistance on the intensity of exercise. A control system can adjust the tension on the tension belt through a load actuator shown in FIG. 1 to vary the intensity of exercise. It should be understood that other forms of load resistance such as magnetic, alternator, air fan or others may be applied to the crank. The control system also can adjust the incline of the tracks with a track actuator shown in FIG. 1 during operation to further change the intensity of exercise.

[0021] In an alternate embodiment, the guides are a pair of rocker links pivotally attached to the foot supports and to the framework. The handles are attached to the rocker links. The crossover assembly uses two hydraulic cylinders with crossing links pivotally connected to the rocker links and to the framework. The hydraulic cylinders are coupled with hydraulic hoses so that the pistons move in opposite directions. Further, orifice control valves allow the rate of movement of the pistons to be varied. Load resistance and operation are similar to the preferred embodiment.

[0022] In the preferred embodiment, the apparatus includes a separate pedal for each foot attached to a foot support member. A pair of crank arms rotate about a pivot axis positioned on the framework adjacent a horizontal supporting surface. A pair of support links are pivotally connected at the lower ends to the crank arms and at the upper ends to foot support members.

[0023] A pair of compound guides cause the intermediate portion of the foot support members to follow a predetermined curve, which in this case is an approximate straight line. Each compound guide comprises a transfer link pivotally connected to the framework, a handle support pivotally connected to the framework, an intermediate support link pivotally connected to the transfer link and to the intermediate portion of the foot support member, a pair of coupling links pivotally connected to the handle support and the intermediate support link. Handles are attached to the handle supports for arm exercise.

[0024] A cross member is pivotally connected to the framework. A pair of crossing links are pivotally connected to the cross member and to each transfer link. The crossover member and crossing links form a crossover assembly to cause one handle to move forward while the other handle moves rearward. Alternately, opposing hydraulic cylinders can be used.

[0025] The stride length of the pedal is generally determined by the range of movement of the handles. The shortest stride length occurs with no movement of the handles while the longest stride length of the pedals occurs with the longest range of movement of the handles. The shortest stride length is an arcuate curve for stepping motion.

[0026] Load resistance is applied to the crank in this embodiment by a pulley which drives a belt to a smaller pulley attached to a flywheel supported by the framework. A tension belt covers the circumference of the flywheel to provide friction for load resistance on the intensity of exercise. A control system can adjust the tension on the tension belt through a load actuator shown in FIG. 1 to vary the intensity of exercise. It should be understood that other forms of load resistance such as magnetic, alternator, air fan or others may be applied to the crank.

[0027] In an alternate embodiment, a pair of compound guides cause the intermediate portion of the foot support member to follow a predetermined curve, which in this case is an approximate linear curve. The compound guide comprises a transfer link pivotally connected to the framework, an intermediate support link pivotally connected to the transfer link and to the intermediate portion of the foot support member, a stabilizing link pivotally connected to the intermediate support link and to the framework. Handles are attached to the intermediate support links for arm exercise.

[0028] The crossover assembly can use the crossover member and crossing links or opposing hydraulic cylinders connected to the transfer links. Load resistance and operation are similar to the preferred embodiment.

[0029] In summary, this invention provides varying elliptical stride lengths as determined by the movement of an operator. The pedals move through elongate curves that simulate walking, jogging and stepping with very low joint impact where the heel of the foot remains in contact with the pedal during most of the pedal cycle to eliminate operator numb toe. Arm exercise has a variable range of motion coordinated with the pedal movements. Pedal curves remain generally elliptical in shape throughout the range of variation. Easy starting occurs in the default mode.

[0043] Referring to the drawings in detail, pedals 46 and 48 are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 in forward and rearward positions of the preferred embodiment. Crank arms 4,6 rotate about pivot axis 7 on framework 70. Foot support members 14,16 have pedals 46,48 attached. Support links 8,10 are connected intermediate the ends to crank arms 4,6 at pivots 9,11 and to foot support members 14,16 at pivots 13,15. Tracks 90,94 are attached to frame members 74 at pivot 93 and to track actuator 96 which is also attached to framework 74. Rollers 40,44 are connected to foot support members 14,16 at pivots 41,43 and are in rollable contact with tracks 90,94.

[0044] Handles 36,38 are attached to handle supports 80,84 which are connected to framework 70 at pivot 39. Connector links 30,34 are connected to handle supports 80,84 at pivots 35,37 and to one end of support links 8,10 at pivots 31,33. Crossover member 56 is connected to framework 70 at pivot 55. Crossing links 50,54 are connected to crossover member 56 at pivots 53,59 and to handle supports 80,84 at pivots 51,57. Crossover member 56 and crossing links 50,54 form a crossover assembly as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 that cause handle 36 to move forward when handle 38 moves rearward.

[0045] Load resistance is imposed upon cranks 4,6 by pulley 49 which drives flywheel 63 by belt 69 coupled to pulley 71 which is supported by the framework 70 at shaft 61. Tension belt 64 encompasses flywheel 63 with load actuator 66 connected for adjustment to vary the intensity of exercise on the exercise apparatus. Control system 68 is connected to load actuator 66 and track actuator 96 with wires 67,65,95 using conventional means not shown. Control system 68 can be programmed to adjust tension belt 64 using load actuator 66 or to change the incline of tracks 90,94 using track actuator 96 to vary the intensity of exercise during operation. Framework 70 is attached to longitudinal frame members 74 which are attached to cross members 73,75 that are supported by a generally horizontal surface.

[0046] Operation begins when an operator places the feet upon the pedals 46,48 in the default side by side position of pedals 46,48. Moving the handles 36,38 and applying body weight to pedals 46,48 starts the crank arms 4,6 moving with ease. Holding handles 36,38 generally still as denoted by handle position 1′, pedals 46,48 move through a relatively short pedal curve 1 shown in FIG. 1. Allowing the handles 36,38 to move through handle range 3′ causes pedals 46,48 to move along pedal curve 3. Allowing handles 36,38 to move through handle range 5′ results in pedal curve 5. Even shorter pedal curves are possible when the user is not grasping the handles whereby only the feet of the user define the motion.

[0047] In an alternate embodiment, pedals 46 and 48 are shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 in forward and rearward positions. Crank arms 4,6 rotate about pivot axis 7 positioned forward of an operator at generally pedal height on framework 70. Foot support members 14,16 have pedals 46,48 attached at the ends. Drive links 20,22 are connected to crank arms 4,6 at pivots 9,11. Drive link supports 86,88 are connected to drive links 20,22 at pivots 77,79 and to framework 70 at pivot 87. Support links 8,10 are connected to drive links 20,22 at pivots 21,23 and to foot support members 14,16 at pivots 13,15. Guides 26,28 are connected to framework 70 at pivot 17 and to foot support members 14,16 at pivots 25,27. For this embodiment, guides 26,28 are further described as rocker links 26,28.

[0048] Handles 36,38 are attached to handle supports 80,84 which are connected to framework 70 at pivot 39. Connector links 30,34 are connected to handle supports 80,84 at pivots 35,37 and to support links 8,10 at pivots 31,33. Crossover member 56 is connected to framework 70 at pivot 55. Crossing links 50,54 are connected to crossover member 56 at pivots 53,59 and to handle supports 80,84 at pivots 51,57. Crossover member 56 and crossing links 50,54 form a crossover assembly as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 that cause control link 80 to move forward when control link 84 moves rearward.

[0049] Energy storage devices 60,62 are shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 as springs 60,62 connected to handle supports 80,84 at pivots 83,85 and to framework 70 at pivot 47. Springs 60,62 are intended to cause handle supports 80,84 to have a bias towards the default vertical position where the shortest stride occurs at elongate curve 1.

[0050] Load resistance is imposed upon cranks 4,6 by pulley 49 which drives flywheel 63 by belt 69 and pulley 71. Flywheel 63 is supported by framework 70 at pivot 61. Tension belt 64 encompasses flywheel 63 for adjustable load resistance using adjustment knob 91 to vary the intensity of exercise on the exercise apparatus. Framework 70 is attached to longitudinal frame members 74 and to cross members 73,75 that are supported by a generally horizontal surface.

[0051] Operation begins when an operator places the feet upon the pedals 46,48 in the default side by side position of pedals 46,48. In the default mode, handle supports 80,84 are caused to be generally vertical in a side by side position by springs 60,62. Other forms of energy storage devices 60,62 may also be used. In the default mode, pedals 46,48 will follow the shortest stride length along default elongate curve 1. Startup is easy along the default elongate curve 1. Handles 36,38 remain generally stationary at position 1′ while pedals 46,48 follow elongate curve 1. When handles 36,38 move through handle range 3′, pedals 46,48 move along pedal curve 3. When handles 36,38 move through an even greater handle range 5′, pedals 46,48 follow pedal curve 5. The maximum stride occurs when pedals 46,48 follow pedal curve 2 while handles 36,38 have the handle range 2′.

[0052] An alternate embodiment is shown in FIG. 5 which is essentially the same as the alternate embodiment shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 except that guides 26,28 have been replaced with rollers 40,44 and tracks 90 serving as guides. Tracks 90 are attached to framework 70 and 74 at a predetermined angle. However, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 tracks 90 can be configured to have adjustable angles. Rollers 40,44 are connected to the foot support members 14,16 at pivots 41,43. The remainder of this alternate embodiment is essentially the same as the previous embodiment of FIGS. 3 and 4. Operation is the same as the previous embodiment where only pedal curves 2 and 5 are being shown in FIG. 5.

[0053] Referring to the drawings in detail, pedals 46 and 48 are shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 in forward and rearward positions of an alternate embodiment. Crank arms 4,6 rotate about pivot axis 7 positioned adjacent to a horizontal supporting surface on framework 70. Foot support members 14,16 have pedals 46,48 attached. Support links 8,10 are connected at the lower ends to crank arms 4,6 at pivots 9,11 and are connected at the upper ends to foot support members 14,16 at pivots 13,15. Tracks 90 are attached to frame members 74 at pivots 93 and track support pins 97. Tracks 90 can be repositioned by moving to alternate track support pins 98 or using an actuator 96 shown in FIG. 1. Rollers 40,44 are connected to foot support members 14,16 at pivots 41,43 and are in rollable contact with tracks 90.

[0054] Handle supports 80,84 are pivotally connected to the framework at pivot 39. Handles 36,38 are attached to handle supports 80,84. Connector links 30,34 are connected to handle supports 80,84 at pivots 35,37 and to support links 8,10 at pivots 31,33. Crossover member 56 is connected to framework 70 at pivot 55. Crossing links 50,54 are connected to crossover member 56 at pivots 53,59 and to handle supports 80,84 at pivots 51,57. Crossover member 56 and crossing links 50,54 form a crossover assembly as shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 that cause handle 36 to move forward when handle 38 moves rearward.

[0055] Load resistance is imposed upon cranks 4,6 by pulley 49 which drives flywheel 63 by belt 69 coupled to pulley 71 which is supported by the framework 70 at shaft 61. Tension belt 64 encompasses flywheel 63 with knob 91 connected for adjustment to vary the intensity of exercise on the exercise apparatus. Framework 70 is attached to longitudinal frame members 74 which are attached to cross members 73,75 that are supported by a generally horizontal surface.

[0056] Operation begins when an operator places the feet upon the pedals 46,48 in the default side by side position of pedals 46,48. Moving the handles 36,38 and applying body weight to pedals 46,48 starts the crank arms 4,6 moving with ease. Holding handles 36,38 generally still, pedals 46,48 move through a relatively short pedal curve 1 shown in FIG. 6. Allowing the handles 36,38 to move causes pedals 46,48 to move along pedal curve 3. Allowing handles 36,38 to move a larger amount results in pedal curve 5. Moving the handles 36,38 through the maximum range results in pedal curve 2.

[0057] The alternate embodiment shown in FIG. 8 is similar to the preferred embodiment of FIGS. 6 and 7 except that rollers 40,44 and tracks 90 serving as guides are replaced with rocker links 26,28. Handles 36,38 are attached to rocker links 26,28. Crossing links 50,54 are pivotally connected to rocker links 26,28 at pivots 51,57 and slide into hydraulic cylinders 102 and 104 also shown in FIG. 9. Hydraulic cylinders 102,104 are coupled with hydraulic hoses 107 and orifice valves 103,105. As crossing link 50 moves attached piston 110 into hydraulic cylinder 102, hydraulic fluid is transferred to hydraulic cylinder 104 through hydraulic hoses 107 causing piston 112 to move attached crossing link 54 out of hydraulic cylinder 104. Adjustment of the orifice valves 103 and 105 controls the rate of hydraulic fluid transfer which controls the rate of movement of handles 36,38. Adjustment of the orifice valves 103,105 can occur from a remote location such as a control panel 68 shown in FIG. 1. Another crossover design would replace one of the orifice valves such as 105 with a pair of cylinder return springs (not shown). The hydraulic crossover assembly can be used in all of the other embodiments shown. Operation and load resistance are similar to the preferred embodiment.

[0058] Referring to the drawings in detail, pedals 46 and 48 are shown in FIGS. 10 and 11 in forward and rearward positions of the preferred embodiment. Crank arms 4,6 rotate about pivot axis 7 positioned adjacent to a horizontal supporting surface on framework 70. Foot support members 14,16 have pedals 46,48 attached. Support links 8,10 are connected at the lower ends to crank arms 4,6 at pivots 9,11 and are connected at the upper ends to foot support members 14,16 at pivots 13,15.

[0059] A pair of compound guides cause the intermediate portion of the foot support members to follow a predetermined curve, which in this case is an approximate straight line 143. The compound guides comprise transfer links 128,130 connected to the framework at pivot 141, handle supports connected to the framework at pivot 39, intermediate support links 152,154 connected to the transfer links at pivots 137,139 and to the intermediate portion of the foot support members 14,16 at pivots 25,27, a pair of coupling links 120,124 and 122,126 connected to the handle supports 80,84 at pivots 121,129 and 123,131 and to the intermediate support links 152,154 at pivots 125,133 and 127,135. Handles 36,38 are attached to the handle supports 80,84 for arm exercise.

[0060] Crossover member 56 is connected to framework 74 at pivot 55. Crossing links 50,54 are connected to crossover member 56 at pivots 53,59 and to transfer links 128,130 at pivots 51,57. Crossover member 56 and crossing links 50,54 form a crossover assembly as shown in FIGS. 10 and 11 that cause handle 36 to move forward when handle 38 moves rearward. Alternately, opposing hydraulic cylinders 102,104 of FIG. 9 may be used.

[0061] Load resistance is imposed upon cranks 4,6 by pulley 49 which drives flywheel 63 by belt 69 coupled to pulley 71 which is supported by the framework 70 at shaft 61. Tension belt 64 encompasses flywheel 63 with knob 91 connected for adjustment to vary the intensity of exercise on the exercise apparatus. Framework 70 is attached to longitudinal frame members 74 which are attached to cross members 73,75 that are supported by a generally horizontal surface.

[0062] Operation begins when an operator places the feet upon the pedals 46,48 in the default side by side position of pedals 46,48. Moving the handles 36,38 and applying body weight to pedals 46,48 starts the crank arms 4,6 moving with ease. Holding handles 36,38 generally still, pedals 46,48 move through arcuate pedal curve 1 shown in FIG. 10. Allowing the handles 36,38 to move causes pedals 46,48 to move along pedal curve 3. Allowing handles 36,38 to move a larger amount results in pedal curve 5. Moving the handles 36,38 through the maximum range 2′ results in pedal curve 2. The heel of the foot of an operator remains in contact with pedals 46,48 throughout most of the pedal cycle.

[0063] The alternate embodiment shown in FIGS. 12 and 13 is similar to the preferred embodiment of FIGS. 10 and 11 except that the compound guides consist of several different elements. The compound guides comprise transfer links 128,130 connected to the framework at pivot 141, intermediate support links 156,158 connected to the transfer links at pivots 137,139 and to the intermediate portion of the foot support members 14,16 at pivots 25,27, and stabilizing links 144,146 connected to the intermediate support links at pivots 145,147 and to the framework at pivot 39. Pivots 25,27 follow the approximate linear curve 143. Handles 36,38 are attached to the intermediate support links 156,158 for arm exercise.

[0064] Crossover member 56 is connected to framework 74 at pivot 55. Crossing links 50,54 are connected to crossover member 56 at pivots 59,53 and to transfer links 128,130 at pivots 51,57. Crossover member 56 and crossing links 50,54 form a crossover assembly as shown in FIGS. 12 and 13 that cause handle 36 to move forward when handle 38 moves rearward. Alternately, opposing hydraulic cylinders 102,104 of FIG. 9 may be used. Operation and load resistance are similar to the preferred embodiment.

[0065] In summary, the present invention has distinct advantages over prior art because the elliptical stride movement of the pedals 46,48 change with the range of movement of the handles 36,38 while maintaining a generally elliptical pedal curves 3,5,2 even for the longest pedal stride. The heel of the foot of an operator remains on the pedal throughout most of the pedal cycle. Easy starting occurs in when the handles 36,38 are held stationary as the pedals follow the stepping motion curve 1.

[0066] The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative, and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the claims, rather than by foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.