2,4-diaminopyrimidines useful as kinase inhibitors

[0001] This application claims priority to and is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/670,937, filed Nov. 7, 2012, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/492,180, filed Jun. 26, 2009, which claims priority to U.S. provisional patent applications Ser. Nos. 61/076,450, filed Jun. 27, 2008, 61/148,388, filed Jan. 29, 2009, and 61/170,874, filed Apr. 20, 2009, the entirety of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

[0002] The present invention relates to compounds useful as inhibitors of protein kinases. The invention also provides pharmaceutically acceptable compositions comprising compounds of the present invention and methods of using said compositions in the treatment of various disorders.

[0003] The search for new therapeutic agents has been greatly aided in recent years by a better understanding of the structure of enzymes and other biomolecules associated with diseases. One important class of enzymes that has been the subject of extensive study is protein kinases.

[0004] Protein kinases constitute a large family of structurally related enzymes that are responsible for the control of a variety of signal transduction processes within the cell. Protein kinases are thought to have evolved from a common ancestral gene due to the conservation of their structure and catalytic function. Almost all kinases contain a similar 250-300 amino acid catalytic domain. The kinases may be categorized into families by the substrates they phosphorylate (e.g., protein-tyrosine, protein-serine/threonine, lipids, etc.).

[0005] In general, protein kinases mediate intracellular signaling by effecting a phosphoryl transfer from a nucleoside triphosphate to a protein acceptor that is involved in a signaling pathway. These phosphorylation events act as molecular on/off switches that can modulate or regulate the target protein biological function. These phosphorylation events are ultimately triggered in response to a variety of extracellular and other stimuli. Examples of such stimuli include environmental and chemical stress signals (e.g., osmotic shock, heat shock, ultraviolet radiation, bacterial endotoxin, and H₂O₂), cytokines (e.g., interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)), and growth factors (e.g., granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)). An extracellular stimulus may affect one or more cellular responses related to cell growth, migration, differentiation, secretion of hormones, activation of transcription factors, muscle contraction, glucose metabolism, control of protein synthesis, and regulation of the cell cycle.

[0006] Many diseases are associated with abnormal cellular responses triggered by protein kinase-mediated events as described above. These diseases include, but are not limited to, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, bone diseases, metabolic diseases, neurological and neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, allergies and asthma, Alzheimer's disease, and hormone-related diseases. Accordingly, there remains a need to find protein kinase inhibitors useful as therapeutic agents.

[0007] It has now been found that compounds of this invention, and pharmaceutically acceptable compositions thereof, are effective as inhibitors of one or more protein kinases. Such compounds have general formulae I-a and I-b:

[0008]
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Ring A, Ring B, m, p, R^x, R^y, R^v, W¹, W², and R¹ are as defined herein.

[0009] Compounds of the present invention, and pharmaceutically acceptable compositions thereof, are useful for treating a variety of diseases, disorders or conditions, associated with abnormal cellular responses triggered by protein kinase-mediated events. Such diseases, disorders, or conditions include those described herein.

[0010] Compounds provided by this invention are also useful for the study of kinases in biological and pathological phenomena; the study of intracellular signal transduction pathways mediated by such kinases; and the comparative evaluation of new kinase inhibitors.

1. General Description of Compounds of the Invention

[0036] In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of formula I-a or I-b:

[0037]
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

• [0038] Ring A is an optionally substituted group selected from phenyl, a 3-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring, an 8-10 membered bicyclic saturated, partially unsaturated or aryl ring, a 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 7-10 membered bicyclic saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or an 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur;
• [0039] Ring B is an optionally substituted group selected from phenyl, a 3-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring, an 8-10 membered bicyclic saturated, partially unsaturated or aryl ring, a 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 7-10 membered bicyclic saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or an 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur;
• [0040] R¹ is a warhead group;
• [0041] R^y is hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —CF₃, C_1-4 aliphatic, C_1-4 haloaliphatic, —OR, —C(O)R, or —C(O)N(R)₂;
• [0042] each R group is independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted group selected from C_1-6 aliphatic, phenyl, a 4-7 membered heterocylic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or a 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur;
• [0043] W¹ and W² are each independently a covalent bond or a bivalent C_1-3 alkylene chain wherein one methylene unit of W¹ or W² is optionally replaced by —NR²—, —N(R²)C(O)—, —C(O)N(R²)—, —N(R²)SO₂—, —SO₂N(R²)—, —O—, —C(O)—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —S—, —SO— or —SO₂—;
• [0044] R² is hydrogen, optionally substituted C_1-6 aliphatic, or —C(O)R, or:
  • [0045] R² and a substituent on Ring A are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 4-6 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic fused ring, or:
  • [0046] R² and R^y are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 4-7 membered partially unsaturated or aromatic fused ring;
• [0047] m and p are independently 0-4; and
• [0048] R^x and R^v are independently selected from —R, halogen, —OR, —O(CH₂)_qOR, —CN, —NO₂, —SO₂R, —SO₂N(R)₂, —SOR, —C(O)R, —CO₂R, —C(O)N(R)₂, —NRC(O)R, —NRC(O)NR₂, —NRSO₂R, or —N(R)₂, wherein q is 1-4; or:
  • [0049] R^x and R¹ when concurrently present on Ring B are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 5-7 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein said ring is substituted with a warhead group and 0-3 groups independently selected from oxo, halogen, —CN, or C_1-6 aliphatic; or
  • [0050] R^v and R¹ when concurrently present on Ring A are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 5-7 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein said ring is substituted with a warhead group and 0-3 groups independently selected from oxo, halogen, —CN, or C_1-6 aliphatic.
    2. Compounds and Definitions

[0051] Compounds of this invention include those described generally above, and are further illustrated by the classes, subclasses, and species disclosed herein. As used herein, the following definitions shall apply unless otherwise indicated. For purposes of this invention, the chemical elements are identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75^th Ed. Additionally, general principles of organic chemistry are described in “Organic Chemistry”, Thomas Sorrell, University Science Books, Sausalito: 1999, and “March's Advanced Organic Chemistry”, 5^th Ed., Ed.: Smith, M. B. and March, J., John Wiley & Sons, New York: 2001, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

[0052] The term “aliphatic” or “aliphatic group”, as used herein, means a straight-chain (i.e., unbranched) or branched, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon chain that is completely saturated or that contains one or more units of unsaturation, or a monocyclic hydrocarbon or bicyclic hydrocarbon that is completely saturated or that contains one or more units of unsaturation, but which is not aromatic (also referred to herein as “carbocycle” “cycloaliphatic” or “cycloalkyl”), that has a single point of attachment to the rest of the molecule. Unless otherwise specified, aliphatic groups contain 1-6 aliphatic carbon atoms. In some embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-5 aliphatic carbon atoms. In other embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-4 aliphatic carbon atoms. In still other embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-3 aliphatic carbon atoms, and in yet other embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-2 aliphatic carbon atoms. In some embodiments, “cycloaliphatic” (or “carbocycle” or “cycloalkyl”) refers to a monocyclic C₃-C₆ hydrocarbon that is completely saturated or that contains one or more units of unsaturation, but which is not aromatic, that has a single point of attachment to the rest of the molecule. Suitable aliphatic groups include, but are not limited to, linear or branched, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl groups and hybrids thereof such as (cycloalkyl)alkyl, (cycloalkenyl)alkyl or (cycloalkyl)alkenyl.

[0053] The term “lower alkyl” refers to a C_1-4 straight or branched alkyl group. Exemplary lower alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl.

[0054] The term “lower haloalkyl” refers to a C_1-4 straight or branched alkyl group that is substituted with one or more halogen atoms.

[0055] The term “heteroatom” means one or more of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, or silicon (including, any oxidized form of nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, or silicon; the quaternized form of any basic nitrogen or; a substitutable nitrogen of a heterocyclic ring, for example N (as in 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrolyl), NH (as in pyrrolidinyl) or NR⁺ (as in N-substituted pyrrolidinyl)).

[0056] The term “unsaturated”, as used herein, means that a moiety has one or more units of unsaturation.

[0057] As used herein, the term “bivalent C_1-8 (or C_1-6) saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain”, refers to bivalent alkylene, alkenylene, and alkynylene chains that are straight or branched as defined herein.

[0058] The term “alkylene” refers to a bivalent alkyl group. An “alkylene chain” is a polymethylene group, i.e., —(CH₂)_n—, wherein n is a positive integer, preferably from 1 to 6, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 3, from 1 to 2, or from 2 to 3. A substituted alkylene chain is a polymethylene group in which one or more methylene hydrogen atoms are replaced with a substituent. Suitable substituents include those described below for a substituted aliphatic group.

[0059] The term “alkenylene” refers to a bivalent alkenyl group. A substituted alkenylene chain is a polymethylene group containing at least one double bond in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with a substituent. Suitable substituents include those described below for a substituted aliphatic group.

[0060] As used herein, the term “cyclopropylenyl” refers to a bivalent cyclopropyl group of the following structure:

[0061]

[0062] The term “halogen” means F, Cl, Br, or I.

[0063] The term “aryl” used alone or as part of a larger moiety as in “aralkyl”, “aralkoxy”, or “aryloxyalkyl”, refers to monocyclic and bicyclic ring systems having a total of five to fourteen ring members, wherein at least one ring in the system is aromatic and wherein each ring in the system contains three to seven ring members. The term “aryl” may be used interchangeably with the term “aryl ring”. In certain embodiments of the present invention, “aryl” refers to an aromatic ring system which includes, but not limited to, phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, anthracyl and the like, which may bear one or more substituents. Also included within the scope of the term “aryl”, as it is used herein, is a group in which an aromatic ring is fused to one or more non-aromatic rings, such as indanyl, phthalimidyl, naphthimidyl, phenanthridinyl, or tetrahydronaphthyl, and the like.

[0064] The terms “heteroaryl” and “heteroar-”, used alone or as part of a larger moiety, e.g., “heteroaralkyl”, or “heteroaralkoxy”, refer to groups having 5 to 10 ring atoms, preferably 5, 6, or 9 ring atoms; having 6, 10, or 14 π electrons shared in a cyclic array; and having, in addition to carbon atoms, from one to five heteroatoms. The term “heteroatom” refers to nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and includes any oxidized form of nitrogen or sulfur, and any quaternized form of a basic nitrogen. Heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, thienyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, indolizinyl, purinyl, naphthyridinyl, and pteridinyl. The terms “heteroaryl” and “heteroar-”, as used herein, also include groups in which a heteroaromatic ring is fused to one or more aryl, cycloaliphatic, or heterocyclyl rings, where the radical or point of attachment is on the heteroaromatic ring. Nonlimiting examples include indolyl, isoindolyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, dibenzofuranyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, and pyrido[2,3-b]-1,4-oxazin-3(4H)-one. A heteroaryl group may be mono- or bicyclic. The term “heteroaryl” may be used interchangeably with the terms “heteroaryl ring”, “heteroaryl group”, or “heteroaromatic”, any of which terms include rings that are optionally substituted. The term “heteroaralkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted by a heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl and heteroaryl portions independently are optionally substituted.

[0065] As used herein, the terms “heterocycle”, “heterocyclyl”, “heterocyclic radical”, and “heterocyclic ring” are used interchangeably and refer to a stable 5- to 7-membered monocyclic or 7-10-membered bicyclic heterocyclic moiety that is either saturated or partially unsaturated, and having, in addition to carbon atoms, one or more, preferably one to four, heteroatoms, as defined above. When used in reference to a ring atom of a heterocycle, the term “nitrogen” includes a substituted nitrogen. As an example, in a saturated or partially unsaturated ring having 0-3 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, the nitrogen may be N (as in 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrolyl), NH (as in pyrrolidinyl), or ⁺NR (as in N-substituted pyrrolidinyl).

[0066] A heterocyclic ring can be attached to its pendant group at any heteroatom or carbon atom that results in a stable structure and any of the ring atoms can be optionally substituted. Examples of such saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic radicals include, without limitation, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperazinyl, dioxanyl, dioxolanyl, diazepinyl, oxazepinyl, thiazepinyl, morpholinyl, and quinuclidinyl. The terms “heterocycle”, “heterocyclyl”, “heterocyclyl ring”, “heterocyclic group”, “heterocyclic moiety”, and “heterocyclic radical”, are used interchangeably herein, and also include groups in which a heterocyclyl ring is fused to one or more aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloaliphatic rings, such as indolinyl, 3H-indolyl, chromanyl, phenanthridinyl, or tetrahydroquinolinyl, where the radical or point of attachment is on the heterocyclyl ring. A heterocyclyl group may be mono- or bicyclic. The term “heterocyclylalkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted by a heterocyclyl, wherein the alkyl and heterocyclyl portions independently are optionally substituted.

[0067] As used herein, the term “partially unsaturated” refers to a ring moiety that includes at least one double or triple bond. The term “partially unsaturated” is intended to encompass rings having multiple sites of unsaturation, but is not intended to include aryl or heteroaryl moieties, as herein defined.

[0068] As described herein, compounds of the invention may contain “optionally substituted” moieties. In general, the term “substituted”, whether preceded by the term “optionally” or not, means that one or more hydrogens of the designated moiety are replaced with a suitable substituent. Unless otherwise indicated, an “optionally substituted” group may have a suitable substituent at each substitutable position of the group, and when more than one position in any given structure may be substituted with more than one substituent selected from a specified group, the substituent may be either the same or different at every position. Combinations of substituents envisioned by this invention are preferably those that result in the formation of stable or chemically feasible compounds. The term “stable”, as used herein, refers to compounds that are not substantially altered when subjected to conditions to allow for their production, detection, and, in certain embodiments, their recovery, purification, and use for one or more of the purposes disclosed herein.

[0069] Suitable monovalent substituents on a substitutable carbon atom of an “optionally substituted” group are independently halogen; —(CH₂)_0-4R^∘; —(CH₂)_0-4OR^∘; —O(CH₂)_0-4R^∘, —O—(CH₂)_0-4C(O)OR^∘; —(CH₂)_0-4CH(OR^∘)₂; —(CH₂)_0-4SR^∘; —(CH₂)_0-4Ph, which may be substituted with R^∘; —(CH₂)_0-4O(CH₂)_0-1Ph which may be substituted with R^∘; —CH═CHPh, which may be substituted with R^∘; —(CH₂)_0-4O(CH₂)_0-1-pyridyl which may be substituted with R^∘; —NO₂; —CN; —N₃; —(CH₂)_0-4N(R^∘)₂; —(CH₂)_0-4N(R^∘)C(O)R^∘; —N(R^∘)C(S)R^∘; —(CH₂)_0-4N(R^∘)C(O)NR^∘₂; —N(R^∘)C(S)NR^∘₂; —(CH₂)_0-4N(R^∘)C(O)OR^∘; —N(R^∘)N(R^∘)C(O)R^∘; —N(R^∘)N(R^∘)C(O)NR^∘₂; —N(R^∘)N(R^∘)C(O)OR^∘; —(CH₂)_0-4C(O)R^∘; —C(S)R^∘; —(CH₂)_0-4C(O)OR^∘; —(CH₂)_0-4C(O)SR^∘; —(CH₂)_0-4C(O)OSiR^∘₃; —(CH₂)_0-4OC(O)R^∘; —OC(O)(CH₂)_0-4SR^∘, SC(S)SR^∘; —(CH₂)_0-4SC(O)R^∘; —(CH₂)_0-4C(O)NR^∘₂; —C(S)NR^∘₂; —C(S)SR^∘; —SC(S)SR^∘, —(CH₂)_0-4OC(O)NR^∘₂; —C(O)N(OR^∘)R^∘; —C(O)C(O)R^∘; —C(O)CH₂C(O)R^∘; —C(NOR^∘)R^∘; —(CH₂)_0-4SSR^∘; —(CH₂)_0-4S(O)₂R^∘; —(CH₂)_0-4S(O)₂OR^∘; —(CH₂)_0-4OS(O)₂R^∘; —S(O)₂NR^∘₂; —(CH₂)_0-4S(O)R^∘; —N(R^∘)S(O)₂NR^∘₂; —N(R^∘)S(O)₂R^∘; —N(OR^∘)R^∘; —C(NH)NR^∘₂; —P(O)₂R^∘; —P(O)R^∘₂; —OP(O)R^∘₂; —OP(O)(OR^∘)₂; SiR^∘₃; —(C_1-4 straight or branched alkylene)O—N(R^∘)₂; or —(C_1-4 straight or branched alkylene)C(O)O—N(R^∘)₂, wherein each R^∘ may be substituted as defined below and is independently hydrogen, C_1-6 aliphatic, —CH₂Ph, —O(CH₂)_0-1Ph, —CH₂-(5-6 membered heteroaryl ring), or a 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or, notwithstanding the definition above, two independent occurrences of R^∘, taken together with their intervening atom(s), form a 3-12-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl mono- or bicyclic ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, which may be substituted as defined below.

[0070] Suitable monovalent substituents on R^∘ (or the ring formed by taking two independent occurrences of R^∘ together with their intervening atoms), are independently halogen, —(CH₂)_0-2R^●, -(haloR^●), —(CH₂)_0-2OH, —(CH₂)_0-2OR^●, —(CH₂)_0-2CH(OR^●)₂; —O(haloR^●), —CN, —N₃, —(CH₂)_0-2C(O)R^●, —(CH₂)_0-2C(O)OH, —(CH₂)_0-2C(O)OR^●, —(CH₂)_0-2SR^●, —(CH₂)_0-2SH, —(CH₂)_0-2NH₂, —(CH₂)_0-2NHR^●, —(CH₂)_0-2NR^●₂, —NO₂, —SiR^●₃, —OSiR^●₃, —C(O)SR^●, —(C_1-4 straight or branched alkylene)C(O)OR^●, or —SSR^● wherein each R^● is unsubstituted or where preceded by “halo” is substituted only with one or more halogens, and is independently selected from C_1-4 aliphatic, —CH₂Ph, —O(CH₂)_0-1Ph, or a 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. Suitable divalent substituents on a saturated carbon atom of R^∘ include ═O and ═S.

[0071] Suitable divalent substituents on a saturated carbon atom of an “optionally substituted” group include the following: ═O, ═S, ═NNR*₂, ═NNHC(O)R*, ═NNHC(O)OR*, ═NNHS(O)₂R*, ═NR*, ═NOR*, —O(C(R*₂))_2-3O—, or —S(C(R*₂))_2-3S—, wherein each independent occurrence of R* is selected from hydrogen, C_1-6 aliphatic which may be substituted as defined below, or an unsubstituted 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. Suitable divalent substituents that are bound to vicinal substitutable carbons of an “optionally substituted” group include: —O(CR*₂)_2-3O—, wherein each independent occurrence of R* is selected from hydrogen, C_1-6 aliphatic which may be substituted as defined below, or an unsubstituted 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

[0072] Suitable substituents on the aliphatic group of R* include halogen, —R^●, -(haloR^●), —OH, —OR^●, —O(haloR^●), —CN, —C(O)OH, —C(O)OR^●, —NH₂, —NHR^●, —NR^●₂, or —NO₂, wherein each R^● is unsubstituted or where preceded by “halo” is substituted only with one or more halogens, and is independently C_1-4 aliphatic, —CH₂Ph, —O(CH₂)_0-1Ph, or a 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

[0073] Suitable substituents on a substitutable nitrogen of an “optionally substituted” group include —R^†, —NR^†₂, —C(O)R^†, —C(O)OR^†, —C(O)C(O)R^†, —C(O)CH₂C(O)R^†, —S(O)₂R^†, —S(O)₂NR^†₂, —C(S)NR^†₂, —C(NH)NR^†₂, or —N(R^†)S(O)₂R^†; wherein each R^† is independently hydrogen, C_1-6 aliphatic which may be substituted as defined below, unsubstituted —OPh, or an unsubstituted 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or, notwithstanding the definition above, two independent occurrences of R^†, taken together with their intervening atom(s) form an unsubstituted 3-12-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl mono- or bicyclic ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

[0074] Suitable substituents on the aliphatic group of R^† are independently halogen, —R^●, -(haloR^●), —OH, —OR^●, —O(haloR^●), —CN, —C(O)OH, —C(O)OR^●, —NH₂, —NHR^●, —NR^●₂, or —NO₂, wherein each R^● is unsubstituted or where preceded by “halo” is substituted only with one or more halogens, and is independently C_1-4 aliphatic, —CH₂Ph, —O(CH₂)_0-1Ph, or a 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

[0075] As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, S. M. Berge et al., describe pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1977, 66, 1-19, incorporated herein by reference. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include those derived from suitable inorganic and organic acids and bases. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, nontoxic acid addition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange. Other pharmaceutically acceptable salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, pivalate, propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate, p-toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, valerate salts, and the like.

[0076] Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium and N⁺(C_1-4alkyl)₄ salts. Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like. Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate, nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, loweralkyl sulfonate and aryl sulfonate.

[0077] Unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include all isomeric (e.g., enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational)) forms of the structure; for example, the R and S configurations for each asymmetric center, Z and E double bond isomers, and Z and E conformational isomers. Therefore, single stereochemical isomers as well as enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational) mixtures of the present compounds are within the scope of the invention. Unless otherwise stated, all tautomeric forms of the compounds of the invention are within the scope of the invention. Additionally, unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include compounds that differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds having the present structures including the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by a ¹³C- or ¹⁴C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention. Such compounds are useful, for example, as analytical tools, as probes in biological assays, or as therapeutic agents in accordance with the present invention. In some embodiments, the R¹ group of formula I-a and I-b comprises one or more deuterium atoms.

[0078] As used herein, the term “irreversible” or “irreversible inhibitor” refers to an inhibitor (i.e. a compound) that is able to be covalently bonded to a target protein kinase in a substantially non-reversible manner. That is, whereas a reversible inhibitor is able to bind to (but is generally unable to form a covalent bond) the target protein kinase, and therefore can become dissociated from the target protein kinase, an irreversible inhibitor will remain substantially bound to the target protein kinase once covalent bond formation has occurred. Irreversible inhibitors usually display time dependency, whereby the degree of inhibition increases with the time with which the inhibitor is in contact with the enzyme. Methods for identifying if a compound is acting as an irreversible inhibitor are known to one of ordinary skill in the art. Such methods include, but are not limited to, enzyme kinetic analysis of the inhibition profile of the compound with the protein kinase target, the use of mass spectrometry of the protein drug target modified in the presence of the inhibitor compound, discontinuous exposure, also known as “washout,” experiments, and the use of labeling, such as radiolabelled inhibitor, to show covalent modification of the enzyme, as well as other methods known to one of skill in the art.

[0079] One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that certain reactive functional groups can act as “warheads.” As used herein, the term “warhead” or “warhead group” refers to a functional group present on a compound of the present invention wherein that functional group is capable of covalently binding to an amino acid residue (such as cysteine, lysine, histidine, or other residues capable of being covalently modified) present in the binding pocket of the target protein, thereby irreversibly inhibiting the protein. It will be appreciated that the -L-Y group, as defined and described herein, provides such warhead groups for covalently, and irreversibly, inhibiting the protein.

[0080] As used herein, the term “inhibitor” is defined as a compound that binds to and/or inhibits the target protein kinase with measurable affinity. In certain embodiments, an inhibitor has an IC₅₀ and/or binding constant of less about 50 μM, less than about 1 μM, less than about 500 nM, less than about 100 nM, or less than about 10 nM.

[0081] The terms “measurable affinity” and “measurably inhibit,” as used herein, means a measurable change in at least one of ErbB1, ErbB2, ErbB3, ErbB4, a TEC-kinase, and/or JAK3 activity between a sample comprising a compound of the present invention, or composition thereof, and at least one of ErbB1, ErbB2, ErbB3, ErbB4, a TEC-kinase, and/or JAK3, and an equivalent sample comprising at least one of ErbB1, ErbB2, ErbB3, ErbB4, a TEC-kinase, and/or JAK3, in the absence of said compound, or composition thereof.

3. Description of Exemplary Compounds

[0082] According to one aspect, the present invention provides a compound of formula I-a or I-b,

[0083]
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

• [0084] Ring A is an optionally substituted group selected from phenyl, a 3-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring, an 8-10 membered bicyclic saturated, partially unsaturated or aryl ring, a 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 7-10 membered bicyclic saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or an 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur;
• [0085] Ring B is an optionally substituted group selected from phenyl, a 3-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring, an 8-10 membered bicyclic saturated, partially unsaturated or aryl ring, a 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 7-10 membered bicyclic saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or an 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur;
• [0086] R¹ is -L-Y, wherein:
  • [0087] L is a covalent bond or a bivalent C_1-8 saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain, wherein one, two, or three methylene units of L are optionally and independently replaced by cyclopropylene, —NR—, —N(R)C(O)—, —C(O)N(R)—, —N(R)SO₂—, —SO₂N(R)—, —O—, —C(O)—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —S—, —SO—, —SO₂—, —C(═S)—, —C(═NR)—, —N═N—, or —C(═N₂)—;
  • [0088] Y is hydrogen, C_1-6 aliphatic optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, or CN, or a 3-10 membered monocyclic or bicyclic, saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and wherein said ring is substituted with at 1-4 groups independently selected from -Q-Z, oxo, NO₂, halogen, CN, or C_1-6 aliphatic, wherein:
    • [0089] Q is a covalent bond or a bivalent C_1-6 saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain, wherein one or two methylene units of Q are optionally and independently replaced by —NR—, —S—, —O—, —C(O)—, —SO—, or —SO₂—; and
    • [0090] Z is hydrogen or C_1-6 aliphatic optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, or CN;
• [0091] R^y is hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —CF₃, C_1-4 aliphatic, C_1-4 haloaliphatic, —OR, —C(O)R, or —C(O)N(R)₂;
• [0092] each R group is independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted group selected from C_1-6 aliphatic, phenyl, a 4-7 membered heterocylic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or a 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur;
• [0093] W¹ and W² are each independently a covalent bond or a bivalent C_1-3 alkylene chain wherein one methylene unit of W¹ or W² is optionally replaced by —NR²—, —N(R²)C(O)—, —C(O)N(R²)—, —N(R²)SO₂—, —SO₂N(R²)—, —O—, —C(O)—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —S—, —SO— or —SO₂—;
• [0094] R² is hydrogen, optionally substituted C_1-6 aliphatic, or —C(O)R, or:
  • [0095] R² and a substituent on Ring A are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 4-6 membered partially unsaturated or aromatic fused ring; or
  • [0096] R² and R^y are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 4-6 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic fused ring;
• [0097] m and p are independently 0-4; and
• [0098] R^x and R^v are independently selected from —R, halogen, —OR, —O(CH₂)_qOR, —CN, —NO₂, —SO₂R, —SO₂N(R)₂, —SOR, —C(O)R, —CO₂R, —C(O)N(R)₂, —NRC(O)R, —NRC(O)NR₂, —NRSO₂R, or —N(R)₂, or:
  • [0099] R^x and R¹ when concurrently present on Ring B are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 5-7 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein said ring is substituted with a warhead group and 0-3 groups independently selected from oxo, halogen, —CN, or C_1-6 aliphatic; or
  • [0100] R^v and R¹ when concurrently present on Ring A are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 5-7 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein said ring is substituted with a warhead group and 0-3 groups independently selected from oxo, halogen, —CN, or C_1-6 aliphatic.

[0101] As defined generally above, Ring A is an optionally substituted group selected from phenyl, a 3-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring, an 8-10 membered bicyclic saturated, partially unsaturated or aryl ring, a 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 7-10 membered bicyclic saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or an 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. In certain embodiments, Ring A is an optionally substituted phenyl group. In some embodiments, Ring A is an optionally substituted naphthyl ring or a bicyclic 8-10 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. In certain other embodiments, Ring A is an optionally substituted 3-7 membered carbocyclic ring. In yet other embodiments, Ring A is an optionally substituted 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

[0102] In certain embodiments, Ring A is substituted as defined herein. In some embodiments, Ring A is substituted with one, two, or three groups independently selected from halogen, R^∘, or —(CH₂)_0-4OR^∘, or —O(CH₂)_0-4R^∘, wherein each R^∘ is as defined herein. Exemplary substituents on Ring A include Br, I, Cl, methyl, —CF₃, —C≡CH, —OCH₂phenyl, —OCH₂(fluorophenyl), or —OCH₂pyridyl.

[0103] Exemplary Ring A groups are set forth in Table 1.

[0104]

TABLE 1
Exemplary Ring A Groups
	i
	ii
	iii
	iv
	v
	vi
	vii
	viii
	ix
	x
	xi
	xii
	xiii
	xiv
	xv
	xvi
	xvii
	xviii
	xix
	xx
	xxi
	xxii
	xxiii
	xxiv
	xxv
	xxvi
	xxvii
	xxviii
	xxix
	xxx
	xxxi
	xxxii
	xxxiii
	xxxiv
	xxxv
	xxxvi
	xxxvii
	xxxviii
	xxxix
	xl
	xli
	xlii
	xliii
	xliv
	xlv
	xlvi
	xlvii
	xlviii
	xlix
	l
	li
	lii
	liii
	liv
	lv
	lvi
	lvii
	lviii
	lix
	lx
	lxi
	lxii
	lxiii
	lxiv
	lxv
	lxvi
	lxvii
	lxviii
	lxix
	lxx
	lxxi
	lxxii
	lxxiii
	lxxiv
	lxxv
	lxxvi
	lxxvii
	lxxviii
	lxxix
	lxxx
	lxxxi
wherein each Ro, R†, and R1 is as defined above and described in classes
and subclasses herein.

[0105] In certain embodiments, Ring A is selected from i, ii, iv, v, vi, vii, ix, xiv, xvi, lii, lxiii, lxxi, lxxiv, lxxvi, lxxviii, and lxxxi.

[0106] As defined generally above, Ring B is an optionally substituted group selected from phenyl, a 3-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring, an 8-10 membered bicyclic saturated, partially unsaturated or aryl ring, a 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 7-10 membered bicyclic saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or an 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. In certain embodiments, Ring B is an optionally substituted phenyl group. In some embodiments, Ring B is an optionally substituted naphthyl ring or a bicyclic 8-10 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. In certain other embodiments, Ring B is an optionally substituted 3-7 membered carbocyclic ring. In yet other embodiments, Ring B is an optionally substituted 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

[0107] In some embodiments, Ring B is phenyl. In some embodiments, Ring B is a 6-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 nitrogens. In some embodiments, Ring B is a 5-membered heteroaryl ring having 1 or 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

[0108] In some embodiments, Ring B is a 5-6 membered saturated heterocyclic ring having 1 nitrogen. In some embodiments, Ring B is a 9-10 membered bicyclic partially saturated heteroaryl ring having 1-3 nitrogens. In some embodiments, Ring B is a 9-10 membered bicyclic partially saturated heteroaryl ring having 1 nitrogen. In some embodiments, Ring B is a 9-10 membered bicyclic partially saturated heteroaryl ring having 1 nitrogen and 1 oxygen.

[0109] In some embodiments, Ring B is an optionally substituted group selected from phenyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, imidazolyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, indolinyl, indazolyl, and isoindolinyl.

[0110] Exemplary Ring B groups are set forth in Table 4.

[0111]

TABLE 2
Ring B Groups
	i
	ii
	iii
	iv
	v
	vi
	vii
	viii
	ix
	x
	xi
	xii
	xiii
	xiv
	xv
	xvi
	xvii
	xviii
	xix
	xx
	xxi
	xxii
	xxiii
	xxiv
	xxv
	xxvi
	xxvii
	xxviii
	xxix
	xxx
	xxxi
	xxxii
	xxxiii
	xxxiv
	xxxv
	xxxvi
	xxxvii
	xxxviii
	xxxix
	xl
	xli
	xlii
	xliii
	xliv
	xlv
	xlvi
	xlvii
	xlviii
	xlix
	l
	li
	lii
	liii
	liv
	lv
	lvi
	lvii
	lviii
	lix
	lx
	lxi
	lxii
	lxiii
	lxiv
	lxv
	lxvi
	lxvii
	lxviii
	lxix
	lxx
	lxxi
	lxxii
	lxxiii
	lxxiv
	lxxv
	lxxvi
	lxxvii
	lxxviii
	lxxix
	lxxx
	lxxxi
	lxxxii
	lxxxiii
	lxxxiv
	lxxxv
	lxxxvi
	lxxxvii
	lxxxviii
	lxxxix
	xc
	xci
	xcii
	xciii
	xciv
	xcv
	xcvi
	xcvii
	xcviii
	xcix
	c
	ci
	cii
	ciii
	civ
	cv
	cvi
	cvii
	cviii
	cix
	cx
	cxi
wherein each R1 and Rx is as defined above and described in classes
and subclasses herein.

[0112] In certain embodiments, Ring B is selected from i, ii, iii, iv, v, ix, x, xi, xiii, xvi, xvii, xix, xx, xxv, xxvi, xxxii, xxxiv, xxxv, xxxviii, xlii, xlvi, xlviii, l, lviii, lxiv, lxxviii, lxxxiii, lxxxvi, xciv, c, ci, cii, ciii, civ, and cv.

[0113] In some embodiments, the m moiety of formula I is 1, 2, 3 or 4. In some embodiments, m is 1. In other embodiments, m is 0.

[0114] In some embodiments, the p moiety of formula I is 1, 2, 3 or 4. In some embodiments, p is 1. In other embodiments, p is 0.

[0115] As defined generally above, each R^x group of formula I is independently selected from —R, halogen, —OR, —O(CH₂)_qOR, —CN, —NO₂, —SO₂R, —SO₂N(R)₂, —SOR, —C(O)R, —CO₂R, —C(O)N(R)₂, —NRC(O)R, —NRC(O)NR₂, —NRSO₂R, or —N(R)₂, wherein q is 1-4, or R^x and R¹ when concurrently present on Ring B are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 5-7 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein said ring is substituted with a warhead group and 0-3 groups independently selected from oxo, halogen, CN, or C_1-6 aliphatic.

[0116] In some embodiments, each instance of R^x is independently selected from —R, —OR, —O(CH₂)_qOR, or halogen. In certain embodiments, R^x is lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower alkoxyalkoxy, or halogen. Exemplary R^x groups include methyl, methoxy, methoxyethoxy and fluoro. In some embodiments, R^x is hydrogen.

[0117] As defined generally above, each R^v group of formula I is independently selected from —R, halogen, —OR, —O(CH₂)_qOR, —CN, —NO₂, —SO₂R, —SO₂N(R)₂, —SOR, —C(O)R, —CO₂R, —C(O)N(R)₂, —NRC(O)R, —NRC(O)NR₂, —NRSO₂R, or —N(R)₂, wherein q is 1-4, or R^v and R¹ when concurrently present on Ring A are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 5-7 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein said ring is substituted with a warhead group and 0-3 groups independently selected from oxo, halogen, CN, or C_1-6 aliphatic.

[0118] In some embodiments, each instance of R^v is independently selected from —R, —OR, —O(CH₂)_qOR, or halogen. In certain embodiments, R^v is lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower alkoxyalkoxy, or halogen. Exemplary R^v groups include methyl, methoxy, trifluoromethyl, methoxyethoxy, and chloro. In some embodiments, R^v is hydrogen.

[0119] In some embodiments, the q moiety is 1, 2, 3, or 4. In certain embodiments, q is 1. In certain other embodiments, q is 2.

[0120] As defined generally above, R^y is hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —CF₃, C_1-4 aliphatic, C_1-4 haloaliphatic, —OR, —C(O)R, or —C(O)N(R)₂, where R is as defined above and described herein. In certain embodiments, R^y is hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —CF₃, lower alkyl or lower haloalkyl, —C≡CR and cyclopropyl. In other embodiments, R^y is —OR, —C(O)R, or —C(O)N(R)₂. In certain embodiments, R^y is —OCH₃. In certain other embodiments, R^y is —C(O)CH₃. In yet other embodiments, R^y is —C(O)NHR. In some embodiments, R^y is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R^y is fluorine. In certain other embodiments, R^y is methyl.

[0121] As generally defined above, W¹ and W² are each independently a covalent bond or a bivalent C_1-3 alkylene chain wherein one methylene unit of W¹ or W² is optionally replaced by —NR²—, —N(R²)C(O)—, —C(O)N(R²)—, —N(R²)SO₂—, —SO₂N(R²)—, —O—, —C(O)—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —S—, —SO— or —SO₂—. In certain embodiments, W¹ and W² are the same. In some embodiments, W¹ and W² are different.

[0122] In some embodiments, W¹ is a covalent bond. In certain embodiments, W¹ is a bivalent C_1-3 alkylene chain wherein one methylene unit of W¹ is optionally replaced by —NR²—, —N(R²)C(O)—, —C(O)N(R²)—, —N(R²)SO₂—, —SO₂N(R²)—, —O—, —C(O)—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —S—, —SO— or —SO₂—. In certain embodiments, W¹ is —C(═O), —NR²—, —S—, or —O—. In some embodiments, W¹ is —NR²—. In other embodiments, W¹ is —O—. In certain embodiments, W¹ is —NH—, —S—, or —O—. In some embodiments, W¹ is —CH₂O—, —CH₂S—, or —CH₂NH—. In some aspects, W¹ is —OCH₂—, —SCH₂—, —NHCH₂—, or —CH₂CH₂—.

[0123] In certain embodiments, W² is a covalent bond. In some embodiments, W² is a bivalent C_1-3 alkylene chain wherein one methylene unit of W² is optionally replaced by —NR²—, —N(R²)C(O)—, —C(O)N(R²)—, —N(R²)SO₂—, —SO₂N(R²)—, —O—, —C(O)—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —S—, —SO— or —SO₂—. In certain embodiments, W² is —C(═O), —NR²—, —S—, or —O—. In some embodiments, W² is —NR²—. In other embodiments, W² is —O—. In certain embodiments, W² is —NH—, —S—, or —O—. In some embodiments, W² is —CH₂O—, —CH₂S—, or —CH₂NH—. In some aspects, W² is —OCH₂—, —SCH₂—, —NHCH₂—, or —CH₂CH₂—.

[0124] In some embodiments, Ring B is phenyl, thus forming a compound of formula II-a or II-b:

[0125]
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of Ring A, m, p, R^x, R^y, R^v, W¹, W², and R¹ is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses above and herein.

[0126] In certain embodiments, Ring A is phenyl, thus forming a compound of formula III-a or III-b:

[0127]
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of Ring B, m, p, R^x, R^y, R^v, W¹, W², and R¹ is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses above and herein.

[0128] In certain embodiments, Ring A is phenyl and Ring B is phenyl, thus forming a compound of formula IV-a or IV-b:

[0129]
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of m, p, R^x, R^y, R^v, W¹, W², and R¹ is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses above and herein.

[0130] As defined generally above, each R² is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted C_1-6 aliphatic, or —C(O)R, or R² and a substituent on Ring A are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 4-6 membered partially unsaturated or aromatic fused ring, or R² and R^y are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 4-6 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic fused ring. According to one aspect, R² is hydrogen. According to another aspect, R² is —C(O)R, wherein R is an optionally substituted C_1-6 aliphatic group.

[0131] According to some aspects, R² and a substituent on Ring A are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated ring, thus forming a compound of formula I-a-i or I-b-i:

[0132]
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of Ring A, R¹, R^x, and m are as defined above and described in classes and subclasses above and herein.

[0133] Similar to the formation of compounds of formulae I-a-i and I-b-i above, it will be understood by one skilled in the art that compounds of formulae II-a, II-b, III-a, III-b, IV-a, and IV-b, will form corresponding compounds II-a-i, II-b-i, III-a-i, III-b-i, IV-a-i, and IV-b-i when R² and a substituent on Ring A are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated ring.

[0134] According to some aspects, R² and R^y are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 4-7 partially unsaturated ring, thus forming a compound of formula I-a-ii or I-b-ii:

[0135]
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of Ring A, R¹, R^x, and m are as defined above and described in classes and subclasses above and herein.

[0136] Similar to the formation of compounds of formulae I-a-ii and I-b-ii above, it will be understood by one skilled in the art that compounds of formulae II-a, II-b, III-a, III-b, IV-a, and IV-b, will form corresponding compounds II-a-ii, II-b-ii, III-a-ii, III-b-ii, IV-a-ii, and IV-b-ii when R² and R^y are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 4-7 membered partially unsaturated ring.

[0137] As defined generally above, the R¹ group of formulae I and II is -L-Y, wherein:

• [0138] L is a covalent bond or a bivalent C_1-8 saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain, wherein one, two, or three methylene units of L are optionally and independently replaced by cyclopropylene, —NR—, —N(R)C(O)—, —C(O)N(R)—, —N(R)SO₂—, —SO₂N(R)—, —O—, —C(O)—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —S—, —SO—, —SO₂—, —C(═S)—, —C(═NR)—, —N═N—, or —C(═N₂)—;
• [0139] Y is hydrogen, C_1-6 aliphatic optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, NO₂, or CN, or a 3-10 membered monocyclic or bicyclic, saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups; and
• [0140] each R^e is independently selected from -Q-Z, oxo, NO₂, halogen, CN, a suitable leaving group, or a C_1-6 aliphatic optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, NO₂, or CN, wherein:
  • [0141] Q is a covalent bond or a bivalent C_1-6 saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain, wherein one or two methylene units of Q are optionally and independently replaced by —N(R)—, —S—, —O—, —C(O)—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —SO—, or —SO₂—, —N(R)C(O)—, —C(O)N(R)—, —N(R)SO₂—, or —SO₂N(R)—; and
  • [0142] Z is hydrogen or C_1-6 aliphatic optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, NO₂, or CN.

[0143] In certain embodiments, L is a covalent bond.

[0144] In certain embodiments, L is a bivalent C_1-8 saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L is —CH₂—.

[0145] In certain embodiments, L is a covalent bond, —CH₂—, —NH—, —CH₂NH—, —NHCH₂—, —NHC(O)—, —NHC(O)CH₂OC(O)—, —CH₂NHC(O)—, —NHSO₂—, —NHSO₂CH₂—, —NHC(O)CH₂OC(O)—, or —SO₂NH—.

[0146] In some embodiments, L is a bivalent C_2-8 straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain wherein L has at least one double bond and one or two additional methylene units of L are optionally and independently replaced by —NRC(O)—, —C(O)NR—, —N(R)SO₂—, —SO₂N(R)—, —S—, —S(O)—, —SO₂—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, cyclopropylene, —O—, —N(R)—, or —C(O)—.

[0147] In certain embodiments, L is a bivalent C_2-8 straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain wherein L has at least one double bond and at least one methylene unit of L is replaced by —C(O)—, —NRC(O)—, —C(O)NR—, —N(R)SO₂—, —SO₂N(R)—, —S—, —S(O)—, —SO₂—, —OC(O)—, or —C(O)O—, and one or two additional methylene units of L are optionally and independently replaced by cyclopropylene, —O—, —N(R)—, or —C(O)—.

[0148] In some embodiments, L is a bivalent C_2-8 straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain wherein L has at least one double bond and at least one methylene unit of L is replaced by —C(O)—, and one or two additional methylene units of L are optionally and independently replaced by cyclopropylene, —O—, —N(R)—, or —C(O)—.

[0149] As described above, in certain embodiments, L is a bivalent C_2-8 straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain wherein L has at least one double bond. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that such a double bond may exist within the hydrocarbon chain backbone or may be “exo” to the backbone chain and thus forming an alkylidene group. By way of example, such an L group having an alkylidene branched chain includes —CH₂C(═CH₂)CH₂—. Thus, in some embodiments, L is a bivalent C_2-8 straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain wherein L has at least one alkylidenyl double bond. Exemplary L groups include —NHC(O)C(═CH₂)CH₂—.

[0150] In certain embodiments, L is a bivalent C_2-8 straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain wherein L has at least one double bond and at least one methylene unit of L is replaced by —C(O)—. In certain embodiments, L is —C(O)CH═CH(CH₃)—, —C(O)CH═CHCH₂NH(CH₃)—, —C(O)CH═CH(CH₃)—, —C(O)CH═CH—, —CH₂C(O)CH═CH—, —CH₂C(O)CH═CH(CH₃)—, —CH₂CH₂C(O)CH═CH—, —CH₂CH₂C(O)CH═CHCH₂—, —CH₂CH₂C(O)CH═CHCH₂NH(CH₃)—, or —CH₂CH₂C(O)CH═CH(CH₃)—, or —CH(CH₃)OC(O)CH═CH—.

[0151] In certain embodiments, L is a bivalent C_2-8 straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain wherein L has at least one double bond and at least one methylene unit of L is replaced by —OC(O)—.

[0152] In some embodiments, L is a bivalent C_2-8 straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain wherein L has at least one double bond and at least one methylene unit of L is replaced by —NRC(O)—, —C(O)NR—, —N(R)SO₂—, —SO₂N(R)—, —S—, —S(O)—, —SO₂—, —OC(O)—, or —C(O)O—, and one or two additional methylene units of L are optionally and independently replaced by cyclopropylene, —O—, —N(R)—, or —C(O)—. In some embodiments, L is —CH₂OC(O)CH═CHCH₂—, —CH₂—OC(O)CH═CH—, or —CH(CH═CH₂)OC(O)CH═CH—.

[0153] In certain embodiments, L is —NRC(O)CH═CH—, —NRC(O)CH═CHCH₂N(CH₃)—, —NRC(O)CH═CHCH₂O—, —CH₂NRC(O)CH═CH—, —NRSO₂CH═CH—, —NRSO₂CH═CHCH₂—, —NRC(O)(C═N₂)C(O)—, —NRC(O)CH═CHCH₂N(CH₃)—, —NRSO₂CH═CH—, —NRSO₂CH═CHCH₂—, NRC(O)CH═CHCH₂O—, —NRC(O)C(═CH₂)CH₂—, —CH₂NRC(O)—, —CH₂NRC(O)CH═CH—, —CH₂CH₂NRC(O)—, or —CH₂NRC(O)cyclopropylene-, wherein each R is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted C_1-6 aliphatic.

[0154] In certain embodiments, L is —NHC(O)CH═CH—, —NHC(O)CH═CHCH₂N(CH₃)—, —NHC(O)CH═CHCH₂O—, —CH₂NHC(O)CH═CH—, —NHSO₂CH═CH—, —NHSO₂CH═CHCH₂—, —NHC(O)(C═N₂)C(O)—, —NHC(O)CH═CHCH₂N(CH₃)—, —NHSO₂CH═CH—, —NHSO₂CH═CHCH₂—, —NHC(O)CH═CHCH₂O—, —NHC(O)C(═CH₂)CH₂—, —CH₂NHC(O)—, —CH₂NHC(O)CH═CH—, —CH₂CH₂NHC(O)—, or —CH₂NHC(O)cyclopropylene-.

[0155] In some embodiments, L is a bivalent C_2-8 straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain wherein L has at least one triple bond. In certain embodiments, L is a bivalent C_2-8 straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain wherein L has at least one triple bond and one or two additional methylene units of L are optionally and independently replaced by —NRC(O)—, —C(O)NR—, —S—, —S(O)—, —SO₂—, —C(═S)—, —C(═NR)—, —O—, —N(R)—, or —C(O)—. In some embodiments, L has at least one triple bond and at least one methylene unit of L is replaced by —N(R)—, —N(R)C(O)—, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, or —OC(O)—, or —O—.

[0156] Exemplary L groups include —C≡C—, —C≡CCH₂N(isopropyl)-, —NHC(O)C≡CCH₂CH₂—, —CH₂—C≡C—CH₂—, —C≡CCH₂O—, —CH₂C(O)C≡C—, —C(O)C≡C—, or —CH₂C(═O)C≡C—.

[0157] In certain embodiments, L is a bivalent C_2-8 straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain wherein one methylene unit of L is replaced by cyclopropylene and one or two additional methylene units of L are independently replaced by —C(O)—, —NRC(O)—, —C(O)NR—, —N(R)SO₂—, or —SO₂N(R)—. Exemplary L groups include —NHC(O)-cyclopropylene-SO₂— and —NHC(O)-cyclopropylene-.

[0158] As defined generally above, Y is hydrogen, C_1-6 aliphatic optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, NO₂, or CN, or a 3-10 membered monocyclic or bicyclic, saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and wherein said ring is substituted with at 1-4 R^e groups, each R^e is independently selected from -Q-Z, oxo, NO₂, halogen, CN, a suitable leaving group, or C_1-6 aliphatic, wherein Q is a covalent bond or a bivalent C_1-6 saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain, wherein one or two methylene units of Q are optionally and independently replaced by —N(R)—, —S—, —O—, —C(O)—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —SO—, or —SO₂—, —N(R)C(O)—, —C(O)N(R)—, —N(R)SO₂—, or —SO₂N(R)—; and, Z is hydrogen or C_1-6 aliphatic optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, NO₂, or CN.

[0159] In certain embodiments, Y is hydrogen.

[0160] In certain embodiments, Y is C_1-6 aliphatic optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, NO₂, or CN. In some embodiments, Y is C_2-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, NO₂, or CN. In other embodiments, Y is C_2-6 alkynyl optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, NO₂, or CN. In some embodiments, Y is C_2-6 alkenyl. In other embodiments, Y is C_2-4 alkynyl.

[0161] In other embodiments, Y is C_1-6 alkyl substituted with oxo, halogen, NO₂, or CN. Such Y groups include —CH₂F, —CH₂Cl, —CH₂CN, and —CH₂NO₂.

[0162] In certain embodiments, Y is a saturated 3-6 membered monocyclic ring having 0-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein Y is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein.

[0163] In some embodiments, Y is a saturated 3-4 membered heterocyclic ring having 1 heteroatom selected from oxygen or nitrogen wherein said ring is substituted with 1-2 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein. Exemplary such rings are epoxide and oxetane rings, wherein each ring is substituted with 1-2 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein.

[0164] In other embodiments, Y is a saturated 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatom selected from oxygen or nitrogen wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein. Such rings include piperidine and pyrrolidine, wherein each ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein. In certain embodiments, Y is

[0165]
wherein each R, Q, Z, and R^e is as defined above and described herein.

[0166] In some embodiments, Y is a saturated 3-6 membered carbocyclic ring, wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein. In certain embodiments, Y is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, wherein each ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein. In certain embodiments, Y is

[0167]
wherein R^e is as defined above and described herein. In certain embodiments, Y is cyclopropyl optionally substituted with halogen, CN or NO₂.

[0168] In certain embodiments, Y is a partially unsaturated 3-6 membered monocyclic ring having 0-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein.

[0169] In some embodiments, Y is a partially unsaturated 3-6 membered carbocyclic ring, wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein. In some embodiments, Y is cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, or cyclohexenyl wherein each ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein. In certain embodiments, Y is

[0170]
wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein.

[0171] In certain embodiments, Y is a partially unsaturated 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein. In certain embodiments, Y is selected from:

[0172]
wherein each R and R^e is as defined above and described herein.

[0173] In certain embodiments, Y is a 6-membered aromatic ring having 0-2 nitrogens wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e group is as defined above and described herein. In certain embodiments, Y is phenyl, pyridyl, or pyrimidinyl, wherein each ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein.

[0174] In some embodiments, Y is selected from:

[0175]
wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein.

[0176] In other embodiments, Y is a 5-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein said ring is substituted with 1-3 R^e groups, wherein each R^e group is as defined above and described herein. In some embodiments, Y is a 5 membered partially unsaturated or aryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e group is as defined above and described herein. Exemplary such rings are isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, triazole, thiadiazole, and oxadiazole, wherein each ring is substituted with 1-3 R^e groups, wherein each R^e group is as defined above and described herein. In certain embodiments, Y is selected from:

[0177]
wherein each R and R^e is as defined above and described herein.

[0178] In certain embodiments, Y is an 8-10 membered bicyclic, saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein R^e is as defined above and described herein. According to another aspect, Y is a 9-10 membered bicyclic, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein R^e is as defined above and described herein. Exemplary such bicyclic rings include 2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]isothiazole, wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein R^e is as defined above and described herein.

[0179] As defined generally above, each R^e group is independently selected from -Q-Z, oxo, NO₂, halogen, CN, a suitable leaving group, or C_1-6 aliphatic optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, NO₂, or CN, wherein Q is a covalent bond or a bivalent C_1-6 saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain, wherein one or two methylene units of Q are optionally and independently replaced by —N(R)—, —S—, —O—, —C(O)—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —SO—, or —SO₂—, —N(R)C(O)—, —C(O)N(R)—, —N(R)SO₂—, or —SO₂N(R)—; and Z is hydrogen or C_1-6 aliphatic optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, NO₂, or CN.

[0180] In certain embodiments, R^e is C_1-6 aliphatic optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, NO₂, or CN. In other embodiments, R^e is oxo, NO₂, halogen, or CN.

[0181] In some embodiments, R^e is -Q-Z, wherein Q is a covalent bond and Z is hydrogen (i.e., R^e is hydrogen). In other embodiments, R^e is -Q-Z, wherein Q is a bivalent C_1-6 saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain, wherein one or two methylene units of Q are optionally and independently replaced by —NR—, —NRC(O)—, —C(O)NR—, —S—, —O—, —C(O)—, —SO—, or —SO₂—. In other embodiments, Q is a bivalent C_2-6 straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain having at least one double bond, wherein one or two methylene units of Q are optionally and independently replaced by —NR—, —NRC(O)—, —C(O)NR—, —S—, —O—, —C(O)—, —SO—, or —SO₂—. In certain embodiments, the Z moiety of the R^e group is hydrogen. In some embodiments, -Q-Z is —NHC(O)CH═CH₂ or —C(O)CH═CH₂.

[0182] In certain embodiments, each R^e is independently selected from oxo, NO₂, CN, fluoro, chloro, —NHC(O)CH═CH₂, —C(O)CH═CH₂, —CH₂CH═CH₂, —C≡CH, —C(O)OCH₂Cl, —C(O)OCH₂F, —C(O)OCH₂CN, —C(O)CH₂Cl, —C(O)CH₂F, —C(O)CH₂CN, or —CH₂C(O)CH₃.

[0183] In certain embodiments, R^e is a suitable leaving group, ie a group that is subject to nucleophilic displacement. A “suitable leaving” is a chemical group that is readily displaced by a desired incoming chemical moiety such as the thiol moiety of a cysteine of interest. Suitable leaving groups are well known in the art, e.g., see, “Advanced Organic Chemistry,” Jerry March, 5^th Ed., pp. 351-357, John Wiley and Sons, N.Y. Such leaving groups include, but are not limited to, halogen, alkoxy, sulphonyloxy, optionally substituted alkylsulphonyloxy, optionally substituted alkenylsulfonyloxy, optionally substituted arylsulfonyloxy, acyl, and diazonium moieties. Examples of suitable leaving groups include chloro, iodo, bromo, fluoro, acetoxy, methanesulfonyloxy(mesyloxy), tosyloxy, triflyloxy, nitro-phenylsulfonyloxy(nosyloxy), and bromo-phenylsulfonyloxy(brosyloxy).

[0184] In certain embodiments, the following embodiments and combinations of -L-Y apply:

• • [0185] (a) L is a bivalent C_2-8 straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain wherein L has at least one double bond and one or two additional methylene units of L are optionally and independently replaced by —NRC(O)—, —C(O)NR—, —N(R)SO₂—, —SO₂N(R)—, —S—, —S(O)—, —SO₂—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, cyclopropylene, —O—, —N(R)—, or —C(O)—; and Y is hydrogen or C_1-6 aliphatic optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, NO₂, or CN; or
  • [0186] (b) L is a bivalent C_2-8 straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain wherein L has at least one double bond and at least one methylene unit of L is replaced by —C(O)—, —NRC(O)—, —C(O)NR—, —N(R)SO₂—, —SO₂N(R)—, —S—, —S(O)—, —SO₂—, —OC(O)—, or —C(O)O—, and one or two additional methylene units of L are optionally and independently replaced by cyclopropylene, —O—, —N(R)—, or —C(O)—; and Y is hydrogen or C_1-6 aliphatic optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, NO₂, or CN; or
  • [0187] (c) L is a bivalent C_2-8 straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain wherein L has at least one double bond and at least one methylene unit of L is replaced by —C(O)—, and one or two additional methylene units of L are optionally and independently replaced by cyclopropylene, —O—, —N(R)—, or —C(O)—; and Y is hydrogen or C_1-6 aliphatic optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, NO₂, or CN; or
  • [0188] (d) L is a bivalent C_2-8 straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain wherein L has at least one double bond and at least one methylene unit of L is replaced by —C(O)—; and Y is hydrogen or C_1-6 aliphatic optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, NO₂, or CN; or
  • [0189] (e) L is a bivalent C_2-8 straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain wherein L has at least one double bond and at least one methylene unit of L is replaced by —OC(O)—; and Y is hydrogen or C_1-6 aliphatic optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, NO₂, or CN; or
  • [0190] (f) L is —NRC(O)CH═CH—, —NRC(O)CH═CHCH₂N(CH₃)—, —NRC(O)CH═CHCH₂O—, —CH₂NRC(O)CH═CH—, —NRSO₂CH═CH—, —NRSO₂CH═CHCH₂—, —NRC(O)(C═N₂)—, —NRC(O)(C═N₂)C(O)—, —NRC(O)CH═CHCH₂N(CH₃)—, —NRSO₂CH═CH—, —NRSO₂CH═CHCH₂—, —NRC(O)CH═CHCH₂O—, —NRC(O)C(═CH₂)CH₂—, —CH₂NRC(O)—, —CH₂NRC(O)CH═CH—, —CH₂CH₂NRC(O)—, or —CH₂NRC(O)cyclopropylene-; wherein R is H or optionally substituted C_1-6 aliphatic; and Y is hydrogen or C_1-6 aliphatic optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, NO₂, or CN; or
  • [0191] (g) L is —NHC(O)CH═CH—, —NHC(O)CH═CHCH₂N(CH₃)—, —NHC(O)CH═CHCH₂O—, —CH₂NHC(O)CH═CH—, —NHSO₂CH═CH—, —NHSO₂CH═CHCH₂—, —NHC(O)(C═N₂)—, —NHC(O)(C═N₂)C(O)—, —NHC(O)CH═CHCH₂N(CH₃)—, —NHSO₂CH═CH—, —NHSO₂CH═CHCH₂—, —NHC(O)CH═CHCH₂O—, —NHC(O)C(═CH₂)CH₂—, —CH₂NHC(O)—, —CH₂NHC(O)CH═CH—, —CH₂CH₂NHC(O)—, or —CH₂NHC(O)cyclopropylene-; and Y is hydrogen or C_1-6 aliphatic optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, NO₂, or CN; or
  • [0192] (h) L is a bivalent C_2-8 straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain wherein L has at least one alkylidenyl double bond and at least one methylene unit of L is replaced by —C(O)—, —NRC(O)—, —C(O)NR—, —N(R)SO₂—, —SO₂N(R)—, —S—, —S(O)—, —SO₂—, —OC(O)—, or —C(O)O—, and one or two additional methylene units of L are optionally and independently replaced by cyclopropylene, —O—, —N(R)—, or —C(O)—; and Y is hydrogen or C_1-6 aliphatic optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, NO₂, or CN; or
  • [0193] (i) L is a bivalent C_2-8 straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain wherein L has at least one triple bond and one or two additional methylene units of L are optionally and independently replaced by —NRC(O)—, —C(O)NR—, —N(R)SO₂—, —SO₂N(R)—, —S—, —S(O)—, —SO₂—, —OC(O)—, or —C(O)O—, and Y is hydrogen or C_1-6 aliphatic optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, NO₂, or CN; or
  • [0194] (j) L is —C≡C—, —C≡CCH₂N(isopropyl)-, —NHC(O)C≡CCH₂CH₂—, —CH₂—C≡C—CH₂—, —C≡CCH₂O—, —CH₂C(O)C≡C—, —C(O)C≡C—, or —CH₂C(═O)C≡C—; and Y is hydrogen or C_1-6 aliphatic optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, NO₂, or CN; or
  • [0195] (k) L is a bivalent C_2-8 straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain wherein one methylene unit of L is replaced by cyclopropylene and one or two additional methylene units of L are independently replaced by —NRC(O)—, —C(O)NR—, —N(R)SO₂—, —SO₂N(R)—, —S—, —S(O)—, —SO₂—, —OC(O)—, or —C(O)O—; and Y is hydrogen or C_1-6 aliphatic optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, NO₂, or CN; or
  • [0196] (l) L is a covalent bond and Y is selected from:
    • [0197] (i) C_1-6 alkyl substituted with oxo, halogen, NO₂, or CN;
    • [0198] (ii) C_2-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, NO₂, or CN; or
    • [0199] (iii) C_2-6 alkynyl optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, NO₂, or CN; or
    • [0200] (iv) a saturated 3-4 membered heterocyclic ring having 1 heteroatom selected from oxygen or nitrogen wherein said ring is substituted with 1-2 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein; or
    • [0201] (v) a saturated 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatom selected from oxygen or nitrogen wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein; or

[0202]
wherein each R, Q, Z, and R^e is as defined above and described herein; or

• • • [0203] (vii) a saturated 3-6 membered carbocyclic ring, wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein; or
    • [0204] (viii) a partially unsaturated 3-6 membered monocyclic ring having 0-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein; or
    • [0205] (ix) a partially unsaturated 3-6 membered carbocyclic ring, wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein; or

[0206]
wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein; or

• • • [0207] (xi) a partially unsaturated 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein; or

[0208]

• • • [0209]  wherein each R and R^e is as defined above and described herein; or
    • [0210] (xiii) a 6-membered aromatic ring having 0-2 nitrogens wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e group is as defined above and described herein; or

[0211]

• • • [0212]  wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein; or
    • [0213] (xv) a 5-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein said ring is substituted with 1-3 R^e groups, wherein each R^e group is as defined above and described herein; or

[0214]

• • • [0215]  wherein each R and R^e is as defined above and described herein; or
    • [0216] (xvii) an 8-10 membered bicyclic, saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein R^e is as defined above and described herein;
  • [0217] (m) L is —C(O)— and Y is selected from:
    • [0218] (i) C_1-6 alkyl substituted with oxo, halogen, NO₂, or CN; or
    • [0219] (ii) C_2-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, NO₂, or CN; or
    • [0220] (iii) C_2-6 alkynyl optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, NO₂, or CN; or
    • [0221] (iv) a saturated 3-4 membered heterocyclic ring having 1 heteroatom selected from oxygen or nitrogen wherein said ring is substituted with 1-2 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein; or
    • [0222] (v) a saturated 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatom selected from oxygen or nitrogen wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein; or

[0223]
wherein each R, Q, Z, and R^e is as defined above and described herein; or

• • • [0224] (vii) a saturated 3-6 membered carbocyclic ring, wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein; or
    • [0225] (viii) a partially unsaturated 3-6 membered monocyclic ring having 0-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein; or
    • [0226] (ix) a partially unsaturated 3-6 membered carbocyclic ring, wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein; or

[0227]
wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein; or

• • • [0228] (xi) a partially unsaturated 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein; or

[0229]

• • • [0230]  wherein each R and R^e is as defined above and described herein; or
    • [0231] (xiii) a 6-membered aromatic ring having 0-2 nitrogens wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e group is as defined above and described herein; or

[0232]

• • • [0233]  wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein; or
    • [0234] (xv) a 5-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein said ring is substituted with 1-3 R^e groups, wherein each R^e group is as defined above and described herein; or

[0235]

• • • [0236]  wherein each R and R^e is as defined above and described herein; or
    • [0237] (xvii) an 8-10 membered bicyclic, saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein R^e is as defined above and described herein;
  • [0238] (n) L is —N(R)C(O)— and Y is selected from:
    • [0239] (i) C_1-6 alkyl substituted with oxo, halogen, NO₂, or CN; or
    • [0240] (ii) C_2-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, NO₂, or CN; or
    • [0241] (iii) C_2-6 alkynyl optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, NO₂, or CN; or
    • [0242] (iv) a saturated 3-4 membered heterocyclic ring having 1 heteroatom selected from oxygen or nitrogen wherein said ring is substituted with 1-2 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein; or
    • [0243] (v) a saturated 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatom selected from oxygen or nitrogen wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein; or

[0244]
wherein each R, Q, Z, and R^e is as defined above and described herein; or

• • • [0245] (vii) a saturated 3-6 membered carbocyclic ring, wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein; or
    • [0246] (viii) a partially unsaturated 3-6 membered monocyclic ring having 0-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein; or
    • [0247] (ix) a partially unsaturated 3-6 membered carbocyclic ring, wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein; or

[0248]
wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein; or

• • • [0249] (xi) a partially unsaturated 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein; or

[0250]

• • • [0251]  wherein each R and R^e is as defined above and described herein; or
    • [0252] (xiii) a 6-membered aromatic ring having 0-2 nitrogens wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e group is as defined above and described herein; or

[0253]

• • • [0254]  wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein; or
    • [0255] (xv) a 5-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein said ring is substituted with 1-3 R^e groups, wherein each R^e group is as defined above and described herein; or

[0256]

• • • [0257]  wherein each R and R^e is as defined above and described herein; or
    • [0258] (xvii) an 8-10 membered bicyclic, saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein R^e is as defined above and described herein;
  • [0259] (o) L is a bivalent C_1-8 saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain; and Y is selected from:
    • [0260] (i) C_1-6 alkyl substituted with oxo, halogen, NO₂, or CN;
    • [0261] (ii) C_2-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, NO₂, or CN; or
    • [0262] (iii) C_2-6 alkynyl optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, NO₂, or CN; or
    • [0263] (iv) a saturated 3-4 membered heterocyclic ring having 1 heteroatom selected from oxygen or nitrogen wherein said ring is substituted with 1-2 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein; or
    • [0264] (v) a saturated 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatom selected from oxygen or nitrogen wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein; or

[0265]
wherein each R, Q, Z, and R^e is as defined above and described herein; or

• • • [0266] (vii) a saturated 3-6 membered carbocyclic ring, wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein; or
    • [0267] (viii) a partially unsaturated 3-6 membered monocyclic ring having 0-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein; or
    • [0268] (ix) a partially unsaturated 3-6 membered carbocyclic ring, wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein; or

[0269]
wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein; or

• • • [0270] (xi) a partially unsaturated 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein; or

[0271]

• • • [0272]  wherein each R and R^e is as defined above and described herein; or
    • [0273] (xiii) a 6-membered aromatic ring having 0-2 nitrogens wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e group is as defined above and described herein; or

[0274]

• • • [0275]  wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein; or
    • [0276] (xv) a 5-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein said ring is substituted with 1-3 R^e groups, wherein each R^e group is as defined above and described herein; or

[0277]

• • • [0278]  wherein each R and R^e is as defined above and described herein; or
    • [0279] (xvii) an 8-10 membered bicyclic, saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein R^e is as defined above and described herein;
  • [0280] (p) L is a covalent bond, —CH₂—, —NH—, —C(O)—, —CH₂NH—, —NHCH₂—, —NHC(O)—, —NHC(O)CH₂OC(O)—, —CH₂NHC(O)—, —NHSO₂—, —NHSO₂CH₂—, —NHC(O)CH₂OC(O)—, or —SO₂NH—; and Y is selected from:
    • [0281] (i) C_1-6 alkyl substituted with oxo, halogen, NO₂, or CN; or
    • [0282] (ii) C_2-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, NO₂, or CN; or
    • [0283] (iii) C_2-6 alkynyl optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, NO₂, or CN; or
    • [0284] (iv) a saturated 3-4 membered heterocyclic ring having 1 heteroatom selected from oxygen or nitrogen wherein said ring is substituted with 1-2 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein; or
    • [0285] (v) a saturated 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatom selected from oxygen or nitrogen wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein; or

[0286]
wherein each R, Q, Z, and R^e is as defined above and described herein; or

• • • [0287] (vii) a saturated 3-6 membered carbocyclic ring, wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein; or
    • [0288] (viii) a partially unsaturated 3-6 membered monocyclic ring having 0-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein; or
    • [0289] (ix) a partially unsaturated 3-6 membered carbocyclic ring, wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein; or

[0290]
wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein; or

• • • [0291] (xi) a partially unsaturated 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein; or

[0292]

• • • [0293]  wherein each R and R^e is as defined above and described herein; or
    • [0294] (xiii) a 6-membered aromatic ring having 0-2 nitrogens wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein each R^e group is as defined above and described herein; or

[0295]

• • • [0296]  wherein each R^e is as defined above and described herein; or
    • [0297] (xv) a 5-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein said ring is substituted with 1-3 R^e groups, wherein each R^e group is as defined above and described herein; or

[0298]

• • • [0299]  wherein each R and R^e is as defined above and described herein; or
    • [0300] (xvii) an 8-10 membered bicyclic, saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein said ring is substituted with 1-4 R^e groups, wherein R^e is as defined above and described herein.

[0301] In certain embodiments, the Y group of formula Ia or Ib is selected from those set forth in Table 3, below, wherein each wavy line indicates the point of attachment to the rest of the molecule.

[0302]

TABLE 3
Exemplary Y groups:
	a
	b
	c
	d
	e
	f
	g
	h
	i
	j
	k
	l
	m
	n
	o
	p
	q
	r
	s
	t
	u
	v
	w
	x
	y
	z
	aa
	bb
	cc
	dd
	ee
	ff
	gg
	hh
	ii
	jj
	kk
	ll
	mm
	nn
	oo
	pp
	qq
	rr
	ss
	tt
	uu
	vv
	ww
	xx
	yy
	zz
	aaa
	bbb
	ccc
	ddd
	eee
	fff
	ggg
	hhh
	iii
	jjj
	kkk
	lll
	mmm
	nnn
	ooo
	ppp
	qqq
	rrr
	sss
	ttt
	uuu
	vvv
	qqq
	www
	xxx
	yyy
	zzz
	aaaa
	bbbb
	cccc
	dddd
	eeee
	ffff
	gggg
	hhhh
	iiii
	jjjj
	kkkk
	llll
	mmmm
	nnnn
	oooo
	pppp
	qqqq
	rrrr
	ssss
	tttt
	uuuu
	vvvv
	wwww
	xxxx
	yyyy
	zzzz
	aaaaa
	bbbbb
	ccccc
wherein each Re is independently a suitable leaving group, NO2, CN, or
oxo.

[0303] In certain embodiments, R¹ is —C≡CH, —C≡CCH₂NH(isopropyl), —NHC(O)C≡CCH₂CH₃, —CH₂—C≡C—CH₃, —C≡CCH₂OH, —CH₂C(O)C≡CH, —C(O)C≡CH, or —CH₂C(═O)C≡CH. In some embodiments, R¹ is selected from —NHC(O)CH═CH₂, —NHC(O)CH═CHCH₂N(CH₃)₂, or —CH₂NHC(O)CH═CH₂.

[0304] In certain embodiments, R¹ is selected from those set forth in Table 4, below, wherein each wavy line indicates the point of attachment to the rest of the molecule.

[0305]

TABLE 4
Exemplary R1 Groups
	a
	b
	c
	d
	e
	f
	g
	h
	i
	j
	k
	l
	m
	n
	o
	p
	q
	r
	s
	t
	u
	v
	w
	x
	y
	z
	aa
	bb
	cc
	dd
	ee
	ff
	gg
	hh
	ii
	jj
	kk
	ll
	mm
	nn
	oo
	pp
	qq
	rr
	ss
	tt
	uu
	vv
	ww
	xx
	yy
	zz
	aaa
	bbb
	ccc
	ddd
	eee
	fff
	ggg
	hhh
	iii
	jjj
	kkk
	lll
	mmm
	nnn
	ooo
	ppp
	qqq
	rrr
	sss
	ttt
	uuu
	vvv
	www
	xxx
	yyy
	zzz
	aaaa
	bbbb
	cccc
	dddd
	eeee
	ffff
	gggg
	hhhh
	iiii
	jjjj
	kkkk
	llll
	mmmm
	nnnn
	oooo
	pppp
	qqqq
	rrrr
	ssss
	tttt
	uuuu
	vvvv
	wwww
	xxxx
	yyyy
	zzzz
	aaaaa
	bbbbb
	ccccc
	ddddd
	eeeee
	fffff
	ggggg
	hhhhh
	iiiii
	jjjjj
	kkkkk
	lllll
	mmmmm
	nnnnn
	ooooo
	ppppp
	qqqqq
	rrrrr
	sssss
	ttttt
	uuuuu
	vvvvv
	wwwww
	xxxxx
	yyyyy
	zzzzz
	aaaaaa
	bbbbbb
	cccccc
	dddddd
	eeeeee
	ffffff
	gggggg
	hhhhhh
	iiiiii
	jjjjjj
	kkkkkk
	llllll
	mmmmmm
	nnnnnn
	oooooo
	pppppp
	qqqqqq
	rrrrrr
	ssssss
	tttttt
	uuuuuu
	vvvvvv
	wwwwww
	xxxxxx

wherein each R^e is independently a suitable leaving group, NO₂, CN, or oxo.

[0306] As defined generally above, R¹ is a warhead group, or, when R¹ and R^x form a ring, then -Q-Z is a warhead group. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that such R¹ groups, i.e. warhead groups, are particularly suitable for covalently binding to a key cysteine residue in the binding domain of certain protein kinases. Protein kinases having a cysteine residue in the binding domain are known to one of ordinary skill in the art and include ErbB1, ErbB2, and ErbB4, or a mutant thereof. In certain embodiments, compounds of the present invention have a warhead group characterized in that inventive compounds target one or more of the following cysteine residues:

[0307]

	ERBB1	ITQLMPFGCLLDYVREH
	ERBB2	VTQLMPYGCLLDHVREN
	ERBB4	VTQLMPHGCLLEYVHEH

[0308] Thus, in some embodiments, R¹ is characterized in that the -L-Y moiety is capable of covalently binding to a cysteine residue thereby irreversibly inhibiting the enzyme. In certain embodiments, the cysteine residue is Cys797 of ErbB1, Cys805 of ErbB2 and Cys803 of ErbB4, or a mutant thereof, where the provided residue numbering is in accordance with Uniprot (code POO533 for ErbB1; code PO4626 for ErbB2, and Q15303 for ErbB4). It will be understood that the Cys of ErbB1 (EGFR) is variably called 773 or 797 depending on whether the parent sequence contains the signal peptide or not. Thus, in accordance with the present invention, the relevant cysteine residue of ErbB1 may be described as Cys 773 or Cys 797 and these terms are used interchangeably.

[0309] One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that a variety of warhead groups, as defined herein, are suitable for such covalent bonding. Such R¹ groups include, but are not limited to, those described herein and depicted in Table 3, infra.

[0310] As depicted in formulae I-a and I-b supra, the R¹ warhead group can be in an ortho-, meta-, or para-position. In certain embodiments, the R¹ warhead group is in a meta-position of the phenyl ring relative to the rest of the molecule.

[0311] In certain embodiments, R¹ is characterized in that the -L-Y moiety is capable of covalently binding to a cysteine residue of TEC, thereby irreversibly inhibiting the enzyme. In some embodiments, the cysteine residue is Cys 449.

[0312] In certain embodiments, R¹ is characterized in that the -L-Y moiety is capable of covalently binding to a cysteine residue of BTK, thereby irreversibly inhibiting the enzyme. In some embodiments, the cysteine residue is Cys 481.

[0313] In certain embodiments, R¹ is characterized in that the -L-Y moiety is capable of covalently binding to a cysteine residue of ITK, thereby irreversibly inhibiting the enzyme. In some embodiments, the cysteine residue is Cys 442.

[0314] In certain embodiments, R¹ is characterized in that the -L-Y moiety is capable of covalently binding to a cysteine residue of BMX, thereby irreversibly inhibiting the enzyme. In some embodiments, the cysteine residue is Cys 496.

[0315] In certain embodiments, R¹ is characterized in that the -L-Y moiety is capable of covalently binding to a cysteine residue of JAK3, thereby irreversibly inhibiting the enzyme. In some embodiments, the cysteine residue is Cys 909.

[0316] In certain embodiments, R¹ is characterized in that the -L-Y moiety is capable of covalently binding to a cysteine residue of TXK, thereby irreversibly inhibiting the enzyme. In some embodiments, the cysteine residue is Cys 350.

[0317] One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that a variety of warhead groups, as defined herein, are suitable for such covalent bonding. Such R¹ groups include, but are not limited to, those described herein and depicted in Table 3, infra.

[0318] Exemplary compounds of the present invention are set forth in Table 5 below.

[0319]

TABLE 5
Exemplary Compounds
	I-1
	I-2
	I-3
	I-4
	I-5
	I-6
	I-7
	I-8
	I-9
	I-10
	I-11
	I-12
	I-13
	I-14
	I-15
	I-16
	I-17
	I-18
	I-19
	I-20
	I-21
	I-22
	I-23
	I-24
	I-25
	I-26
	I-27
	I-28
	I-29
	I-30
	I-31
	I-32
	I-33
	I-34
	I-35
	I-36
	I-37
	I-38
	I-39
	I-40
	I-41
	I-42
	I-43
	I-44
	I-45
	I-46
	I-47
	I-48
	I-49
	I-50
	I-51
	I-52
	I-53
	I-54
	I-55
	I-56
	I-57
	I-58
	I-59
	I-60
	I-61
	I-62
	I-63
	I-64
	I-65
	I-66
	I-67
	I-68
	I-69
	I-70
	I-71
	I-72
	I-73
	I-74
	I-75
	I-76
	I-77
	I-78
	I-79
	I-80
	I-81
	I-82
	I-83
	I-84
	I-85
	I-86
	I-87
	I-88
	I-89
	I-90
	I-91
	I-92
	I-93
	I-94
	I-95
	I-96
	I-97
	I-98
	I-99
	I-100
	I-101
	I-102
	I-103
	I-104
	I-105
	I-106
	I-107
	I-108
	I-109
	I-110
	I-111
	I-112
	I-113
	I-114
	I-115
	I-116
	I-117
	I-118
	I-119
	I-120
	I-121
	I-122
	I-123
	I-124
	I-125
	I-126
	I-127
	I-128
	I-129
	I-130
	I-131
	I-132
	I-133
	I-134
	I-135
	I-136
	I-137
	I-138
	I-139
	I-140
	I-141
	I-142
	I-143
	I-144
	I-145
	I-146
	I-147
	I-148
	I-149
	I-150
	I-151
	I-152
	I-153
	I-154
	I-155
	I-156
	I-157
	I-158
	I-159
	I-160
	I-161
	I-162
	I-163
	I-164
	I-165
	I-166
	I-167
	I-168
	I-169
	I-170
	I-171
	I-172
	I-173
	I-174
	I-175
	I-176
	I-177
	I-178
	I-179
	I-180
	I-181
	I-182
	I-183
	I-184
	I-185
	I-186
	I-187
	I-188
	I-189
	I-190
	I-191
	I-192
	I-193
	I-194
	I-195
	I-196
	I-197
	I-198
	I-199
	I-200
	I-201
	I-202
	I-203
	I-204
	I-205
	I-206
	I-207
	I-208
	I-209
	I-210
	I-211
	I-212
	I-213
	I-214
	I-215
	I-216
	I-217
	I-218
	I-219
	I-220
	I-221
	I-222
	I-223
	I-224
	I-225
	I-226
	I-227
	I-228
	I-229
	I-230
	I-231
	I-232
	I-233
	I-234
	I-235
	I-236
	I-237
	I-238
	I-239
	I-240
	I-241
	I-242
	I-243
	I-244
	I-245
	I-246
	I-247
	I-248
	I-249
	I-250
	I-251
	I-252
	I-253
	I-254
	I-255
	I-256
	I-257
	I-258
	I-259
	I-260
	I-261
	I-262
	I-263
	I-264
	I-265
	I-266
	I-267
	I-268
	I-269
	I-270
	I-271
	I-272
	I-273
	I-274
	I-275
	I-276
	I-277
	I-278
	I-279
	I-280
	I-281
	I-282
	I-283
	I-284
	I-285
	I-286
	I-287
	I-288
	I-289
	I-290
	I-291
	I-292
	I-293
	I-294
	I-295
	I-296
	I-297
	I-298
	I-299
	I-300
	I-301
	I-302
	I-303
	I-304
	I-305
	I-306
	I-307
	I-308
	I-309
	I-310
	I-311
	I-312
	I-313
	I-314
	I-315
	I-316
	I-317
	I-318
	I-319
	I-320
	I-321
	I-322
	I-323
	I-324
	I-325
	I-326
	I-327
	I-328
	I-329
	I-330
	I-331
	I-332
	I-333
	I-334
	I-335
	I-336
	I-337
	I-338
	I-339
	I-340
	I-341
	I-342
	I-343
	I-344
	I-345
	I-346
	I-347
	I-348
	I-349
	I-350
	I-351
	I-352
	I-353
	I-354
	I-355
	I-356
	I-357
	I-358
	I-359
	I-360
	I-361
	I-362
	I-363
	I-364
	I-365
	I-366
	I-367
	I-368