US 8,414,570 B2Grant
Microwave coagulation applicator and system
Issue Date:2013-04-09
•26 Claims
•10 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A microwave applicator for insertion into living body tissue for use in microwave coagulation and ablation treatments includes a microwave transmission line extending between an attachment end of the applicator and an antenna toward an insertion end of the applicator with an outer conductive sleeve forming an enclosed cooling fluid space around the transmission line. Circulation of cooling fluid is guided in the cooling fluid space by a guide sleeve. A temperature sensor senses the approximate temperature of cooling fluid to indicate cooling fluid is circulating. A multiplexing and power splitting circuit provides outputs tuned for one or for more than one applicator to be attached and detects the number of applicators and correct connection. A cadence sound generator can be used in conjunction with depth markings on the applicator to provide substantially constant withdrawal of the applicator from the treated tissue after treatment to provide track ablation.
Metadata
Assignee
- BSD Medical Corporation
Inventors
- Paul F. Turner
- Thomas L. Youd
Application Information
Application Number:US 12/620,002
Filing Date:2009-11-17
Priority Date:2009-11-17
Art Unit:3739
Classifications
IPC:
A61B18/14
Patent Drawings (10 sheets)
Description
Background of the Invention
[0001] 1. Field
[0002] This invention relates to electromagnetic radiation (EMR) therapy and more particularly to applicators and systems for applying electromagnetic energy to a treatment site in a living body to heat tissue needing treatment at the treatment site. The invention is useful particularly for treatments in the nature of microwave coagulation or ablation.
[0003] 2. State of the Art
[0004] The use of electromagnetic (EM) energy to heat tissue for the treatment of disease is known. In using microwave energy for tissue heating, an applicator having a microwave radiating antenna is positioned with respect to the tissue to be treated (heated) so that microwave energy radiated from the antenna penetrates and heats the tissue. Many microwave applicators are known in the art. Death, or necrosis, of living tissue cells occurs at temperatures elevated above a normal cell temperature for a sufficient period of time. The sufficient period of time is generally dependent upon the temperature to which the cells are heated. Above a threshold temperature of about 41.5 degrees C., substantial thermal damage occurs in most malignant cells. At temperatures above about 45 degrees C. thermal damage occurs to most normal cells. During treatment, it is desirable to produce an elevated temperature within the targeted tissue for a time period sufficient to cause the desired cell damage, while keeping nearby healthy tissue at a safe lower temperature. For this reason, when treatment involving tissue heating is used, it is important to assure both adequate tumor heating throughout the tumor to the tumor margin and reduced temperatures in the critical normal tissue.
[0005] Heating therapy is sometimes combined with other treatments, such as surgery, ionizing radiation, and chemotherapy. For example, when heating is combined with radiation, it is desirable to maintain the temperature within the diseased tissue within the range of about 42 to 45 degrees C. Higher temperatures are usually undesirable when a combined treatment modality is used because higher temperatures can lead to microvessal collapse causing resistance to radiation therapy and decrease the amount of systemic chemotherapy from reaching the tumor if it has vascular damage. Lower temperatures are undesirable because they can fail to provide adequate therapeutic effect. Therefore, it is important to control the temperature within the desired range for multi-modality treatments and not allow heating of the tissue in the tumor or around the tumor to above 45 degrees C. if such tissue damage from other treatments may be compromised. Treatment within this controlled temperature range is usually referred to as hyperthermia.
[0006] Forms of thermal therapy that kill the tissue with heating alone are generally referred to as coagulation or ablation. To adequately eradicate a cancerous tumor with only the application of heat, it is necessary to ensure adequate heating is accomplished throughout the entire tumor. In cases of a malignant tumor, if viable tumor cells are left behind, the tumor can rapidly grow back leaving the patient with the original problem. In what is generally referred to as microwave coagulation or microwave ablation, the diseased tissue is heated to at least about 55 degrees C., and typically above about 60 degrees C., for exposure times sufficient to kill the cells, typically for greater than about one minute. With microwave coagulation and ablation treatments, there is a volume reduction of temperature that ranges from the high temperature in the treated tissue to the normal tissue temperature of 37 degrees C. outside the treated tissue. The outer margin of the overall heat distribution in the treated tissue volume may then result in damage to normal tissue if such normal tissue is overheated. Therefore, for prolonged coagulation or ablation treatments where the coagulation or ablation volume is maintained at very high temperatures, there is a high risk of damage to surrounding normal tissues. For proper treatment of targeted cancerous tumor volumes or other tissue volumes to be treated, it becomes very important to properly deliver the correct thermal distribution over a sufficient time period to eradicate the tumor tissue while minimizing damage to critical surrounding normal tissue. Fortunately, there are tumor locations that reside in normal tissue that can be destroyed by the heating in limited areas without affecting the health of the patient, such as liver tissue. In such situations the coagulation can be applied in an aggressive way to include a margin of safety in destruction of limited surrounding normal tissues to assure that all of the cancerous tumor is destroyed.
[0007] The process of heating very rapidly to high temperatures that is common in coagulation and ablation treatments may utilize a rather short exposure time. In doing so, the resulting temperature distribution becomes primarily a result of the power absorption distribution within the tissue. However, if such treatments continue for multiple minutes, the blood flow and thermal conduction of the tumor and surrounding tissues will modify the temperature distribution to result in a less predictable heat distribution because the changes occurring in bloodflow in such a heated region may not be predictable. Therefore, it is important to optimize the uniformity of the tissue heating power that is absorbed to lead to a more predictable temperature distribution that better corresponds with the treatment prescription. Therefore, pretreatment planning practices prior to and possibly during treatment for calculating the power and temperature distribution resulting from the parameters of power and relative phase of the power applied to the tissue can be important for not only coagulation and ablation, but also hyperthermia. As higher temperatures are used during treatment, it may increase patient discomfort and pain, so it can be helpful to avoid excessive temperatures to reduce the need of patient sedation.
[0008] Invasive microwave energy applicators can be inserted into living body tissue to place the source of heating into or adjacent to a diseased tissue area. Invasive applicators help to overcome some difficulties that surface applicators experience when the target tissue region is located below the skin (e.g., the prostrate). Invasive applicators must be properly placed to localize the heating to the vicinity of the desired treatment area. Even when properly placed, however, it has been difficult to ensure that adequate heat is developed in the diseased tissue without overheating surrounding healthy tissue. Further, with applicators operating at higher power levels to produce the needed higher temperatures for coagulation and ablation, there is a tendency for the coaxial cable in the portion of the applicator leading from outside the body to the location of the radiating antenna in the applicator to heat to undesirably high temperatures which can cause thermal damage to the normal tissue through which the applicator passes to reach the diseased tissue to be treated. Therefore, various ways of cooling the applicator have been used in the prior art.
[0009] While many microwave applicators are known in the art for applying microwave energy to tissue to provide heating to the tissue, there is a need for better applicators that are easy to use, that have more consistent and predictable heating patterns, have effective cooling of the applicator shafts, and can provide track coagulation or ablation, if desired.
Summary of the Invention
[0010] According to the invention, a microwave applicator for use in microwave coagulation and ablation treatments includes an elongate applicator body having an insertion end for insertion into a tissue region of a living body and an attachment end for attachment to a source of microwave energy. An antenna for radiating microwave energy into tissue to be treated is disposed toward the insertion end of the elongate applicator body. A coaxial microwave energy transmission line is disposed within the applicator body to conduct microwave energy from the attachment end of the applicator to the antenna. An outer conductive sleeve forms the outside of a portion of the applicator body and is spaced concentrically around the microwave energy transmission line to form a cooling fluid space between the inside surface of the outer conductive sleeve and the outer surface of the microwave energy transmission line. A guide sleeve is positioned concentrically within this cooling fluid space and spaced inwardly from the outer conductive sleeve and around the outside of and spaced outwardly from the microwave energy transmission line. The guide sleeve guides flow of a circulating cooling fluid along the outside surface of the microwave energy transmission line and the inside surface of the outer conductive sleeve to cool the microwave energy transmission line and the conductive outer sleeve to maintain the portion of the applicator extending between the outside of the living body and the tissue to be treated in the living body at a temperature below that which will damage healthy tissue. A temperature sensor is positioned to measure the approximate temperature of the circulating cooling fluid thereby indicating that the microwave energy transmission line and the outer conductive sleeve are being actively cooled during the microwave coagulation or ablation treatment. By monitoring the approximate temperature of the cooling fluid, the heating of the tissue along the insertion track of the applicator where inserted into the living body to the diseased tissue can be better controlled to ensure that damage to surrounding normal tissue is minimized during treatments. Because cooling is not normally needed in the tissue to be heated during coagulation and ablation treatments, cooling is not provided in the area of the radiating antenna of the applicator where the heating of tissue is desired.
[0011] In one embodiment of the present invention, a microwave applicator for heat treatment of diseased tissue within a living body includes a handle by which the applicator can be held and manipulated for insertion into the living body. An elongate applicator body having an insertion end for insertion into a tissue region of the living body extends from the handle which usually forms the attachment end of the applicator. An antenna is disposed toward the insertion end of the applicator body. Microwave energy is conducted from the handle to the antenna via a microwave energy transmission line in the form of a coaxial cable disposed within the applicator body. The coaxial cable includes an inner conductor and an outer conductor separated by a dielectric material therebetween. An outer conductive sleeve extends from the handle to an insertion end of the outer conductive sleeve which is separated from the conductive tip by a gap, usually filled with a dielectric material. The outside diameters of the insertion tip, the outer conductive sleeve, and the dielectric material filling the gap therebetween are all about equal so as to form a substantially smooth continuous elongate applicator body, for insertion into the living body. The elongate applicator body, or at least the portion thereof to be inserted into a living body, may be coated with a stick resistant dielectric material such as Teflon. This can at least partially reduce the sticking of coagulation tissue to the applicator outer surface, particularly in the areas of tissue coagulation and ablation, to facilitate removal of the applicator after treatment.
[0012] In the illustrated example embodiment, the elongate applicator body extending from the handle will be substantially rigid. The outer conductive sleeve may be made of a metal such as stainless steel. The conductive insertion tip of the applicator will also be metal, such as brass or stainless steel, and may be sharpened sufficiently so that the applicator can be inserted directly into tissue to be treated. However, even when sharpened, the applicator will generally not be inserted directly through the tough tissue of the skin, but will usually require that a cut or an opening, such as made by a hypodermic needle inserted through the skin, first be made and then the applicator is inserted through such cut or opening. Further, in the illustrated example embodiment, a conductive metal shunt is positioned at the insertion end of the conductive outer sleeve to extend toward the insertion tip. The shunt is also electrically coupled to the outer conductor of the microwave energy transmission line, thereby electrically coupling the outer conductor of the microwave energy transmission line to the conductive outer sleeve. The insertion tip is secured to, but separated from, the insertion end of the shunt by a substantially rigid dielectric spacer that has structural stiffness to prevent bending of the joint between the shunt and tip and to electrically insulate the tip, which is electrically coupled to the microwave energy transmission line inner conductor, from the shunt, which is electrically coupled to the microwave energy transmission line outer conductor. The substantially rigid dielectric spacer is bonded to the shunt and applicator tip, such as by an epoxy adhesive.
[0013] A non-conductive guide sleeve extends from the handle and is positioned concentrically within the elongate applicator body inside and spaced inwardly from the outer conductive sleeve and around the outside of and spaced outwardly from the microwave energy transmission line, i.e., outwardly from the outer conductor thereof. The guide sleeve guides flow of a circulating cooling fluid from the handle along the outside surface of the coaxial microwave transmission line to the end of the guide sleeve toward the insertion end of the applicator, around the end of the guide sleeve, and back along the inside surface of the outer conductive sleeve to the handle. An opposite flow of the cooling fluid can also be used. Circulation of cooling fluid cools the coaxial microwave transmission line and the conductive sleeve to maintain the portion of the applicator extending between the outside of the living body and the tissue to be treated in the living body at a temperature below that which will damage healthy tissue. A temperature sensor is positioned, such as in the handle, to measure the approximate temperature of the cooling fluid being circulated in the applicator. The temperature of the cooling fluid in the applicator is an indication of whether or not the fluid circulation system is operating and whether it is cooling sufficiently.
[0014] Supply and return connections for the cooling fluid from a pressurized source of cooling fluid, usually through flexible hoses, are provided in the handle. Also, a connection to connect to a source of microwave power, such as through a flexible coaxial cable, is also provided in the handle. The handle serves as an interface between the more flexible coaxial cable extending from a microwave generator and the more flexible fluid hoses from a source of cooling fluid, and the substantial rigid elongate applicator.
[0015] The temperature sensor used in the applicator may be a thermistor. The resistance of a thermistor varies with the temperature of the thermistor. The temperature measured by the thermistor is obtained by an external circuit that measures the temperature by causing a constant dc current to flow through the thermistor. The resistance of the thermistor then produces a dc voltage that is indicative of the temperature of the thermistor. The temperature sensor in the handle, or a temperature sensor positioned along the applicator, may be coupled to the flexible coaxial cable extending from the microwave generator through a coupling network, such as a resistive and capacitive coupling network. The resistive and capacitive coupling network allows a dc current from the coaxial cable conductors to flow to and from the thermistor while isolating the thermistor from the microwave power signals, and allows the microwave power signals to flow to the antenna while isolating the antenna from the dc current. Similarly, a coupling network can be used at the opposite end of the flexible coaxial cable, such as in power splitting and multiplexing circuitry, to separate the dc temperature signals from the flexible coaxial cable conductors and direct them to temperature sensing circuitry in a system controller while isolating the temperature sensing circuitry from the microwave power signals, and passing the microwave power signals from the system microwave generator while isolating the system microwave generator from the dc temperature signals. The use of a computer in the system controller to sense forward power, reflected power, measure the thermistor temperature, and possibly monitor other variables such as monitoring tissue temperature by one or more independently inserted temperature sensors, provides control and feedback for the applied microwave power and the proper safety and operation of the microwave coagulation or ablation procedure.
[0016] In addition to the temperature sensor to measure the approximate temperature of the cooling fluid line in the applicator, one or more temperature sensors may be placed along the elongate applicator body so as to place the one or more temperature sensors at positions to measure the temperature of the tissue of the living body along the applicator. If such additional temperature sensors are provided, it is usually advantageous to position one of such temperature sensors at a position close to an expected outer margin of the desired or allowable heating area in the living body tissue to be heated by the antenna during operation of the applicator. This can be used to provide a warning if the tissue to be protected outside the margin of the area to be treated is approaching an undesirably high temperature. It can also be used to estimate the location of the outer margin of the effective heated volume during treatment.
[0017] The use of phased arrays can also reduce microwave heating along the shafts of the applicators due to cross coupling of the energy between the antennas that are driven in phase and separated by a distance that provides for partial power cancellation along the outer portion of the inserted applicators and an increase in tissue heating between these inserted applicators. This partial power cancellation is accomplished when the distance between approximately parallel inserted antennas is approximately a half of a wavelength so that the cross coupled energy is somewhat out of phase with that on an antenna due to its own radiated energy. For a frequency of 915 MHz, for example, the wavelength in typical high water content tissues such as muscle and tumors is approximately 4.3 to 4.7 cm. This means that for an insertion separation of 2.1 to 2.4 cm the separation is about right for this 180 degree relationship. There is also cross coupled phase cancellation for significant phase differences other than 180 degrees, for example, a 135 or 225 degree phase difference will still provide partial phase cancellation from the cross coupling of the microwave coupled fields to partially cancel microwave energy along the outer portion of the inserted applicators. This would be consistent with an applicator spacing of between about 1.6 to 3.0 cm for the 915 MHz example. This partial cancellation of microwave power around the inserted shafts results in reduced heating along the inserted shafts during active microwave tissue heating. This also reduces the local power fields locally around the radiating antennas and the outer shafts to reduce tissue sticking to the antennas and shafts.
[0018] The control of the heating may further include the systematic use of applicators in phased arrays with optimization computational guidance in the form of pretreatment planning to provide an ideal insertion pattern and power and phase application to the array of applicators to produce and control improved uniformity of power deposition, temperatures, and/or coagulation of tissue throughout the tumor volume, and particularly at the tumor margins. The treatment is thereby optimized and controlled by the aid of a numerical calculation of either the planned insertion pattern and number of antennas or the actual pattern achieved as indicated by various non-invasive imaging processes such as computer tomography (CT), ultrasound, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It also may be feasible to use such planning information to adjust power amplitude and phase of each of the inserted applicators as directed by a computer-controlled system using the predicted power patterns from the computer numerical model.
[0019] In a phased array embodiment of the invention, a single microwave generator is used to provide the microwave power for all applicators. The generator will usually operate at 915 MHz, which is an emission frequency commonly licensed for medical applications. This single generator is connected to a passive, non-switching, microwave impedance matched power splitter (divider) which is used to direct power simultaneously to multiple ports that are connected to one or more microwave dipole antennas such as described for the above described applicators. This arrangement provides approximately equal power simultaneously to each of the output connection ports. This arrangement also provides equal phase output of the microwave energy at each of the output ports. Thus, when multiple antennas are connected to the ports of the power splitter, they have equal power and equal relative phase and are thus correctly called a phased array of antennas. The cables going to the radiating points on each antenna are maintained at the same electrical length so that the radiated energy from the antennas are phase synchronous and phase coherent. Phase synchronous meaning that there is a fixed phase relationship between the radiation phase of all antennas and phase coherent meaning that the relative radiated phase from each antenna is approximately the same. The use of phased arrays as described increases the heating in the spaces between the antennas by providing improved uniformity of the coagulation of the targeted tissue providing more power absorption than when using channel switching and other non-phase synchronous and non-simultaneous channel operation methods.
[0020] When using a phased array of applicators, he applicator antennas are inserted in approximately a pattern than corresponds with equal spacing along the circumference of an insertion circle around the tissue to be treated. This provides for approximately equal spacing between the antennas along the perimeter of an insertion pattern. Thus, a pattern of two antennas would be inserted at a distance of separation that would represent the diameter of an insertion circle. Three antennas would form a triangle pattern as they are approximately equally spaced around the circumference of a circular insertion pattern. Four antennas would form a square pattern. The antennas should be approximately parallel as inserted with the central point of the radiation from each antenna inserted to approximately the same depth position with respect to the tissue to be treated so as to have the radiation feedpoints approximately aligned side by side.
[0021] As indicated, the applicator of the invention can be used as a single applicator inserted into the diseased tissue, or as an array of more than one applicator positioned in or around the diseased tissue. In order to provide the most efficient transfer of microwave energy from the microwave generator to the tissue to be treated, the flow paths of the microwave energy from the microwave generator to the applicator antennas should be impedance matched and tuned for the number of applicators used. This can require different systems with different power splitters when a single applicator is used or when multiple applicators are used to form an array. The present invention can provide a special power splitter circuit so that a single system can be used for a single applicator or for a plurality of applicators. According to the invention, at least one power splitter circuit is provided for coupling the microwave energy generator to at least one coaxial microwave energy supply cable for supplying microwave energy from the microwave generator to the microwave applicator. The at least one power splitter circuit has a microwave power input connected to the microwave generator and a plurality of output ports, wherein one of the plurality of output ports is a single connection output port for use where only a single coaxial microwave energy supply cable and microwave applicator is connected to the power splitter circuit, and the remaining output ports of the plurality of output ports are multiple connection output ports for use where two or more coaxial microwave energy supply cables and microwave applicators are connected to two or more multiple connection output ports of the power splitter circuit. The single connection output port is impedance matched and tuned to provide efficient energy transfer when using a single applicator and the multiple connection outlet ports are impedance matched and tuned to provide efficient energy transfer when using a number of applicators anywhere from two to the total number of multiple connection output ports provided. In this way, if a single applicator is used, it is connected to the single connection output port. If multiple applicators are used, each of the multiple applicators is connected to a different multiple connection output port and nothing is connected to the single output port.
[0022] Means can be provided to detect whether or not there is an antenna connected to a particular microwave power output port, and whether such antenna is connected to a correct port. This can be done if thermistor or other resistive temperature sensors are used in the applicators, as previously described, and the substantially dc temperature sensor signals are transmitted to the system controller through the coaxial power supply cable. In such instance, the system controller can detect which of the output ports have applicators attached by detecting whether temperature sensors signals are present at such output ports. By detecting the number of applicators attached to output ports of a power splitter circuit and to which of the output ports they are attached, the system controller can determine if a single applicator is connected, and if so, whether it is properly connected to the single connection output port, or whether two or more applicators are connected, and if so, whether they are all properly connected to multiple connection output ports. The system controller can provide an alarm signal if one of multiple applicators is attached to the single connection output port or if a single applicator is connected to one of the multiple output ports.
[0023] The design of a narrow separation gap between the conductive applicator insertion tip and the insertion end of the conductive outer sleeve provides a zone of high microwave intensity at the gap which can be used to coagulate tissues along the insertion track if the microwave power is applied as the microwave antenna is withdrawn from the treated tissue. This provides coagulation of tissue and blood vessels that may be along the insertion track as well as any disease tissue that may be along the track as the applicator is removed from the tissue. By providing regularly spaced depth markings on the elongate applicator and withdrawing the applicator from the living body in coordination with regular cadence sounds, a substantially constant rate of removal of the applicator from a living body can be achieved for effective track ablation.
The Drawings
[0024] Other features of the invention will become more readily apparent from the following detailed description when read in conjunction with the drawings in which the accompanying drawings show the best modes currently contemplated for carrying out the invention, and wherein:
[0025] FIG. 1 is a side elevation of an applicator, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
[0026] FIG. 2 is a vertical section of a portion of the applicator of FIG. 1 ;
[0027] FIG. 3 is a cut away perspective view of a portion of the applicator of FIG. 2 ;
[0028] FIG. 4 is a vertical sectional of the handle portion of the applicator of FIG. 1 ;
[0029] FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram of the electrical connections within the handle portion of the applicator as shown in FIG. 4 ;
[0030] FIG. 6 is a perspective cut away view of another embodiment of handle for the applicator of the invention
[0031] FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a system for microwave therapy using the applicator of the invention;
[0032] FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a system of the invention for microwave therapy using an array of applicators of the invention; and
[0033] FIG. 9 is a side elevation of the applicator shown in FIG. 1 , showing additional depth markings along the applicator.
Detailed Description of the Illustrated Embodiments
[0034] Reference will now be made to the exemplary embodiments illustrated in the drawings, and specific language will be used herein to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended. Alterations and further modifications of the inventive features illustrated herein, and additional applications of the principles of the inventions as illustrated herein, which would occur to one skilled in the relevant art and having possession of this disclosure, are to be considered within the scope of the invention.
[0035] One embodiment of a microwave applicator of the invention for microwave coagulation and ablation treatment of diseased tissue within living body tissue is illustrated in FIG. 1 . The applicator, referred to generally as 10, includes a handle 12 from which a substantially rigid elongate applicator body 14 extends with an insertion tip 16 forming the insertion end portion of the applicator for insertion into a tissue region of the living body. The substantially rigid elongate applicator body 14 includes an outer conductive sleeve 18 extending from the handle 12, a conductive shunt 20, the conductive insertion tip 16, and a dielectric collar 22 positioned between the insertion tip 16 and the shunt 20. The outside diameters of the exposed portions of the outer conductive sleeve 18, the conductive shunt 20, the dielectric collar 22, and the insertion tip 16 (which may be sharpened at its insertion end 17), are all about equal so as to form a smooth continuous elongate applicator body for insertion into the living body tissue. The elongate applicator body may be coated with a stick resistant dielectric material such as Teflon, not shown. A pistol grip 24 allows the handle to be easily held for manipulation of the applicator.
[0036] The applicator has a microwave antenna portion 25 toward the insertion tip of the elongate applicator body 14 to radiate microwave energy from the antenna portion into the living body tissue. Microwave energy is transmitted from the handle 12 through the elongate applicator body to the antenna portion by a coaxial microwave transmission line 26, FIGS. 2-4 , within the elongate applicator body and having an inner conductor 29 and an outer conductor 27 separated by a dielectric material 28 positioned therebetween. Although not required, the coaxial transmission line 26 may be a semirigid coaxial cable with copper inner and outer conductors and a Teflon or Teflon and air dielectric material. No outer dielectric insulating material is used. Such coaxial cable will usually have about a fifty ohm impedance which provides a good impedance match to the microwave generator and to typical living body tissue characteristics.
[0037] The outer diameter of the coaxial transmission line (also the outer diameter of the outer conductor 27 of the coaxial transmission line) is smaller than the inside diameter of the outer conductive sleeve 18 so a space 82 is provided between the transmission line and the outer conductive sleeve. This space will be referred to as a cooling fluid space. Conductive shunt 20 is positioned around and in electrical contact with both the insertion end portion 83 of the transmission line outer conductor 27, and the outer conductive sleeve 18. Shunt 20 includes a reduced outer diameter end portion 84 toward the handle end of the applicator dimensioned to fit into the space 82 between the outside surface of the outer conductor 27 of the coaxial transmission line 26 and the inside surface of the outer conductive sleeve 18. Shunt 20 can be soldered to both the outer conductor 27 and the outer sleeve 18 to ensure good electrical connection. Soldering will also secure shunt 20 to outer sleeve 18 for a strong connection of shunt 20 to sleeve 18. However, shunt 20 can be secured to sleeve 18 and, if desired, to outer conductor 27, by a bonding agent, such as an epoxy adhesive material. If the bonding agent is conductive, it can replace soldering. With this connection, shunt 20 closes or blocks cooling fluid space 82 toward the insertion end 85 of the outer conductive sleeve 18.
[0038] Shunt 20 extends beyond the actual end 86 of the outer conductor to form an enlarged inside diameter shunt portion 87. The insertion end of enlarged diameter shunt portion 87 can accept a reduced diameter mounting portion 88 of the applicator tip 16 with dielectric collar 22 thereon. Dielectric collar 22 fits over the reduced diameter mounting portion 88 of the applicator tip 16, and itself has a reduced diameter insertion portion 89 that fits into enlarged inside diameter shunt portion 87. This interfitting arrangement produces a strong connection of the tip to the remainder of the applicator, with the dielectric collar 22 being bonded to the tip and the shunt by an adhesive material such as epoxy.
[0039] Dielectric collar 22, being positioned between shunt 20 and tip 16, electrically insulates tip 16 from shunt 20. Since shunt 20 is electrically connected to the outer conductor 27 of the coaxial transmission line 26, shunt 20 becomes an extension of the outer conductor 27 and the insertion end 90 of the conductive shunt 20 becomes the effective insertion end of the outer conductor 27. The inner conductor 29 of the coaxial transmission line extends toward the insertion end of the applicator beyond the insertion end 91 of the coaxial transmission line dielectric material 28 to an inner conductor insertion end 92. However, both the insertion end 91 of the coaxial transmission line dielectric material and the insertion end 92 of the coaxial transmission line inner conductor are within the enlarged inside diameter shunt portion 87 of shunt 20 and do not extend beyond the insertion end 90 of shunt 20.
[0040] The reduced diameter mounting portion 88 of applicator tip 16 also includes a tip tab 93 extending therefrom toward the handle end of the applicator and the insertion end 91 of the coaxial transmission line dielectric 28. The tip tab 93 is positioned so that the extension of the coaxial transmission line inner conductor 29 beyond the end 91 of the coaxial transmission line dielectric 28 is adjacent to and can be secured in electrical contact, such as by soldering, to the tip tab 93. With this arrangement, inner conductor 29 does not extend into tip 16, but is merely adjacent to and electrically connected to tip tab 93.
[0041] As constructed, the conductive outer sleeve 18 may be of a metal material such as stainless steel, the conductive tip and the shunt may be formed of a metal material such brass or stainless steel, and the dielectric insulating collar may be formed of a substantially rigid plastic material. All such parts may be bonded using an epoxy adhesive. Further, while the construction described for this illustrated embodiment provides an embodiment of a microwave antenna toward the insertion end of the applicator, various other applicator constructions can be used to form a microwave antenna toward the insertion end of the antenna and to form an insertion end of the applicator.
[0042] As shown in FIG. 1 , elongate applicator body 14 extends from handle 12. As shown in FIG. 4 , outer conductive sleeve 18 is secured in the forward portion 13 of handle body 15 and in the forward end of cooling fluid reservoir 38, which cooling fluid reservoir 38 is mounted within handle body 15. Cooling fluid reservoir 38 includes two reservoir chambers 34 and 36 separated by guide sleeve 40 that extends from connection to reservoir partition 35 into outer conductive sleeve 18 and within outer conductive sleeve 18 toward the insertion end of the applicator. The guide sleeve 40 may be a thin walled plastic sleeve made of polyimide plastic such as Kapton. Attachment of the outer conductive sleeve 18 to handle body 15 and fluid reservoir 38, and attachment of guide sleeve 40 to reservoir partition 35, may be with glue, epoxy, or other bonding agent. Coaxial transmission line 26 extends through cooling fluid reservoir 38 and into guide sleeve 40. Coaxial transmission line 26 extends through the entire length of guide sleeve 40 and beyond the guide sleeve insertion end 41, FIG. 2 , and into shunt 20.
[0043] As seen in FIGS. 2 and 4 , guide sleeve 40 extends into cooling fluid space 82 between the outside of coaxial transmission line 26 and the inside of outer conductive sleeve 18. Guide sleeve 40 divides cooling fluid space 82 into an inner cooling fluid space 42 and an outer cooling fluid space 43 along the length of guide sleeve 40 in space 82. Inner cooling fluid space 42 is formed between the outside surface of coaxial transmission line 26 and the inside surface of guide sleeve 40 and outer cooling fluid space 43 is formed between the outside surface of guide sleeve 40 and the inside surface of outer conductive sleeve 18. Reservoir chamber 34 communicates with inner cooling fluid space 42 and reservoir chamber 36 communicates with outer cooling fluid space 43.
[0044] While either reservoir chamber 34 or 36 could be a cooling fluid inlet or cooling fluid outlet, it has been found for ease of placement of the temperature sensor, as will be explained in respect of the location of temperature sensor 60, that reservoir chamber 34 can be the cooling fluid inlet reservoir and reservoir chamber 36 can be the cooling fluid outlet reservoir. In such instance, cooling fluid to the applicator will flow from a source of cooling fluid, not shown, through tubing 30 into reservoir chamber 34. From reservoir chamber 34, cooling fluid flows through inner cooling fluid space 42 along the outside surface of coaxial transmission line 26 to cool the outside surface of coaxial transmission line 26. As previously indicated in regard to FIG. 2 , cooling fluid space 82 into which guide sleeve 40 extends is blocked at the insertion end portion of outer conductive sleeve 18 by the reduced diameter portion 84 of shunt 20 which fits into and blocks the insertion end of space 82. As seen in FIG. 2 , the insertion end 41 of guide sleeve 40 ends before reaching the end of space 82 created by shunt 20 so as to leave an undivided fluid space portion which connects the inner cooling fluid space 42 and the outer cooling fluid space 43. Thus, as cooling fluid flowing in inner cooling fluid space 42 toward the insertion end of the applicator reaches the insertion end 4l of guide sleeve 40, it flows into the undivided space 82 around the insertion end 41 of guide sleeve 40 into outer cooling fluid space 43 and flows along the inside surface of outer conductive sleeve 18 back into reservoir chamber 36 and out fluid outlet tube 32 back to the fluid supply to be cooled and recirculated or to a fluid drain.
[0045] As shown in FIG. 4 , microwave energy is provided to the applicator from a microwave generator, not shown, by a coaxial microwave energy supply cable 46 that provides a path for the microwave energy from the generator to the applicator. The coaxial microwave energy supply cable 46 is typically a flexible fifty ohm coaxial cable containing an inner or center conductor 48, an outer conductor 49, and a dielectric spacer 50 therebetween. In the illustrated embodiment, the connection between the flexible coaxial microwave energy supply cable 46 and the semi-rigid coaxial transmission line 26 is provided through a coupling circuit on a printed circuit card 58 which supports small chip capacitors and a resistor, (see also FIG. 5 which is a circuit diagram of the circuitry of FIG. 4 ). The coaxial microwave energy supply cable center conductor 48 is connected by conductive metal path 51 on the circuit card 58 to capacitor 52 which is connected to inner conductor 29 of coaxial transmission line 26. The coaxial microwave energy supply cable outer conductor 49 is connected by conductive element or wire 47 to conductive metal path 53 on the circuit card 58 which is connected to outer conductor 27 of coaxial transmission line 26. This provides a direct path for the microwave currents to flow between the outer conductors. Circuit diagram FIG. 5 shows a capacitor 55 connected between the two outer conductors 49 and 27 which is not necessary and not shown in FIG. 4 , but may be advantageous to include to provide further isolation of the microwave antenna from dc currents in the flexible coaxial microwave energy supply cable 46.
[0046] A temperature sensor in the form of a thermistor 60 is placed over the outer conductive sleeve 18 and bonded to it so that it is approximately the same temperature as the outer conductive sleeve 18. Thermistor 60, when placed at the location shown in FIG. 4 , measures the temperature of outer conductive sleeve 18 at about its handle end, which will be at approximately the temperature of the cooling fluid after flowing through the elongate applicator body 14. Thermistor 60 can be located at other locations that enable it to indicate the approximate temperature of the cooling fluid after or during flow through the applicator. When located as shown, thermistor 60 measures the approximate temperature of the cooling fluid between guide sleeve 40 and the outer conductive sleeve 18 as the cooling fluid returns to the cooling fluid outlet reservoir chamber 36 after flowing through inner and outer cooling fluid spaces 42 and 43. The cooling fluid at this location will have reached approximately its highest temperature. Thermistor 60 could be located in the cooling fluid itself, if desired, such as in cooling fluid outlet reservoir chamber 36. The function of this thermistor 60 is to provide an indication that the cooling fluid is actually flowing inside the applicator whenever the microwave power is applied. During the application of microwave energy, the microwave energy causes self heating of the coaxial transmission line 26 in the applicator. This increases the temperature of coaxial transmission line 26 thereby heating the surrounding parts between thermistor 60 and coaxial transmission line 26. Without circulation of cooling fluid, applicator outer conductive sleeve 18 can reach temperatures that can damage normal tissue. The flow of cooling fluid inside the applicator along coaxial transmission line 26 and outer conductive sleeve 18 removes much of that generated heat so that thermistor 60 remain cooler when the cooling fluid is flowing than if there is no fluid flow. If fluid flow stops or is restricted, the fluid will heat to a higher temperature than when properly flowing. When properly flowing, the applicator outer conductive sleeve 18 will remain below tissue damaging temperatures.
[0047] A thermistor is a resistive electrical device that varies its resistance depending upon its temperature. The two wires 62a and 62b from thermistor 60 are connected across capacitor 56. Wire 62a connects to capacitor 56 and also connects directly to outer conductor 49 of the flexible coaxial cable 46. Wire 62b attaches to the opposite side of capacitor 56 and also to one side of resistor 54 through conductive metal path 57. The other side of resistor 54 connects to conductive metal path 51 via a wire or conductive metal path 59. Thus, thermistor 60 is connected electrically between inner conductor 48 and outer conductor 49 of flexible coaxial cable 46. This enables the resistance of the thermistor 60 to be monitored by a direct electrical current that is passed from the center conductor 48 through conductive metal traces 51 and 59 to resistor 54 and conductive metal trace 57 and wire 62b to thermistor 60 and back via wire 62a and wire 47 to the outer conductor 49 of flexible coaxial cable 46. Capacitor 52 prevents the direct electrical current from flowing into inner conductor 29 of coaxial transmission line 26 and therefore prevents the direct electrical current from flowing into the applicator antenna and living body into which the applicator is inserted. If capacitor 55 is provided in the circuit, it prevents the direct electrical current from flowing into the outer conductor 27 of coaxial transmission line 26 to further ensure that direct electrical current does not flow into the antenna and into the living body into which the applicator is inserted. This described circuitry allows the flexible coaxial microwave energy supply cable to serve a dual purpose. The dc current for monitoring of the resistance of thermistor 60 passes through the flexible coaxial microwave energy supply cable 46 along with the microwave energy that flows through the flexible coaxial microwave energy supply cable 46 from the microwave energy generator to the applicator. With the arrangement described, the temperature indicating signal is carried between the thermistor and the system controller over the same two coaxial cable conductors 48 and 49 that carry the microwave power from the microwave generator to the applicator. This eliminates the need for separate additional wires from the handle to the system controller to carry the temperature signals from the thermistor.
[0048] As indicated, the signal from the thermistor 60 provides an indication to the system controller of the temperature of the outer conductive sleeve and the cooling fluid circulating in the applicator. With the microwave power applied to the applicator, which results in heating of coaxial transmission line 26, as long as cooling fluid is properly flowing in the applicator, the temperature of thermistor 60 will remain low. If the cooling fluid stops flowing in the applicator or flow is restricted for some reason, the coaxial transmission line 26 will begin to heat and the temperature of outer conductive sleeve 18 and of any non-flowing or slowly flowing fluid in the applicator will also increase. This increases the temperature of thermistor 60. This increase in measured temperature of thermistor 60 provides an indication that cooling fluid is not flowing properly and the system controller can activate an alarm or activate other corrective action.
[0049] FIG. 6 shows a cut away perspective view of a handle similar to that of FIG. 4 , but with a slightly different configuration of handle body 45 and different orientation of inlet 30 and outlet 32 tubes from reservoir chambers 34 and 36. However, the configuration of the handle components is substantially the same and components are numbered the same as in FIG. 4 . The wires from the thermistor 40 are not shown. FIG. 6 gives a better illustration of the actual construction of the applicator handle.
[0050] As can be appreciated from the above explanation, in addition to providing a means by which the applicator can be held and manipulated for insertion into the living body, handle 12 serves as an interface between the substantial rigid elongate applicator body 14 and the flexible coaxial microwave energy supply cable extending from the microwave generator to the applicator, provides for the insertion of the temperature signals onto the flexible coaxial microwave energy supply cable, and serves as an interface between the flexible fluid hoses from and to a source of cooling fluid and the cooling fluid reservoir. While the flexible coaxial microwave energy supply cable and the flexible fluid hoses are shown extending from the end of the handle grip (and could be enclosed in a sheath, if desired), connectors could be provided on the handle so that the flexible coaxial microwave energy supply cable could be connected to and disconnected from the handle and so that the flexible fluid hoses could also be connected to and disconnected from the handle. Further, various configurations of handles can be used.
[0051] FIG. 7 is a functional block diagram of a basic system of the invention as described above using a single applicator for patient treatment. An operator interface 61, such as a computer screen and keyboard or a simple touch screen, is provided for display and monitoring of the system controls and the treatment procedures. The user interface is connected to a system controller 64, such as a computer processor, by a cable 63. The controller provides control and monitoring to a microwave generator 68 through a cable 66. The generator 68 has a microwave oscillator where the power amplitude can be controlled and monitored by the controller 64 including the measurement of both the forward and reflected power at the output of the generator 68. The generated microwave power is then directed to a multiplexer and power splitter circuit 74 by a transmission line cable 70, such as a coaxial cable. The microwave path inside the multiplexer and power splitter circuit 74 contains an impedance matched microwave path directing the microwave power to the applicator 10 with elongate applicator body 14 by a flexible coaxial microwave energy supply cable 72. As described, within the applicator 10 there is a dc current path that flows through a temperature sensing thermistor that enables a direct current to also flow through the coaxial microwave energy supply cable 72. This direct current that is used to measure the temperature within the applicator elongate body 14 is separated from the microwave power signal in the multiplexer portion of the multiplexer and power splitter circuit 74 and is sent along a dc circuit path 76 that is directed to a temperature monitoring circuit 78. The temperature monitoring circuit 78 then directs a temperature signal back to the controller 64 through a cable 80 to enable the controller to monitor and control microwave power levels generated by microwave generator 68 to limit the microwave power transmitted to the applicator if excessive temperatures are measured in the applicator 10. Temperature monitoring circuit 78 may be part of the controller 64.
[0052] In many instances, it will be desired to provide patient treatment using a phased array of applicators rather than a single applicator. When using a phased array, a plurality of applicators are inserted into the patient in approximately parallel orientation in a pattern approximately evenly spaced apart along the circumference of an insertion circle around the tissue to be treated. Each applicator should be inserted so that the radiating antenna is at approximately the same depth position with respect to the tissue to be treated so as to have the radiation feedpoints approximately aligned side by side. The use of multiple applicators in phased arrays generally allows better control of the applicators to produce better uniformity of power deposition, temperature, and/or coagulation of tissue throughout a tumor volume to be treated and particularly at the tumor margins than when using a single applicator. The use of phased arrays can also reduce microwave heating along the shafts of the applicators due to cross coupling of the energy between the antennas that are driven in phase and separated by a distance that provides for partial power cancellation along the outer portion of the inserted applicators and an increase in tissue heating between these inserted applicators. With phased arrays, pretreatment planning can be used to provide an ideal insertion pattern and power and phase application to the array of applicators to produce and control the desired heating. The treatment is thereby optimized and controlled by the aid of a numerical calculation of either the planned insertion pattern and number of antennas or the actual pattern achieved as indicated by various non-invasive imaging processes such as computer tomography (CT), ultrasound, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Power amplitude and phase of each of the inserted applicators can be adjusted as directed by a computer-controlled system using the predicted power patterns from the computer numerical model. Further, actual temperature measurements can be taken and compared with the predicted power patterns and predicted temperatures and the system controlled to compensate for differences.
[0053] In a phased array embodiment of the invention, a single microwave generator is used to provide the microwave power for all applicators. The generator will usually operate at 915 MHz, which is an emission frequency commonly licensed for medical applications. This single generator is connected to a passive, non-switching, microwave impedance matched power splitter (divider) which is used to direct power simultaneously to multiple ports that are connected to one or more microwave dipole antenna such as described for the above described applicators. This arrangement provides approximately equal power simultaneously to each of the output connection ports. This arrangement also provides equal phase output of the microwave energy at each of the output ports. Thus, when multiple antennas are connected to the ports of the power splitter, they have equal power and equal relative phase and are thus correctly called a phased array of antennas. The cables going to the radiating points on each antenna are maintained at the same electrical length so that the radiated energy from the antennas are phase synchronous and phase coherent. Phase synchronous meaning that there is a fixed phase relationship between the radiation phase of all antennas and phase coherent meaning that the relative radiated phase from each antenna is approximately the same. Since different array patterns are desirable for different optimized treatments, and desired treatments can use a single applicator or varying numbers of multiple applicators, it is desirable to have a system which can power and monitor a single applicator or a multiple number of applicators. However, present systems are usually designed to optimize power delivery to either a single applicator or to a set number of multiple applicators. This does not provide the flexibility desired to configure different arrays using a single delivery system. It would also be desirable in array power systems to have an indication as to whether or not there is an antenna connected to a particular microwave power output port and an indication as to whether antennas are correctly connected.
[0054] FIG. 8 shows an embodiment of a multiplexer and power splitter circuit according to the invention that provides for the separation of temperature signals from microwave power signals for a plurality of applicators and which can provide optimization for attachment of a single applicator, two applicators, or three applicators. Microwave power signals from a microwave generator, not shown, are supplied to the multiplexer and power splitter circuit through coaxial cable 100, generally of fifty ohm impedance. The multiplexer and power splitter circuit is generally on a printed circuit card made of low loss dielectric material such as Teflon based material with a ground plane on one side and the circuit show in FIG. 8 that represents the conductive paths forming various transmission lines on the other side. The input microwave power signal connects to an input in the form of a conductive patch 102 that provides a power splitting section. This directs microwave power to four paths, one path shown by path 104, and three identical paths shown by paths 114. Along path 104 is a chip type capacitor 106 that conducts microwave power but blocks direct current to prevent direct current from reaching power splitting patch 102. The input microwave power flows through capacitor 106 to circuit output port 110 along transmission line 108. The transmission lines 104 and 108 are fifty ohm transmission lines which together have an electrical length delay of one hundred eighty degrees at the microwave operating frequency. Capacitor 106 has a low impedance of typically less than two ohms reactive impedance to avoid mismatching the transmission line. This then directs microwave power from the input transmission line 100 to the circuit output port 110. Output port 110 forms an output port for connection of a single applicator antenna through a fifty ohm impedance coaxial microwave energy supply cable attached to output port 110. This output port 110 is used if only a single antenna is to be connected to the multiplexer and power splitter circuit, and is sometimes referred to herein as a single connection output port.
[0055] Power splitter conductive patch 102 is also connected to three identical other transmission lines having microwave input sections 114 each with a series chip capacitor 112 along the path, and microwave output sections 116. Similarly to capacitor 106, each capacitor 112 in the microwave input section has a low impedance of typically less than two ohms reactive impedance to allow microwave power to pass but block direct current flow to prevent direct current from reaching power splitting patch 102. The overall length of the microwave input section of the transmission lines from the power splitter conductive patch 102 through the capacitor 112 along path 114 is approximately ninety degrees delay at the microwave frequency. Also the characteristic impedance of the microwave input section of the transmission lines 114 with capacitors 112 of typically between seventy and ninety ohms from the power splitter conductive patch 102 to the end of path 114 is used to provide an impedance matching section for the input when two or three applicators are connected to the multiple connection output ports 118. The microwave output sections 116 are fifty ohm sections that connect the lines 114 to the multiple connection output ports 118 and these microwave output sections 116 are typically the length to delay the microwave signal approximately ninety degree. The fifty ohm impedance of the microwave output sections 116 provide impedance matching for the flexible coaxial microwave energy supply cables and the applicators connected to the output ports 118.
[0056] The described power splitter circuit forms an impedance matched microwave power splitter that when a single applicator is to be used it alone is connected to the single connection output to port 110. When this is the case the other three output ports, each a multiple connection output port 118, are not connected to an applicator. The path length from the power splitter conductive patch 102 to each of these multiple connection output ports 118 is one hundred eighty degrees. The microwave power that travels to these multiple connection output ports 118 is reflected completely back when there is no connection to the ports and this reflected power is reflected with the same phase angle as the incoming power to these ports because this is an open circuit termination. This means that the overall phase delay of the power from the power splitter conductive patch 102 to the multiple connection output ports 118 and back to the power splitter conductive patch 102 is three-hundred-sixty degrees. This unique phase delay then appears to the power splitter as an open circuit. Thus, the open ports 118 turn these paths into tuning paths that do not reflect power that would reach the input line 100, but would direct the full power only to single connection output port 110 to the single applicator that is connected to output port 110 for efficient power transfer to the single applicator.
[0057] When two or three applicators are connected to respective multiple connection output ports 118, there will be no applicator connected to the port 110. The path delay between the power splitter conductive patch 102 and the output port 110 is also one-hundred-eighty degrees. Therefore, the delay to the output port 110 and back to the conductive patch 102 is three-hundred-sixty degrees. When there is no applicator attached to the single connection output port 110 it also turns into a tuning path for the microwave energy. The result is that the microwave multiplexer and power splitter circuit is an impedance matched splitter which automatically allows the power to be directed to the connection of 1, 2, or 3 applicators. It would not be permitted to attach only a single applicator to one of the multiple connection output ports 118 because it would result in an impedance mismatch and would cause unacceptable reflected power to the input line 100. Also, if no applicators are connected to any of the ports of the power splitter circuit, all transmission paths appear as open circuits. This allows multiple power splitter circuits to be use to provide for more than three applicators when desired. For example, if two power splitter circuits are used anywhere between one and six applicators can be connected to the system.
[0058] The multiplexer and power splitter circuit also includes an inductive coil or choke 120, 122, 124, and 128 connected to each of the transmission lines 104 and 114. Each of these inductive coils is connected through a capacitance to the ground chassis with capacitors 128, 130, 132, and 134, respectively. These capacitors and the inductive coils filter the microwave signals from the temperature sensing ports 136, 138, 140, and 142, but pass direct current signals from the transmission lines 108 and 114 to these temperature sensing ports. These temperature sensing ports are connected to temperature monitoring circuitry and then to the system computer or controller for detection of the measured resistance of the thermistors that are connected to the two wire coaxial microwave energy supply connectors of the applicators as previously described. These direct current temperature sensing signals from the applicators to the temperature sensing ports provide a measurement to the system controller of the temperature measured by the temperature sensors in each of the applicators.
[0059] These direct current temperature sensing signals from the applicators to the temperature sensing ports also provide a measurement to the system controller of whether applicators are connected to particular output ports of the multiplexer and power splitter circuit. If an applicator is connected to a particular multiplexer and power splitter circuit output port, for example to output port 110, a temperature signal will be present on temperature sensing port 136. The system controller will then know that an applicator is connected to output port 110. Similarly, if a temperature signal is present on temperature sensing ports 138 and 142, the system controller will know that two applicators are connected to two of the multiple connection output ports 118 and will be able to identify which of the two output ports have applicators connected thereto. If the system controller senses temperature signals on temperature sensing ports 136 and 138, the system controller knows that there are two applicators connected to the multiplexer and power splitter circuit, but that the applicators are not properly connected since one of the two applicators is improperly connected to single connection output port 110 while the other of the two applicators is properly connected to one of the multiple connection output port 118. The system controller can then provide a warning signal to a system user indicating that the applicators are improperly connected, and that the applicator connected to the single connection output port 110 should be disconnected and connected to one of the multiple connection output ports 118. The use of this special multiplexer and power splitter circuit, in addition to providing an indication that the proper number of applicators are connected to the correct output ports for efficient and desired microwave power delivery to the connected applicators, also enables the measurement of applicator cooling temperature to determine that fluid is properly flowing in each of the connected applicators to protect the normal body tissues.
[0060] If temperature sensing is not required, but the sensing of the attachment of microwave applicators to power splitter circuits is desired, the thermistor or other temperature sensors that provide direct current temperature signals can be replaced with regular resistors which will provide substantially dc signals in the manner of thermistor to indicate that microwave applicators are attached to a power splitter output port and indicate to which port or ports the applicators are attached. This use of resistor will be considered equivalents of the thermistors or other temperature sensors that provide direct current temperature sensor signals for the purposes of the applicator detection.
[0061] In many cases, it is desirable to keep the microwave power on to the applicator as the applicator is withdrawn from the treatment site in the body when treatment of the diseased tissue is completed. This is because, in some instances, diseased tissue from the treatment site may be left along the insertion and withdrawal track which can seed additional diseased tissue growth. Further, in many body locations, removal of the applicator leaves an open wound along the insertion track which will bleed. Application of heat as the applicator is withdrawn provides coagulation of tissue and blood vessels that may prevent bleeding along the insertion track. during withdrawal of the applicator from the treatment site. As shown in FIG. 9 , a narrow separation gap 22 between the conductive applicator insertion tip 16 and the effective insertion end of the outer conductive sleeve 18, which is the insertion end of the shunt 20, provides a zone of high microwave intensity at the gap which can be effectively used to coagulate tissues along the insertion track if the microwave power is applied as the microwave antenna is withdrawn from the treated tissue. While methods of stepwise track ablation are known where the applicator is withdrawn in steps with microwave ablation heating performed at each step, and while it is known that track ablation can be performed with a continuous withdrawal of the applicator, effective continuous track ablation requires a substantially controlled constant preset withdrawal rate for the applicator. This is difficult to obtain when withdrawing an applicator.
[0062] As shown in FIG. 9 , the applicator of the invention can be provided with depth marking 150 visible on the outside of the elongate applicator body at regular intervals along the elongate applicator body. The purpose of these markings is to provide an indication as to the depth of applicator penetration into the living body, and such markings are regularly spaced, such as every centimeter, along a portion of the length of the elongate applicator body where marks can be used to indicate depth of penetration. It has been found that these regularly spaced depth markings along the inserted shaft can be used to guide the rate of withdrawal of an applicator to provide effective coagulation of the insertion track. For this process, the system includes a sound generator that can generate a regular cadence sound. The sound generator may, for example, be part of the controller. By coordinating the cadence sounds with the amount of withdrawal of the applicator as indicated by the depth markings that appear as the applicator is withdrawn, the proper steady rate of withdrawal of the applicator can be obtained to assure uniform coagulation of tissues along inserted track. A typical desired rate of withdrawal of an applicator of the invention is approximately five mm per second at a sixty watt power level. So, for example, if the depth markings are spaced one cm apart along the inserted shaft, with a cadence that provides an audible signal, such as a beep, every second, the cadence sound provides a guide for the withdrawal at a rate of five mm for each audible beeping sound. This provides a rate of one cm every two seconds (every two beeps) to assure uniform coagulation of tissues during the withdrawal to reduce bleeding along the inserted track. This means that the applicator is withdrawn so that a depth mark appears every two beeps.
[0063] Whereas the invention is here illustrated and described with reference to embodiments thereof presently contemplated as the best mode of carrying out the invention in actual practice, it is to be understood that various changes may be made in adapting the invention to different embodiments without departing from the broader inventive concepts disclosed herein and comprehended by the claims that follow.
Claims
The invention claimed is:
1. A microwave applicator for insertion into living body tissue for heat treatment of diseased tissue within the living body tissue, the microwave applicator comprising:
an elongate applicator body having an insertion end for insertion into a tissue region of the living body and an attachment end for attachment to a source of microwave energy;
an antenna for radiating microwave energy disposed toward the insertion end of the elongate applicator body;
a microwave energy transmission line disposed within the elongate applicator body to conduct microwave energy from the attachment end of the applicator to the antenna, said microwave energy transmission line having an inner conductor and an outer conductor;
an outer conductive sleeve extending around and spaced from the outer conductor of the microwave energy transmission line to form an outside of a portion of the elongate applicator body and to provide a cooling fluid space between the outer conductor of the microwave transmission line and an inside surface of the outer conductive sleeve;
a guide sleeve positioned concentrically around and spaced from the outer conductor of the microwave energy transmission line and the inside surface of the outer conductive sleeve to divide at least a portion of the cooling fluid space into an inner cooling fluid space along the outer conductor of the microwave energy transmission line and an outer cooling fluid space along the inside surface of the outer conductive sleeve, said inner cooling fluid space communicating with said outer cooling fluid space whereby said guide sleeve is adapted to guide flow of a cooling fluid within the cooling fluid space to cool the microwave energy transmission line and the outer conductive sleeve;
a temperature sensor positioned to measure an approximate temperature of a cooling fluid when a cooling fluid is present in the cooling fluid space during operation of the applicator;
a conductive applicator tip forming the insertion end of the applicator body and electrically coupled to the inner conductor of the transmission line; and
dielectric material positioned between the outer conductive sleeve and the conductive applicator tip to electrically insulate the conductive applicator tip from the outer conductive sleeve.
2. A microwave applicator for insertion into living body tissue according to claim 1, wherein the cooling fluid space terminates along the length of the microwave energy transmission line prior to reaching the antenna.
3. A microwave applicator for insertion into living body tissue according to claim 2, additionally including a handle from which the outer conductive sleeve, microwave energy transmission line, and the guide sleeve extend.
4. A microwave applicator for insertion into living body tissue according to claim 3, wherein the handle includes an inlet for connection to a source of cooling fluid and an outlet for outflow of cooling fluid, and wherein, when cooling fluid is supplied through the cooling fluid inlet, the cooling fluid flows into the cooling fluid space in the elongate applicator body from the handle and returns from the cooling fluid space in the elongate applicator body into the handle.
5. A microwave applicator for insertion into living body tissue according to claim 4, wherein, when cooling fluid is supplied through the cooling fluid inlet, the cooling fluid flows from the handle into the inner cooling fluid space and returns to the handle through the outer cooling fluid space.
6. A microwave applicator for insertion into living body tissue according to claim 4, wherein, when cooling fluid is supplied through the cooling fluid inlet, the cooling fluid flows from the handle into the outer cooling fluid space and returns to the handle through the inner cooling fluid space.
7. A microwave applicator for insertion into living body tissue according to claim 4, wherein the guide sleeve extending from the handle terminates in the cooling fluid space toward the insertion end of the applicator before the termination of the cooling fluid space along the length of the microwave energy transmission line to thereby form an undivided cooling fluid space along the length of the microwave energy transmission line between the termination of the guide sleeve and the termination of the cooling space, wherein the inner and outer cooling fluid spaces communicate through the undivided cooling fluid space.
8. A microwave applicator for insertion into living body tissue according to claim 7, wherein the temperature sensor is located in the handle to, when cooling fluid is supplied through the cooling fluid inlet, measure the approximate temperature of the cooling fluid returning to the handle.
9. A microwave applicator for insertion into living body tissue according to claim 8, wherein the temperature sensor is positioned against the outside of the outer conductive sleeve to measure a temperature of the outer conductive sleeve at the position of the temperature sensor, the temperature of the outer conductive sleeve approximating, when cooling fluid is supplied through the cooling fluid inlet, the temperature of the cooling fluid adjacent the inside surface of the outer conductive sleeve.
10. A microwave applicator for insertion into living body tissue according to claim 8, wherein the guide sleeve is formed of a nonconductive plastic material.
11. A microwave applicator for insertion into living body tissue according to claim 8, additionally including a coaxial microwave energy supply cable coupled to the microwave energy transmission line within the handle for connecting the microwave energy transmission line to a source of microwave energy.
12. A microwave applicator for insertion into living body tissue according to claim 11, wherein the coaxial microwave energy supply cable is coupled to the microwave energy transmission line through an applicator microwave coupling circuit and wherein the applicator microwave coupling circuit additionally couples the temperature sensor to the coaxial microwave energy supply cable whereby temperature sensor signals are transmitted along the coaxial microwave energy supply cable with the microwave energy.
13. A microwave applicator for insertion into living body tissue according to claim 12, wherein the temperature sensor is a thermistor and the temperature sensor signals are substantially dc signals.
14. A microwave applicator for insertion into living body tissue according to claim 12, additionally including a conductive shunt positioned along the length of the elongate applicator body between the outer conductive sleeve and the dielectric material and joining the dielectric material and the conductive applicator tip to the outer conductive sleeve, the connection of the conductive shunt to the outer conductive sleeve forming the end of the cooling fluid space toward the insertion end of the applicator, and wherein the conductive shunt electrically couples the outer conductive sleeve to the outer conductor of the coaxial microwave transmission line.
15. A microwave applicator for insertion into living body tissue according to claim 1, additionally including a coaxial microwave energy supply cable coupled to the microwave energy transmission line for connecting the microwave energy transmission line to a source of microwave energy.
16. A microwave applicator for insertion into living body tissue according to claim 15, wherein the coaxial microwave energy supply cable is coupled to the microwave energy transmission line through an applicator microwave coupling circuit and wherein the applicator microwave coupling circuit additionally couples the temperature sensor to the coaxial microwave energy supply cable whereby temperature sensor signals are transmitted along the coaxial microwave energy supply cable with the microwave energy.
17. A microwave applicator for insertion into living body tissue according to claim 16, wherein the temperature sensor is a thermistor and the temperature sensor signals are substantially dc signals.
18. A microwave applicator for insertion into living body tissue according to claim 1, wherein the guide sleeve is formed of a nonconductive plastic material.
19. A microwave applicator for insertion into living body tissue according to claim 1, additionally including a conductive shunt positioned along the length of the elongate applicator body between the outer conductive sleeve and the dielectric material and joining the dielectric material and the conductive applicator tip to the outer conductive sleeve, the connection of the conductive shunt to the outer conductive sleeve forming an end of the cooling fluid space toward the insertion end of the applicator, and wherein the conductive shunt electrically couples the outer conductive sleeve to the outer conductor of the coaxial microwave transmission line.
20. A system for microwave therapy for heat treatment of diseased tissue within a living body, the system comprising:
a) a microwave generator for outputting microwave energy;
b) a coaxial microwave energy supply cable coupled to the microwave generator for supplying microwave energy from the microwave generator to a microwave applicator;
c) a microwave applicator comprising:
i) an elongate applicator body having an insertion end for insertion into a tissue region of the living body and an attachment end for attachment to the coaxial microwave energy supply cable;
ii) an antenna for radiating microwave energy disposed toward the insertion end of the elongate applicator body;
iii) a microwave energy transmission line disposed within the elongate applicator body to conduct microwave energy from the attachment end of the applicator to the antenna, said microwave energy transmission line having an inner conductor and an outer conductor;
iv) an outer conductive sleeve extending around and spaced from the outer conductor of the microwave energy transmission line to form an outside of a portion of the elongate applicator body and to provide a cooling fluid space between the outer conductor of the microwave transmission line and an inside surface of the outer conductive sleeve;
v) a guide sleeve positioned concentrically around and spaced from the outer conductor of the microwave energy transmission line and the inside surface of the outer conductive sleeve to divide at least a portion of the cooling fluid space into an inner cooling fluid space along the outer conductor of the microwave energy transmission line and an outer cooling fluid space along the inside surface of the outer conductive sleeve, said inner cooling fluid space communicating with said outer cooling fluid space whereby said guide sleeve is adapted to guide flow of a cooling fluid within the cooling fluid space to cool the microwave energy transmission line and the outer conductive sleeve;
vi) a temperature sensor positioned to measure an approximate temperature of a cooling fluid when a cooling fluid is present in the cooling fluid space during operation of the applicator and adapted to produce temperature sensor signals indicative of the temperature sensed by the temperature sensor;
vii) a conductive applicator tip forming the insertion end of the applicator body and electrically coupled to the inner conductor of the transmission line;
viii) dielectric material positioned between the outer conductive sleeve and the conductive applicator tip to electrically insulate the conductive applicator tip from the outer conductive sleeve; and
x) a coupling circuit coupling the temperature sensor to the coaxial microwave energy supply cable and adapted to separate and combine the temperature sensor signals from and with the microwave energy whereby the temperature sensor signals are transmitted along the coaxial microwave energy supply cable with the microwave energy;
d) a system controller coupled to the microwave generator and adapted to adjust output of the microwave energy generator in response to the temperature sensor signals to prevent the temperature sensed by the temperature sensor from exceeding a maximum allowable temperature; and
e) a multiplexer circuit for coupling the controller to the coaxial microwave energy supply cable and adapted to separate and combine the temperature sensor signals from and with the microwave energy whereby the temperature sensor signals transmitted along the microwave energy supply cable with the microwave energy are directed to and from the system controller.
21. A system for microwave therapy for heat treatment of diseased tissue within a living body according to claim 20, wherein the elongate applicator body additionally includes depth markings visible on the outside of the elongate applicator body and spaced at regular intervals along the elongate applicator body as a guide to the depth to which the elongate applicator body is inserted into the living body, and additionally including a cadence sound generator which generates a regular cadence sound, whereby the regular cadence sound, in cooperation with the regularly spaced depth markings, are adapted to be used during withdrawal of the applicator to withdraw the applicator at a substantially constant predetermined rate, which, if done with the microwave energy applied to the applicator will provide track ablation along an insertion track during withdrawal of the applicator along the insertion track.
22. A system for microwave therapy for heat treatment of diseased tissue within a living body according to claim 21, wherein the cadence sound generator is provided as part of the system controller.
23. A method for providing microwave therapy for heat treatment of diseased tissue in a living body and of providing cooling along a portion of an elongate microwave applicator adapted for insertion into living body tissue, comprising:
obtaining a microwave applicator according to claim 1;
inserting the insertion end of the microwave applicator into living body tissue to be treated and supplying microwave energy to the antenna to heat the tissue to be treated; and
circulating a cooling fluid through the inner cooling fluid space and outer cooling fluid space, in either direction, during the application of microwave energy to cool the portion of the microwave energy transmission line and the outer conductive sleeve along the cooling-fluid space.
24. A method for providing microwave therapy for heat treatment of diseased tissue in a living body and of providing cooling along a portion of an elongate microwave applicator adapted for insertion into living body tissue, according to claim 23, additionally including the step of measuring the approximate temperature of the cooling fluid during operation of the applicator and using the temperature measured as an indication of whether cooling fluid is actually circulating in the cooling fluid space.
25. A method for providing microwave therapy for heat treatment of diseased tissue in a living body and for providing track ablation during removal of a microwave applicator from treated tissue, comprising: obtaining a microwave applicator according to claim 1 to be inserted into diseased tissue to be treated in a living body wherein the applicator includes regularly spaced depth markings along the applicator used as an indication of the depth of insertion of the applicator into the living body; obtaining a cadence sound generator for producing an audible sound at regular intervals; inserting the obtained microwave applicator into the tissue to be treated in the living body whereby an insertion track is formed through the living body into the tissue to be treated by the insertion; supplying microwave energy to the applicator to heat and treat the tissue to be treated; after completion of the treatment of the tissue, supplying microwave energy to the applicator and operating the cadence sound generator to produce the cadence sound, and with the microwave energy supplied to the applicator, withdrawing the applicator from the treated tissue at a substantially constant desired rate by using the cadence sound in conjunction with the regularly spaced depth markings to establish the constant rate to thereby provide ablation along the insertion track as the applicator is being withdrawn.
26. A method for providing microwave therapy for heat treatment of diseased tissue in a living body and for providing track ablation during removal of the microwave applicator from treated tissue, according to claim 25, wherein the step of obtaining the microwave applicator including regularly spaced depth markings along the applicator is the step of obtaining the microwave applicator wherein the regularly spaced depth markings are at regular one cm spacing, and the step of obtaining the cadence sound generator for producing the audible sound at the regular intervals is the step of obtaining the cadence sound generator wherein the audible sound is produced at regular one second intervals.
Patent Citations (92)
| Patent | Date | Inventor | Cited By |
|---|---|---|---|
| US3598108(A) | 1971-08-01 | Jamshidi | Applicant |
| US4397314(A) | 1983-08-01 | Vaguine | Applicant |
| US4448198(A) | 1984-05-01 | Turner | Applicant |
| US4565200(A) | 1986-01-01 | Cosman | Applicant |
| US4638436(A) | 1987-01-01 | Badger et al. | Applicant |
| US4669475(A) | 1987-06-01 | Turner | Applicant |
| US4825880(A) | 1989-05-01 | Stauffer et al. | Applicant |
| US4860752(A) | 1989-08-01 | Turner | Applicant |
| US4967765(A) | 1990-11-01 | Turner et al. | Applicant |
| US5205289(A) | 1993-04-01 | Hardy et al. | Applicant |
| US5275597(A) | 1994-01-01 | Higgins et al. | Applicant |
| US5370675(A) | 1994-12-01 | Edwards et al. | Applicant |
| US5405346(A) | 1995-04-01 | Grundy et al. | Applicant |
| US5470308(A) | 1995-11-01 | Edwards et al. | Applicant |
| US5507743(A) | 1996-04-01 | Edwards et al. | Applicant |
| US5599295(A) | 1997-02-01 | Rosen et al. | Applicant |
| US5607389(A) | 1997-03-01 | Edwards et al. | Applicant |
| US5628771(A) | 1997-05-01 | Mizukawa et al. | Applicant |
| US5683384(A) | 1997-11-01 | Gough et al. | Applicant |
| US5720718(A) | 1998-02-01 | Rosen et al. | Applicant |
| US5853366(A) | 1998-12-01 | Dowlatshahi | Applicant |
| US5861002(A) | 1999-01-01 | Desai | Applicant |
| US5974343(A) | 1999-10-01 | Brevard et al. | Applicant |
| US6027501(A) | 2000-02-01 | Goble et al. | Applicant |
| US6036698(A) | 2000-03-01 | Fawzi et al. | Applicant |
| US6106524(A) | 2000-08-01 | Eggers et al. | Applicant |
| US6112123(A) | 2000-08-01 | Kelleher et al. | Applicant |
| US6131577(A) | 2000-10-01 | Nicholson | Applicant |
| US6136014(A) | 2000-10-01 | Sirimanne et al. | Applicant |
| US6146378(A) | 2000-11-01 | Mikus et al. | Applicant |
| US6162216(A) | 2000-12-01 | Guziak et al. | Applicant |
| US6162261(A) | 2000-12-01 | Kempter et al. | Applicant |
| US6178354(B1) | 2001-01-01 | Gibson | Applicant |
| US6275738(B1) | 2001-08-01 | Kasevich et al. | Applicant |
| US6306132(B1) | 2001-10-01 | Moorman et al. | Applicant |
| US6325796(B1) | 2001-12-01 | Berube et al. | Applicant |
| US6347251(B1) | 2002-02-01 | Deng | Applicant |
| US6355033(B1) | 2002-03-01 | Moorman et al. | Applicant |
| US6358273(B1) | 2002-03-01 | Strul et al. | Applicant |
| US6427089(B1) | 2002-07-01 | Knowlton | Applicant |
| US6471709(B1) | 2002-10-01 | Fawzi et al. | Applicant |
| US6582426(B2) | 2003-06-01 | Moorman et al. | Applicant |
| USRE38299(E) | 2003-11-01 | Bolmsjo | Applicant |
| US6652516(B1) | 2003-11-01 | Gough | Applicant |
| US6652520(B2) | 2003-11-01 | Moorman et al. | Applicant |
| US6752767(B2) | 2004-06-01 | Turovskiy et al. | Applicant |
| US6770070(B1) | 2004-08-01 | Balbierz | Applicant |
| US6868290(B2) | 2005-03-01 | Bolmsjo | Applicant |
| US6878147(B2) | 2005-04-01 | Prakash et al. | Applicant |
| US6962586(B2) | 2005-11-01 | Berube et al. | Applicant |
| US6962589(B2) | 2005-11-01 | Mulier et al. | Applicant |
| US6974454(B2) | 2005-12-01 | Hooven | Applicant |
| US7001415(B2) | 2006-02-01 | Hooven | Applicant |
| US7101369(B2) | 2006-09-01 | van der Welde | Applicant |
| US7128739(B2) | 2006-10-01 | Prakash et al. | Applicant |
| US7147632(B2) | 2006-12-01 | Prakash et al. | Applicant |
| US7160292(B2) | 2007-01-01 | Moorman et al. | Applicant |
| US7311703(B2) | 2007-12-01 | Turovskiy et al. | Applicant |
| US7318824(B2) | 2008-01-01 | Prakash et al. | Applicant |
| US7344533(B2) | 2008-03-01 | Pearson et al. | Applicant |
| US7527623(B2) | 2009-05-01 | Prakash et al. | Applicant |
| US7594313(B2) | 2009-09-01 | Prakash et al. | Applicant |
| US7594913(B2) | 2009-09-01 | Ormsby et al. | Applicant |
| US7699841(B2) | 2010-04-01 | Carr | Applicant |
| US7799019(B2) | 2010-09-01 | Turovskiy et al. | Applicant |
| US7862559(B2) | 2011-01-01 | Prakash et al. | Applicant |
| US7863984(B1) | 2011-01-01 | Behnke | Applicant |
| US7875024(B2) | 2011-01-01 | Turovskiy et al. | Applicant |
| US2001/0001819(A1) | 2001-05-01 | Lee et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0023238(A1) | 2003-01-01 | Manker et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0060813(A1) | 2003-03-01 | Loeb et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0212394(A1) | 2003-11-01 | Pearson et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0049254(A1) | 2004-03-01 | Longo | Applicant |
| US2004/0181214(A1) | 2004-09-01 | Garabedian et al. | Applicant |
| US2005/0015081(A1) | 2005-01-01 | Turovskiy et al. | Applicant |
| US2005/0085881(A1) | 2005-04-01 | Prakash et al. | Applicant |
| US2005/0245920(A1) | 2005-11-01 | Vitullo et al. | Applicant |
| US2006/0004351(A1) | 2006-01-01 | Arless et al. | Applicant |
| US2006/0122593(A1) | 2006-06-01 | Jun | Applicant |
| US2007/0288079(A1) | 2007-12-01 | Van der Weide et al. | Applicant |
| US2008/0033422(A1) | 2008-02-01 | Turner et al. | Applicant |
| US2008/0033424(A1) | 2008-02-01 | Van der Weide et al. | Applicant |
| US2008/0033434(A1) | 2008-02-01 | Boomer et al. | Applicant |
| US2008/0045938(A1) | 2008-02-01 | Van der Weide et al. | Applicant |
| US2008/0135217(A1) | 2008-06-01 | Turovskiy et al. | Applicant |
| US2009/0005766(A1) | 2009-01-01 | Brannan | Applicant |
| US2009/0131926(A1) | 2009-05-01 | Rusin et al. | Applicant |
| US2009/0248006(A1) | 2009-10-01 | Paulus et al. | Applicant |
| US2010/0087808(A1) | 2010-04-01 | Paulus | Applicant |
| US2011/0118723(A1) | 2011-05-01 | Turner et al. | Examiner |
| WO98/06341 | 1998-02-01 | Applicant | |
| WO/56239 | 2000-09-01 | Applicant |
Non-Patent Literature (20)
- Related Case: U.S. Appl. No. 12/689,195, filed Jan. 18, 2010; Paul F. Turner.Applicant
- Related Case: U.S. Appl. No. 12/794,667, filed Jun. 4, 2010; Paul F. Turner.Applicant
- Related Case: U.S. Appl. No. 13/020,483, filed Feb. 3, 2011; Paul F. Turner.Applicant
- Murakami et al.; Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Value of Percutaneous Microwave Coagulation; AJF, 1995; vol. 164; pp. 1159-1164.Applicant
- Brian Drozd and William T. Joines, Comparison of Coaxial Dipole Antennas for Applications in the Near-field and Far-field Regions, Microwave Journal, 2004, 7 pages, Reprinted with permission of Microwave Journal from the May 2004 issue, 2004 Horizon House Publicaitons, Inc.Applicant
- Short et al., Physical Hyperthermia and Cancer Therapy, Proceedings of the IEEE, Jan. 1980, pp. 133-142, vol. 68, No. 1.Applicant
- Gottlieb et al., Interstitial microwave hyperthermia applicators having submillimetre diameters, Int. J. Hyperthermia, 1990, pp. 707-714, vol. 6, No. 3.Applicant
- Iskander et al., Design Optimization of Interstitial Antennas, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Feb. 1989, pp. 238-246, vol. 36, No. 2.Applicant
- Bourgeois et al., Cancer Therapy by Hyperthermia and Radiation, 1978, pp. 121-124, Urban & Schwarzenberg, Baltimore-Munich.Applicant
- Jones et al., Theoretical and Experimental SAR Distributions for Interstitial Dipole Antenna Arrays Used in Hyperthermia, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Aug. 1989, pp. 1200-1209, vol. 37, No. 8.Applicant
- Sieyes et al., Some aspects of optimization of an invasive microwave antenna for local hyperthermia treatment of cancer, Med. Phys., Mar./Apr. 1981, pp. 174-183, 8(2).Applicant
- Trembly et al., Comparison of Power Deposition by In-Phase 433 MHz and Phase-Modulated 915 MHz Interstitial Antenna Array Hyperthermia Systems, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, May 1988, pp. 908, vol. 36, No. 5.Applicant
- Denman et al., The Distribution of Power and Heat Produced by Interstitial Microwave Antenna Arrays: II The Role of Antenna Spacing and Insertion Depth, Int. J. Radiation Oncology Biol. Phys., Sep. 1987, pp. 537-545, vol. 14.Applicant
- Furse et al. Three-Dimensional Electromagnetic Power Deposition in Tumors Using Interstitial Antenna Arrays, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Oct. 1989, pp. 977-986, vol. 36, No. 10.Applicant
- Iskander et al., Evaluation and Optimization of the Electromagnetic Performance of Interstitial Antennas for Hyperthermia, Int. J. Radiation Oncology Biol. Phys., Oct. 1989, pp. 895-902, vol. 18.Applicant
- Turner, Paul F., Interstitial Equal-Phased Arrays for EM Hyperthermia, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, May 1986, pp. 572-578, vol. MTT-34, No. 5.Applicant
- B. Stuart Trembly et al., Control of the SAR Pattern within an Interstitial Microwave Array through Variation of Antenna Driving Phase, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 1986, 568-571, vol. MTT-34, No. 5.Applicant
- Chopra, Rajiv et al. Method for MRI-guided conformal thermal therapy of prostate with planar transurethral heating applicators. Oct. 13, 2005. Institute of Physics Publishing. Physics in Medicine and Biology 50 (2005) pp. 4957-4975.Applicant
- U.S. Appl. No. 11/499,079, filed Aug. 4, 2006, Turner.Applicant
- U.S. Appl. No. 12/070,752, filed Feb. 20, 2008, Turner.Applicant