US 8,206,436 B2Grant
Coated stent with geometry determinated functionality and method of making the same
Issue Date:2012-06-26
•18 Claims
•4 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
The present invention, in an exemplary embodiment, provides a stent, which combines many of the excellent characteristics of both silicone and metal stents while eliminating the undesirable ones. In particular, a principal objective in accordance with the present invention is to provide a family of stents where the relative hardness/softness of regions of the stent can differ from other regions of the stent to provide additional patient comfort and resistance to compression forces. Exemplary embodiments provide a stent that is coated in a manner that limits the amount of coating surface area that is in direct contact with the target lumen. In particular, a covered stent is provided that is coated internally such that the outer scaffolding surface of the stent is raised from the outer surface of the coating. To this end, cilia function is only partially limited and mucociliary clearance is not significantly affected. Moreover, the coating itself has anti-adherent properties such that bacteria, fungi or other microbials cannot colonize the cover in particular and the stent generally.
Metadata
Assignee
- Merit Medical Systems, Inc.
Inventors
- Eric K. Mangiardi
- Jason M. Reynolds
- Ulf R. Borg
Application Information
Application Number:US 12/616,455
Filing Date:2009-11-11
Priority Date:2002-11-05
Art Unit:3734
Classifications
IPC:
A61F2/06
Patent Drawings (4 sheets)
Description
Cross Reference to Related Applications
[0001] This patent application is a divisional application of U.S. Non-provisional application Ser. No. 10/669,450, filed Sep. 24, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,637,942, which is a continuation in part of and claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §120 to U.S. Nonprovisional application Ser. No. 10/288,615, filed Nov. 5, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,527,644, which is incorporated in its entirety by this reference.
Field of Invention
[0002] The present invention relates generally to medical devices directed to the prevention of luminal occlusion, and more particularly to stents and methods for making and utilizing these stents in the treatment of both benign and malignant conditions wherein the functionality of the stents is determined by geometrical variability of the scaffolding and concomitant interstices.
Background of the Invention
[0003] Stents are devices that are inserted into a vessel or passage to keep the lumen open and prevent closure due to a stricture, external compression, or internal obstruction. In particular, stents are commonly used to keep blood vessels open in the coronary arteries and they are frequently inserted into the ureters to maintain drainage from the kidneys, the bile duct for pancreatic cancer or cholangiocarcinoma or the esophagus for strictures or cancer. Vascular as well as not vascular stenting has evolved significantly; unfortunately there remain significant limitations with respect to the technology for producing stents suitable to various portions of a patient's anatomy.
[0004] Historically, in order to provide a stent with varying characteristics, the stent had to be manufactured from multiple materials, at least one for each characteristic desired. As a result, many of these stents are woven from two or more metals having differing shape-memories for example. Unfortunately, braided stents are vulnerable to premature obsolescence. Moreover, providing multiple material types in a single stent may lead to inconsistent characteristics along the surface area of the stent. This is particularly undesirable when the stent is to be placed in vascular or nonvascular lumens that have been occluded for one reason or another. The stent needs to be stiffer in some regions while more flexible in others.
[0005] Additionally, medical device companies have identified the need to cover stents at least partially to prevent the epithelialization of the scaffolding. Most covered stents however have an elastomeric cover that is subject to bunching particularly about stenotic tissue. This can lead to additional tissue granulation. Alternatively, the stents are dip coated which can lead to uneven coating as well as inconsistency in stent performance from batch to batch.
[0006] Additionally the ends of the stent tend to be exposed in order to encourage granulation tissue formation, which helps to anchor the stent in place. With metal stents, the direct metal to tissue contact accelerates tissue granulation and galvanic current generation is also an undesirable byproduct. Such direct current can have indirect effects on tissue granulation and direct effects on fluid flow dynamics.
[0007] Moreover, since many medical device companies have chosen to use poorly adapted cardiovascular stents for Pulmonary, GI and Peripheral Vascular indications, many of the anatomical differences in the lumens are not accounted for in stent design. For example, the pulsation of the cardiovascular lumen and the concomitant radial force requirements of a cardiovascular stent differ substantially from that of a tightly constricted lumen such as the trachea during repeated coughing. When a stent developed for the former is indicated for the latter, the stent tends to fail under the extreme conditions and lose its elasticity and therefore its ability of ensure airway potency. Non-vascular lumens also tend to have ciliated epithelia so as to facilitate clearance of fluids and particulates. As a general principal, coated stents were not specifically designed for ciliated lumen in that the external coating damages the cilia and prevents the body's natural clearing function. Moreover, the coating itself is usually made of a predominately hydrophilic polymer, which can lead to mucous formation and/or fluid stagnation. Stagnation of fluids or material passing through the lumen can lead to additional complications such as in stent restenosis or bacterial infections.
[0008] Therefore, there remains an existing need for a therapeutic stent that can have varying characteristics along its surface area while being stamped, not braided, from a single base material. Moreover, there is a need for such a therapeutic stent where the relative hardness, softness, flexibility, stiffness and radial force can be modified as a function of geometric considerations rather than material considerations. In particular, there is a need for a stent that is divided into zones so as to allow the stent to have predetermined characteristics in one zone and could conceivably have drastically different characteristics in an adjacent zone so as to allow for stents that can be tailored to anatomical lumens in general and the particular lumen topography of a specific patient in particular. An additional need remains for a stent that is coated in a manner that limits the amount of coating surface area that is in direct contact with the target lumen. In particular, there is a need for a covered stent that is preferably covered internally such that the outer scaffolding surface of the stent is raised from the outer surface of the coating. To this end, cilia function is only partially limited and mucociliary clearance is not significantly affected. A need also remains for a coating that itself has anti-adherent properties or is complexed with an anti-adherent such that bacteria, fungi or other microbials cannot colonize the cover in particular and the stent generally.
Summary of Exemplary Embodiments
[0009] It is a principal purpose of the present invention to provide a stent, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, which combines many of the excellent characteristics of both silicone and metal stents while eliminating the undesirable ones. In particular, it is an objective of a preferred embodiment in accordance with the present invention to provide a stent that is easily installed, yet in alternative embodiments, removable. Moreover the stent in accordance with this embodiment of the present invention would not cause material infections and may be capable of reducing infection. Therefore, a principal objective of a preferred embodiment in accordance with the present invention is to provide a prosthesis that is suitable for both permanent and temporary use while being easy to insert, reposition and remove.
[0010] A principal objective of a preferred embodiment of the present invention is to provide a stent that may be stamped from preferably a single material that is capable of maintaining its axial working length when radially compressed. To this end, the stent does not have a seam that could aggravate luminal tissue. In particular, a stent in accordance with the present invention is formed using a tool that molds the stents outer contour as well as its interstices.
[0011] It is yet another objective of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention to provide a stent that can be indicated for the treatment of benign and malignant disease and improve the way clinicians treat malignant obstructions.
[0012] Still another objective of the present invention is to provide a stent and method for installing the stent that is economical and suitable for routine purposes. Moreover, the stent will have minimal migration, cause minimal tissue granulation, will not foreshorten after deployment and mucociliary clearance will not be problematic.
[0013] Yet another objective of an exemplary embodiment in accordance with the present invention is to provide a prosthesis that will have superior internal to external diameter ratio, superior radial force with dynamic expansion, while being suitable for use in pediatric and adult patients with malignant and benign disease.
[0014] A principal objective of an exemplary stent in accordance with the present invention is to provide a family of stents where the relative hardness/softness of regions of the stent can differ from other regions of the stent to provide additional patient comfort and resistance to radial forces.
[0015] An additional objective in accordance with an exemplary embodiment is to provide a family of stents with novel interstice configurations that facilitate flexibility, durability and/or proper installation.
[0016] Still another objective of a preferred embodiment of the present invention is to provide a self-expanding stent having the above benefits that also defines a plurality of apertures at the termini of the stent for, inter alia, removal of the stent.
[0017] An additional objective in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention is to provide a prosthesis that minimizes cilia destruction at the site of implantation. In the furtherance of this and other objectives, the preferred prosthesis is coated internally with a polyurethane such that the surfaces of the struts that come into contact with the lumen of the patient are elevated above the surface of the coating such that the cilia can move to allow for free fluid action of ciliated epithelium.
[0018] Further objectives, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
Brief Description of the Figures
[0019] FIG. 1 shows a polarization microscopic image of a plurality of zones of a stent in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
[0020] FIG. 2 shows an alternative perspective view of the polarization microscopic image of FIG. 1 .
[0021] FIG. 3 shows an enlarged perspective view of the interstices of an exemplary zone as shown in FIG. 1 .
Detailed Description of an Embodiment
[0022] A preferred embodiment of the stent, in accordance with the present invention, provides a stent that prevents epithelialization of the stent and is not subject to premature elongation and foreshortening but is capable of engaging the desired implantation location. The stent also retains its axial length while undergoing radial compression.
[0023] The stent is preferably formed from a composite material selected from the group consisting essentially of Ni, C, Co, Cu, Cr, H, Fe, Nb, O, Ti and combinations thereof. The composite material is generally formed into a compressed tube from which the stent is etched and is formed on a suitable shaping device to give the stent the desired external geometry. Both the synthetic collar techniques and in vitro valuation techniques show the remarkable ability of stents in accordance with the present invention to convert acting force into deformation work absorbed by the angled structure, which prevents excessive scaffolding stress and premature material fatigue and accelerated obsolescence.
[0024] Though one skilled in the stent engineering art, once apprised of the present application, would be able to manufacture a stent consistent with the present invention by other methods, a preferred method of manufacturing such stents follows. As stated above a composite material is selected and a blank is formed there from. The blank is preferably laser etched and the etch work is generally verified for accuracy using visual recording microscopy. Dimensional measurements are taken to ensure strut thickness, segment angles, zone placement, etc. Moreover, the stent is preferably formed on a shaping tool that has substantially the desired contour of the external stent dimensions.
[0025] In the event the stent is to be shaped to the dimensions of a particular lumen, optical photography and/or optical videography of the target lumen may be conducted prior to stent formation. The geometry of corresponding zones and connector regions of the stent then can be etched and formed in accordance with the requirements of that target lumen. For example, if the stent were designed for the trachea, which has a substantially D shaped lumen and additionally the middle zones needed to be softer than the end zones, the stent could be designed to those specifications. With specific reference being made to FIG. 1 , it can be seen that angles α, β, δ, ε and γ may be modified to provide different characteristics to different zones of the stent. In particular, if the topography of the trachea of a particular patient is captured optically and the appropriate dimension provided, a patient specific prosthesis could be engineered. These techniques can be adapted to other non-vascular lumen but is very well suited for vascular applications where patient specific topography is a function of a variety of factors such as genetics, lifestyle, etc.
[0026] It should be pointed out that unlike the use of differing shape memory materials to change regions of a stent, stents in accordance with the present invention can take on an infinite number of characteristic combinations as zones and segments within a zone can be modified by changing angles, segment lengths and segment thicknesses during the etching and forming stages of stent engineering or during post formation processing and polishing steps. Moreover, by modifying the geometry of the connectors between zones, additional functionality may be achieved.
[0027] Exemplary stents 10 in accordance with the present invention are shown in FIGS. 1-3 showing the preferred interstice geometry. Not shown are a wide variety of interstice geometries that are also acceptable alternatives to the preferred, namely, U, V, W, Z, S and X geometries to name a few.
[0028] The stent 10 also is formed of memory metal and preferably has unique geometrical interstices that are laser etched therein. However, other conventional ways of forming interstices in unitary scents, though not equivalent are contemplated, may be employed and would be within the skill set of one in the art.
[0029] It cannot be overemphasized, however, that this does not mean the knowledge that changes in the geometry of interstices affect stent functionality is currently known in the art. To the contrary, the present inventors discovered the interrelation between interstice geometry, width, length and relative resistance to torsional stress and radial force. In fact, it can be said that the stent 10 has circumferential bands extending perpendicularly with respect to the luminal device's longitudinal axis. These bands are referred to generally as zones. A connector 50 connects these bands to one another; the connector 50 is an additional means for adjusting stent functionality. In particular, the connector 50 defines a substantially U shaped member, but could define other geometries such as U, V, W, Z, S and X to name a few. As shown specifically in FIG. 1 , δ, ε and γ vary in shape and that the corresponding region of the stent differs in function. It can also be seen from FIG. 1 , at least one but preferably a plurality of eyelets φ that allow a physician to purse string the stent with suture to facilitate removability. The eyelets are preferably between about 200 μm and 300 μm, however, the eyelets may be smaller or larger to accommodate the need of the target site. The preferred eyelet size is about 350 μM as the preferred suture type is 4-0. The medical appliance may be pre-threaded with suture or the user may provide the suture after implantation.
[0030] In a standard orientation, as shown particularly in FIG. 2 , the substantially U-shape connector comprises preferably two leg members 52 & 56 and a crossing member 54 that connects with and extends perpendicularly at preferably 90° angles with respect to the leg members 52 & 56. It must be noted that alternative angles may be provided without departing materially from the invention. The present inventors discovered that if you modify the length of the crossing member 54 and/or the leg members 52 & 56 and/or the angle γ at which the crossing member 54 and the leg members 52 & 56 intersect, the relative hardness/softness, radial force and/or flexibility of the stent 10 could be modified. The angles γ can be modified at varying acute angles short of 90° or varying obtuse angles greater than 90°. The incremental changes correspondingly change certain characteristics of the stent 10. As a result, different zones of the stent 10 can be given different rigidities to improve patient comfort and for example, in airway stents, to facilitate luminal patency. Moreover, various anatomical lumens may need different degrees of stent rigidity. As a result, stents 10 in accordance with the present invention can be manufactured to exacting specifications to contour properly to various lumens in a patient's anatomy, which may need varying levels of structural support from the medical appliance.
[0031] Referring now to FIG. 3 , there is an enhanced capability provided by stents in accordance with the present invention. By adjusting the distance between the connector 50 and the zones between which connector 50 resides, the way in which the stent reacts to strain can be modified. By way of non-limiting example, if the connector 40 is oriented closer to one zone than to another zone, the stent will be less flexible and be able to withstand greater radial force. Alternatively, if the connector is equidistant between zones, the stent will be more flexible and be able to withstand less radial force. Please note that these differences are relative to a neutrally located connector 40. The behavior is a function of distance and as a result varies along a continuum with respect to the connector's orientation between the medium between zones and the tip of each zone. Moreover, within by varying the number of connectors 40 that connect the zones to one another, functionality can be impacted. In particular, the fewer the number of connectors connecting the zones the more torsional flexibility the stent will have. The converse will generally hold true with respect to a greater number of connectors.
[0032] Connector 40, which serves a similar purpose as connector 50 also has a crossing member 44 that connects leg members 42 & 46 at a predetermined angle δ. As discussed above, since form follows function for stents prepared through this novel method, by changing the degrees of angles α, β, δ& γ, stent characteristics can be modified. Moreover, by changing the leg lengths of all the previously discussed legs or individual legs separately, additional stent characteristics can be obtained. The beauty of this system is that the desired characteristics can be determined prior to forming the stent and by staying within certain forming parameters, the stent can be formed, crimped, delivered and deployed with confidence that the desired functionality with result. This is important in light of the fact that both vascular and nonvascular lumen have unique topography. As a result, methods and devices in accordance with the present invention usher in the ability to tailor prosthesis to anatomical tissue in general and particular patient anatomy in particular.
[0033] The U shaped connectors 40 & 50 have a crossing member and at least two leg members, respectively. The present inventors discovered that if you increase/decrease the length of leg members and/or increase/decrease the length of crossing members and/or vary the angle at which crossing members and leg members intersect, you affect the functionality of the stent. In particular, the shorter the length of the leg members, the less flexibility available in that portion of the stent. Taking particular note of FIG. 3 , by way of example only, if you want to decrease the amount of torsional flexibility of the stent 10, you would have to modify the connector 40 so that the legs 42 & 46 are longer than shown and that the angle δ formed by legs 42 & 46 and crossing member 44, respectively, is slightly greater than 90°. Alternatively, the length of the crossing member 44 can impact the functionality of the stent as well. The stent can be made more rigid by shortening crossing member 44 or the stent may be made more flexible by lengthening crossing member 44. It should be noted that the combination of the changes of leg lengths, crossing member lengths, angle variations, shapes and number of connectors provide the stent with the ability to conform to specific lumens in the anatomy of a patient. The result is a form fitting medical prosthesis that may be tailored to specific anatomical lumens in general and to the anatomical lumens of an individual patient in particular.
[0034] In a preferred embodiment, the modification of interstice geometries and manipulation of the U shaped connection member to achieve variable stent functionality is provided. The rigidity of the stent scaffolding or interstice matrix along with the torsionality of the stent itself is principally a function of these modifications. In an exemplary embodiment, the stents relative flexibility can be rated soft, medium or hard based on the degree of flex and torsionality. The less torsionality and flex in the stent the harder the stent is rated.
[0035] An exemplary stent in accordance with the present invention with relatively great torsionality and radial flexibility would be rated soft. An exemplary soft rated stent comprises distance between U shaped connectors of about 45 μm in the compressed state (i.e., contracted in the 3 mm tube subject to laser etching). Moreover, the length of the crossing member is preferably about 1.0 μm. The lengths of the leg members are preferably about 1.5 μm long. Additionally the leg members may further comprise feet that attached to the remainder of the stent scaffolding. The feet can be adjusted from a standard length of about 0.25 μm to further adjust the characteristics of the stent. There is additionally a substantially rectangular member incorporated in the U shaped connector with similar capacity for variability. The variability factors and results of modifying the dimensions of the substantially rectangular members are similar to those evinced by leg length dimensional modifications.
[0036] By way of example, but not to be construed in any way as limiting, the softness index or relative flexibility can be increase by increasing the various lengths discussed above. For example, by increasing the length of the legs and crossing members of the U shaped connector, flexibility increases. However, with respect to the distance between U shaped members and distance between interstices in a preferred stent embodiment, there is an inverse correlation between length and softness. This relative softness/hardness indexing as a corollary of interstice dimensions is a novel aspect of preferred embodiment of the present invention. As a practical rule of thumb, longer leg lengths coupled with acute angles provide for greater flexibility. Conversely, shorter leg lengths and more obtuse angles provide more rigidity. By way of non-limiting example, a U shaped connector with short legs deviating from the crossing member at angles greater than 90°, will be extremely rigid and resistant to torsional strain as compared to a U shaped connector with longer legs diverging from the crossing member at angles less than 90°.
[0037] In addition to the length and spacing differences, the interstices themselves may define various shapes that by their very nature afford novel functionality to the stent. The changes of functionality, however, are more a function of the dimensional differences of the various shapes rather than a function of the shapes themselves. Therefore, it is important to keep in mind that the dimensional differences discussed in the previous paragraph are determinative of the functionality accorded the stent by the varying interstice geometries. It is for this reason that one of ordinary skill in the art, after being apprised of the present invention, would be able to conceive of a number of interstice geometries to satisfy certain functionality criteria by keeping certain dimensional parameters constant.
[0038] FIGS. 1-3 also show the coating provided in select embodiments in accordance with the present invention. The coating 100 preferably comprises a stable polymeric material such as polyurethane that can be deposited on a stent to form a thin film. The film preferably forms layers when annealed to the stent such that the hydrophobic moieties within the polymer are predominately oriented outward and the hydrophilic moieties are predominately oriented inward. It should be noted that depending on the characteristics desired by the user, the relative hydroaffinity may be altered. For example, in the event the implant was placed with the intention of collecting mucous in the respiratory system, the coating 100 would more suitably have a predominately hydrophilic outer surface. Moreover, by manipulating the hydroaffinity of the coating 100, the physiochemical parameters such as surface-free energy, charge density provide a substantial barrier to biofilm formation in general and ligand-binding events mediated by microbial adhesions and extracellular polymers. However, additional anti-adherents know in the art may be applied to provide lubricity as well as an additional barrier for microbials. For example, a preferred coating 100 in accordance with the present invention would be hydrophilic and hydroscope to ensure the surface would always be wet which prevents mucostasis as well as microbial adherence.
[0039] Regardless of desired coating surface characteristics, preferred stents in accordance with the present invention are coated from the interior of the stent lumen such that the stent scaffolding is raised about between 1 Å to 106 Å above the surface of the coating 100 as shown in FIG. 3 as indicia 200. One of the principal functions of such architecture is to facilitate cilia action by allowing cilia movement between stent struts.
[0040] The stent is preferably coated in a multi-step process, which comprises providing a stent and initially spraying the stent with a polymeric material to coat the struts. Though the steps may be reversed it is preferable to follow the spraying step with the interior coating step. In particular, the stent is placed into a hollow mold to retain the stent shape as the internal diameter of the stent is coated with the polymeric material to form a non-porous coating 100. The coating 100 can be provided in sheets or additional spray applications, however, the preferred embodiment is the sheets. Sheets are generally preferred to facilitate the proper orientation of the polymer side chains to ensure that the desired moiety (e.g., hydrophilic and/or hydrophobic) is facing the lumen. Once the layer of polymer is introduced into the inner diameter of the stent, a balloon or other device in which temperature can be regulated is implanted to sandwich the layer of polymer between the stent inner diameter and the balloon. The balloon is expanded and heated to a temperature of about between 200° and 400° F. to anneal the polymer to the stent. Preferred polymers such as various designer polyurethanes (e.g., Cronoflex® manufactured by Cardiotech International) are suitable for such applications but other polymers are acceptable.
[0041] The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative, and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims, rather than by the foregoing description. All changes, which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims, are to be embraced within their scope.
Claims
That which is claimed:
1. A method of coating a medical appliance comprising the steps of:
providing a medical appliance comprising a scaffolding of struts defining a substantially cylindrical member having a distal end and a proximal end and a lumen extending longitudinally therebetween, the scaffolding having an interior and an exterior surface along its longitudinal extension; and
applying a polymer to the medical appliance such that the exterior surface of the scaffolding is raised with respect to the polymer extending substantially over an area between the struts of the scaffolding.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising annealing the polymer to the stent by applying heat to the polymer.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein applying comprises applying a polymer to the exterior surface of the scaffolding.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein applying comprises applying a polymer to the interior surface of the scaffolding.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein providing comprises providing a medical appliance further comprising an additional distal end wherein the medical appliance forms a substantially Y-shape.
6. The method of claim 1, further comprising spraying the medical appliance with a polymer prior to applying the polymer to the medical appliance.
7. The method of claim 1, further comprising providing a mold having an internal and an external diameter and inserting the medical appliance into the internal diameter of the mold.
8. The method of claim 7, further comprising applying a polymer to the interior surface of the medical appliance.
9. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
inserting a balloon within the internal diameter of the mold; and
expanding and heating the balloon to anneal the polymer to the medical appliance.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymer is substantially hydrophobic.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the polymer is hydroscopic.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymer is substantially hydrophilic.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein the polymer is substantially hydroscopic.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein applying comprises applying the polymer to the medical appliance from the interior surface of the scaffolding outward.
15. The method of claim 1, wherein applying comprises applying the polymer to the medical appliance from the exterior surface of the scaffolding inward.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein applying comprises applying the polymer to the medical appliance such that the struts on the exterior surface of the scaffolding are raised with respect to the polymer applied between the struts of the medical appliance.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein applying comprises applying the polymer such that the polymer applied to the struts of the scaffolding is raised between 1 Å to 106 Å with respect to the polymer applied between the struts of the scaffolding.
18. The method of claim 16, wherein applying comprises applying the polymer such that the relative extent to which the polymer applied to the exterior surface of the scaffolding is raised with respect to the polymer applied between the struts facilitates cilia function at the cite of implantation.
Patent Citations (511)
| Patent | Date | Inventor | Cited By |
|---|---|---|---|
| US3818511(A) | 1974-06-01 | Goldberg et al. | Applicant |
| US4343048(A) | 1982-08-01 | Ross et al. | Applicant |
| US4441215(A) | 1984-04-01 | Kaster | Applicant |
| US4655771(A) | 1987-04-01 | Wallsten | Applicant |
| US4665906(A) | 1987-05-01 | Jervis | Applicant |
| US4680031(A) | 1987-07-01 | Alonso | Applicant |
| US4733665(A) | 1988-03-01 | Palmaz | Applicant |
| US4739762(A) | 1988-04-01 | Palmaz | Applicant |
| US4743251(A) | 1988-05-01 | Barra | Applicant |
| US4800882(A) | 1989-01-01 | Gianturco | Applicant |
| US4820262(A) | 1989-04-01 | Finney | Applicant |
| US4820298(A) | 1989-04-01 | Leveen et al. | Applicant |
| US4856516(A) | 1989-08-01 | Hillstead | Applicant |
| US4886062(A) | 1989-12-01 | Wiktor | Applicant |
| US5032128(A) | 1991-07-01 | Alonso | Applicant |
| US5061275(A) | 1991-10-01 | Wallsten et al. | Applicant |
| US5064435(A) | 1991-11-01 | Porter | Applicant |
| US5067957(A) | 1991-11-01 | Jervis | Applicant |
| US5073694(A) | 1991-12-01 | Tessier et al. | Applicant |
| US5102417(A) | 1992-04-01 | Palmaz | Applicant |
| US5104404(A) | 1992-04-01 | Wolff | Applicant |
| US5190546(A) | 1993-03-01 | Jervis | Applicant |
| US5195984(A) | 1993-03-01 | Schatz | Applicant |
| US5229431(A) | 1993-07-01 | Pinchuk | Applicant |
| US5292331(A) | 1994-03-01 | Boneau | Applicant |
| US5345057(A) | 1994-09-01 | Muller | Applicant |
| US5354309(A) | 1994-10-01 | Schnepp-Pesch et al. | Applicant |
| US5356423(A) | 1994-10-01 | Tihon et al. | Applicant |
| US5364340(A) | 1994-11-01 | Coll | Applicant |
| US5383892(A) | 1995-01-01 | Cardon et al. | Applicant |
| US5383925(A) | 1995-01-01 | Schmitt | Applicant |
| US5421955(A) | 1995-06-01 | Lau et al. | Applicant |
| US5433723(A) | 1995-07-01 | Lindenberg et al. | Applicant |
| US5443498(A) | 1995-08-01 | Fontaine | Applicant |
| US5449373(A) | 1995-09-01 | Pinchasik et al. | Applicant |
| US5480431(A) | 1996-01-01 | Freitag et al. | Applicant |
| US5514154(A) | 1996-05-01 | Lau et al. | Applicant |
| US5520697(A) | 1996-05-01 | Lindenberg et al. | Applicant |
| US5534287(A) | 1996-07-01 | Lukic | Applicant |
| US5540713(A) | 1996-07-01 | Schnepp-Pesch et al. | Applicant |
| US5556414(A) | 1996-09-01 | Turi | Applicant |
| US5562725(A) | 1996-10-01 | Schmitt et al. | Applicant |
| US5575818(A) | 1996-11-01 | Pinchuk | Applicant |
| US5591157(A) | 1997-01-01 | Hennings et al. | Applicant |
| US5591197(A) | 1997-01-01 | Orth et al. | Applicant |
| US5593442(A) | 1997-01-01 | Klein | Applicant |
| US5597378(A) | 1997-01-01 | Jervis | Applicant |
| US5601593(A) | 1997-02-01 | Freitag | Applicant |
| US5609629(A) | 1997-03-01 | Fearnot et al. | Applicant |
| US5618301(A) | 1997-04-01 | Hauenstein et al. | Applicant |
| US5628788(A) | 1997-05-01 | Pinchuk | Applicant |
| US5643312(A) | 1997-07-01 | Fischell et al. | Applicant |
| US5645559(A) | 1997-07-01 | Hachtman et al. | Applicant |
| US5662713(A) | 1997-09-01 | Andersen et al. | Applicant |
| US5667486(A) | 1997-09-01 | Mikulich et al. | Applicant |
| US5674241(A) | 1997-10-01 | Bley et al. | Applicant |
| US5681346(A) | 1997-10-01 | Orth et al. | Applicant |
| US5690644(A) | 1997-11-01 | Yurek et al. | Applicant |
| US5695499(A) | 1997-12-01 | Helgrson et al. | Applicant |
| US5697971(A) | 1997-12-01 | Fischell et al. | Applicant |
| US5702418(A) | 1997-12-01 | Ravenscroft | Applicant |
| US5707386(A) | 1998-01-01 | Schnepp-Pesch et al. | Applicant |
| US5713949(A) | 1998-02-01 | Jayaraman | Applicant |
| US5716393(A) | 1998-02-01 | Lindenberg et al. | Applicant |
| US5725572(A) | 1998-03-01 | Lam et al. | Applicant |
| US5733303(A) | 1998-03-01 | Israel et al. | Applicant |
| US5741333(A) | 1998-04-01 | Frid | Applicant |
| US5755776(A) | 1998-05-01 | Al-Saadon | Applicant |
| US5755781(A) | 1998-05-01 | Jayaraman | Applicant |
| US5759192(A) | 1998-06-01 | Saunders | Applicant |
| US5766238(A) | 1998-06-01 | Lau et al. | Applicant |
| US5776161(A) | 1998-07-01 | Globerman | Applicant |
| US5780807(A) | 1998-07-01 | Saunders | Applicant |
| US5807404(A) | 1998-09-01 | Richter | Applicant |
| US5814063(A) | 1998-09-01 | Freitag | Applicant |
| US5824042(A) | 1998-10-01 | Lombardi et al. | Applicant |
| US5827321(A) | 1998-10-01 | Roubin et al. | Applicant |
| US5833707(A) | 1998-11-01 | McIntyre et al. | Applicant |
| US5836966(A) | 1998-11-01 | St. Germain | Applicant |
| US5837313(A) | 1998-11-01 | Ding et al. | Applicant |
| US5843120(A) | 1998-12-01 | Israel et al. | Applicant |
| US5853419(A) | 1998-12-01 | Imran | Applicant |
| US5860999(A) | 1999-01-01 | Schnepp-Pesch et al. | Applicant |
| US5873904(A) | 1999-02-01 | Ragheb et al. | Applicant |
| US5876418(A) | 1999-03-01 | KarlheinzHauenstein et al. | Applicant |
| US5876445(A) | 1999-03-01 | Anderson et al. | Applicant |
| US5876448(A) | 1999-03-01 | Thompson et al. | Applicant |
| US5876449(A) | 1999-03-01 | Starck et al. | Applicant |
| US5879370(A) | 1999-03-01 | Fischell et al. | Applicant |
| US5902475(A) | 1999-05-01 | Trozera et al. | Applicant |
| US5911732(A) | 1999-06-01 | Hojeibane | Applicant |
| US5922019(A) | 1999-07-01 | Hankh et al. | Applicant |
| US5922020(A) | 1999-07-01 | Klein et al. | Applicant |
| US5922393(A) | 1999-07-01 | Jayaraman | Applicant |
| US5931866(A) | 1999-08-01 | Frantzen | Applicant |
| US5935162(A) | 1999-08-01 | Dang | Applicant |
| US5938682(A) | 1999-08-01 | Hojeibane et al. | Applicant |
| US5968070(A) | 1999-10-01 | Bley et al. | Applicant |
| US5968091(A) | 1999-10-01 | Pinchuk et al. | Applicant |
| US5971950(A) | 1999-10-01 | Lopez et al. | Applicant |
| US5972018(A) | 1999-10-01 | Israel et al. | Applicant |
| US5980552(A) | 1999-11-01 | Pinchasik et al. | Applicant |
| US6017365(A) | 2000-01-01 | Von Oepen | Applicant |
| US6019778(A) | 2000-02-01 | Wilson et al. | Applicant |
| US6022371(A) | 2000-02-01 | Killion | Applicant |
| US6027527(A) | 2000-02-01 | Asano et al. | Applicant |
| US6033435(A) | 2000-03-01 | Penn et al. | Applicant |
| US6042597(A) | 2000-03-01 | Kveen et al. | Applicant |
| US6048361(A) | 2000-04-01 | Von Oepen | Applicant |
| US6051021(A) | 2000-04-01 | Frid | Applicant |
| US6053941(A) | 2000-04-01 | Lindenberg et al. | Applicant |
| US6056775(A) | 2000-05-01 | Borghi et al. | Applicant |
| US6059811(A) | 2000-05-01 | Pinchasik et al. | Applicant |
| US6096070(A) | 2000-08-01 | Raghed et al. | Applicant |
| US6099560(A) | 2000-08-01 | Penn et al. | Applicant |
| US6106548(A) | 2000-08-01 | Roubin et al. | Examiner |
| US6120534(A) | 2000-09-01 | Ruiz | Applicant |
| US6131266(A) | 2000-10-01 | Saunders | Applicant |
| US6132461(A) | 2000-10-01 | Thompson | Applicant |
| US6136006(A) | 2000-10-01 | Johnson et al. | Applicant |
| US6136022(A) | 2000-10-01 | Nunez et al. | Applicant |
| US6139573(A) | 2000-10-01 | Sogard et al. | Applicant |
| US6146403(A) | 2000-11-01 | St. Germain | Applicant |
| US6146416(A) | 2000-11-01 | Andersen et al. | Applicant |
| US6156052(A) | 2000-12-01 | Richter et al. | Applicant |
| US6159238(A) | 2000-12-01 | Killion et al. | Applicant |
| US6159239(A) | 2000-12-01 | Greenhalgh | Applicant |
| US6171334(B1) | 2001-01-01 | Cox | Applicant |
| US6174329(B1) | 2001-01-01 | Callol et al. | Applicant |
| US6179867(B1) | 2001-01-01 | Cox | Applicant |
| US6183506(B1) | 2001-02-01 | Penn et al. | Applicant |
| US6190407(B1) | 2001-02-01 | Ogle et al. | Applicant |
| US6193744(B1) | 2001-02-01 | Ehr et al. | Applicant |
| US6203568(B1) | 2001-03-01 | Lombardi et al. | Applicant |
| US6206916(B1) | 2001-03-01 | Furst | Applicant |
| US6217608(B1) | 2001-04-01 | Penn et al. | Applicant |
| US6231598(B1) | 2001-05-01 | Berry et al. | Applicant |
| US6231599(B1) | 2001-05-01 | Ley | Applicant |
| US6238430(B1) | 2001-05-01 | Klumb et al. | Applicant |
| US6241760(B1) | 2001-06-01 | Jang | Applicant |
| US6248058(B1) | 2001-06-01 | Silverman et al. | Applicant |
| US6251134(B1) | 2001-06-01 | Alt et al. | Examiner |
| US6258121(B1) | 2001-07-01 | Yang et al. | Applicant |
| US6270524(B1) | 2001-08-01 | Kim | Applicant |
| US6273910(B1) | 2001-08-01 | Limon | Applicant |
| US6283992(B1) | 2001-09-01 | Hankh et al. | Applicant |
| US6293964(B1) | 2001-09-01 | Yadav | Applicant |
| US6293966(B1) | 2001-09-01 | Frantzen | Applicant |
| US6293968(B1) | 2001-09-01 | Taheri | Applicant |
| US6299622(B1) | 2001-10-01 | Snow et al. | Applicant |
| US6306141(B1) | 2001-10-01 | Jervis | Applicant |
| US6312459(B1) | 2001-11-01 | Huang et al. | Applicant |
| US6315794(B1) | 2001-11-01 | Richter | Applicant |
| US6322586(B1) | 2001-11-01 | Monroe et al. | Applicant |
| US6325821(B1) | 2001-12-01 | Gaschino et al. | Applicant |
| US6325825(B1) | 2001-12-01 | Kula et al. | Applicant |
| US6336938(B1) | 2002-01-01 | Kavteladze et al. | Applicant |
| US6348065(B1) | 2002-02-01 | Brown et al. | Applicant |
| US6352552(B1) | 2002-03-01 | Levinson et al. | Applicant |
| US6355063(B1) | 2002-03-01 | Calcote | Applicant |
| US6361557(B1) | 2002-03-01 | Gittings et al. | Applicant |
| US6375676(B1) | 2002-04-01 | Cox | Applicant |
| US6375677(B1) | 2002-04-01 | Penn et al. | Applicant |
| US6380457(B1) | 2002-04-01 | Yurek et al. | Applicant |
| US6395020(B1) | 2002-05-01 | Ley et al. | Applicant |
| US6409750(B1) | 2002-06-01 | Hyodoh et al. | Applicant |
| US6409754(B1) | 2002-06-01 | Smith et al. | Applicant |
| US6416538(B1) | 2002-07-01 | Ley et al. | Applicant |
| US6420378(B1) | 2002-07-01 | Rubinfeld | Applicant |
| US6423084(B1) | 2002-07-01 | St. Germain | Applicant |
| US6423091(B1) | 2002-07-01 | Hojeibane | Applicant |
| US6423092(B2) | 2002-07-01 | Datta et al. | Applicant |
| US6428570(B1) | 2002-08-01 | Globerman | Applicant |
| US6432133(B1) | 2002-08-01 | Lau et al. | Applicant |
| US6436133(B1) | 2002-08-01 | Furst et al. | Applicant |
| US6440162(B1) | 2002-08-01 | Cox et al. | Applicant |
| US6443982(B1) | 2002-09-01 | Israel et al. | Applicant |
| US6451049(B2) | 2002-09-01 | Vallana et al. | Applicant |
| US6461380(B1) | 2002-10-01 | Cox | Applicant |
| US6461381(B2) | 2002-10-01 | Israel et al. | Applicant |
| US6464720(B2) | 2002-10-01 | Boatman et al. | Applicant |
| US6464722(B2) | 2002-10-01 | Israel et al. | Applicant |
| US6471721(B1) | 2002-10-01 | Dang | Applicant |
| US6475234(B1) | 2002-11-01 | Richter et al. | Applicant |
| US6475236(B1) | 2002-11-01 | Roubin et al. | Applicant |
| US6478815(B1) | 2002-11-01 | Alt | Applicant |
| US6488703(B1) | 2002-12-01 | Kveen et al. | Applicant |
| US6503556(B2) | 2003-01-01 | Harish et al. | Applicant |
| US6508834(B1) | 2003-01-01 | Pinchasik et al. | Applicant |
| US6514285(B1) | 2003-02-01 | Pinchasik | Applicant |
| US6533805(B1) | 2003-03-01 | Jervis | Applicant |
| US6533810(B2) | 2003-03-01 | Hankh et al. | Applicant |
| US6540776(B2) | 2003-04-01 | Sanders millare et al. | Applicant |
| US6540777(B2) | 2003-04-01 | Stenzel | Applicant |
| US6551351(B2) | 2003-04-01 | Smith et al. | Applicant |
| US6569150(B2) | 2003-05-01 | Teague et al. | Applicant |
| US6569194(B1) | 2003-05-01 | Pelton | Applicant |
| US6572646(B1) | 2003-06-01 | Boylan et al. | Applicant |
| US6589276(B2) | 2003-07-01 | Pinchasik et al. | Applicant |
| US6602285(B1) | 2003-08-01 | Von Oepen et al. | Applicant |
| US6607551(B1) | 2003-08-01 | Sullivan et al. | Applicant |
| US6613078(B1) | 2003-09-01 | Barone | Applicant |
| US6613079(B1) | 2003-09-01 | Wolinsky et al. | Applicant |
| US6613080(B1) | 2003-09-01 | Lootz | Applicant |
| US6613081(B2) | 2003-09-01 | Kim et al. | Applicant |
| US6616688(B2) | 2003-09-01 | Von Oepen | Applicant |
| US6616689(B1) | 2003-09-01 | Ainsworth et al. | Applicant |
| US6616690(B2) | 2003-09-01 | Rolando et al. | Applicant |
| US6620192(B1) | 2003-09-01 | Jalisi | Applicant |
| US6620193(B1) | 2003-09-01 | Lau et al. | Applicant |
| US6620201(B1) | 2003-09-01 | Nadal et al. | Applicant |
| US6623518(B2) | 2003-09-01 | Thompson et al. | Applicant |
| US6623520(B2) | 2003-09-01 | Jalisi | Applicant |
| US6629994(B2) | 2003-10-01 | Gomez et al. | Applicant |
| US6635084(B2) | 2003-10-01 | Israel et al. | Applicant |
| US6638293(B1) | 2003-10-01 | Makower et al. | Applicant |
| US6638300(B1) | 2003-10-01 | Frantzen | Applicant |
| US6638302(B1) | 2003-10-01 | Curcio et al. | Applicant |
| US6641607(B1) | 2003-11-01 | Hossainy et al. | Applicant |
| US6641608(B1) | 2003-11-01 | Pulnev | Applicant |
| US6641609(B2) | 2003-11-01 | Globerman | Applicant |
| US6641611(B2) | 2003-11-01 | Jayaraman | Applicant |
| US6645240(B2) | 2003-11-01 | Yec | Applicant |
| US6645242(B1) | 2003-11-01 | Quinn | Applicant |
| US6652572(B2) | 2003-11-01 | Kugler et al. | Applicant |
| US6652573(B2) | 2003-11-01 | von Oepen | Applicant |
| US6652575(B2) | 2003-11-01 | Wang | Applicant |
| US6652579(B1) | 2003-11-01 | Cox et al. | Applicant |
| US6653426(B2) | 2003-11-01 | Alvarado et al. | Applicant |
| US6656201(B2) | 2003-12-01 | Ferrera et al. | Applicant |
| US6656214(B1) | 2003-12-01 | Fogarty et al. | Applicant |
| US6656216(B1) | 2003-12-01 | Hossainy et al. | Applicant |
| US6656217(B1) | 2003-12-01 | Herzog, Jr. et al. | Applicant |
| US6656220(B1) | 2003-12-01 | Gomez et al. | Applicant |
| US6656351(B2) | 2003-12-01 | Boyle | Applicant |
| US6660019(B1) | 2003-12-01 | Richter et al. | Applicant |
| US6660030(B2) | 2003-12-01 | Shaolian et al. | Applicant |
| US6660034(B1) | 2003-12-01 | Mandrusov et al. | Applicant |
| US6660827(B2) | 2003-12-01 | Loomis et al. | Applicant |
| US6663664(B1) | 2003-12-01 | Pacetti | Applicant |
| US6664335(B2) | 2003-12-01 | Krishnan | Applicant |
| US6666881(B1) | 2003-12-01 | Richter et al. | Applicant |
| US6666884(B1) | 2003-12-01 | Webster | Applicant |
| US6669721(B1) | 2003-12-01 | Bose et al. | Applicant |
| US6669722(B2) | 2003-12-01 | Chen et al. | Applicant |
| US6669723(B2) | 2003-12-01 | Killion et al. | Applicant |
| US6673102(B1) | 2004-01-01 | Vonesh et al. | Applicant |
| US6673103(B1) | 2004-01-01 | Golds et al. | Applicant |
| US6673104(B2) | 2004-01-01 | Barry | Applicant |
| US6673105(B1) | 2004-01-01 | Chen | Applicant |
| US6673106(B2) | 2004-01-01 | Mitelberg et al. | Applicant |
| US6673107(B1) | 2004-01-01 | Brandt et al. | Applicant |
| US6673154(B1) | 2004-01-01 | Pacetti et al. | Applicant |
| US6676693(B1) | 2004-01-01 | Belding et al. | Applicant |
| US6676697(B1) | 2004-01-01 | Richter | Applicant |
| US6679910(B1) | 2004-01-01 | Granada | Applicant |
| US6679911(B2) | 2004-01-01 | Burgermeister | Applicant |
| US6682554(B2) | 2004-01-01 | Oepen et al. | Applicant |
| US6685736(B1) | 2004-02-01 | White et al. | Applicant |
| US6685745(B2) | 2004-02-01 | Reever | Applicant |
| US6689158(B1) | 2004-02-01 | White et al. | Applicant |
| US6689162(B1) | 2004-02-01 | Thompson | Applicant |
| US6692483(B2) | 2004-02-01 | Vardi et al. | Applicant |
| US6692521(B2) | 2004-02-01 | Pinchasik | Applicant |
| US6692522(B1) | 2004-02-01 | Richter | Applicant |
| US6695833(B1) | 2004-02-01 | Frantzen | Applicant |
| US6695876(B1) | 2004-02-01 | Marotta et al. | Applicant |
| US6699276(B2) | 2004-03-01 | Sogard et al. | Applicant |
| US6699278(B2) | 2004-03-01 | Fischell et al. | Applicant |
| US6702849(B1) | 2004-03-01 | Dutta et al. | Applicant |
| US6706061(B1) | 2004-03-01 | Fischell et al. | Applicant |
| US6706062(B2) | 2004-03-01 | Vardi et al. | Applicant |
| US6709440(B2) | 2004-03-01 | Callol et al. | Applicant |
| US6709451(B1) | 2004-03-01 | Noble et al. | Applicant |
| US6709453(B2) | 2004-03-01 | Pinchasik et al. | Applicant |
| US6709454(B1) | 2004-03-01 | Cox et al. | Applicant |
| US6712843(B2) | 2004-03-01 | Elliott | Applicant |
| US6712844(B2) | 2004-03-01 | Pacetti | Applicant |
| US6712846(B1) | 2004-03-01 | Kraus et al. | Applicant |
| US6716240(B2) | 2004-04-01 | Fischell et al. | Applicant |
| US6719782(B1) | 2004-04-01 | Chuter | Applicant |
| US6719991(B2) | 2004-04-01 | Darouiche et al. | Applicant |
| US6723118(B1) | 2004-04-01 | Ballou et al. | Applicant |
| US6723119(B2) | 2004-04-01 | Pinchasik et al. | Applicant |
| US6723120(B2) | 2004-04-01 | Yan | Applicant |
| US6723121(B1) | 2004-04-01 | Zhong | Applicant |
| US6723373(B1) | 2004-04-01 | Narayanan et al. | Applicant |
| US6730064(B2) | 2004-05-01 | Ragheb et al. | Applicant |
| US6730116(B1) | 2004-05-01 | Wolinsky et al. | Applicant |
| US6730117(B1) | 2004-05-01 | Tseng et al. | Applicant |
| US6730120(B2) | 2004-05-01 | Berg et al. | Applicant |
| US6733523(B2) | 2004-05-01 | Shaolian et al. | Applicant |
| US6733524(B2) | 2004-05-01 | Tseng et al. | Applicant |
| US6736838(B1) | 2004-05-01 | Richter | Applicant |
| US6736843(B1) | 2004-05-01 | Fariabi | Applicant |
| US6736844(B1) | 2004-05-01 | Glatt et al. | Applicant |
| US6740113(B2) | 2004-05-01 | Vrba | Applicant |
| US6740114(B2) | 2004-05-01 | Burgermeister | Applicant |
| US6740115(B2) | 2004-05-01 | Lombardi et al. | Applicant |
| US6743219(B1) | 2004-06-01 | Dwyer et al. | Applicant |
| US6743252(B1) | 2004-06-01 | Bates et al. | Applicant |
| US6746475(B1) | 2004-06-01 | Rivelli, Jr. | Applicant |
| US6746476(B1) | 2004-06-01 | Hojeibane | Applicant |
| US6746477(B2) | 2004-06-01 | Moore | Applicant |
| US6746479(B2) | 2004-06-01 | Ehr et al. | Applicant |
| US6746482(B2) | 2004-06-01 | Ung-Chhun | Applicant |
| US6749627(B2) | 2004-06-01 | Thompson et al. | Applicant |
| US6749629(B1) | 2004-06-01 | Hong et al. | Applicant |
| US6752819(B1) | 2004-06-01 | Brady et al. | Applicant |
| US6752826(B2) | 2004-06-01 | Holloway et al. | Applicant |
| US6752829(B2) | 2004-06-01 | Kocur et al. | Applicant |
| US6753071(B1) | 2004-06-01 | Pacetti | Applicant |
| US6755856(B2) | 2004-06-01 | Seibold et al. | Applicant |
| US6756007(B2) | 2004-06-01 | Pletzer et al. | Applicant |
| US6758858(B2) | 2004-07-01 | McCrea et al. | Applicant |
| US6758859(B1) | 2004-07-01 | Dang et al. | Applicant |
| US6758860(B1) | 2004-07-01 | Penn et al. | Applicant |
| US6761731(B2) | 2004-07-01 | Majercak | Applicant |
| US6764505(B1) | 2004-07-01 | Hossainy et al. | Applicant |
| US6764506(B2) | 2004-07-01 | Roubin et al. | Applicant |
| US6764507(B2) | 2004-07-01 | Shanley et al. | Applicant |
| US6764519(B2) | 2004-07-01 | Whitmore, III | Applicant |
| US6770086(B1) | 2004-08-01 | Girton | Applicant |
| US6770088(B1) | 2004-08-01 | Jang | Applicant |
| US6770089(B1) | 2004-08-01 | Hong et al. | Applicant |
| US6770091(B2) | 2004-08-01 | Richter et al. | Applicant |
| US6773445(B2) | 2004-08-01 | Finlay et al. | Applicant |
| US6773448(B2) | 2004-08-01 | Kusleika et al. | Applicant |
| US6774157(B2) | 2004-08-01 | DelMain | Applicant |
| US6774278(B1) | 2004-08-01 | Ragheb et al. | Applicant |
| US6776022(B2) | 2004-08-01 | Kula et al. | Applicant |
| US6776792(B1) | 2004-08-01 | Yan et al. | Applicant |
| US6776793(B2) | 2004-08-01 | Brown et al. | Applicant |
| US6776794(B1) | 2004-08-01 | Hong et al. | Applicant |
| US6776795(B2) | 2004-08-01 | Pelton | Applicant |
| US6776796(B2) | 2004-08-01 | Falotico et al. | Applicant |
| US6786918(B1) | 2004-09-01 | Krivoruchko et al. | Applicant |
| US6786929(B2) | 2004-09-01 | Gambale et al. | Applicant |
| US6790222(B2) | 2004-09-01 | Kugler et al. | Applicant |
| US6790227(B2) | 2004-09-01 | Burgermeister | Applicant |
| US6790228(B2) | 2004-09-01 | Hossainy et al. | Applicant |
| US6796997(B1) | 2004-09-01 | Penn et al. | Applicant |
| US6797217(B2) | 2004-09-01 | McCrea et al. | Applicant |
| US6800089(B1) | 2004-10-01 | Wang | Applicant |
| US6802846(B2) | 2004-10-01 | Hauschild et al. | Applicant |
| US6802859(B1) | 2004-10-01 | Pazienza et al. | Applicant |
| US6805702(B1) | 2004-10-01 | Chen et al. | Applicant |
| US6805703(B2) | 2004-10-01 | McMorrow | Applicant |
| US6805704(B1) | 2004-10-01 | Hoyns | Applicant |
| US6805705(B2) | 2004-10-01 | Hong et al. | Applicant |
| US6805706(B2) | 2004-10-01 | Solovay et al. | Applicant |
| US6805707(B1) | 2004-10-01 | Hong et al. | Applicant |
| US6805709(B1) | 2004-10-01 | Schaldach et al. | Applicant |
| US6805898(B1) | 2004-10-01 | Wu et al. | Applicant |
| US6808533(B1) | 2004-10-01 | Goodwin et al. | Applicant |
| US6814749(B2) | 2004-11-01 | Cox et al. | Applicant |
| US6818013(B2) | 2004-11-01 | Mitelberg et al. | Applicant |
| US6818014(B2) | 2004-11-01 | Brown et al. | Applicant |
| US6818015(B2) | 2004-11-01 | Hankh et al. | Applicant |
| US6818247(B1) | 2004-11-01 | Chen et al. | Applicant |
| US6821291(B2) | 2004-11-01 | Neisz et al. | Applicant |
| US6821292(B2) | 2004-11-01 | Pazienza et al. | Applicant |
| US6821293(B2) | 2004-11-01 | Pinchasik | Applicant |
| US6830638(B2) | 2004-12-01 | Boylan et al. | Applicant |
| US6833004(B2) | 2004-12-01 | Ishii et al. | Applicant |
| US6843802(B1) | 2005-01-01 | Villalobos et al. | Applicant |
| US6849086(B2) | 2005-02-01 | Cragg | Applicant |
| US6852123(B2) | 2005-02-01 | Brown | Applicant |
| US6852124(B2) | 2005-02-01 | Cox et al. | Applicant |
| US6858037(B2) | 2005-02-01 | Penn et al. | Applicant |
| US6860898(B2) | 2005-03-01 | Stack et al. | Applicant |
| US6860900(B2) | 2005-03-01 | Clerc et al. | Applicant |
| US6863684(B2) | 2005-03-01 | Kim et al. | Applicant |
| US6866805(B2) | 2005-03-01 | Hong et al. | Applicant |
| US6875227(B2) | 2005-04-01 | Yoon | Applicant |
| US6878162(B2) | 2005-04-01 | Bales et al. | Applicant |
| US6881221(B2) | 2005-04-01 | Golds | Applicant |
| US6881222(B2) | 2005-04-01 | White et al. | Applicant |
| US6881223(B2) | 2005-04-01 | Penn et al. | Applicant |
| US6887264(B2) | 2005-05-01 | Penn et al. | Applicant |
| US6896696(B2) | 2005-05-01 | Doran et al. | Applicant |
| US6896697(B1) | 2005-05-01 | Yip et al. | Applicant |
| US6896698(B2) | 2005-05-01 | Rolando et al. | Applicant |
| US6899727(B2) | 2005-05-01 | Armstrong et al. | Applicant |
| US6899729(B1) | 2005-05-01 | Cox et al. | Applicant |
| US6908624(B2) | 2005-06-01 | Hossainy et al. | Applicant |
| US6911039(B2) | 2005-06-01 | Shiu et al. | Applicant |
| US6911041(B1) | 2005-06-01 | Zschecg | Applicant |
| US6913617(B1) | 2005-07-01 | Reiss | Applicant |
| US6916336(B2) | 2005-07-01 | Patel et al. | Applicant |
| US6920677(B2) | 2005-07-01 | Dolan et al. | Applicant |
| US6942674(B2) | 2005-09-01 | Belef et al. | Applicant |
| US6953475(B2) | 2005-10-01 | Shaolian et al. | Applicant |
| US6955723(B2) | 2005-10-01 | Pacetti et al. | Applicant |
| US6972054(B2) | 2005-12-01 | Kerrigan | Applicant |
| US6979348(B2) | 2005-12-01 | Sundar | Applicant |
| US6981985(B2) | 2006-01-01 | Brown et al. | Applicant |
| US6984244(B2) | 2006-01-01 | Perez et al. | Applicant |
| US6989024(B2) | 2006-01-01 | Herbert et al. | Applicant |
| US7004966(B2) | 2006-02-01 | Edwin et al. | Applicant |
| US7011675(B2) | 2006-03-01 | Hemerick et al. | Applicant |
| US7547321(B2) | 2009-06-01 | Silvestri et al. | Applicant |
| US2001/0000043(A1) | 2001-03-01 | Israel et al. | Applicant |
| US2001/0005793(A1) | 2001-06-01 | Brenneman | Applicant |
| US2001/0016767(A1) | 2001-08-01 | Wilson et al. | Applicant |
| US2001/0016768(A1) | 2001-08-01 | Wilson et al. | Applicant |
| US2001/0025195(A1) | 2001-09-01 | Schaolian et al. | Applicant |
| US2001/0027339(A1) | 2001-10-01 | Boatman et al. | Applicant |
| US2001/0037138(A1) | 2001-11-01 | Wilston et al. | Applicant |
| US2002/0002396(A1) | 2002-01-01 | Fulkerson | Applicant |
| US2002/0002399(A1) | 2002-01-01 | Huxel et al. | Applicant |
| US2002/0042650(A1) | 2002-04-01 | Vardi et al. | Applicant |
| US2002/0045933(A1) | 2002-04-01 | Jang | Applicant |
| US2002/0111672(A1) | 2002-08-01 | Kim et al. | Applicant |
| US2002/0156524(A1) | 2002-10-01 | Ehr et al. | Applicant |
| US2002/0178570(A1) | 2002-12-01 | Sogard et al. | Applicant |
| US2002/0183831(A1) | 2002-12-01 | Rolando et al. | Applicant |
| US2002/0183832(A1) | 2002-12-01 | Penn et al. | Applicant |
| US2002/0193866(A1) | 2002-12-01 | Saunders | Applicant |
| US2002/0198593(A1) | 2002-12-01 | Gomez et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0004567(A1) | 2003-01-01 | Boyle et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0024534(A1) | 2003-02-01 | Silvestri et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0028240(A1) | 2003-02-01 | Nolting et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0036793(A1) | 2003-02-01 | Richter et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0040803(A1) | 2003-02-01 | Rioux et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0045925(A1) | 2003-03-01 | Jayaraman | Applicant |
| US2003/0050690(A1) | 2003-03-01 | Kveen et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0072868(A1) | 2003-04-01 | Harish et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0074049(A1) | 2003-04-01 | Hoganson et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0077310(A1) | 2003-04-01 | Pathak et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0083734(A1) | 2003-05-01 | Friedrich et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0105511(A1) | 2003-06-01 | Welsh et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0105513(A1) | 2003-06-01 | Moriuchi et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0114919(A1) | 2003-06-01 | McQuiston et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0125799(A1) | 2003-07-01 | Limon | Applicant |
| US2003/0130611(A1) | 2003-07-01 | Martin | Applicant |
| US2003/0139796(A1) | 2003-07-01 | Sequin et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0139803(A1) | 2003-07-01 | Sequin et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0144726(A1) | 2003-07-01 | Majercak et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0144731(A1) | 2003-07-01 | Wolinsky et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0149469(A1) | 2003-08-01 | Wolinsky et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0158596(A1) | 2003-08-01 | Ikeuchi et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0208183(A1) | 2003-11-01 | Whalen et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0212450(A1) | 2003-11-01 | Schlick | Applicant |
| US2003/0236567(A1) | 2003-12-01 | Elliott | Applicant |
| US2004/0025679(A1) | 2004-02-01 | Li et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0059406(A1) | 2004-03-01 | Cully et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0088040(A1) | 2004-05-01 | Mangiardi et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0102834(A1) | 2004-05-01 | Maeda et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0122511(A1) | 2004-06-01 | Mangiardi et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0176833(A1) | 2004-09-01 | Pavcnik et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0230119(A1) | 2004-11-01 | Brustad et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0256769(A1) | 2004-12-01 | Walter | Applicant |
| US2005/0154448(A1) | 2005-07-01 | Cully et al. | Applicant |
| US2005/0192620(A1) | 2005-09-01 | Cully et al. | Applicant |
| US2005/0261183(A1) | 2005-11-01 | Stewart et al. | Applicant |
| CA2356911(A1) | 2000-07-01 | Applicant | |
| DE29904817(U1) | 1999-05-01 | Applicant | |
| DE19754747(A1) | 1999-06-01 | Applicant | |
| DE19906956A1 | 2000-08-01 | Applicant | |
| DE19937638A1 | 2001-05-01 | Applicant | |
| EP183372 | 1984-10-01 | Applicant | |
| EP350302 | 1990-01-01 | Applicant | |
| EP378151(A2) | 1990-07-01 | Applicant | |
| EP540290(A2) | 1991-10-01 | Applicant | |
| EP540290(A2) | 1993-05-01 | Applicant | |
| EP621015(A1) | 1994-10-01 | Applicant | |
| EP797963(A2) | 1997-01-01 | Applicant | |
| EP792627(A2) | 1997-03-01 | Applicant | |
| EP945107(A2) | 1999-01-01 | Applicant | |
| EP1036550 | 2000-09-01 | Applicant | |
| EP1088528(A1) | 2001-04-01 | Applicant | |
| EP1093771(A2) | 2001-04-01 | Applicant | |
| EP1208814(A2) | 2001-09-01 | Applicant | |
| EP1151730(A2) | 2001-11-01 | Applicant | |
| EP1197188(A2) | 2002-04-01 | Applicant | |
| EP1290984(A2) | 2003-12-01 | Applicant | |
| EP1472990 | 2004-11-01 | Applicant | |
| EP1550477 | 2005-07-01 | Applicant | |
| FR2758253(A1) | 1998-07-01 | Applicant | |
| JP2002-102251 | 2002-04-01 | Applicant | |
| JP2002-345971 | 2002-12-01 | Applicant | |
| WO91/13384 | 1991-09-01 | Applicant | |
| WO92/11824 | 1992-07-01 | Applicant | |
| WO93/22986 | 1993-11-01 | Applicant | |
| WO94/04096 | 1994-03-01 | Applicant | |
| WO94/21196 | 1994-09-01 | Applicant | |
| WO97/07751 | 1997-03-01 | Applicant | |
| WO97/10011 | 1997-03-01 | Applicant | |
| WO97/32543 | 1997-09-01 | Applicant | |
| WO98/19628(A1) | 1998-05-01 | Applicant | |
| WO99/02105(A1) | 1999-01-01 | Applicant | |
| WO99/40876 | 1999-08-01 | Applicant | |
| WO99/62430 | 1999-12-01 | Applicant | |
| WO/09041 | 2000-02-01 | Applicant | |
| WO/44309(A2) | 2000-08-01 | Applicant | |
| WO/45742 | 2000-08-01 | Applicant | |
| WO1/66035 | 2001-09-01 | Applicant | |
| WO1/72239 | 2001-10-01 | Applicant | |
| WO1/76508(A2) | 2001-10-01 | Applicant | |
| WO2/19948(A2) | 2002-03-01 | Applicant | |
| WO2/24111 | 2002-03-01 | Applicant | |
| WO2/94132 | 2002-12-01 | Applicant | |
| WO2/100298 | 2002-12-01 | Applicant | |
| WO3/007781 | 2003-01-01 | Applicant | |
| WO3/18083 | 2003-03-01 | Applicant | |
| WO3/057075 | 2003-07-01 | Applicant | |
| WO3/065933 | 2003-08-01 | Applicant | |
| WO3/75797 | 2003-09-01 | Applicant | |
| WO3/082153 | 2003-10-01 | Applicant | |
| WO2005/011527 | 2005-02-01 | Applicant |
Non-Patent Literature (48)
- U.S. Appl. No. 08/246,320, filed May 19, 1994, Burnmeister et al.Applicant
- PCT Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report, PCT International Search Report mailed Jan. 18, 2006 for PCT/US04/31304 (Filed Sep. 24, 2004).Applicant
- Supplementary European Search Report for EP 03 77 6570, completed Apr. 30, 2007, mailed on May 14, 2007.Applicant
- D.H. Kim et al., Evaluation of the Biodurability of Polyurethane Covered Stent Using a Flow Phantom, Korean J. Radiology, Jun. 2001:2:75-79.Applicant
- Notice of Allowance dated Dec. 9, 2010 for U.S. Appl. No. 10/718,217.Applicant
- Office Action dated Jan. 20, 2011 in U.S. Appl. No. 11/433,024.Applicant
- European Search Report PCT/US2004/031304 dated Oct. 28, 2010.Applicant
- Notice of Allowance dated Feb. 25, 2011 for U.S. Appl. No. 10/718,217.Applicant
- Office Action dated Jul. 6, 2011 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/433,024.Applicant
- Office Action dated Apr. 5, 2010 for U.S. Appl. No. 10/718,217.Applicant
- Notice of Allowance dated Sep. 16, 2010 for U.S. Appl. No. 10/674,972.Applicant
- Office Action dated Aug. 26, 2010 for U.S. Appl. No. 10/718,217.Applicant
- Advisory Action received in U.S. Appl. No. 10/669,450 dated Mar. 6, 2009.Applicant
- Advisory Action received in U.S. Appl. No. 11/433,024 dated Nov. 2, 2009.Applicant
- EP Supplementary Search Report for EP 04785241, dated May 21, 2008.Applicant
- Office Action received in U.S. Appl. No. 10/288,615 dated Nov. 3, 2005.Applicant
- Office Action received in U.S. Appl. No. 10/288,615 dated Dec. 31, 2007.Applicant
- Office Action received in U.S. Appl. No. 10/288,615 dated Mar. 26, 2007.Applicant
- Office Action received in U.S. Appl. No. 10/288,615 dated Apr. 17, 2006.Applicant
- Office Action received in U.S. Appl. No. 10/288,615 dated Jul. 8, 2008.Applicant
- Office Action received in U.S. Appl. No. 10/288,615 dated Sep. 22, 2006.Applicant
- Office Action received in U.S. Appl. No. 10/669,450 dated Nov. 1, 2005.Applicant
- Office Action received in U.S. Appl. No. 10/669,450 dated Nov. 4, 2008.Applicant
- Office Action received in U.S. Appl. No. 10/669,450 dated Dec. 31, 2007.Applicant
- Office Action received in U.S. Appl. No. 10/669,450 dated Jul. 8, 2008.Applicant
- Office Action received in U.S. Appl. No. 10/669,450 dated Sep. 22, 2006.Applicant
- Office Action received in U.S. Appl. No. 10/674,972 dated Dec. 7, 2009.Applicant
- Office Action received in U.S. Appl. No. 10/674,972 dated Apr. 27, 2010.Applicant
- Office Action received in U.S. Appl. No. 10/674,972 dated Aug. 6, 2009.Applicant
- Office Action received in U.S. Appl. No. 10/718,217 dated Jan. 4, 2007.Applicant
- Office Action received in U.S. Appl. No. 10/718,217 dated Feb. 26, 2010.Applicant
- Office Action received in U.S. Appl. No. 10/718,217 dated Apr. 5, 2010.Applicant
- Office Action received in U.S. Appl. No. 10/718,217 dated Apr. 9, 2009.Applicant
- Office Action received in U.S. Appl. No. 11/433,024 dated Dec. 11, 2009.Applicant
- Office Action received in U.S. Appl. No. 11/433,024 dated Feb. 2, 2009.Applicant
- Office Action received in U.S. Appl. No. 11/433,024 dated Jul. 7, 2010.Applicant
- Office Action received in U.S. Appl. No. 11/433,024 dated Aug. 21, 2009.Applicant
- PCT Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, or the Declaration, mailed Oct. 12, 2006 for PCT/US2006/018813 (Filed May 12, 2006).Applicant
- PCT Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, or the Declaration, mailed Aug. 22, 2006 for PCT/US2006/013129 (Filed Apr. 6, 2006).Applicant
- PCT Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report mailed Mar. 9, 2005 for PCT/US204/31898 (Filed Sep. 29, 2004).Applicant
- Restriction Requirement received in U.S. Appl. No. 10/288,615 dated Oct. 28, 2004.Applicant
- Restriction Requirement received in U.S. Appl. No. 10/669,450 dated Apr. 20, 2007.Applicant
- Restriction Requirement received in U.S. Appl. No. 10/674,972 dated Dec. 26, 2006.Applicant
- Restriction Requirement received in U.S. Appl. No. 10/674,972 dated Apr. 7, 2009.Applicant
- W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc., “Get in Cancer's Way, for the Treatment of Malignant Biliary Strictures”, Feb 2003, 4 pages.Applicant
- W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc., “Introducing the Gore Stent-Graft Family”, Jul. 2003, 6 pages.Applicant
- W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc., “Introductions for Use for: Viabil®, Biliary Endoprosthesis”, Sep. 2004, 9 pages.Applicant
- W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc., “Percutaneous Implantation Tips for Success”, Apr. 2003, 2 pages.Applicant