Asset protection system

[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part application based on U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/754,031 filed on Apr. 5, 2010 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,269,631 on Sep. 18, 2012. U.S. application Ser. No. 12/754,031 is a continuation-in-part application based on U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/762,879 filed on Mar. 18, 2010 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,305,219 on Nov. 6, 2012. U.S. application Ser. No. 12/726,879 is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/498,367, filed on Jul. 7, 2009, and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,274,391 on Sep. 25, 2012. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/498,367 is a continuation-in-part application based on U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/391,222 filed on Feb. 23, 2009 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,144,014 on Mar. 27, 2012. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/391,222 claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application 61/030,932, filed on Feb. 22, 2008, and U.S. Provisional Application 61/030,929 filed on Feb. 22, 2008. The entire disclosures contained in U.S. application Ser. No. 12/754,031, U.S. Pat. No. 8,269,631, U.S. patent application 726,879, U.S. Pat. No. 8,305,219, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/498,367, U.S. Pat. No. 8,274,391, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/391,222, U.S. Pat. No. 8,144,014, U.S. Provisional Application 61/030,932, and U.S. Provisional Application 61/030,929, including the attachments thereto, are incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] The present application is generally related to asset protection, and more specifically to the prevention of theft of assets, including the prevention of theft of retail items. The several embodiments in the present application comprise both an overall system as well as tags used in that system and may be considered to be generally in the field of electronic article surveillance (EAS). Also, various embodiments of tags of the present application may be used with various electronic article surveillance (EAS) systems in addition to the system of the present application, including for example, an EAS system utilizing tags and deactivators featuring infrared communication for deactivation and alarming and featuring dynamic time based passcode modification and other tamper resistant features, and/or an EAS system using passive EAS element technology.

[0003] U.S. Pat. No. 4,686,513 by Farrar et al. is for an “Electronic surveillance using self-powered article attached tags”. Alarm tags releasably attachable to articles to be monitored in a retail installation or the like have enhanced operational capabilities giving rise to an improved likelihood of detection of article theft. The system has a transmitter unit which radiates signals containing diverse message contents. The tags each include an attachment device for releasably securing the tag to an article, a receiver unit for receiving such radiated signals and decoding the messages therein, an alarm unit and a signal processor, the latter being responsive to the state of the attachment device and to decoded messages for selectively operating the alarm unit to provide sensible output alarm indication. In a preferred embodiment, the system includes a transmitter in an exit area of the retail installation which radiates a signal containing a first message for receipt only by tags in such area and has a transmitter in a checkout area which radiates signals containing various selectable messages for article checkout purposes.

[0004] U.S. Pat. No. 5,083,111 by Drucker et al. is for a “Jamming Apparatus for Electronic Article Surveillance Systems”. In an electronic article surveillance system, a jamming apparatus is provided for establishing a jamming zone in which tags can be situated and not respond to message signals from a surveillance system transmitter and in which the surveillance system receiver can be situated and still respond to tag signals.

[0005] U.S. Pat. No. 5,245,317 by Chidley et al. is for an “Article theft detection apparatus”. A method and system are provided for monitoring an item within a defined area and sounding an alarm if the item is removed from the area. A transmitter and transducers emit ultrasound which substantially saturates the area to be monitored. A security tag having a detector and alarm is attached to the items to be monitored within the area. Sensing circuits may be additionally provided to determine whether a security tag is being tampered with or removed by an unauthorized person. The security tag's alarm is sounded in the event that the receiver does not detect the ultrasound indicating that the monitored item is no longer in the monitored area. Additional alarms may be provided for indicating that the security tag has been tampered with or removed.

[0006] Systems that rely on frequent or consistent signals from tags exacerbate limitations of the tags. Transmitting a radio frequency signal places a high demand on the power supply of a tag, and the quality of the signal from a tag is highly dependent upon the orientation of the tag. Because of this, even more power may be needed from a power supply to compensate for a tags deviation from the optimum orientation, particularly when the element of the system receiving a signal from a tag, is at some distance from the tag. The power supply is most typically a battery. The larger the distance between a transmitting object and a receiving object, the stronger the original signal needs to be and the more power required. This distance factor requires either more power for the tag transmitter or a large number of receiving antennas, or some combination of both. Greater power requirements for the tag decrease tag life. Larger numbers of antennas or large antennas add to the cost of the system.

[0007] Other limitations of prior art systems involve coordinating transmissions from multiple tags. Depending on the particular regulatory regime, a system will operate at a given frequency and monitor that frequency for communication from the several tags located in a monitored area. If the tags transmit at the same time, their signals will interfere with each other. In order for prior art systems to track tags and the associated products, the tags must periodically check in with the system via transmissions at the particular frequency. When systems employ multiple tags transmitting information back to the broader system, various schemes need to be employed to ensure that tag signals don't interfere with each other, so that the system can receive the tag signals. This adds complexity to the system, and the scheduled transmissions from the tags consume energy which shortens tag life. The frequent tag transmissions required by these schemes and the need for adequately powered tag signals leads to a limited life for the power source and therefore unsatisfactory tag longevity. Hence there is a need for a system facilitating long battery life for both economical and efficacy reasons.

[0008] Embodiments of the present invention are for anti-theft electronic article surveillance systems and tags. The tags have the ability to generate an alarm signal under conditions indicating theft. The systems operating with these tags facilitate a long battery life for the batteries powering the tags.

[0009] The tags comprise: a microprocessor; a motion sensor; a radio frequency (RF) transmitter and receiver, or RF transceiver; an audible alarm generator; a battery powering the foregoing elements; an attaching mechanism for releaseably attaching the tag to an object, and sometimes a locking device associated with the attaching mechanism; and some embodiments may include a passive EAS element. The electronic components powered by the battery perform several logic and communication functions. The microprocessor is capable of storing and executing programmed instructions. The motion sensor functions to determine when the tag is being moved. The motion sensor may actually detect motion, or the motion sensor may monitor the orientation of the tag, for example, by sensing gravity, and interpret a change in orientation of the tag as motion.

[0010] The electronics of the tags are normally idle, except for the motion sensor and the limited requirements on the microprocessor to monitor the motion sensor. When the motion sensor indicates that the tag is in motion, the rest of the electronics begin to have roles. When the tags are activated, the radio frequency receivers, or transceivers, monitor for radio frequency signals, or fields, that they expect to detect. If the expected fields, or signals, are not detected by the radio frequency receivers, the tags will self alarm and produce an alarm. In some embodiments, this alarm may be an audible alarm to notify surrounding persons. In other embodiments the alarm may be a radio signal alarm detectable by other elements of the system. If the expected signal fields are detected by the radio frequency receivers, the tags will simply continue to monitor for the signal fields for a predetermined time after the tags come to rest. Once the tags are at rest for the predetermined period, the tags will go idle again, except for the motion sensor being monitored by the microprocessor. Receivers can be placed at locations where tag alarm signals are anticipated so that tag signals need not be overly powerful and drain the onboard battery. The infrequent broadcast by the tags along with short range required of the signal reduces drain on the power source and greatly extends the life of a tag.

[0011] The operation of the tags described above function in cooperation with a larger EAS system. Assets that are to be monitored have tags releasably attached to them and are located in a given area protected by the EAS system. The system generally saturates the protected area with a radio frequency signal. The RF signal has a code modulated onto the signal. When objects with the above described tags are moved within a protected area, the motion transmitted to the associated tag is detected by the motion sensor being monitored by the microprocessor. The microprocessor and transceiver circuitry then begin to monitor for the signal. Since the tag is in the protected area it receives the signal and remains quiescent as far as the audible alarm is concerned. The transceiver also does not transmit an RF alarm. When an object to which a tag is attached is removed from a protected area, the motion transmitted to the associated tag is detected by the motion sensor being monitored by the microprocessor. The microprocessor and transceiver circuitry then begin to monitor for the signal. As the tag is removed from the prescribed area, it loses the signal, and the microprocessor executes instructions to issue an audible alarm via the audible alarm generator. The tag may also transmit an RF signal alarm. Receivers may be located at anticipated locations such as exits to positioned close enough to easily detect a tag RF signal. The alarm continues to sound until the tag is instructed to cease alarming by the system. This may be by returning the object and its accompanying tag to the protected area where the signal is obtainable, or by more specific instructions from the system via RF communications. In some embodiments, the tags may continue to alarm even after being returned to the protected area and may require specific instructions from the system to cease alarming. Also, if a tag is blocked from detecting the field, for example, by being wrapped in metal foil, the tag will not be able to detect the field and will alarm as if it has been removed from the protected area.

[0012] In at least one embodiment, the system saturates the protected area with the signal by using multiple units comprising signal radiating elements, such as power sources, signal generating circuits, and antennas. The signal radiating units can be mounted overhead with their signal directed downward. This positions the signal radiating units out of the way, and allows the fields of their signals to expand downward toward the occupied space of a protected area, where the majority of objects and tags are located. The radiating units may also be located at ground level when preferred. The radiating units have external power sources ultimately based on the ubiquitous alternating current system and therefore are not limited in their power capabilities as the tags are. Also, where it is possible to use a single antenna to cover the entire protected area, the system would work with a single antenna as well.

[0013] The use of several radiating units allows the signal field of the protected area to be closely tailored to the physical contours of the protected area. Additionally, some radiating units may transmit a canceling, or interference, field to attenuate the signal in particular areas. For example, radiating units nearest exits from the protected area may transmit a canceling field so that the signal is attenuated at the exits but within the physical space of the protected area. In application in a retail environment, this would mean that a tag on an object being improperly removed from the retail store would lose the system signal while still in the store. The tag would then sound an audible alarm while still in the retail store in proximity to store personnel, and receivers located near the exits can pick up RF alarms from an exiting tag. Some embodiments of the system may employ transmitter systems at ground level to generate the canceling field as this may facilitate a highly local effect at an exit or other area where it is desired to cancel the signal.

[0014] In one embodiment of the system, the signal field generated over the monitored area has a code modulated onto it. When a tag is moved and scans for the presence of the signal, it decodes the signal for confirmation that it is still in the monitored area. In an area where it is desired that the field be attenuated, an interference signal is broadcast at the same frequency, or nearly the same frequency, as the monitoring field. This interference signal does not have the code modulated onto it like the monitoring field does. The nearness in frequency of the two fields inhibits the tag's ability to cleanly receive and decipher the code modulated onto the monitoring field, effectively canceling the monitoring field within the range of the interference field. Failing to receive and decipher the code, the tag issues an audible alarm, and in some embodiments, an RF alarm signal receivable by receivers located specifically at a location to receive the tag RF alarm signal. These receivers would be located where tag alarms would be expected such as at areas where the field is intentionally attenuated, like exits, etc.

[0015] In addition to the basic anti-theft alarming functions, the tags are capable of data storage. This capability is helpful for inventory management and theft deterrence. Each tag can store its own identifier and a passcode for security purposes, as well as information about the object to which it is attached. A controller associated with the system communicates the object information to the tag, typically when the tag is attached to the object. In at least one embodiment this communication occurs via radio frequency transmission from a transmitter associated with the controller and received by the transceiver of the tag being attached to the object. The information for the object, the tag identifier, and any passcode, may be stored in a database accessible by the controller such as on an associated computer. On the tag, the data is stored by the microprocessor. In a retail setting, when merchandise is added to an area and tags attached to the merchandise, the information about the object can be transmitted to the tag and the tag identifier assigned to the tag. In some embodiments, a tag may have a permanent identifier, while in other embodiments the tag identifier may be added as the tag is brought into the system. Similarly, once a tag is associated with an object, or piece of merchandise, in a database, the tag identifier is sufficient to identify the tag. In at least one embodiment, transmission from the tag is limited to alarming conditions and direct interrogation of the tag by the controller during entry or removal from the system of either the tag or the object being protected, or both. As discussed above, this limiting of transmissions from the tag greatly lengthens the life of the power supply of the tag, usually a battery.

[0016] Embodiments of tags may vary widely in how they releasably attach to the objects they are protecting. The various attaching mechanism available to attach a tag to a protected object include: tack and clutch mechanisms; lanyards; pivoting members clamping around the object, and; adhesive elements. Some embodiments of tags will have tamper detection capabilities which will vary depending on how the tag attaches to an object. For example, lanyard tags may employ a lanyard with a conductive element, so that when a lanyard is cut to remove a tag, an electrical conductive circuit is changed, indicating tampering. Other tags may employ switches to indicate when parts of a tag are being separated without authorization or without the tag being disarmed.

[0017] Some embodiments of the tags may carry a passive EAS element. These passive EAS elements work with EAS systems that generate interrogation fields at exits or other areas of interest. There are at least two types of passive EAS elements.

[0018] One type of passive element comprises a wire coil and ferrite core. While transmitting, the interrogation field builds up energy in the coil and core element. When the interrogation field ceases, the energy in coil and core elements dissipates and generates a signal that is a harmonic of the interrogation field. The EAS system monitors for these harmonics, and when a harmonic signal is detected, the system determines that a tag is present in the monitored area and an alarm condition is determined.

[0019] Another type of passive tag uses two small metal strips. One has a magnetic bias to it, while the other does not. The two strips are arranged in proximity to each other with only limited constraints and together are tuned to resonate when brought into an interrogation field. The resonance produces a signal which the EAS system can detect. Detection of the signal produces an alarm condition in the EAS system.

[0020] In addition to alarming when a system signal is not received, some tag embodiments will alarm when an attempt is made to remove the tags from a protected object without authorization. These tags employ switches and other sensing methods to detect when a tag has been removed, or an attempt is being made to remove them, and the tag alarms when that is determined.

[0029] FIG. 1 is an overall view of the asset protection system 10. A plurality of signal, or field, transmission units 20, 22, and 24 are used by the asset protection system 10 to create and shape a monitoring field in a protected area. In one embodiment, each transmission unit 20, 22, and 24 has a programmable controller, memory, signal transmitting and receiving means, and standard power chords 52 for power. Computer 40 performs database functions and other data intensive functions and connects to controller 80 with cable 50. Controller 80 provides a means of interacting with tags 30 as well as performing some data entry functions.

[0030] Each transmission unit 20, 22, and 24 is independently capable of radiating an area with a radio frequency field, although, as discussed in more detail below, transmission units 20, 22, and 24 perform different functions. The transmission units operate as auxiliary transmission units 20, master synchronizer unit 22, and interference transmission units 24. In at least one embodiment the transmission units 20, 22, 24 are mounted overhead with the individual fields generated by each transmission unit expanding as it reaches down into the occupied levels of the monitored area. This allows the entire target area to be covered without intrusive installations at the level where persons and objects will be located. A sample tag 30 is shown in FIG. 1. Tags 30 are releasably attached to items to be protected and generate alarms under particular conditions.

[0031] Transmission units 20 transmit a field at a known frequency as does master synchronizer unit 22. However transmission unit 22 also operates as a master synchronizer 22 to insure that transmission units 20, and also master synchronizer unit 22, are cycling together. Master synchronizer unit 22 cycles in coordination with auxiliary transmission units 20, and at the same radio frequency, to create a continuous, or near continuous, monitoring field in the desired area which is being monitored. Master synchronizer unit 22 can communicate and synchronize with auxiliary units 20 with wireless communication by using its signal transmitting and receiving capabilities. In at least one embodiment, the signal field generated by master synchronizer 22 and auxiliary units 20 has a validation code modulated onto it. An EAS tag operating as part of the asset protection system, such as tag 30 shown in FIG. 1, can detect the signal field generated by master synchronizer unit 22 and auxiliary units 20 to confirm that it is presently in the protected area and also decipher the validation code from the signal field. A tag 30 failing to detect the signal field when expected, and decipher a validation code when a validation code is being used, will determine an alarm condition and generate alarms. This will be described in more detail below. A tag may fail to detect the signal field because it has been removed from the monitored area or because it is being blocked from receiving the signal field, for example, by being wrapped in metal foil or being placed in a foil lined bag.

[0032] In some embodiments and applications, it will be desirable to shape the signal field by attenuating it in particular areas. For example, it is preferred that the signal field not bleed out through exits from the monitored area, so that tags such as tag 30 will alarm while still on the internal side of the exit. If the signal field still has a strong enough presence on the external side of the exit, a tag will detect it and fail to determine that it has been transported outside of the protected area.

[0033] Referring again to FIG. 1, exit 70 consists of two doors leading from the monitored area. Above exit 70 are two interference transmission units 24 that combine to broadcast an interference field in front of exit 70. This interference field is at a frequency that is within the receiving bandwidth of tag 30 and the interference field does not have the validation code. In the spaces where the monitoring field overlaps the interference field, there are two fields at frequencies within the receiving bandwidth of tag 30, only one of which, the monitoring field, has the validation code modulated onto the field. The presence of the interference field in the tag's 30 receiving bandwidth, prevents tag 30 from accurately deciphering the validation code from the monitoring field. The failure to decipher the validation code from the monitoring field causes tag 30 to determine an alarm condition and take appropriate action as provided by the machine readable instructions programmed into its microprocessor. Among the actions that tag 30 may take is the generation of an audible alarm and the transmission of a radio frequency alarm signal.

[0034] In addition to generating interference fields, interference units 24 can also scan for signals from alarming tags 30. Tags 30 transmit their alarm signals at frequencies that vary sufficiently from the monitoring field and the interference field that there is no interference between those broader fields and the alarm signals of tags 30. Interference transmission units 24 can be located in relatively close proximity to where alarming tags are expected, which decreases the strength requirements for a signal coming from a tag. This decreases the power drain from the tags power supply. The radio frequency alarm transmission from tag 30 can also communicate coded information such as the identifier number stored on tag 30. When an interference transmission unit 24 detects an alarm signal from an alarming tag 30, it can alarm as well. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, interference transmission units 24 are connected to audible alarm generators 26 which generate audible alarms when energized by interference transmission units 24. In other embodiments of the asset protection system, interference transmission units 24 may be connected to lights to generate visual alarms by flashing the lights, etc.

[0035] Referring still to FIG. 1, controller 80 is connected to computer 40 by cable 50. The embodiment of controller 80 shown in FIG. 1 has a keypad 82 for command and data entry, a display screen 83, a communication pad 84 for radio frequency communication with tag 30, and a detacher 86 for allowing tags 30 to be detached from objects. FIG. 2 shows controller 80 installed at a checkout counter 90 in a retail application. Also shown in FIG. 2 is a cash register 92. In retail environments, most products and protected objects will be processed out of the monitored area via a checkout counter like the one shown in FIG. 2 at checkout counter 90. Communication pad 84 of controller 80 is comprised of transmitting and receiving elements that can communicate via RF frequency signals with tag 30, which is attached to protected objects being checked out of the monitored area, or store. The transmitting and receiving elements of communication pad 84 are sometimes combined into transceivers. The transmitting capabilities of tag 30 used to broadcast an RF alarm signal can also transmit information to communication pad 84, while the receiving capabilities of tag 30 can receive information from communication pad 84.

[0036] Communication pad 84 can exchange data information with tag 30 as well as making changes to the machine readable instructions stored on a microprocessor in tag 30. The close proximity of communication pad 84 with tag 30 at checkout decreases the strength of signal that tag 30 needs to transmit. At checkout, controller 80 can query tag 30 to receive from the tag 30 the unique identifier that was assigned to tag 30 at a previous point in time. Controller 80 can also receive from tag 30 information about the object to which tag 30 is attached. This information about the object can be imparted to tag 30 at the time tag 30 is attached to the object. Alternatively, the unique identifier assigned to tag 30 can be associated with the object and its information within a relational database at the time that tag 30 is attached to the object. In the relational database, knowledge of the identifier of the tag is then sufficient to know to which object that tag is attached. When the object is checked out, the system can record and date stamp the transaction and remove the object from inventory. Information about the transaction can be recorded such as an employee identifier, customer identifier, etc. The ability to store an employee identifier aids in prevention of internal theft as well as other employee management tasks. The ability to store a customer identifier with a transaction allows a retailer to develop customer profiles, etc. Keypad 82 facilitates interaction between a user and the system and display screen 83 provides visual information for the user.

[0037] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, controller 80 also has detacher 86 associated with it. Detacher 86 facilitates the detachment of tag 30 from the object, and in at least one embodiment detacher 86 has a magnet which, when detacher 86 is brought into proximity to a tag, facilitates the release of the tag from the object. In FIG. 2, detacher 86 is shown removed from a nest in controller 80 so that it may be brought into close enough proximity with a tag to allow it to be release from the object being protected. Detacher 86 is maintained in association with controller 80 by cable or tether 87. Some embodiments of tags are programmed to determine an alarm condition and to alarm when a tag is removed from an object without authorization. In those situations, communication pad 82 of controller 80 can deactivate, or disarm, a tag prior to the tag's detachment from the object. In programmable embodiments, this disarming is accomplished by changing a setting in the machine readable instructions of a microprocessor carried by the tag.

[0038] Some embodiments of the asset protection system will employ passcodes. An anti-theft tag 30 can store a security passcode. When controller 80 interacts with tag 30, it can transmit the passcode to tag 30 which compares to a value stored by tag 30. If the passcode transmitted by controller 80 to tag 30 and the stored value match, tag 30 disarms and it may be released from the item to which it is attached without an alarm being generated. If the system employs a unique passcode for each tag 30, then controller 80 must first receive a unique identifier associated with a given tag 30. With that information, controller 80 can determine the correct passcode and transmit it to tag 30 to disarm tag 30. An incorrect passcode will not cause tag 30 to disarm and subsequent removal of tag 30 will cause an alarm condition.

[0039] Each interaction between the system at large and a tag 30 is trackable and recordable by the system's server and computer elements. When a tag 30 is applied to an object to be protected, the tag and its associated object is entered into the database functions of the system. Because a tag is only required to communicate with receivers in relatively close proximity to it, a tag does not need to expend excessive energy transmitting information to the system at large. Both the communication pad 82 of controller 80 and the interference units 24 can be located to provide close proximity to tags 30. Communication pad 82 and interference units 24 are not limited in their access to power as tags 30.

[0040] Referring now to FIG. 3, tag 300 is compatible with the asset protection system. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 3, tag 300 is attached to an object to be protected by tack 301. Shaft 302 of tack 301 passes through an object to be protected and into tack aperture 304, where it is releasably retained. The object to be protected may be an article of clothing, etc. Tag 300 carries active electronic article surveillance (EAS) electronics, a battery to power the active electronics, and in some embodiments, a passive EAS element, as well as tamper detection sensors.

[0041] FIG. 4 is an exploded perspective view of the tack attached tag 300 of FIG. 3, and shows several of the elements internal to tag 300. At the left end of tag 300 are elements associated with attaching tag 300 to an item to be protected, such as clutch housing 307, shaft switch 316, and tack 301. In the center and to the right of tag 300 are electronics elements for active security functions of tag 300. Located within tag 300, and shown attached to circuit board 312, are light emitting diode 310, battery 311, and audible alarm generator 313. Normally attached to the bottom of circuit board 312, in this embodiment of tag 300, but shown outside of tag 300 in FIG. 4 are microprocessor 317, motion sensor 318, and a radio frequency receiving and transmitting circuitry 319. In some embodiments, receiving and transmitting circuitry function as a transceiver. The microprocessor is capable of storing machine readable instructions and executing those machine readable instructions based on inputs from the other elements in tag 300. In addition to these powered electronics, passive EAS element 314 is also shown in FIG. 3.

[0042] When attached to an object to be protected and when the object to be protected is placed in a protected area such as shown in FIG. 1, tag 300 works in conjunction with transmission units 20, master synchronizer unit 22, and interference units 24 to prevent the theft of the object. Transmission units 20 and master synchronizer unit 22 maintain a radio frequency field, or signal, throughout the protected area, while interference units 24 attenuate the field, or signal, near an exit or other area of interest. When the object to be protected and the associated tag 300 are still, the powered electronic elements of tag 300 are normally dormant except for motion sensor 318 and microprocessor 317 which monitors motion sensor 318 at an idle operation level. When tag 300 is moved, motion sensor 318 detects the motion, and microprocessor 317 changes from an idle state to a more active state and monitors RF circuitry 319 for information. If RF circuitry 319 detects an RF signal, or field, at an expected frequency, microprocessor 317 determines that tag 300 is still present in the detected area, and when tag 300 ceases to move for a predetermined amount of time, the powered electronic elements of tag 300 return to a predominantly idle state. If motion sensor 318 conveys to microprocessor 317 that tag 300 is moving, but RF circuitry 319 does not convey to microprocessor 319 that an RF field is present at the expected frequency, microprocessor 317 determines that tag 300 has been moved to a prohibited location such as the neutral area created by interference units 24 near an exit, or even a location beyond the field generated by transmission units 20 and master synchronizer 22. In some embodiments of the asset protection system a code will be modulated onto the monitoring field and tag 300 will attempt to decipher the code. If tag 300 cannot decipher the code from the signal, the tag 300 will determine an alarm condition and alarm. Whatever the reason for the lack of signal, or decipherable code, received by RF circuitry 319, microprocessor 317 causes audible alarm generator 313 to generate an audible alarm. This audible alarm can be heard by personnel and appropriate action taken. If a person attempts to block the signal from tag 300 by, for example, wrapping tag 300 in metal foil, the result will be the same as if tag 300 is removed from the protected area since tag 300 will not receive the signal and won't be able to decipher a code transmitted on the signal. In addition to an audible alarm generated by audible alarm generator 313, tag 300 can send out a radio frequency alarm with RF circuitry 319. This radio frequency alarm is at a frequency sufficiently apart from the field frequency that it will not be interfered with by either the monitoring field or the interference field. Interference units 24 can be strategically placed to be able to pick up the RF signal from alarming tags.

[0043] Once audible alarm generator 313 begins to alarm, it continues to alarm until conditions are met to cease alarming. These conditions can vary depending on the preferences of the user of the system. One condition may simply be the resumption of the RF field or signal, i.e. the return of tag 300 to the protected area where radio frequency receiver 319 can detect the signal. Another condition may be an instruction to cease alarming modulated onto the radio frequency signal of the protected area or at another radio frequency used specifically for that purpose. This instruction to cease alarming can be initiated by authorized personnel. Another condition that may cause tag 300 to cease alarming may be depletion of battery 311.

[0044] There are various approaches to determining whether tag 300 is being moved. In one embodiment, motion sensor 318 employs an accelerometer, such as a piezoelectric accelerometer, to directly detect that tag 300 is being moved. In another embodiment, motion sensor 318 actually monitors the orientation of tag 300 by sensing gravity. If the direction of gravity changes, then motion sensor 318 determines that tag 300 has changed its orientation and is being moved.

[0045] Some embodiments of tag 300 will alarm under other circumstances in addition to not detecting an expected radio frequency signal or field. Cap switch 308, shown in FIG. 3, and shaft switch 316 shown in FIG. 4, provide indications of tampering if their state changes without the electronics of tag 300 being disarmed by a controller 80. When tack shaft 302 is inserted into tag 300, shaft switch 316 is actuated by tack shaft 302. Similarly, when a tag 300 is attached to an object and a layer of material is caught between tag cap 303 and the body of tag 300, cap switch 308 is actuated. Actuation of either switch can be used to arm tag 300 to begin monitoring for a radio frequency signal, and a later change in status for either switch can be used to trigger an audible alarm by alarm generator 313. If cap switch 308 or shaft switch 316 experience a change in state without tag 300 being disarmed, then the electronics of tag 300 determine that tack 301 has been removed from tag 300 without authorization and an audible alarm be sounded by audible alarm generator 313 or tag 300 may also transmit an Rf alarm signal, or both.

[0046] Passive EAS element 314 shown in FIG. 3 adds an additional security feature. EAS element 314 operates with EAS systems in which interrogation fields are established at exits or other control areas. Some passive EAS elements are comprised of a coil and core construction. When the interrogation field is active it builds up energy in the core and coil. When the interrogation field is temporarily discontinued, the energy dissipates from the core and coil assembly and generates a signal that is a harmonic of the original interrogation field. The EAS system monitors for these signals and if one is detected, the system determines that a tag is present in the interrogation field and an alarm may be generated. Other passive tags are comprised of two metallic strips which are loosely mounted in proximity to each other. The two strips are designed and sized to resonate when placed in the interrogation zone. The EAS system is tuned to detect the signal from the resonant EAS tags. Passive EAS element 314 is depicted as the coil and core type. However, tag 300 could just as easily carry the resonant style of tags.

[0047] FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a lanyard tag compatible with the intelligent asset protection system. FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the lanyard tag of FIG. 5 with the outer shell made transparent. As may be seen in FIG. 6, lanyard tag 350 is capable of carrying the same electronics as tag 300 of FIGS. 3 and 4. Visible in FIG. 6 are circuit board 363, battery 362, audible alarm generator 364, and passive EAS element 365. Not visible in FIG. 6 is a microprocessor, motion detector, and radio frequency receiver which are mounted on the opposite side of circuit board 363 in the embodiment shown in FIG. 6.

[0048] Although lanyard tag 350 shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 operates in the asset protection system essentially the same as tag 300 of FIGS. 3 and 4, lanyard tag 350 attaches to an object to be protected with a different mechanism and therefore the tamper indicators in lanyard tag 350 are different. Lanyard tag 351 attaches to an object to be protected by encircling some portion of that object with a lanyard. Lanyard 351 has a permanently anchored end 352 and a coupler end 353, and, in some embodiments, along its length, some portion of lanyard 351 is made of an electrically conductive material. In particular, many embodiments of lanyard tag 350 will have a lanyard 351 having its core made of an electrically conductive cable. Coupler end 353 of lanyard 351 has a retention pin 354 section and a contact cylinder 355 section. To retain lanyard tag 350 on an article, lanyard 351 is passed through the article and retention pin 354 is inserted into aperture 356, where it is retained by a mechanism located in lanyard tag 350. Alternatively to passing lanyard 351 through an article, lanyard 351 may be passed around some location on an article where it may not be easily removed. In one embodiment of tag 350, the mechanism that retains retention pin 354 in aperture 356 is a ball clutch which can be made to release retention pin 354 by application of a magnet to clutch cone 357 visible on the bottom of lanyard tag 350 in FIGS. 5 and 6. In some embodiments, clutch housing 358, visible in FIG. 6, has at least some magnetically attractable material in it, and is the element acted upon by the magnet to release retention pin 354.

[0049] In addition to alarming when it is being moved and no system signal is detected, lanyard tag 350 is capable of self alarming upon the occurrence of any one of several events. One event that can trigger self alarming by tag 350 is physical tampering with the tag. A common attack used against lanyard type tags is the cutting of the lanyard. Referring to FIG. 5, once coupler end 353 of lanyard 351 is inserted through aperture 356 and into retention mechanism 368, two tamper detection circuits are completed. A first tamper detection circuit includes clutch wire 367, retention mechanism 368, retention pin 354, contact cylinder 355, and switch 361 and is completed on circuit board 363 (microprocessor, etc.). This first tamper detection circuit establishes that coupler end 353 of lanyard 351 has been inserted. A second tamper detection circuit includes lanyard wire 369, lanyard 351 and can be completed by two possible routes. One completion route includes contact cylinder 355, switch 361, and circuit board 363 (microprocessor, etc.). Another completion route includes retention pin 354, retention mechanism 368, clutch wire 367 and circuit board 363 (microprocessor, etc.). This second tamper detection circuit monitors the integrity of lanyard 351. If lanyard 351 is cut, the first tamper detection circuit is still completed, while the second detection circuit is opened. When tag 350 detects that lanyard 351 has been cut, it self alarms with audible alarm generator 313 generating an audible sound. Some embodiments of tag 350 will self alarm when the body of tag 350 is opened or otherwise compromised. In this case the self alarm may be triggered by the displacement of circuit board 363 or other means.

[0050] FIG. 7 is an exploded view of an embodiment of a detacher 86. Detacher 86 has a magnet 88 sufficiently strong to allow detachment of tag 300 or tag 350 from an object. Application of detacher 86 to the appropriate area of a tag actuates a release mechanism having a magnetically attractable portion in it.

[0051] It is to be understood that the embodiments and claims are not limited in application to the details of construction and arrangement of the components set forth in the description and illustrated in the drawings. Rather, the description and the drawings provide examples of the embodiments envisioned, but the claims are not limited to any particular embodiment or a preferred embodiment disclosed and/or identified in the specification. The drawing figures are for illustrative purposes only, and merely provide practical examples of the invention disclosed herein. Therefore, the drawing figures should not be viewed as restricting the scope of the claims to what is depicted.

[0052] The embodiments and claims disclosed herein are further capable of other embodiments and of being practiced and carried out in various ways, including various combinations and sub-combinations of the features described above but that may not have been explicitly disclosed in specific combinations and sub-combinations. Accordingly, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conception upon which the embodiments and claims are based may be readily utilized as a basis for the design of other structures, methods, and systems. In addition, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein are for the purposes of description and should not be regarded as limiting the claims.

[0053] While, for explanatory reasons, retail applications have been discussed in more detail, other embodiments of the invention may be used to track persons. For example, embodiments of the invention may be used to track newborns at hospitals, elderly people at assisted living facilities, and inmates of corrections facilities where it is desirable to monitor the presence of a person within an area. In those cases, FIG. 2 can be thought of as illustrating a nurses' station or an administrators' station. Additionally, any operation that needs to maintain control of assets within a given area, such as an R&D group, would benefit from an application of an embodiment of the invention.