Everting heart valve

[0001] This application is a continuation of pending U.S. application Ser. No. 10/870,340, filed Jun. 16, 2004 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,780,725, entitled “Everting Heart Valve”, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety as if fully set forth herein.

[0002] The present invention relates to methods and apparatus for endovascularly replacing a heart valve. More particularly, the present invention relates to methods and apparatus for endovascularly replacing a heart valve with a replacement valve and an expandable and retrievable anchor. The replacement valve preferably is not connected to the expandable anchor and may be wrapped about an end of the anchor, for example, by everting during endovascular deployment.

[0003] Heart valve surgery is used to repair or replace diseased heart valves. Valve surgery is an open-heart procedure conducted under general anesthesia. An incision is made through the patient's sternum (sternotomy), and the patient's heart is stopped while blood flow is rerouted through a heart-lung bypass machine.

[0004] Valve replacement may be indicated when there is a narrowing of the native heart valve, commonly referred to as stenosis, or when the native valve leaks or regurgitates. When replacing the valve, the native valve is excised and replaced with either a biologic or a mechanical valve. Mechanical valves require lifelong anticoagulant medication to prevent blood clot formation, and clicking of the valve often may be heard through the chest. Biologic tissue valves typically do not require such medication. Tissue valves may be obtained from cadavers or may be porcine or bovine, and are commonly attached to synthetic rings that are secured to the patient's heart.

[0005] Valve replacement surgery is a highly invasive operation with significant concomitant risk. Risks include bleeding, infection, stroke, heart attack, arrhythmia, renal failure, adverse reactions to the anesthesia medications, as well as sudden death. 2-5% of patients die during surgery.

[0006] Post-surgery, patients temporarily may be confused due to emboli and other factors associated with the heart-lung machine. The first 2-3 days following surgery are spent in an intensive care unit where heart functions can be closely monitored. The average hospital stay is between 1 to 2 weeks, with several more weeks to months required for complete recovery.

[0007] In recent years, advancements in minimally invasive surgery and interventional cardiology have encouraged some investigators to pursue percutaneous replacement of the aortic heart valve. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,168,614. In many of these procedures, the replacement valve is deployed across the native diseased valve to permanently hold the valve open, thereby alleviating a need to excise the native valve and to position the replacement valve in place of the native valve.

[0008] In the endovascular aortic valve replacement procedure, accurate placement of aortic valves relative to coronary ostia and the mitral valve is critical. Standard self-expanding systems have very poor accuracy in deployment, however. Often the proximal end of the stent is not released from the delivery system until accurate placement is verified by fluoroscopy, and the stent typically jumps once released. It is therefore often impossible to know where the ends of the stent will be with respect to the native valve, the coronary ostia and the mitral valve.

[0009] Also, visualization of the way the new valve is functioning prior to final deployment is very desirable. Visualization prior to final and irreversible deployment cannot be done with standard self-expanding systems, however, and the replacement valve is often not fully functional before final deployment.

[0010] Another drawback of prior art self-expanding replacement heart valve systems is their lack of radial strength. In order for self-expanding systems to be easily delivered through a delivery sheath, the metal needs to flex and bend inside the delivery catheter without being plastically deformed. In arterial stents, this is not a challenge, and there are many commercial arterial stent systems that apply adequate radial force against the vessel wall and yet can collapse to a small enough of a diameter to fit inside a delivery catheter without plastic deformation. However when the stent has a valve fastened inside it, as is the case in aortic valve replacement, the anchoring of the stent to vessel walls is significantly challenged during diastole. The force to hold back arterial pressure and prevent blood from going back inside the ventricle during diastole will be directly transferred to the stent/vessel wall interface. Therefore, the amount of radial force required to keep the self-expanding stent/valve in contact with the vessel wall and not sliding will be much higher than in stents that do not have valves inside of them. Moreover, a self-expanding stent without sufficient radial force will end up dilating and contracting with each heartbeat, thereby distorting the valve, affecting its function and possibly migrating and dislodging completely. Simply increasing strut thickness of the self-expanding stent is not a practical solution as it runs the risk of larger profile and/or plastic deformation of the self-expanding stent.

[0011] In view of drawbacks associated with previously known techniques for endovascularly replacing a heart valve, it would be desirable to provide methods and apparatus that overcome those drawbacks.

[0012] One aspect of the present invention provides apparatus for endovascularly replacing a patient's heart valve, the apparatus including: a replacement valve; and an expandable anchor, wherein the replacement valve and expandable anchor are configured for endovascular delivery to the vicinity of the heart valve, and wherein at least a portion of the replacement valve is configured to evert about the anchor during endovascular deployment.

[0013] Another aspect of the invention provides a method for endovascularly replacing a patient's heart valve. In some embodiments the method includes the steps of: endovascularly delivering a replacement valve and an expandable anchor to a vicinity of the heart valve; everting at least a portion of the replacement valve about the anchor; and expanding the anchor to a deployed configuration.

[0014] Yet another aspect of the invention provides apparatus for endovascularly replacing a patient's heart valve including: an anchor comprising a lip region and a skirt region; and a replacement valve, wherein at least a portion of the replacement valve is configured to evert about the anchor during endovascular deployment, and wherein the lip region and skirt region are configured for percutaneous expansion to engage the patient's heart valve.

[0015] Still another aspect of the present invention provides a method for endovascularly replacing a patient's heart valve, the method including: endovascularly delivering a replacement valve and an expandable anchor to a vicinity of the heart valve, endovascularly wrapping at least a portion of the replacement valve about the anchor, and expanding the anchor to a deployed configuration.

[0016] Another aspect of the present invention provides apparatus for endovascularly replacing a patient's heart valve, the apparatus including: a replacement valve, and an expandable anchor, wherein the replacement valve and the anchor are configured for endovascular delivery to a vicinity of the patient's heart valve, and wherein at least a portion of the replacement valve is wrapped about an end of the anchor in a deployed configuration.

[0017] All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

[0063] While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in practicing the invention. For example, for the two-part locking mechanisms described hereinafter, it will be apparent that the locations of the male and female elements may be reversed. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the invention and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.

[0064] With reference now to FIGS. 1-4, a first embodiment of replacement heart valve apparatus in accordance with the present invention is described, including a method of actively foreshortening and expanding the apparatus from a delivery configuration and to a deployed configuration. Apparatus 10 comprises replacement valve 20 disposed within and coupled to anchor 30. FIG. 1 schematically illustrate individual cells of anchor 30 of apparatus 10, and should be viewed as if the cylindrical anchor has been cut open and laid flat. FIG. 2 schematically illustrate a detail portion of apparatus 10 in side-section.

[0065] Anchor 30 has a lip region 32, a skirt region 34 and a body region 36. First, second and third posts 38a, 38b and 38c, respectively, are coupled to skirt region 34 and extend within lumen 31 of anchor 30. Posts 38 preferably are spaced 120° apart from one another about the circumference of anchor 30.

[0066] Anchor 30 preferably is fabricated by using self-expanding patterns (laser cut or chemically milled), braids and materials, such as a stainless steel, nickel-titanium (“Nitinol”) or cobalt chromium, but alternatively may be fabricated using balloon-expandable patterns where the anchor is designed to plastically deform to its final shape by means of balloon expansion. Replacement valve 20 is preferably made from biologic tissues, e.g. porcine valve leaflets or bovine or equine pericardium tissues or human cadaver tissue. Alternatively, it can be made from tissue engineered materials (such as extracellular matrix material from Small Intestinal Submucosa (SIS)) or may be prosthetic and made from an elastomeric polymer or silicone, Nitinol or stainless steel mesh or pattern (sputtered, chemically milled or laser cut). The leaflet may also be made of a composite of the elastomeric or silicone materials and metal alloys or other fibers such Kevlar or carbon. Annular base 22 of replacement valve 20 preferably is coupled to skirt region 34 of anchor 30, while commissures 24 of replacement valve leaflets 26 are coupled to and supported by posts 38.

[0067] Anchor 30 may be actuated using external non-hydraulic or non-pneumatic force to actively foreshorten in order to increase its radial strength. As shown below, the proximal and distal end regions of anchor 30 may be actuated independently. The anchor and valve may be placed and expanded in order to visualize their location with respect to the native valve and other anatomical features and to visualize operation of the valve. The anchor and valve may thereafter be repositioned and even retrieved into the delivery sheath or catheter. The apparatus may be delivered to the vicinity of the patient's aortic valve in a retrograde approach in a catheter having a diameter no more than 23 french, preferably no more than 21 french, more preferably no more than 19 french, or more preferably no more than 17 french. Upon deployment the anchor and replacement valve capture the native valve leaflets and positively lock to maintain configuration and position.

[0068] A deployment tool is used to actuate, reposition, lock and/or retrieve anchor 30. In order to avoid delivery of anchor 30 on a balloon for balloon expansion, a non-hydraulic or non-pneumatic anchor actuator is used. In this embodiment, the actuator is a deployment tool that includes distal region control wires 50, control rods or tubes 60 and proximal region control wires 62. Locks 40 include posts or arms 38 preferably with male interlocking elements 44 extending from skirt region 34 and mating female interlocking elements 42 in lip region 32. Male interlocking elements 44 have eyelets 45. Control wires 50 pass from a delivery system for apparatus 10 through female interlocking elements 42, through eyelets 45 of male interlocking elements 44, and back through female interlocking elements 42, such that a double strand of wire 50 passes through each female interlocking element 42 for manipulation by a medical practitioner external to the patient to actuate and control the anchor by changing the anchor's shape. Control wires 50 may comprise, for example, strands of suture.

[0069] Tubes 60 are reversibly coupled to apparatus 10 and may be used in conjunction with wires 50 to actuate anchor 30, e.g., to foreshorten and lock apparatus 10 in the fully deployed configuration. Tubes 60 also facilitate repositioning and retrieval of apparatus 10, as described hereinafter. For example, anchor 30 may be foreshortened and radially expanded by applying a distally directed force on tubes 60 while proximally retracting wires 50. As seen in FIG. 3, control wires 62 pass through interior lumens 61 of tubes 60. This ensures that tubes 60 are aligned properly with apparatus 10 during deployment and foreshortening. Control wires 62 can also actuate anchor 60; proximally directed forces on control wires 62 contacts the proximal lip region 32 of anchor 30. Wires 62 also act to couple and decouple tubes 60 from apparatus 10. Wires 62 may comprise, for example, strands of suture.

[0070] FIGS. 1A and 2A illustrate anchor 30 in a delivery configuration or in a partially deployed configuration (e.g., after dynamic self-expansion from a constrained delivery configuration within a delivery sheath). Anchor 30 has a relatively long length and a relatively small width in the delivery or partially deployed configuration, as compared to the foreshortened and fully deployed configuration of FIGS. 1B and 2B.

[0071] In FIGS. 1A and 2A, replacement valve 20 is collapsed within lumen 31 of anchor 30. Retraction of wires 50 relative to tubes 60 foreshortens anchor 30, which increases the anchor's width while decreasing its length. Such foreshortening also properly seats replacement valve 20 within lumen 31 of anchor 30. Imposed foreshortening will enhance radial force applied by apparatus 10 to surrounding tissue over at least a portion of anchor 30. In some embodiments, the anchor is capable of exerting an outward radial force on surrounding tissue to engage the tissue in such way to prevent migration of anchor. This outward radial force is preferably greater than 2 psi, more preferably greater than 4 psi, more preferably greater than 6 psi, more preferably greater than 8 psi, more preferably greater than 10 psi, more preferably greater than 20 psi, or more preferably greater than 30 psi. Enhanced radial force of the anchor is also important for enhanced crush resistance of the anchor against the surrounding tissue due to the healing response (fibrosis and contraction of annulus over a longer period of time) or to dynamic changes of pressure and flow at each heart beat. In an alternative embodiment, the anchor pattern or braid is designed to have gaps or areas where the native tissue is allowed to protrude through the anchor slightly (not shown) and, as the foreshortening is applied, the tissue and anchor become intertwined and immobilized. This feature would provide additional means to prevent anchor migration and enhance long-term stability of the device.

[0072] Deployment of apparatus 10 is fully reversible until lock 40 has been locked via mating of male interlocking elements 44 with female interlocking elements 42. Deployment is then completed by decoupling tubes 60 from lip section 32 of anchor 30 by retracting one end of each wire 62 relative to the other end of the wire, and by retracting one end of each wire 50 relative to the other end of the wire until each wire has been removed from eyelet 45 of its corresponding male interlocking element 44.

[0073] As best seen in FIG. 2B, body region 36 of anchor 30 optionally may comprise barb elements 37 that protrude from anchor 30 in the fully deployed configuration, for example, for engagement of a patient's native valve leaflets and to preclude migration of the apparatus.

[0074] With reference now to FIG. 3, a delivery and deployment system for a self-expanding embodiment of apparatus 10 including a sheath 110 having a lumen 112. Self-expanding anchor 30 is collapsible to a delivery configuration within lumen 112 of sheath 110, such that apparatus 10 may be delivered via delivery system 100. As seen in FIG. 3A, apparatus 10 may be deployed from lumen 112 by retracting sheath 110 relative to apparatus 10, control wires 50 and tubes 60, which causes anchor 30 to dynamically self-expand to a partially deployed configuration. Control wires 50 then are retracted relative to apparatus 10 and tubes 60 to impose foreshortening upon anchor 30, as seen in FIG. 3B.

[0075] During foreshortening, tubes 60 push against lip region 32 of anchor 30, while wires 50 pull on posts 38 of the anchor. Wires 62 may be retracted along with wires 50 to enhance the distally directed pushing force applied by tubes 60 to lip region 32. Continued retraction of wires 50 relative to tubes 60 would lock locks 40 and fully deploy apparatus 10 with replacement valve 20 properly seated within anchor 30, as in FIGS. 1B and 2B. Apparatus 10 comprises enhanced radial strength in the fully deployed configuration as compared to the partially deployed configuration of FIG. 3A. Once apparatus 10 has been fully deployed, wires 50 and 62 may be removed from apparatus 10, thereby separating delivery system 100 and tubes 60 from the apparatus.

[0076] Deployment of apparatus 10 is fully reversible until locks 40 have been actuated. For example, just prior to locking the position of the anchor and valve and the operation of the valve may be observed under fluoroscopy. If the position needs to be changed, by alternately relaxing and reapplying the proximally directed forces exerted by control wires 50 and/or control wires 62 and the distally directed forces exerted by tubes 60, expansion and contraction of the lip and skirt regions of anchor 30 may be independently controlled so that the anchor and valve can be moved to, e.g., avoid blocking the coronary ostia or impinging on the mitral valve. Apparatus 10 may also be completely retrieved within lumen 112 of sheath 110 by simultaneously proximally retracting wires 50 and tubes 60/wires 62 relative to sheath 110. Apparatus 10 then may be removed from the patient or repositioned for subsequent redeployment.

[0077] Referring now to FIG. 4, step-by-step deployment of apparatus 10 via delivery system 100 is described. In FIG. 4A, sheath 110 is retracted relative to apparatus 10, wires 50 and tubes 60, thereby causing self-expandable anchor 30 to dynamically self-expand apparatus 10 from the collapsed delivery configuration within lumen 112 of sheath 110 to the partially deployed configuration. Apparatus 10 may then be dynamically repositioned via tubes 60 to properly orient the apparatus, e.g. relative to a patient's native valve leaflets.

[0078] In FIG. 4B, control wires 50 are retracted while tubes 60 are advanced, thereby urging lip region 32 of anchor 30 in a distal direction while urging posts 38 of the anchor in a proximal direction. This foreshortens apparatus 10, as seen in FIG. 4C. Deployment of apparatus 10 is fully reversible even after foreshortening has been initiated and has advanced to the point illustrated in FIG. 4C.

[0079] In FIG. 4D, continued foreshortening causes male interlocking elements 44 of locks 40 to engage female interlocking elements 42. The male elements mate with the female elements, thereby locking apparatus 10 in the foreshortened configuration, as seen in FIG. 4E. Wires 50 are then pulled through eyelets 45 of male elements 44 to remove the wires from apparatus 10, and wires 62 are pulled through the proximal end of anchor 30 to uncouple tubes 60 from the apparatus, thereby separating delivery system 100 from apparatus 10. Fully deployed apparatus 10 is shown in FIG. 4F.

[0080] Referring to FIG. 5, a method of endovascularly replacing a patient's diseased aortic valve with apparatus 10 and delivery system 100 is described. As seen in FIG. 5A, sheath 110 of delivery system 100, having apparatus 10 disposed therein, is endovascularly advanced over guide wire G, preferably in a retrograde fashion (although an antegrade or hybrid approach alternatively may be used), through a patient's aorta A to the patient's diseased aortic valve AV. A nosecone 102 precedes sheath 110 in a known manner. In FIG. 5B, sheath 110 is positioned such that its distal region is disposed within left ventricle LV of the patient's heart H.

[0081] Apparatus 10 is deployed from lumen 112 of sheath 110, for example, under fluoroscopic guidance, such that anchor 30 of apparatus 10 dynamically self-expands to a partially deployed configuration, as in FIG. 5C. Advantageously, apparatus 10 may be retracted within lumen 112 of sheath 110 via wires 50—even after anchor 30 has dynamically expanded to the partially deployed configuration, for example, to abort the procedure or to reposition apparatus 10 or delivery system 100. As yet another advantage, apparatus 10 may be dynamically repositioned, e.g. via sheath 110 and/or tubes 60, in order to properly align the apparatus relative to anatomical landmarks, such as the patient's coronary ostia or the patient's native valve leaflets L. When properly aligned, skirt region 34 of anchor 30 preferably is disposed distal of the leaflets, while body region 36 is disposed across the leaflets and lip region 32 is disposed proximal of the leaflets.

[0082] Once properly aligned, wires 50 are retracted relative to tubes 60 to impose foreshortening upon anchor 30 and expand apparatus 10 to the fully deployed configuration, as in FIG. 5D. Foreshortening increases the radial strength of anchor 30 to ensure prolonged patency of valve annulus An, as well as to provide a better seal for apparatus 10 that reduces paravalvular regurgitation. As seen in FIG. 5E, locks 40 maintain imposed foreshortening. Replacement valve 20 is properly seated within anchor 30, and normal blood flow between left ventricle LV and aorta A is thereafter regulated by apparatus 10. Deployment of apparatus 10 advantageously is fully reversible until locks 40 have been actuated.

[0083] As seen in FIG. 5F, wires 50 are pulled from eyelets 45 of male elements 44 of locks 40, tubes 60 are decoupled from anchor 30, e.g. via wires 62, and delivery system 100 is removed from the patient, thereby completing deployment of apparatus 10. Optional barb elements 37 engage the patient's native valve leaflets, e.g. to preclude migration of the apparatus and/or reduce paravalvular regurgitation.

[0084] With reference now to FIG. 6, a method of endovascularly replacing a patient's diseased aortic valve with apparatus 10 is provided, wherein proper positioning of the apparatus is ensured via positive registration of a modified delivery system to the patient's native valve leaflets. In FIG. 6A, modified delivery system 100′ delivers apparatus 10 to diseased aortic valve AV within sheath 110. As seen in FIGS. 6B and 6C, apparatus 10 is deployed from lumen 112 of sheath 110, for example, under fluoroscopic guidance, such that anchor 30 of apparatus 10 dynamically self-expands to a partially deployed configuration. As when deployed via delivery system 100, deployment of apparatus 10 via delivery system 100′ is fully reversible until locks 40 have been actuated.

[0085] Delivery system 100′ comprises leaflet engagement element 120, which preferably self-expands along with anchor 30. Engagement element 120 is disposed between tubes 60 of delivery system 100′ and lip region 32 of anchor 30. Element 120 releasably engages the anchor. As seen in FIG. 6C, the element is initially deployed proximal of the patient's native valve leaflets L. Apparatus 10 and element 120 then may be advanced/dynamically repositioned until the engagement element positively registers against the leaflets, thereby ensuring proper positioning of apparatus 10. Also, delivery system 100′ includes filter structure 61A (e.g., filter membrane or braid) as part of push tubes 60 to act as an embolic protection element. Emboli can be generated during manipulation and placement of anchor, from either diseased native leaflet or surrounding aortic tissue, and can cause blockage. Arrows 61B in FIG. 6E show blood flow through filter structure 61A where blood is allowed to flow but emboli is trapped in the delivery system and removed with it at the end of the procedure.

[0086] Alternatively, foreshortening may be imposed upon anchor 30 while element 120 is disposed proximal of the leaflets, as in FIG. 6D. Upon positive registration of element 120 against leaflets L, element 120 precludes further distal migration of apparatus 10 during additional foreshortening, thereby reducing a risk of improperly positioning the apparatus. FIG. 6E details engagement of element 120 against the native leaflets. As seen in FIG. 6F, once apparatus 10 is fully deployed, element 120, wires 50 and tubes 60 are decoupled from the apparatus, and delivery system 100′ is removed from the patient, thereby completing the procedure.

[0087] With reference to FIG. 7, an alternative embodiment of the apparatus of FIG. 6 is described, wherein leaflet engagement element 120 is coupled to anchor 30 of apparatus 10′, rather than to delivery system 100. Engagement element 120 remains implanted in the patient post-deployment of apparatus 10′. Leaflets L are sandwiched between lip region 32 of anchor 30 and element 120 in the fully deployed configuration. In this manner, element 120 positively registers apparatus 10′ relative to the leaflets and precludes distal migration of the apparatus over time.

[0088] Referring now to FIG. 8, an alternative delivery system adapted for use with a balloon expandable embodiment of the present invention is described. In FIG. 8A, apparatus 10″ comprises anchor 30′ that may be fabricated from balloon-expandable materials. Delivery system 100″ comprises inflatable member 130 disposed in a deflated configuration within lumen 31 of anchor 30′. In FIG. 8B, optional outer sheath 110 is retracted, and inflatable member 130 is inflated to expand anchor 30′ to the fully deployed configuration. As inflatable member 130 is being deflated, as in earlier embodiments, wires 50 and 62 and tubes 60 may be used to assist deployment of anchor 30′ and actuation of locks 40, as well as to provide reversibility and retrievability of apparatus 10″ prior to actuation of locks 40. Next, wires 50 and 62 and tubes 60 are removed from apparatus 10″, and delivery system 100″ is removed, as seen in FIG. 8C.

[0089] As an alternative delivery method, anchor 30′ may be partially deployed via partial expansion of inflatable member 130. The inflatable member would then be advanced within replacement valve 20 prior to inflation of inflatable member 130 and full deployment of apparatus 10″. Inflation pressures used will range from about 3 to 6 atm, or more preferably from about 4 to 5 atm, though higher and lower atm pressures may also be used (e.g., greater than 3 atm, more preferably greater than 4 atm, more preferably greater than 5 atm, or more preferably greater than 6 atm). Advantageously, separation of inflatable member 130 from replacement valve 20, until partial deployment of apparatus 10″ at a treatment site, is expected to reduce a delivery profile of the apparatus, as compared to previously known apparatus. This profile reduction may facilitate retrograde delivery and deployment of apparatus 10″, even when anchor 30′ is balloon-expandable.

[0090] Although anchor 30′ has illustratively been described as fabricated from balloon-expandable materials, it should be understood that anchor 30′ alternatively may be fabricated from self-expanding materials whose expansion optionally may be balloon-assisted. In such a configuration, anchor 30′ would expand to a partially deployed configuration upon removal of outer sheath 110. If required, inflatable member 130 then would be advanced within replacement valve 20 prior to inflation. Inflatable member 130 would assist full deployment of apparatus 10″, for example, when the radial force required to overcome resistance from impinging tissue were too great to be overcome simply by manipulation of wires 50 and tubes 60. Advantageously, optional placement of inflatable member 130 within replacement valve 20, only after dynamic self-expansion of apparatus 10″ to the partially deployed configuration at a treatment site, is expected to reduce a delivery profile of the apparatus, as compared to previously known apparatus. This reduction may facilitate retrograde delivery and deployment of apparatus 10″.

[0091] With reference to FIGS. 9 and 10, methods and apparatus for a balloon-assisted embodiment of the present invention are described in greater detail. FIGS. 9 and 10 illustratively show apparatus 10′ of FIG. 7 used in combination with delivery system 100″ of FIG. 8. FIG. 10 illustrates a sectional view of delivery system 100″. Inner shaft 132 of inflatable member 130 preferably is about 4 Fr in diameter, and comprises lumen 133 configured for passage of guidewire G, having a diameter of about 0.035″, therethrough. Push tubes 60 and pull wires 50 pass through guidetube 140, which preferably has a diameter of about 15 Fr or smaller. Guide tube 140 is disposed within lumen 112 of outer sheath 110, which preferably has a diameter of about 17 Fr or smaller.

[0092] In FIG. 9A, apparatus 10′ is delivered to diseased aortic valve AV within lumen 112 of sheath 110. In FIG. 9B, sheath 110 is retracted relative to apparatus 10′ to dynamically self-expand the apparatus to the partially deployed configuration. Also retracted and removed is nosecone 102, which is attached to a pre-slit lumen (not shown) that facilitates its removal prior to loading and advancing of a regular angioplasty balloon catheter over guidewire and inside delivery system 110.

[0093] In FIG. 9C, pull wires 50 and push tubes 60 are manipulated from external to the patient to foreshorten anchor 30 and sufficiently expand lumen 31 of the anchor to facilitate advancement of inflatable member 130 within replacement valve 20. Also shown is the tip of an angioplasty catheter 130 being advanced through delivery system 110.

[0094] The angioplasty balloon catheter or inflatable member 130 then is advanced within the replacement valve, as in FIG. 9D, and additional foreshortening is imposed upon anchor 30 to actuate locks 40, as in FIG. 9E. The inflatable member is inflated to further displace the patient's native valve leaflets L and ensure adequate blood flow through, and long-term patency of, replacement valve 20, as in FIG. 9F. Inflatable member 130 then is deflated and removed from the patient, as in FIG. 9G. A different size angioplasty balloon catheter could be used repeat the same step if deemed necessary by the user. Push tubes 60 optionally may be used to further set leaflet engagement element 120, or optional barbs B along posts 38, more deeply within leaflets L, as in FIG. 9H. Then, delivery system 100″ is removed from the patient, thereby completing percutaneous heart valve replacement.

[0095] As will be apparent to those of skill in the art, the order of imposed foreshortening and balloon expansion described in FIGS. 9 and 10 is only provided for the sake of illustration. The actual order may vary according to the needs of a given patient and/or the preferences of a given medical practitioner. Furthermore, balloon-assist may not be required in all instances, and the inflatable member may act merely as a safety precaution employed selectively in challenging clinical cases.

[0096] Referring now to FIG. 11, alternative locks for use with apparatus of the present invention are described. In FIG. 11A, lock 40′ comprises male interlocking element 44 as described previously. However, female interlocking element 42′ illustratively comprises a triangular shape, as compared to the round shape of interlocking element 42 described previously. The triangular shape of female interlocking element 42′ may facilitate mating of male interlocking element 44 with the female interlocking element without necessitating deformation of the male interlocking element.

[0097] In FIG. 11B, lock 40″ comprises alternative male interlocking element 44′ having multiple in-line arrowheads 46 along posts 38. Each arrowhead comprises resiliently deformable appendages 48 to facilitate passage through female interlocking element 42. Appendages 48 optionally comprise eyelets 49, such that control wire 50 or a secondary wire may pass therethrough to constrain the appendages in the deformed configuration. To actuate lock 40″, one or more arrowheads 46 of male interlocking element 44′ are drawn through female interlocking element 42, and the wire is removed from eyelets 49, thereby causing appendages 48 to resiliently expand and actuate lock 40″.

[0098] Advantageously, providing multiple arrowheads 46 along posts 38 yields a ratchet that facilitates in-vivo determination of a degree of foreshortening imposed upon apparatus of the present invention. Furthermore, optionally constraining appendages 48 of arrowheads 46 via eyelets 49 prevents actuation of lock 40″ (and thus deployment of apparatus of the present invention) even after male element 44′ has been advanced through female element 42. Only after a medical practitioner has removed the wire constraining appendages 48 is lock 40″ fully engaged and deployment no longer reversible.

[0099] Lock 40′″ of FIG. 11C is similar to lock 40″ of FIG. 11B, except that optional eyelets 49 on appendages 48 have been replaced by optional overtube 47. Overtube 47 serves a similar function to eyelets 49 by constraining appendages 48 to prevent locking until a medical practitioner has determined that apparatus of the present invention has been foreshortened and positioned adequately at a treatment site. Overtube 47 is then removed, which causes the appendages to resiliently expand, thereby fully actuating lock 40′″.

[0100] With reference to FIG. 12, an alternative locking mechanism is described that is configured to engage the patient's aorta. Male interlocking elements 44″ of locks 40″″ comprise arrowheads 46′ having sharpened appendages 48′. Upon expansion from the delivery configuration of FIG. 12A to the foreshortened configuration of FIG. 12B, apparatus 10 positions sharpened appendages 48′ adjacent the patient's aorta A. Appendages 48′ engage the aortic wall and reduce a risk of device migration over time.

[0101] With reference now to FIG. 13, a risk of paravalvular leakage or regurgitation around apparatus of the present invention is described. In FIG. 13, apparatus 10 has been implanted at the site of diseased aortic valve AV, for example, using techniques described hereinabove. The surface of native valve leaflets L is irregular, and interface I between leaflets L and anchor 30 may comprise gaps where blood B may seep through. Such leakage poses a risk of blood clot formation or insufficient blood flow.

[0102] Referring to FIG. 14, optional elements for reducing regurgitation or leakage are described. Compliant sacs 200 may be disposed about the exterior of anchor 30 to provide a more efficient seal along irregular interface I. Sacs 200 may be filled with an appropriate material, for example, water, blood, foam or a hydrogel. Alternative fill materials will be apparent.

[0103] With reference to FIG. 15, illustrative arrangements for sacs 200 are provided. In FIG. 15A, sacs 200 are provided as discrete sacs at different positions along the height of anchor 30. In FIG. 15B, the sacs are provided as continuous cylinders at various heights. In FIG. 15C, a single sac is provided with a cylindrical shape that spans multiple heights. The sacs of FIG. 15D are discrete, smaller and provided in larger quantities. FIG. 15E provides a spiral sac. Alternative sac configurations will be apparent to those of skill in the art.

[0104] With reference to FIG. 16, exemplary techniques for fabricating sacs 200 are provided. In FIG. 16A, sacs 200 comprise ‘fish-scale’ slots 202 that may be back-filled, for example, with ambient blood passing through replacement valve 20. In FIG. 16B, the sacs comprise pores 204 that may be used to fill the sacs. In FIG. 16C, the sacs open to lumen 31 of anchor 30 and are filled by blood washing past the sacs as the blood moves through apparatus 10.

[0105] FIGS. 17 and 18 show yet another alternative embodiment of the anchor lock. Anchor 300 has a plurality of male interlocking elements 302 having eyelets 304 formed therein. Male interlocking elements are connected to braided structure 300 by inter-weaving elements 302 (and 308) or alternatively suturing, soldering, welding, or connecting with adhesive. Valve commissures 24 are connected to male interlocking elements 302 along their length. Replacement valve 20 annular base 22 is connected to the distal end 34 of anchor 300 (or 30) as is illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 1B. Male interlocking elements 302 also include holes 306 that mate with tabs 310 extending into holes 312 in female interlocking elements 308. To lock, control wires 314 passing through eyelets 304 and holes 312 are pulled proximally with respect to the proximal end of braided anchor 300 to draw the male interlocking elements through holes 312 so that tabs 310 engage holes 306 in male interlocking elements 302. Also shown is release wires 314B that pass through eyelet 304B in female interlocking element 308. If needed, during the procedure, the user may pull on release wires 314B, thereby reversing orientation of tabs 310, releasing the anchor and allowing for repositioning of the device or its removal from the patient. Only when finally positioned as desired by the operating physician, would release wire 314B and control wire 314 be cut and removed from the patient with the delivery system.

[0106] FIGS. 19-21 show an alternative way of releasing the connection between the anchor and its actuating tubes and control wires. Control wires 62 extend through tubes 60 from outside the patient, loop through the proximal region of anchor 30 and extend partially back into tube 60. The doubled up portion of control wire 62 creates a force fit within tube 60 that maintains the control wire's position with respect to tube 60 when all control wires 62 are pulled proximally to place a proximally directed force on anchor 30. When a single control wire 62 is pulled proximally, however, the frictional fit between that control wire and the tube in which it is disposed is overcome, enabling the end 63 of control wire 62 to pull free of the tube, as shown in FIG. 21, thereby releasing anchor 30.

[0107] FIGS. 22-24 show an alternative embodiment of the anchor. Anchor 350 is made of a metal braid, such as Nitinol or stainless steel. A replacement valve 354 is disposed within anchor 350 and supported by a replacement valve support, such as the posts described in earlier embodiments. Anchor 350 preferably is fabricated from a single strand of metal wire wound into the braid. It is expected that fabricating anchor 350 from a single strand of wire will facilitate deployment of the anchor, as well as retrieval of the anchor, by more evenly distributing forces applied to the anchor. Fabrication from a single strand is also expected to facilitate coupling of replacement valve 354 to the anchor, as well as coupling and decoupling of control wires (not shown) and tubes 352 thereto. Anchor 350 is actuated in substantially the same way as anchor 30 of FIGS. 1-4 through the application of proximally and distally directed forces from control wires and tubes 352 and may be locked in its expanded deployed configuration, as described above. The employed configuration of anchor 354 may have the shape and anchoring characteristics described with respect to other embodiments as well.

[0108] The braid forming anchor 350 (as well as that forming previously described anchor 30) optionally may be locally increased in diameter, e.g. via dipping in silicone or a hydrogel, in order to provide a better or complete seal against the patient's anatomy. An improved seal is expected to reduce paravalvular leakage, as well as migration of the anchor over time. The local increase in diameter of the braid may, for example, be provided over a full radial segment of anchor 350.

[0109] FIGS. 25 and 26 show yet another embodiment of the delivery and deployment apparatus of the invention. As an alternative to the balloon expansion method described with respect to FIG. 8, in this embodiment the nosecone (e.g., element 102 of FIG. 5) is replaced by an angioplasty balloon catheter 360. Thus, angioplasty balloon catheter 360 precedes sheath 110 on guidewire G. When anchor 30 and valve 20 are expanded through the operation of tubes 60 and the control wires (not shown) as described above, balloon catheter 360 is retracted proximally within the expanded anchor and valve and expanded further as described above with respect to FIG. 8.

[0110] As an alternative, or in addition, to further expansion of balloon catheter 360 within valve 20 and expanded anchor 30 to further expand the anchor, the balloon may be deflated prior to proximal retraction within and past the valve and anchor. In this manner, balloon catheter 360 may act as an atraumatic nosecone during delivery of valve 20 and anchor 30, but then may be deflated to provide a reduced profile, as compared to a standard nosecone, during retrieval of the balloon catheter through the deployed valve. It is expected that a smaller balloon catheter 360 may be provided when the catheter is utilized merely in place of a nosecone than when the catheter is also utilized to complete expansion of anchor 30.

[0111] FIGS. 27-31 show seals 370 that expand over time to seal the interface between the anchor and valve and the patient's tissue. Seals 370 are preferably formed from Nitinol wire surrounded by an expandable foam. As shown in cross-section in FIGS. 28 and 29, at the time of deployment, the foam 372 is compressed about the wire 374 and held in the compressed form by a time-released coating 376. After deployment, coating 376 dissolves in vivo to allow foam 372 to expand, as shown in FIGS. 30 and 31.

[0112] FIGS. 32-34 show another way to seal the replacement valve against leakage. A fabric seal 380 extends from the distal end of valve 20 and back proximally over anchor 30 during delivery. When deployed, as shown in FIGS. 33 and 34, fabric seal 380 bunches up to create fabric flaps and pockets that extend into spaces formed by the native valve leaflets 382, particularly when the pockets are filled with blood in response to backflow blood pressure. This arrangement creates a seal around the replacement valve.

[0113] FIGS. 35A-H show another embodiment of a replacement heart valve apparatus in accordance with the present invention. Apparatus 450 comprises replacement valve 460 (see FIGS. 37B and 38C) disposed within and coupled to anchor 470. Replacement valve 460 is preferably biologic, e.g. porcine, but alternatively may be synthetic. Anchor 470 preferably is fabricated from self-expanding materials, such as a stainless steel wire mesh or a nickel-titanium alloy (“Nitinol”), and comprises lip region 472, skirt region 474, and body regions 476a, 476b and 476c. Replacement valve 460 preferably is coupled to skirt region 474, but alternatively may be coupled to other regions of the anchor. As described hereinbelow, lip region 472 and skirt region 474 are configured to expand and engage/capture a patient's native valve leaflets, thereby providing positive registration, reducing paravalvular regurgitation, reducing device migration, etc.

[0114] As seen in FIG. 35A, apparatus 450 is collapsible to a delivery configuration, wherein the apparatus may be delivered via delivery system 410. Delivery system 410 comprises sheath 420 having lumen 422, as well as wires 424a and 424b seen in FIGS. 35D-35G. Wires 424a are configured to expand skirt region 474 of anchor 470, as well as replacement valve 460 coupled thereto, while wires 424b are configured to expand lip region 472.

[0115] As seen in FIG. 35B, apparatus 450 may be delivered and deployed from lumen 422 of catheter 420 while the apparatus is disposed in the collapsed delivery configuration. As seen in FIGS. 35B-35D, catheter 420 is retracted relative to apparatus 450, which causes anchor 470 to dynamically self-expand to a partially deployed configuration. Wires 424a are then retracted to expand skirt region 474, as seen in FIGS. 35E and 35F. Preferably, such expansion may be maintained via locking features described hereinafter.

[0116] In FIG. 35G, wires 424b are retracted to expand lip region 472 and fully deploy apparatus 450. As with skirt region 474, expansion of lip region 472 preferably may be maintained via locking features. After both lip region 472 and skirt region 474 have been expanded, wires 424 may be removed from apparatus 450, thereby separating delivery system 410 from the apparatus. Delivery system 410 then may be removed, as seen in FIG. 35H.

[0117] As will be apparent to those of skill in the art, lip region 472 optionally may be expanded prior to expansion of skirt region 474. As yet another alternative, lip region 472 and skirt region 474 optionally may be expanded simultaneously, in parallel, in a step-wise fashion or sequentially. Advantageously, delivery of apparatus 450 is fully reversible until lip region 472 or skirt region 474 has been locked in the expanded configuration.

[0118] With reference now to FIGS. 36A-E, individual cells of anchor 470 of apparatus 450 are described to detail deployment and expansion of the apparatus. In FIG. 36A, individual cells of lip region 472, skirt region 474 and body regions 476a, 476b and 476c are shown in the collapsed delivery configuration, as they would appear while disposed within lumen 422 of sheath 420 of delivery system 410 of FIG. 35. A portion of the cells forming body regions 476, for example, every ‘nth’ row of cells, comprises locking features.

[0119] Body region 476a comprises male interlocking element 482 of lip lock 480, while body region 476b comprises female interlocking element 484 of lip lock 480. Male element 482 comprises eyelet 483. Wire 424b passes from female interlocking element 484 through eyelet 483 and back through female interlocking element 484, such that there is a double strand of wire 424b that passes through lumen 422 of catheter 420 for manipulation by a medical practitioner external to the patient. Body region 476b further comprises male interlocking element 492 of skirt lock 490, while body region 476c comprises female interlocking element 494 of the skirt lock. Wire 424a passes from female interlocking element 494 through eyelet 493 of male interlocking element 492, and back through female interlocking element 494. Lip lock 480 is configured to maintain expansion of lip region 472, while skirt lock 490 is configured to maintain expansion of skirt region 474.

[0120] In FIG. 36B, anchor 470 is shown in the partially deployed configuration, e.g., after deployment from lumen 422 of sheath 420. Body regions 476, as well as lip region 472 and skirt region 474, self-expand to the partially deployed configuration. Full deployment is then achieved by retracting wires 424 relative to anchor 470, and expanding lip region 472 and skirt region 474 outward, as seen in FIGS. 36C and 36D. As seen in FIG. 36E, expansion continues until the male elements engage the female interlocking elements of lip lock 480 and skirt lock 490, thereby maintaining such expansion (lip lock 480 shown in FIG. 36E). Advantageously, deployment of apparatus 450 is fully reversible until lip lock 480 and/or skirt lock 490 has been actuated.

[0121] With reference to FIGS. 37A-B, isometric views, partially in section, further illustrate apparatus 450 in the fully deployed and expanded configuration. FIG. 37A illustrates the wireframe structure of anchor 470, while FIG. 37B illustrates an embodiment of anchor 470 covered in a biocompatible material B. Placement of replacement valve 460 within apparatus 450 may be seen in FIG. 37B. The patient's native valve is captured between lip region 472 and skirt region 474 of anchor 470 in the fully deployed configuration (see FIG. 38B).

[0122] Referring to FIGS. 38A-C, in conjunction with FIGS. 35 and 36, a method for endovascularly replacing a patient's diseased aortic valve with apparatus 450 is described. Delivery system 410, having apparatus 450 disposed therein, is endovascularly advanced, preferably in a retrograde fashion, through a patient's aorta A to the patient's diseased aortic valve AV. Sheath 420 is positioned such that its distal end is disposed within left ventricle LV of the patient's heart H. As described with respect to FIG. 35, apparatus 450 is deployed from lumen 422 of sheath 420, for example, under fluoroscopic guidance, such that skirt section 474 is disposed within left ventricle LV, body section 476b is disposed across the patient's native valve leaflets L, and lip section 472 is disposed within the patient's aorta A. Advantageously, apparatus 450 may be dynamically repositioned to obtain proper alignment with the anatomical landmarks. Furthermore, apparatus 450 may be retracted within lumen 422 of sheath 420 via wires 424, even after anchor 470 has dynamically expanded to the partially deployed configuration, for example, to abort the procedure or to reposition sheath 420.

[0123] Once properly positioned, wires 424a are retracted to expand skirt region 474 of anchor 470 within left ventricle LV. Skirt region 474 is locked in the expanded configuration via skirt lock 490, as previously described with respect to FIG. 36. In FIG. 38A, skirt region 474 is maneuvered such that it engages the patient's valve annulus An and/or native valve leaflets L, thereby providing positive registration of apparatus 450 relative to the anatomical landmarks.

[0124] Wires 424b are then actuated external to the patient in order to expand lip region 472, as previously described in FIG. 35. Lip region 472 is locked in the expanded configuration via lip lock 480. Advantageously, deployment of apparatus 450 is fully reversible until lip lock 480 and/or skirt lock 490 has been actuated. Wires 424 are pulled from eyelets 483 and 493, and delivery system 410 is removed from the patient. As will be apparent, the order of expansion of lip region 472 and skirt region 474 may be reversed, concurrent, etc.

[0125] As seen in FIG. 38B, lip region 472 engages the patient's native valve leaflets L, thereby providing additional positive registration and reducing a risk of lip region 472 blocking the patient's coronary ostia O. FIG. 38C illustrates the same in cross-sectional view, while also showing the position of replacement valve 460. The patient's native leaflets are engaged and/or captured between lip region 472 and skirt region 474. Advantageously, lip region 472 precludes distal migration of apparatus 450, while skirt region 474 precludes proximal migration. It is expected that lip region 472 and skirt region 474 also will reduce paravalvular regurgitation.

[0126] Referring now to FIG. 39, an embodiment of apparatus in accordance with the present invention is described, wherein the replacement valve is not connected to the expandable portion of the anchor. Rather, the replacement valve is wrapped about an end of the anchor. Such wrapping may be achieved, for example, by everting the valve during endovascular deployment.

[0127] In FIG. 39, apparatus 500 comprises expandable anchor 30′ and everting replacement valve 520, as well as delivery system 100′ for endoluminally delivering and deploying the expandable anchor and everting valve. Expandable anchor 30′ illustratively is described as substantially the same as previously described anchor 30 of FIGS. 1-4; however, it should be understood that anchor 30′ alternatively may be substantially the same as anchor 300 of FIGS. 17 and 18, anchor 350 of FIGS. 24-26, or anchor 470 of FIG. 35. As with anchor 30, anchor 30′ comprises posts 38 and locks (comprised of elements 523 and 532). Alternative locks may be provided, such as locks 40′, 40″, 40′″ or 40″″ of FIGS. 11 and 12, or the reversible lock of anchor 300 described with respect to FIGS. 17 and 18.

[0128] Everting valve 520 is similar to previously described valve 20, in that commissures 524 of replacement valve leaflets 526 are coupled to and supported by posts 38 of anchor 30′. However, annular base 522 of replacement valve 520 is not coupled to anchor 30′. Rather, annular base 522 is coupled to everting segment 528 of everting replacement valve 520. Everting segment 528 is disposed distal of anchor 30′ in the delivery configuration and is configured to wrap about the distal end of the anchor during deployment, such as by everting, thereby holding (such as by friction locking) replacement valve 520 between the anchor and the patient's tissue, thereby creating a seal between the anchor and the patient's tissue. In this manner, replacement valve 520 is entirely disconnected from the expandable/collapsible portion of anchor 30′, and a delivery profile of apparatus 500 is reduced, as compared to previously described apparatus 10.

[0129] Everting segment 528 of valve 520 may be fabricated from the same material as valve leaflets 526, e.g., a biologic tissue or a polymeric material. Alternatively, the segment may comprise a fabric, such as a permeable or impermeable fabric, a fabric that promotes or retards tissue ingrowth, a sealing foam, etc. Additional materials will be apparent.

[0130] Delivery system 100′ for use with anchor 30′ and replacement valve 520, is similar to previously described delivery system 100. The delivery system comprises sheath 110′-having lumen 112′, in which anchor 30′ may be collapsed for delivery. Control wires 50, tubes 60 and control wires 62 have been provided to deploy, foreshorten, retrieve, etc., anchor 30′, as discussed previously, and optional balloon catheter 360 has been provided as a collapsible nosecone (see FIG. 25). In delivery system 100′, the posts are connected to the distal end of the anchor and the everting valve is connected to the posts. Delivery system 100′ differs from system 100 in that it further comprises eversion control wires 550, which may, for example, be fabricated from suture.

[0131] Control wires 550 are coupled to a distal region of everting segment 528 of valve 520, and then pass proximally out of the patient external to anchor 30′ for manipulation by a medical practitioner. Control wires 550 preferably are kept taut to keep everting segment 528 in tension. Upon retraction of sheath 110′ relative to anchor 30′ and valve 520 (or advancement of the anchor and valve relative to the sheath), the tension applied to segment 528 by wires 550 causes the segment to evert and wrap about the distal end of anchor 30′. Anchor 30′ then may be expanded and deployed as described previously, thereby friction locking everting segment 528 between the anchor and the patient's anatomy.

[0132] FIG. 39 illustrate a device and method for endovascularly replacing a patient's diseased aortic valve utilizing apparatus 500. In FIG. 39A, sheath 110′ of delivery system 100′, having expandable anchor 30′ and everting valve 520 disposed therein within lumen 112′, is endovascularly advanced over guide wire G, preferably in a retrograde fashion (although an antegrade or hybrid approach alternatively may be used), through a patient's aorta A to the patient's diseased aortic valve AV. Balloon catheter nosecone 360 precedes sheath 110′. Sheath 110′ is positioned such that its distal region is disposed within left ventricle LV of the patient's heart H. In FIG. 39A, wires 550 pass from segment 528 and lumen 112′ to the exterior of sheath 110′ via through-holes 111a′, and then more proximally pass back into the interior of sheath 110′ via through-holes 111b′, which are disposed proximal of anchor 30′.

[0133] FIG. 39B is a blow-up of the intersection of tubes 60, wires 62 and anchor 30′.

[0134] FIG. 39C illustrates the beginning of the everting process wherein everting segment 528 is being pulled proximally over the exterior of anchor 30′. As seen in FIG. 39C, which provides and isometric view of the device, the inflatable element of balloon catheter 360 is deflated and further distally advanced within left ventricle LV along guide wire G relative to sheath 110′. Anchor 30′ and replacement valve 520 then are advanced relative to the sheath via tubes 60 and control wires 62, thereby deploying everting segment 528 of valve 520, as well as a distal region of anchor 30′, from the distal end of lumen 112′. Tension applied to everting segment 528 via control wires 550 connected through eyelets 529 causes the segment to wrap about the distal region of anchor 30′ by everting.

[0135] In FIG. 39C, wires 550 may pass distally from everting segment 528 out the distal end of lumen 112′ of sheath 110′, then proximally along the interior surface of the sheath all the way out of the patient. Optional through-holes 111b′ allow wires 550 to be disposed within lumen 112′ along a majority of their length. Wires 550 may also pass back into multi-lumen sheath 180.

[0136] FIG. 39D provides a cross sectional view of apparatus 500 after replacement valve 520 has everted about anchor 30′. This and other cross sectional figures portray a 120° view of the apparatus herein. Sheath 110′ is then retracted relative to anchor 30′ and valve 520, which deploys a remainder of the anchor and the replacement valve from lumen 112′ of the sheath. Such deployment may be conducted, for example, under fluoroscopic guidance. Anchor 30′ dynamically self-expands to a partially deployed configuration.

[0137] Advantageously, anchor 30′ and replacement valve 520 may be retrieved and retracted within the lumen of sheath 110′ via retraction of multi-lumen catheter 180 to which tubes 60 are attached and release of wires 50. Such retrieval of apparatus 500 may be achieved even after segment 528 has been wrapped about anchor 30′, and even after anchor 30′ has dynamically expanded to the partially deployed configuration. Retrieval of apparatus 500 may be utilized, for example, to abort the procedure or to reposition the apparatus. As yet another advantage, anchor 30′ and valve 520 may be dynamically repositioned, e.g. via proximal retraction of multi-lumen catheter 180 and/or release of wires 50, in order to properly align the apparatus relative to anatomical landmarks, such as the patient's coronary ostia O or the patient's native valve leaflets L.

[0138] Once properly aligned sheath 110′, tubes 60 and wires 62 are advanced relative to wires 50 and 550 to impose foreshortening upon anchor 30′, thereby expanding the anchor to the fully deployed configuration, as in FIG. 39G. Foreshortening friction locks everting segment 528 of valve 520 between anchor 30′ and annulus An/leaflets L of the patient's diseased valve, thus properly seating the valve within the anchor while providing an improved seal between the replacement and native valves that is expected to reduce paravalvular regurgitation. Foreshortening also increases a radial strength of anchor 30′, which is expected to prolong patency of valve annulus An. Furthermore, foreshortening actuates the anchor's locks, which maintain such imposed foreshortening.

[0139] Deployment of anchor 30′ and replacement valve 520 advantageously is fully reversible until the anchor locks have been actuated. Furthermore, if the anchor's locks are reversible locks or buckles, such as those described in conjunction with anchor 300 of FIGS. 17 and 18, deployment of the anchor and valve may be fully reversible even after actuation of the locks/buckles, right up until delivery system 100′ is decoupled from the replacement apparatus.

[0140] As seen in FIG. 39G, in order to complete deployment of anchor 30′ and replacement valve 520, wires 50 of delivery system 100′ are decoupled from posts 38 of anchor 30′, tubes 60 are decoupled from anchor 30′, e.g. via wires 62, and wires 550 are decoupled from friction-locked everting segment 528 of replacement valve 520. FIG. 39E illustrates how wires 50 are associated with posts 38. In one example, wires 50 are decoupled from posts 38 by pulling on one of the wires. Decoupling of the wires and tubes may also be achieved, for example, via eyelets (see FIGS. 4E, 19-21 and 39E) or via cutting of the wires. Delivery system 100′ then is removed from the patient, as are deflated balloon catheter 360 and guide wire G, both of which are retracted proximally across the replacement valve and anchor. Normal blood flow between left ventricle LV and aorta A thereafter is regulated by replacement valve 520. FIG. 39F is a blow up illustration of replacement valves 526 which are connected to everting segment 528, wherein everting segment 528 has been everted around anchor 30′.

[0141] Referring now to FIG. 40, an alternative embodiment of everting apparatus in accordance with the present invention is described, wherein the posts are connected and the everting valve is disposed within the anchor to the proximal end of the anchor in the delivery configuration. In FIG. 40, apparatus 600 comprises everting replacement valve 620 and anchor 630, as well as previously described delivery system 100′. Replacement valve 620 and anchor 630 are substantially the same as valve 520 and anchor 30′ of FIG. 39, except that valve 620 is initially seated more proximally within anchor 630, such that everting segment 628 of valve 620 is initially disposed within the anchor. Locking mechanisms as described previously may be implemented at the distal end of the post and anchor or proximal end of everted segment and anchor.

[0142] As with replacement valve 520, everting segment 628 of valve 620 is configured to wrap about the distal end of anchor 630 by everting during deployment, thereby friction locking the replacement valve between the anchor and the patient's anatomy. Furthermore, replacement valve 620 is entirely disconnected from the expandable/collapsible portion of anchor 630. In the delivery configuration, since only a single circumferential layer of valve 620 is present along any cross section of apparatus 600, a delivery profile of the apparatus is reduced, as compared to previously described apparatus 10. With apparatus 10, two circumferential layers of valve 20 are present in the cross section where annular base 22 of the valve is coupled to the expandable anchor 30.

[0143] FIG. 40 illustrate a method of endovascularly replacing a patient's diseased aortic valve utilizing apparatus 600. In FIG. 40A, apparatus 600 is endovascularly advanced into position with valve 620 and anchor 630 disposed within lumen 112′ of sheath 110′ of delivery system 100′. As seen in FIG. 40B, the valve and anchor are advanced relative to the sheath and/or the sheath is retracted relative to the valve and anchor, which deploys everting segment 628 of the valve, as well as a distal region of the anchor. Tension applied to the everting segment via control wires 550 causes the segment to evert and wrap about the distal region of anchor 630. Control wires 550 may enter the multi-lumen catheter at the distal end of the catheter or more proximally as is illustrated in 40C. Further retraction of sheath 110′ deploys a remainder of replacement valve 620 and anchor 630 from lumen 112′ of the sheath. Such deployment may be conducted, for example, under fluoroscopic guidance. Anchor 630 dynamically self-expands to a partially deployed configuration.

[0144] Once the anchor and valve have been properly aligned in relation to anatomical landmarks, foreshortening is imposed upon anchor 630 to expand the anchor to the fully deployed configuration, as in FIG. 40C. At this point, Locks may be actuated as previously described. Foreshortening friction locks everting segment 628 of valve 620 between anchor 630 and annulus An/leaflets L of the patient's diseased valve, thus properly seating the valve within the anchor while providing an improved seal between the replacement and native valves. Foreshortening also increases a radial strength of anchor 630, which is expected to prolong patency of valve annulus An. Deployed valve 620 and anchor 630 then are decoupled from delivery system 100′, as in FIG. 40D, thereby completing deployment of apparatus 600. Thereafter, normal blood flow between left ventricle LV and aorta A is regulated by replacement valve 620.

[0145] As with apparatus 500, apparatus 600 may be dynamically repositioned during deployment, for example, in order to properly align the apparatus relative to anatomical landmarks. Furthermore, apparatus 600 advantageously may be retrieved at any point at least up until actuation of optimal locks maintaining foreshortening. When the optional locks are reversible, retrieval may be achieved until valve 620 and anchor 630 are separated from delivery system 100′.

[0146] FIG. 41 illustrate an alternative embodiment of the present invention wherein the everting valve is distal to the anchor and the posts are not connected to the braid in the delivery configuration. As is illustrated in FIG. 41A, apparatus 700 comprises everting valve 720 and expandable anchor 730, as well as delivery system 750. Delivery system 750 includes multi-lumen catheter 180. Anchor 730 is fabricated from an expandable braid and comprises female/male element 732 of a locking mechanism, which is preferably reversible. Everting valve 720 comprises valve leaflets 726 and everting segment 728. Everting valve 720 further comprises posts 722 to which valve leaflets 726 are attached to provide commissure support. Posts 722, which are non-expandable and non-collapsible, comprise opposite male/female elements 723 of locking mechanism comprising eyelets. In the delivery configuration of FIG. 41A, anchor 730 may extend distally far enough to just overlap the proximal-most section of valve 720.

[0147] Delivery system 750 is similar to previously described delivery system 100′ and includes multi-lumen catheter 180. As with previous embodiments, delivery system 750 facilitates dynamic repositioning and/or retrieval of apparatus 700 after partial or full deployment of the apparatus, e.g., right up until the apparatus is separated from the delivery system.

[0148] As seen in FIG. 41A, wires 50 pass from the multi-lumen catheter 180 through the female/male locking mechanism 732, which is associated with anchor 730. Wires 50 then further pass through female/male locking mechanism 723, which is at the proximal end of posts 722. Preferably, a double strand of each wire 50 is provided to facilitate decoupling of wires 50 from valve 720 and anchor 730 in the manner described previously. When wires 50 are pulled proximally into the multi lumen catheter 180, posts 722 move proximally within anchor 730, and the female/male element 723 interacts with female/male element 732 of anchor 730. In this embodiment, when element 723 is male, then element 732 is female, and vice versa.

[0149] Thus, valve 720 and anchor 730 are entirely decoupled from one another in the delivery configuration. Wires 50 are configured to approximate the telescoped valve and anchor, as well as to actuate locking mechanism 740 and contribute to foreshortening of anchor 730. By separating valve 720 and anchor 730 within lumen 112′ of sheath 110′, a delivery profile of apparatus 700 may be reduced.

[0150] In FIG. 41A, apparatus 700 is endovascularly advanced into position with valve 720 and anchor 730 spaced from one another within lumen 112′ of sheath 110′ of delivery system 750. Substantially all of valve 720 and its supporting posts 722 are disposed distal to the anchor during delivery. As seen in FIG. 41B, to evert valve 720, sheath 110′ is pulled proximally around anchor 730.

[0151] Next, in FIG. 41C, to approximate anchor 730 and valve 720, the elongated braid of anchor 730 is pushed distally to the base of posts 722 using tubes 60 maintained in association with anchor 730 by wire 62. Anchor 730 will engage with the distal end of posts 722—an anchor engagement feature 729. In some embodiments, as illustrated in FIG. 41C, wires 550 re-enter sheath 110′ proximal to the distal end of the multi-lumen catheter 180.

[0152] In FIG. 41D, the multi-lumen catheter 180 is held steady, while wires 50 are pulled proximally. This allows the foreshortening of anchor 730 and the engagement of the male and female elements of locking mechanism of 740. Foreshortening friction locks segment 728 of valve 720 against valve annulus An/leaflets L, thereby properly seating the valve within anchor 730. Foreshortening also completes expansion of anchor 730 and actuates locking mechanism 740, which maintains such expansion of the anchor. Delivery system 750 then may be decoupled from valve 720 and anchor 730, thereby completing deployment of apparatus 700. Normal blood flow between left ventricle LV and aorta A thereafter is regulated by replacement valve 720.

[0153] With reference now to FIG. 42, yet another alternative embodiment of everting apparatus in accordance with the present invention is described, wherein the replacement valve leaflets evert and wrap about the distal region of the anchor. Apparatus 800 comprises everting replacement valve 820 and expandable anchor 830. Valve 820 comprises posts 822, to which valve leaflets 826 are attached. The valve further comprises everting segment 828. Proximal regions 823 of posts 822 are rotatably coupled to a distal region of anchor 830, while distal regions 824 of the posts are coupled to control wires 50.

[0154] In the delivery configuration of FIG. 42A, posts 822 (and, thus, valve leaflets 826) and everting segment 828 of replacement valve 820 are disposed distal of anchor 830. FIG. 42B illustrates deployment of apparatus 800, whereby tubes 60/wires 62 (see, e.g., FIG. 41) are actuated in conjunction with control wires 50 to actively foreshorten anchor 830 and rotate posts 822 into position within the lumen of anchor 830, thereby everting valve leaflets 826 into position within the anchor. Furthermore, eversion wires 550 are actuated to evert segment 828 and wrap the segment about the exterior of anchor 830. Locks 840 maintain expansion and foreshortening of anchor 830.

[0155] Referring to FIG. 43, an everting embodiment of the present invention is described wherein a portion of the locking mechanism configured to maintain expansion of the anchor is coupled to the everting segment of the replacement valve instead of, or in addition to, the anchor posts and anchor posts P are only loosely associated with the anchor 930. Apparatus 900 comprises replacement valve 920 and anchor 930. Everting segment 928 of the replacement valve comprises male elements 942 of locks 940, while anchor 930 comprises female elements 944 of locks 940. Upon deployment of apparatus 900 from the delivery configuration of FIG. 43A to the deployed configuration of FIG. 43B, segment 928 of replacement valve 920 everts to wrap about the exterior of anchor 930, which is actively foreshortened during expansion. Locks 940 maintain anchor expansion.

[0156] With reference to FIG. 44, another telescoping embodiment of the present invention is described wherein the replacement valve comprises a U-shaped frame configured to receive the anchor. Optionally, the valve may comprise an everting segment that everts about the frame and/or the anchor during deployment. Apparatus 1000 comprises replacement valve 1020 and expandable anchor 1030. Replacement valve 1020 comprises frame 1022, leaflets 1026 and optional everting segment 1028.

[0157] Valve 1020 and anchor 1030 are configured for relative movement, such that the valve and anchor may be telescoped and spaced apart during delivery, thereby reducing a delivery profile of apparatus 1000, but may be approximated during deployment. Everting segment 1028 of valve 1020 optionally may be disposed distal of valve frame 1022 during delivery, thereby further reducing a delivery profile of apparatus 1000, then everted during deployment.

[0158] As seen in FIG. 44A, the U-shape of valve frame 1022 preferably tilts leaflets 1026 of replacement valve 1020 slightly inward relative to blood flow through apparatus 1000. As seen in FIG. 44B, valve frame 1022 optionally may comprise a symmetric U-shape, which captures anchor 1030 on both sides in the deployed configuration. Frame 1022 may comprise lock 1040 that closes the frame's U-shape into an elliptical shape in the deployed configuration, thereby maintaining expansion of anchor 1030.

[0159] Prior to implantation of one of the replacement valves described above, it may be desirable to perform a valvuloplasty on the diseased valve by inserting a balloon into the valve and expanding it using saline mixed with a contrast agent. In addition to preparing the valve site for implant, fluoroscopic viewing of the valvuloplasty will help determine the appropriate size of replacement valve implant to use.