Passive photonic dense wavelength-division multiplexing true-time-delay system

[0001] This application claims priority of provisional application Ser. No. 61/042,433 filed Apr. 4, 2008 entitled PASSIVE PHOTONIC DENSE WAVELENGTH-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TRUE-TIME-DELAY SYSTEM WITH ELECTRONIC DELAY SELECTION and which provisional application is incorporated herein in its entirety.

[0002] A portion of this invention was made under United States Navy STTR contract number N68335-08-C-0332. The government may have certain rights to this invention.

[0003] Various embodiments of this invention relate generally to phased array antenna systems, and, more particularly, to electronically scanned phased array antenna systems with photonic true time delay (TTD) that can produce one or multiple independently steered radio frequency (RF) beams, including those systems envisioned for use on, but not limited to, aircraft and cellular communication systems.

[0004] Wideband beamsteering presents a major problem because of the limited radio frequency bandwidth of electronic delay lines traditionally employed to scan the radio frequency beams from the antenna systems.

[0005] It is therefore a need to develop a low-cost, passive, wideband photonic true time delay system for steering electronically scanned radio frequency antenna arrays that is scalable to large arrays with thousands of elements.

[0006] It is a further need to provide a photonic true time delay system that is a universal solution for all electronically scanned radio frequency antenna arrays.

[0007] The needs for the invention set forth above as well as further and other needs and advantages of the present invention are achieved by the embodiments of the invention described herein below.

[0008] The limitations of past approaches are overcome with a passive dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) photonics true time delay (TTD) system and electronic selection of time delays that may be implemented, but is not limited to implementation, in the following way:

• • [0009] Single DWDM TTD Module for an Entire RF Antenna Array or for each Sub-Array of an RF Antenna Array
    • [0010] Optical wavelength per delay path or set of delay paths
    • [0011] Passive optical splitting
    • [0012] RF signal modulates all optical wavelengths except control data wavelength
    • [0013] Optical wavelengths arranged in groups for steering multiple RF beams
  • [0014] Self-Addressed Data Packets for Switch Settings via Hard-Coded Switch Circuits
    • [0015] Data packet facilitates steering the antennaAntenna control signals encoded onto unique optical wavelength
  • [0016] All optical wavelength paths (including control signal) combined and distributed to each antenna element

[0017] Simple Electrical Delay Selector Integrated Circuit with some, or all, of the following: On-Board Optical Detector or Detector Array, DWDM Laser Array, and Hard-Coded Logic Circuits.

[0018] In an embodiment the passive optical true time delay system includes means for generating light at one or a plurality of optical wavelengths; means for modulating the light at the one or a plurality of optical wavelengths; means for distributing the modulated light at the plurality of optical wavelengths into a plurality of optical paths according to each one of the optical wavelengths of said light; each one of the plurality of optical paths incorporates an optical path length to achieve a predetermined optical propagation time interval;

[0019] means for selecting and optically detecting the modulated light having at least one of the optical wavelengths; and

[0020] the means for selecting and optically detecting the modulated light having the at least one of said optical wavelengths outputting a plurality of radio frequency energies, each of the radio frequency energies relating to a different predetermined optical propagation time interval.

[0021] For a better understanding of the present invention, together with other and further needs thereof, reference is made to the accompanying drawings and detailed description and its scope will be pointed out in the appended claims.

[0032] Controlling electronically scanned array (ESA) antennas over a wide frequency range requires a special architecture including:

[0033] large arrays of wideband antenna elements with wide frequency ranges, e.g. 0.5 to 3 GHz, 3-18 GHz. Spiral and fractal antenna-element designs can provide this capability;

[0034] beamsteering algorithms to select the optimum combination of antenna-element radiators and phasing to control antenna beam direction and shape; and

[0035] photonic signal delay lines, which can provide the time delays and bandwidth needed to control the wideband antenna elements.

[0036] Delay lines make up the heart of a beamsteering system. Each antenna signal must receive an exactly delayed RF signal based on desired beamsteering angle and location of the element in the wideband ESA antenna. The beamformer computes the signal delay and sends commands to the optical delay line array. Fiber optical cables carry an optical signal modulated with a particular signal frequency and format to the wideband array elements. The beamformer will send an optically coded transmit (T)/receive (R) control signal directly preceding the RF signal. This T/R signal sets an antenna T/R switch to the proper mode, and permits controlling the ESA antenna from a remote location with minimal connections.

[0037] One of the most basic photonic TTD concepts involves impressing the RF signal to be transmitted by the RF phased-array antenna onto an optical carrier that is subsequently split into separate paths to individually address each element in the array. A delay module must then be associated with each antenna element, along with the electrical cabling to provide the necessary switching voltages or other signal to the optical switches. This massively parallel approach requires a large number of delay modules and optical switch control, that can become extremely expensive to produce and cumbersome to implement and maintain.

[0038] Dispersive fiber elements have also been employed in an attempt to demonstrate a photonic true time delay phased array receiver. The output of a tunable laser is split into a number of paths that is equal to the number of antenna elements. The light in each path is passed through an optical modulator that is modulated with the RF signal detected by one antenna element assigned to that path. The modulated optical signals separately pass through dispersive optical fibers that provide a wavelength-dependent delay. Tuning the laser then steers the antenna array. Additional lasers could be added for a multi-RF beam receiver format. This approach requires tunable lasers and their control circuits, along with many optical interconnections and dispersive fiber elements. Furthermore, a relatively expensive optical modulator is required for each array element.

[0039] An alternate approach employs optical wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). The RF source separately modulates light at different wavelengths, with light at a given wavelength propagating into a unique delay path. This method has the advantage of implementing the delay paths with passive optical splitting and uses one delay module for the entire antenna array. After each optical wavelength is separately delayed, the various wavelengths may be combined into a common path that is later split to individually address each element in the antenna array (as in the basic concept above). At this point, means are used at each antenna element to extract the appropriate optical wavelength (time delay) before it is detected and converted back to an RF signal. Examples of such means include, but are not limited to, tunable local oscillator lasers and fixed wideband RF filters in a heterodyne detection method at each element, or optical tunable filters in an alternate approach. The disadvantage here is the relatively expensive local oscillator lasers or optical tunable filters that are necessary to select the appropriate optical wavelength for a single optical detector at each array element. A variation of these approaches dedicates one optical wavelength to each element in the array and employs a programmable delay module to independently control the time delay for each of the wavelengths. Clearly, this approach is not scalable to large arrays and requires a relatively complex delay module with active control.

[0040] One embodiment of the present invention utilizes architecture 1 for a passive, DWDM-based, simultaneous multiple-wavelength, parallel-address approach for photonic true time delay control of RF phase-array antennas with electronic selection of time delays shown in FIG. 1. This architecture allows for both transmit and receive operating modes in the antenna array system that could operate independently and simultaneously.

[0041] An optical source such as, but not limited to, a monolithic DWDM laser/optical modulator array 10 emits electromagnetic radiation such as light 20 in a plurality of optical wavelengths including, but not limited to, ITU wavelength grid of 50 GHz to 100 GHz spacing from 1491.88 nm to 1611.79 nm wavelength. Each optical wavelength carries RF modulation to be transmitted from an ESA antenna, or ESA control signals for ESA steering in either transmit or receive modes of operation, or both RF modulation and ESA control signals. The light 20 subsequently enters a passive DWDM TTD module 30. The passive DWDM TTD module 30 causes each optical wavelength of the light 20 to be delayed by an interval of time predetermined for that optical wavelength and subsequently outputs all time-delayed optical wavelengths as light 40. The predetermined intervals of time are given by the phase relationships required between elements of a phased array antenna to cause the RF energy emitted by the elements of the phase array antenna to add constructively (in-phase) in a spatial pointing direction. The light 40 then enters an optical distribution module 50 such as, but not limited to, fiber or integrated optical waveguide splitters wherein the optical distribution module 50 distributes the light 40 to each ESA antenna element delay module 70 as light 60. The ESA antenna element delay module 70 functions to electronically extract RF modulation and ESA antenna steering control data from one or more of the optical wavelengths in the light 40. The extracted RF modulation is then available for transmission from an ESA antenna element 75. This function will be described in the presentations of the device embodiments shown schematically in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3.

[0042] In a receive mode of operation, RF modulation received by the ESA antenna element 75 modulates light 80 generated by the ESA antenna element delay module 70 at a selected optical wavelength determined by control data carried by the light 60. The receive function will be described in the presentations of the device embodiments shown schematically in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3. Still referring to FIG. 1, the light 80 is collected by the optical distribution module 50, wherein the optical distribution module 50 combines a plurality of the light 80 from a plurality of the ESA antenna element delay modules 70 to form light 100, wherein the light 100 may contain a plurality of optical wavelengths. The light 100 subsequently enters the passive DWDM TTD module 30 that causes each optical wavelength of the light 100 to be delayed by an interval of time predetermined for that optical wavelength and subsequently outputs all time-delayed optical wavelengths as light 110. The predetermined intervals of time are given by the phase relationships required between elements of a phased array antenna to cause the RF energy received by the elements of the phase array antenna to add constructively (in-phase) in a spatial pointing direction for reception of the RF energy. A detector array 120 such as, but not limited to, a monolithic optical detector array then detects the light 110 and extracts the RF modulation from the light 110.

[0043] In the device embodiment illustrated schematically in FIG. 2, the ESA antenna element delay module 70 of FIG. 1 includes an integrated photonic circuit delay-selector 130. DWDM light 140 (60) at multiple (quantity equal to N+1) DWDM wavelengths (λ₀, λ₁, λ₂, . . . λ_N) enters the integrated photonic circuit delay-selector 130, and is subsequently separated by an optical wavelength separator 150 such as, but not limited to, an asymmetrical waveguide grating (AWG) or a thin-film optical interference filter, into light 160 at wavelength λ₀ and a plurality of light 170 at wavelengths (λ₁, λ₂, . . . λ_N), wherein the light 160 contains ESA control data and the light 170 contains RF modulation to be transmitted. The light 160 and the light 170 are detected by an optical detector array 180, wherein each of the optical detectors 180 detects one optical wavelength of the plurality of optical wavelengths in the light 160 and the light 170.

[0044] The electrical control signal 190 detected from the light 160 is subsequently input to a switch logic circuit 200 that generates a control signal 210. The control signal 210 operates a time delay selector circuit 220 that sends one or more RF outputs from the plurality of RF outputs 225 of the optical detector array 180 as an RF signal 230 that sequentially propagates through an RF transmit/receive module 240, a bi-directional RF segment 250, an RF amplifier 260, a bi-directional RF segment 270, and ESA antenna element 280. The ESA antenna element 280 subsequently transmits the RF signal 230. Thus, control signal 210 controls which direction of transmission from the antenna array will be used, and time delay selector circuit 220 chooses the appropriately delayed RF signals 225 to produce that direction of transmission.

[0045] In an RF receive mode, the control signal 210 operates the time delay selector circuit 220 to output a control signal 290 that causes a DWDM laser array 300 to generate light 310 at one or more optical wavelengths λ_i that subsequently enters an optical modulator 320. RF signals received by the ESA antenna element 280 sequentially propagates through the bi-directional RF segment 270, the RF amplifier 260, the bi-directional RF segment 250, and the RF transmit/receive module 240. Next the RF transmit/receive module 240 outputs an RF signal 330 that is input to an RF detector 340, wherein the detected RF signal 350 from the RF detector 340 modulates the light 310 via the optical modulator 320. Finally, the optical modulator 320 outputs light 360 (80) at wavelengths λ_i that has been modulated with the detected RF signal 350 for subsequent processing as the light 100 of FIG. 1 by the passive DWDM TTD module 30 of FIG. 1.

[0046] An alternate embodiment is shown in FIG. 3. In this embodiment, the ESA antenna element delay module 70 of FIG. 1 includes a delay selector 370 such as, but not limited to, an integrated photonic circuit delay-selector and an external miniature DWDM filter/lens array 380. DWDM light 390 (60) at multiple (quantity equal to N+1) DWDM wavelengths (λ₀, λ₁, λ₂, . . . λ_N) enters the external miniature DWDM filter/lens array 380, wherein the DWDM filter includes, but is not limited to, an asymmetrical waveguide grating (AWG) or a thin-film optical interference filter, and is subsequently separated into light 400 at wavelength λ₀ and a plurality of light 410 at wavelengths (λ₁, λ₂, . . . λ_N), wherein the light 400 contains ESA control data and the light 410 contains RF modulation to be transmitted. The light 400 and the light 410 are detected by an optical detector array 420 in the integrated photonic circuit delay-selector 460, wherein each of the optical detectors comprising the optical detector array 420 detects one optical wavelength of the plurality of optical wavelengths in the light 400 and the light 410.

[0047] The electrical control signal 430 detected from the light 400 is subsequently input to a switch logic circuit 440 that generates a control signal 450. The control signal 450 operates a time delay selector circuit 460 that sends one or more RF outputs from the plurality of RF outputs 465 of the optical detector array 420 as an RF signal 470 that sequentially propagates through an RF transmit/receive module 480, a bi-directional RF segment 490, an RF amplifier 500, a bi-directional RF segment 510, and ESA antenna element 520. The ESA antenna element 520 subsequently transmits the RF signal 470.

[0048] In an RF receive mode, the control signal 450 operates the time delay selector circuit 460 to output a control signal 530 that causes a DWDM laser array 540 to generate light 550 at one or more optical wavelengths λ_i that subsequently enters an optical modulator 560. RF signals received by the ESA antenna element 520 sequentially propagates through the bi-directional RF segment 510, the RF amplifier 500, the bi-directional RF segment 490, and the RF transmit/receive module 480. Next the RF transmit/receive module 480 outputs an RF signal 570 that is input to an RF detector 580, wherein the detected RF signal 590 from the RF detector 580 modulates the light 550 via the optical modulator 560. Finally, light 600 at wavelengths λ_i that has been modulated with the detected RF signal 590 via the optical modulator 560 is collected by the external miniature DWDM filter/lens array 380 and output as light 610 (80) for subsequent processing by the passive DWDM TTD module 30 of FIG. 1.

[0049] In another embodiment, a basic transmit architecture 695 for a passive, DWDM-based, wavelength-selection, parallel-address approach for photonic true time delay control of RF phase-array antennas with electronic selection of time delays is shown in FIG. 4.

[0050] A delay-control module 700 contains an optical source 710 such as, but not limited to, a monolithic DWDM laser/optical modulator array that emits light 720 in one of a plurality of optical wavelengths, such as, but not limited to, the ITU wavelength grid of 50 GHz to 100 GHz spacing from 1491.88 nm to 1611.79 nm wavelength. The light 720 enters a modulator 730 and exits the modulator as light 740, wherein the light 740 carries RF modulation, to be transmitted from an ESA antenna, imposed by the modulator 730 onto the light 720. The light 740 is amplified by an optical amplifier 750 such as, but not limited to, an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), and output as light 760 that is directed to an ESA antenna array row 770. The light 760 subsequently enters a passive DWDM TTD/optical distribution module 780. The passive DWDM TTD/optical distribution module 780 distributes the light 760 as light 790 in a plurality of optical paths, wherein the light 790 is delayed by an interval of time predetermined for each path and each optical wavelength of the light 790 relative to the other paths and other optical wavelengths. Delay module 780 includes a separate set of delay paths for each wavelength, which separate sets of delay paths each produces the predetermined set of delays needed for each antenna element to provide the corresponding direction of transmission for the respective wavelength. The predetermined intervals of time are given by the phase relationships required between elements of a phased array antenna to cause the RF energy emitted by the elements of the phase array antenna to add constructively (in-phase) in a spatial pointing direction. Each path of the light 790 is directed to one of a plurality of ESA antenna element emitter optical detectors 800, wherein each one of the plurality of ESA antenna element emitter optical detectors 800 detects the light 790, thereby extracting RF modulation that is then available for transmission.

[0051] A functional embodiment of a passive DWDM TTD/optical distribution module 910 (780) for a wavelength-selection TTD approach is shown in FIG. 5. Light 920 (760) at optical wavelength λ_i enters a means 930 for separating light according to the optical wavelength of the light 920 into light 940 in a plurality of optical paths. The light 940 enters one of a plurality of delay waveguide sets 950 based upon the optical wavelength of the light 940. Each one of the plurality of delay waveguide sets 950 distributes the light 940 as light 960 in a plurality of optical paths, wherein the light 960 is delayed by an interval of time predetermined for each path and each optical wavelength of the light 960 relative to the other paths and optical wavelengths. The light 960 enters a means 970 such as, but not limited to, an asymmetrical waveguide grating (AWG) or a thin-film optical interference filter, for distributing the light 960 into light 980 (790) in a plurality of optical paths, wherein each one of the plurality of optical paths of the light 980 is comprised of a unique path of the light 960 from each of the delay waveguide sets 950.

[0052] A further embodiment of an enhanced transmit mode architecture 1005 for a passive, DWDM-based, wavelength-selection, parallel-address approach for photonic true time delay control of RF phase-array antennas with electronic selection of time delays is shown in FIG. 6.

[0053] As shown in FIG. 6, a delay-control module 1010 contains an optical source 1020 such as, but not limited to, a monolithic DWDM laser/optical modulator array that emits light 1030 in one of a plurality of optical wavelengths such as, but not limited to, the ITU wavelength grid of 50 GHz to 100 GHz spacing from 1491.88 nm to 1611.79 nm wavelength. The light 1030 enters a modulator 1040 and exits the modulator as light 1050, wherein the light 1050 carries RF modulation, to be transmitted from an ESA antenna, imposed by the modulator 1040 onto the light 1030.

[0054] The light 1050 subsequently enters a row sub-array delay offset splitter module 1070. The row sub-array delay offset splitter module 1070 distributes the light 1050 as light 1080 in a plurality of optical paths, wherein the light 1080 is delayed by a interval of time predetermined for each path and each optical wavelength of the light 1080 relative to the other paths. The predetermined intervals of time are given by the phase relationships required between elements of a phased array antenna to cause the RF energy emitted by the elements of the phase array antenna to add constructively (in-phase) in a spatial pointing direction. Each path of the light 1080 is directed to one of a plurality of optical amplifier modules 1090 such as, but not limited to, EDFA modules. Each of the plurality of optical amplifier modules 1090 amplifies the light 1080 to produce light 1100 in a plurality of paths that is directed to an ESA antenna array row 1110, wherein the light 1100 in each of the plurality of paths enters one of a plurality of passive DWDM TTD/optical distribution modules 1120. Each one of the plurality of passive DWDM TTD/optical distribution modules 1120 distributes the light 1100 as light 1130 in a plurality of optical paths, wherein the light 1130 is delayed by an interval of time predetermined for each path and each optical wavelength of the light 1130 relative to the other paths and optical wavelengths. Each path of the light 1130 is directed to one of a plurality of ESA antenna element emitter optical detectors 1140, wherein each one of the plurality of ESA antenna element emitter optical detectors 1140 detects the light 1130, thereby extracting RF modulation that is then available for transmission.

[0055] An embodiment of a row sub-array delay offset splitter module 1200 (1070) for a wavelength-selection TTD approach is shown in FIG. 7. Light 1210 (1050) at optical wavelength λ_i enters a means 1220 such as, but not limited to, an asymmetrical waveguide grating (AWG) or a thin-film optical interference filter, for separating light according to the optical wavelength of the light 1200 into light 1230 in a plurality of optical paths. The light 1230 enters one of a plurality of delay waveguide sets 1240 based upon the optical wavelength of the light 1230. Each one of the plurality of delay waveguide sets 1240 distributes the light 1230 as light 1250 in a plurality of optical paths, wherein the light 1250 is delayed by an interval of time predetermined for each path and each optical wavelength of the light 1250 relative to the other paths and optical wavelengths. The predetermined intervals of time are given by the phase relationships required between elements of a phased array antenna to cause the RF energy emitted by the elements of the phase array antenna to add constructively (in-phase) in a spatial pointing direction. The light 1250 enters a means 1260 for distributing the light 1250 into light 1270 (1080) in a plurality of optical paths, wherein each of the plurality of optical paths of the light 1270 is comprised of a unique path of the light 1270 from each of the delay waveguide sets 1240.

[0056] In another embodiment, a two-dimensional transmit architecture 1295 for a passive, DWDM-based, wavelength-selection, parallel-address approach for photonic true time delay control of RF phase-array antennas with electronic selection of time delays is shown in FIG. 8.

[0057] Each one of a plurality of delay-control modules 1300 contains an optical source 1310 such as, but not limited to, a monolithic DWDM laser/optical modulator array that emits light 1320 in one of a plurality of optical wavelengths such as, but not limited to, the ITU wavelength grid of 50 GHz to 100 GHz spacing from 1491.88 nm to 1611.79 nm wavelength. The light 1320 enters a modulator 1330 and exits the modulator 1330 as light 1340, wherein the light 1340 carries RF modulation, to be transmitted from an ESA antenna, imposed by the modulator 1330 onto the light 1320.

[0058] The light 1340 from the modulator 1330 of each one of the plurality of delay-control modules 1300 enters a passive row delay selection module 1350, wherein the passive row delay selection module 1350 causes the light 1340 from each one of the plurality of delay-control modules 1300 to be delayed by an interval of time predetermined for each one of the plurality of delay-control modules 1300 relative to the other delay-control modules 1300 but substantially not dependent upon the optical wavelength, and outputs light 1360.

[0059] The light 1360 is amplified by an optical amplifier 1370 such as, but not limited to, an EDFA, and output as light 1380 that is directed to an ESA antenna array row 1390. The light 1380 subsequently enters a passive DWDM TTD/optical distribution module 1400. The passive DWDM TTD/optical distribution module 1400 distributes the light 1380 as light 1410 in a plurality of optical paths, wherein the light 1410 is delayed by a interval of time predetermined for each path and each optical wavelength of the light 1410 relative to the other paths and other optical wavelengths. Each path of the light 1410 is directed to one of a plurality of ESA antenna element emitter optical detectors 1420, wherein each one of the plurality of ESA antenna element emitter optical detectors 1420 detects the light 1410, thereby extracting RF modulation that is then available for transmission.

[0060] An embodiment of a receive architecture 1595 for a passive, DWDM-based, wavelength-selection, parallel-address approach for photonic true time delay control of RF phase-array antennas with electronic selection of time delays is shown in FIG. 9.

[0061] In each ESA antenna array row 1600, each one of a plurality of ESA antenna element emitters such as, but not limited to, DWDM transmitters (XMTR) 1610 emits light 1620 in one of a plurality of optical wavelengths such as, but not limited to, the ITU wavelength grid of 50 GHz to 100 GHz spacing from 1491.88 nm to 1611.79 nm wavelength. The light 1620 carries RF modulation, received from the ESA antenna array row 1600, imposed by each one of the plurality of ESA antenna element emitter DWDM transmitters 1610 onto the light 1620. The light 1620 subsequently enters a passive DWDM TTD/optical distribution module 1630. The passive DWDM TTD/optical distribution module 1630 delays the light 1620 by intervals of time predetermined for the light 1620 from each one of the plurality of ESA antenna element emitter DWDM transmitters 1610 and each optical wavelength of the light 1620 relative to the other ESA antenna element emitter DWDM transmitters 1610 and other optical wavelengths. The passive DWDM TTD/optical distribution module 1630 outputs light 1640 to a transmit-receive wavelength separator module 1650 such as, but not limited to, an asymmetrical waveguide grating (AWG) or a thin-film optical interference filter. The transmit-receive wavelength separator module 1650 also accepts light 1660 carrying ESA antenna control data for distribution to each one of the plurality of ESA antenna element emitter DWDM transmitters 1610. The transmit-receive wavelength separator module 1650 separates the light 1640 from light with other optical wavelengths such as those wavelengths used for transmit mode or ESA antenna array control, and outputs it as light 1670.

[0062] The light 1670 is input to a row receive module 1680 in which it is amplified by an optical amplifier 1690 such as, but not limited to, an EDFA, and output as light 1700 that is detected by an optical detector 1710.

[0063] An embodiment of another architecture for transmit-receive module 1800 that could be employed in a passive, DWDM-based, wavelength-selection, parallel-address approach for photonic true time delay control of RF phase-array antennas with electronic selection of time delays is shown in FIG. 10.

[0064] Light 1810 at optical wavelength λ₀ carries data for beam-steering control of an ESA antenna array and is detected by an optical detector 1820. In receive mode, the optical detector 1820 generates a control signal 1830 that causes a switch logic circuit 1840 to output a laser selection signal 1850 to select one of a plurality of DWDM lasers comprising a DWDM laser array 1860. Light 1870, in one or more of a plurality of optical wavelengths, from the DWDM laser array 1860 are combined by an optical combiner means 1880 such as, but not limited to, an asymmetrical waveguide grating (AWG) or a thin-film optical interference filter, to form light 1890 that is input to an optical modulator 1900.

[0065] RF signals received by an ESA antenna array element 1910 sequentially propagate through RF conduit 1920, RF amplifier 1930, RF conduit 1940, and an RF transmit-receive switch 1950. The RF transmit-Receive switch 1950 outputs RF signal 1960 that is subsequently applied to the optical modulator 1900. The optical modulator 1900 imposes the RF signal 1960 onto the light 1890 and outputs light 1970 for further processing elsewhere in the photonic TTD system, as described in other embodiments.

[0066] In transmit mode, light 1980 carrying RF modulation is detected by an optical detector 1990. The optical detector 1990 generates an RF signal 2000 that sequentially propagates through the RF transmit-receive switch 1950, the RF conduit 1940, the RF amplifier 1930, the RF conduit 1920, to arrive at the ESA antenna array element 1910 for subsequent RF transmission.

[0067] Although the invention has been described with respect to various embodiments, it should be realized this invention is also capable of a wide variety of further and other embodiments within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.