US 8,175,685 B2Grant

Process, arrangements and systems for providing frequency domain imaging of a sample

Issue Date:2012-05-08

•48 Claims

•13 Drawing Sheets

Abstract

Apparatus, arrangement and method are provided for obtaining information associated with an anatomical structure or a sample using optical microscopy. For example, a radiation can be provided which includes at least one first electromagnetic radiation directed to be provided to an anatomical sample and at least one second electro-magnetic radiation directed to a reference. A wavelength of the radiation can vary over time, and the wavelength is shorter than approximately 1150 nm. An interference can be detected between at least one third radiation associated with the first radiation and at least one fourth radiation associated with the second radiation. At least one image corresponding to at least one portion of the sample can be generated using data associated with the interference. In addition, at least one source arrangement can be provided which is configured to provide an electromagnetic radiation which has a wavelength that varies over time. A period of a variation of the wavelength of the first electromagnetic radiation can be shorter than 1 millisecond, and the wavelength is shorter than approximately 1150 nm.

Metadata

Assignee

The General Hospital Corporation

Inventors

Seok-Hyun Yun
Johannes F. de Boer

Application Information

Application Number:US 11/744,287

Filing Date:2007-05-04

Priority Date:2006-05-10

Art Unit:3777

Classifications

IPC:

A61B6/00

Patent Drawings (13 sheets)

Description

Cross-Reference to Related Application(s)

[0001] This application is based upon and claims the benefit of priority from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/799,511, filed May 10, 2006, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

Statement Regarding Federally Sponsored Research

[0002] The research leading to the present invention was supported, at least in part, by National Institute of Health-National Cancer Institute, Grant number R33 214033. Thus, the U.S. government may have certain rights in the invention.

Field of the Invention

[0003] The present invention relates to processes, arrangements and systems which obtain information associated with an anatomical structure or a sample using optical microscopy, and more particularly to such methods, systems and arrangements that provide optical frequency domain imaging of the anatomical structure/sample (e.g., at least one portion of an eye).

Background Information

[0004] Optical frequency domain imaging (“OFDI”), which may also be known as swept source optical coherence tomography (“OCT”), is a technique associated with OCT concepts that generally uses a wavelength-swept light source to probe the amplitude and phase of back scattering light from tissue. Exemplary OFDI techniques and systems are described in International Application No. PCT/US04/029148. Method and system to determine polarization properties of tissue is described in International Application No. PCT/US05/039374. The OFDI technique can offer intrinsic signal-to-noise ratio (“SNR”) advantage over the time-domain techniques because the interference signal can be effectively integrated through a Fourier transform. With the recently developed rapidly tunable lasers in the 1300-nm range, the OFDI technique has enabled significant improvements in, e.g., imaging speed, sensitivity, and ranging depth over the conventional time-domain OCT systems. For example, such OFDI procedures/techniques can be used for imaging skin, coronary artery, esophagus, and anterior eye segments.

[0005] While retinal imaging is an established clinical use of the OCT techniques, this application has not been implemented using the OFDI procedures because the optical absorption in the human eye at 1300 nm may be too large. The standard spectral range of the conventional ophthalmic OCT techniques has been between 800 nm and 900 nm where the humors in the eye are transparent and broadband super-luminescent-diode (“SLD”) light sources are readily available. It has been has suggested that the 1040-nm spectral range can be a viable alternative operating window for a retinal imaging, and can potentially offer a deeper penetration into the choroidal layers below the highly absorbing and scattering retinal pigment epithelium. The spectral domain (“SD”) OCT systems, also known as Fourier domain OCT systems, that use broadband light sources at 800 nm and arrayed spectrometers have been provided to facilitate a three-dimensional retinal imaging in vivo with a superior image acquisition speed and a sensitivity to conventional time-domain OCT techniques.

[0006] As compared to the SD-OCT techniques, the OFDI procedures offer several advantages, such as an immunity to motion-induced signal fading, simple polarization-sensitive or diversity scheme, and long ranging depth. However, a clinical-viable OFDI system for imaging posterior eye segments has previously been unavailable, primarily due to the lack of a wide-tuning rapidly-swept light source in a low water absorption window. Indeed, despite the widespread use of the conventional OCT for retinal disease diagnostics, imaging posterior eye segment with OFDI has not been possible.

[0007] Accordingly, there is a need to overcome the deficiencies as described herein above.

Objects and Summary of Exemplary Embodiments

[0008] To address and/or overcome the above-described problems and/or deficiencies, exemplary embodiments of systems, arrangements and processes can be provided that are capable of, e.g., utilizing the OFDI techniques to image at least one portion of the eye.

[0009] Thus, an exemplary embodiment of OFDI technique, system and process according to the present invention for imaging at least one portion of an eye can be provided. For example, a high-performance swept laser at 1050 nm and an ophthalmic OFDI system can be used that offers a high A-line rate of 19 kHz, sensitivity of >92 dB over a depth range of 2.5 mm with an optical exposure level of 550 μW, and a deep penetration into the choroid. Using the exemplary systems, techniques and arrangements according to the present invention, it is possible to perform comprehensive human retina, optic disk, and choroid imaging in vivo. This can enable a display of a choroidal vasculature in vivo, without exogenous fluorescence contrasts, and may be beneficial for evaluating choroidal as well as retinal diseases. According to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, an OFDI system can be utilized which uses a swept laser in the 815-870 nm range, which can be used in clinical ophthalmic imaging and molecular contrast-based imaging.

[0010] Thus, according to one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a method, apparatus and software arrangement can be provided for obtaining information associated with an anatomical structure or a sample using optical microscopy. For example, a radiation can be provided which includes at least one first electro-magnetic radiation directed to be provided to an anatomical sample and at least one second electro-magnetic radiation directed to a reference. A wavelength of the radiation can vary over time, and the wavelength is shorter than approximately 1150 nm. An interference can be detected between at least one third radiation associated with the first radiation and at least one fourth radiation associated with the second radiation. At least one image corresponding to at least one portion of the sample can be generated using data associated with the interference.

[0011] For example, a period of a variation of the wavelength of the first electro-magnetic radiation can be shorter than 1 millisecond. The anatomical sample can include at least one section of the posterior segment of an eye. The section can include a retina, a choroid, an optic nerve and/or a fovea. The wavelength may be shorter than approximately 950 nm. The wavelength can also vary by at least 10 nm over a period of a variation of the wavelength of the first electromagnetic radiation. At least one fourth arrangement can also be provided which is capable of scanning the first electromagnetic radiation laterally across the anatomical sample. The image may be associated with the anatomical structure of the sample and/or a blood and/or a lymphatic flow in the sample.

[0012] In one exemplary variant, the third arrangement may be capable of (i) obtaining at least one signal associated with at least one phase of at least one frequency component of the interference signal over less than an entire sweep of the wavelength, and (ii) comparing the at least one phase to at least one particular information. The particular information can be associated with a further signal obtained from a sweep of the wavelength that is different from the sweep of the wavelength of the signal. The particular information may be a constant, and/or can be associated with at least one phase of at least one further frequency component of the interference signal over less than an entire sweep of the wavelength. The frequency components may be different from one another.

[0013] In another exemplary variant, the third arrangement may be capable of generating a two-dimensional fundus-type reflectivity profile of the anatomic sample and/or a two-dimensional fundus-type image of the anatomic sample based the signal. Another arrangement may be provided which is capable of receiving the first or second electromagnetic radiations, and providing at least one fifth electromagnetic radiation associated with the first electromagnetic radiation and/or the second electromagnetic radiation The second arrangement may be further capable of detecting a further interference signal between the fifth radiation and the fourth radiation. The second arrangement may be further capable of obtaining at least one reference signal associated with a further phase of at least one first frequency component of the further interference signal over less than an entire sweep of the wavelength. The particular information may be the further phase.

[0014] According to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, at least one source arrangement can be provided which is configured to provide an electro-magnetic radiation which has a wavelength that varies over time. A period of a variation of the wavelength of the one first electromagnetic radiation can be shorter than 1 millisecond, and the wavelength is shorter than approximately 1150 nm. A control arrangement which is capable of modulating at least one of an optical gain or an optical loss in the at least one source arrangement over time can be provided. The optical gain may be facilitated by a semiconductor material. Another arrangement can be provided which is configured to effect a gain and/or a loss as a function of the wavelength. The wavelength may vary by at least 10 nm over the period and/or may be shorter than approximately 950 nm.

[0015] In yet another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a method, apparatus and software arrangement can be provided. For example, first data can be received for a three-dimensional image of at least one portion of a sample. The first data may be associated with an optical interferometric signal generated from signals obtained from the sample and a reference. A region that is less than an entire portion of the first data can be converted to second data to generate a two-dimensional image which is associated with the portion of the sample. The region can be automatically selected based on at least one characteristic of the sample The entire portion may be associated with an internal structure within the sample (e.g., an anatomical structure). For example, the region may be at least one portion of a retina and/or a choroid. The two-dimensional image may be associated with an integrated reflectivity profile of the region and/or at least one of a blood or a lymphatic vessel network. The region can be automatically selected by determining at least one location of at least one section of the region based a reflectivity in the region.

[0016] According to a further exemplary embodiment of the present invention, is possible to cause a radiation to be provided which includes at least one first electro-magnetic radiation directed to a sample and at least one second electromagnetic radiation directed to a reference. A wavelength of the radiation varies over time. An interference signal can be detected between at least one third radiation associated with the first radiation and at least one fourth radiation associated with the second radiation. At least one signal associated with at least one phase of at least one frequency component of the interference signal can be obtained over less than an entire sweep of the wavelength. The phase may be compared to at least one particular information.

[0017] In one exemplary variant, the first electromagnetic radiation may be scanned laterally across the sample, which may include at least one section of a posterior segment of an eye. The section can include a retina, a choroid, an optic nerve and/or a fovea. The interference signal may be associated with an integral fraction of the entire sweep of the wavelength. The fraction of the sweep may be a half or a quarter of the sweep. The signal may be associated with a flow velocity and/or an anatomical structure in the sample. The particular information may be associated with a further signal obtained from a sweep of the wavelength that is different from the sweep of the wavelength of the signal. The particular information may be a constant and/or may be associated with at least one phase of at least one further frequency component of the interference signal over less than an entire sweep of the wavelength. The frequency components may be different from one another.

[0018] These and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon reading the following detailed description of embodiments of the invention, when taken in conjunction with the appended claims.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0019] Further objects, features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying figures showing illustrative embodiments of the invention, in which:

[0020] FIG. 1(a) is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a wavelength-swept laser system according to the present invention;

[0021] FIG. 1(b) is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of an interferometric system according to the present invention;

[0022] FIG. 2(a) is a graph illustrating measured output characteristics of a peak-hold output spectrum and an optical absorption in water for a particular propagation distance corresponding to a roundtrip in typical human vitreous;

[0023] FIG. 2(b) is a graph illustrating measured output characteristics of a time-domain output trace;

[0024] FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating point spread functions measured at various path length differences;

[0025] FIG. 4 is an exemplary image of retina and choroid obtained from a healthy volunteer using the exemplary embodiment of the system, process and arrangement according to the present invention;

[0026] FIG. 5(a) is a first exemplary OFDI image at fovea and optic nerve head of a patient A produced by an exemplary system at one location;

[0027] FIG. 5(b) is a second exemplary OFDI image at the fovea and the optic nerve head of the patient A produced by another exemplary system at such location;

[0028] FIG. 5(c) is a first exemplary SD-OCT image at the fovea and the optic nerve head of the patient A as a similar location produced by an exemplary system according to the present invention;

[0029] FIG. 5(d) is a second exemplary SD-OCT image at the fovea and the optic nerve head of the patient A as the location of FIG. 5(c) produced by an exemplary system according to the present invention;

[0030] FIG. 5(e) is a third exemplary OFDI image obtained from a patient B produced by another exemplary system according to the present invention;

[0031] FIG. 5(f) is a fourth exemplary OFDI image obtained from the patient B produced by a further exemplary system according to the present invention;

[0032] FIG. 6A is an exemplary two-dimensional reflectance image of the retinal and choroidal vasculature extracted from the three-dimensional OFDI data set associated with the image of FIG. 4 obtained by a conventional full-range integration method;

[0033] FIG. 6B is an exemplary fundus-type reflectivity image obtained using an exemplary embodiment of an axial-sectioning integration technique;

[0034] FIG. 6C is an exemplary retinal reflectivity image showing a shadow of a blood vasculature;

[0035] FIG. 6C is an exemplary reflectivity image obtained from an upper part of the choroids;

[0036] FIG. 6E is an exemplary image of an exemplary reflectivity image integrated from a center of the choroid showing a choroidal vasculature;

[0037] FIG. 7(a) is a schematic diagram of an exemplary embodiment of the wavelength-swept laser arrangement according to the present invention;

[0038] FIG. 7(b) is a graph of a peak-hold output spectrum of the signals generated using the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 7(a);

[0039] FIG. 7(c) is a graph of a oscilloscope trace generated using the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 7(a);

[0040] FIG. 8(a) is a graph of a sensitivity measured as a function of a reference power;

[0041] FIG. 8(b) is a graph of a sensitivity measured as a function of a depth;

[0042] FIG. 9 is an exemplary OFDI image of a Xenopus laevis tadpole in vivo acquired using another exemplary embodiment of the system, arrangement and process according to the present invention;

[0043] FIG. 10(a) is a graph of an exemplary output of a shaped spectra without a gain/loss modulation generated as a function of wavelength using another exemplary embodiment of the system, arrangement and process according to the present invention;

[0044] FIG. 10(b) is a graph of an exemplary output of the shaped spectra with the gain/loss modulation generated as a function of wavelength using an exemplary embodiment of the system, arrangement and process according to the present invention;

[0045] FIG. 11 is a flow diagram of a conventional method to obtain Doppler OFDI signals;

[0046] FIG. 12 is a flow diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a process to obtain Doppler OFDI signals by processing a portion of an interference fringe according to the present invention;

[0047] FIG. 13(a) is an exemplary single image of the retina which includes the fovea and optic disk obtained from a healthy volunteer consecutively acquired at a large number of frames; and

[0048] FIG. 13(b) is an exemplary integrated lindus image of the retina generated from multiple cross-sectional images covering an area by integrating the intensity in each depth profile.

[0049] Throughout the figures, the same reference numerals and characters, unless otherwise stated, are used to denote like features, elements, components or portions of the illustrated embodiments. Moreover, while the subject invention will now be described in detail with reference to the figures, it is done so in connection with the illustrative embodiments. It is intended that changes and modifications can be made to the described embodiments without departing from the true scope and spirit of the subject invention as defined by the appended claims.

Detailed Description of Exemplary Embodiments

First Exemplary Embodiment of Laser Source System

[0050] FIG. 1(a) depicts an exemplary embodiment of a laser source system (e.g., which can include a 1050 nm swept laser source) provided in a linear cavity configuration according to the present invention. As shown in this figure, a gain medium 10 can be provided, such as a bi-directional semiconductor optical amplifier (QPhotonics, Inc., QSOA-1050) which may be driven at an injection current level of 400 mA. One port of the amplifier can be coupled to a wavelength-scanning filter 20 that may comprise a diffraction grating 30 (1200 lines/mm), a telescope consisting of two lenses 40, 42 with respective focal lengths of 100 and 50 mm, and a polygon mirror scanner 50 (e.g., Lincoln Lasers, Inc., 40 facets). The design bandwidth and free spectral range of the filter can be approximately 0.1 nm and 61 nm, respectively. The amplifier's other port can be spliced to connect to a loop mirror which may include a 50/50 coupler 60. A Sagnac loop 70 can also act as an output coupler.

[0051] The reflectivity and output coupling ratio can be complementary, and may be optimized by adjusting a polarization controller 80 to tune the amount of the birefringence-induced non-reciprocity in the loop. The linear-cavity configuration can also be used instead of or together with conventional ring cavity designs, since low-loss low-cost circulators and isolators may not be readily available at 1050 nm. Sweep repetition rates of up to 36 kHz may be achieved with 100% duty cycle, which may represent a significant improvement over previously demonstrated swept lasers in the 1050 nm region that offered tuning rates of <1 kHz. In an OFDI system according to one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the laser can be operated at a wavelength sweep rate of about 18.8 kHz, thus producing a polarized output with an average output power of 2.7 mW.

Exemplary Embodiment of Imaging System

[0052] FIG. 1(b) depicts an exemplary embodiment of an optical frequency domain imaging (OFDI) system according to the present invention. For example, it is possible to use a swept laser can be used as a light source 100. This exemplary system further comprises a fiber-optic interferometer 110, a beam scanner 120, a detector 130 and a computer 140. A sample arm 150 (e.g., 30% port) can be connected to a two-axis galvanometer scanner apparatus 120 which may be designed for a retinal imaging. A focal beam size can be approximately 10 μm in tissue (e.g., index=1.38). The optical power level at an entrance pupil of an eye 160 can be measured to be about 550 μW, which is well below the 1.9-mW maximum exposure level at λ=1050 nm according to the ANSI laser safety standards. A reference arm 170 (e.g., 70% port) can utilize a transmission-type variable delay line 180 and a 10% tap coupler 182 to generate sampling trigger signals for acquiring data.

[0053] As shown in FIG. 1(b), a neutral density (ND) attenuator 184 may be used to obtain an optimal reference-arm power. Light returning from the sample can be combined with the reference light at a 50/50 coupler 190. Resulting interference signals can be measured using an InGaAs dual-balanced detector 140 (e.g., New Focus, Inc., 1811). A signal provided by the balanced detector 140 can be further amplified (e.g., by 10 dB), low-pass filtered, and digitized at 10 MS/s using, e.g., a 12-bit data acquisition board (National Instruments, Inc., PCI-6115). For example, when sampling a 512 samples during each A-line scan, the imaging depth range determined by the spectral sampling interval can be about 2.44 mm in air.

Exemplary Laser Output Characteristics

[0054] FIG. 2(a) depicts an exemplary output spectrum measured using an optical spectrum analyzer in peak-hold mode (with resolution=0.1 nm). The exemplary output spectrum spanned from 1019 to 1081 nm over a range of 62 nm determined by the free spectral range of the filter. The spectral range coincided with a local transparent window of the eye. The roundtrip optical absorption in human vitreous and aqueous humors can be estimated to be between about 2 dB and 5 dB based on known absorption characteristics of water (as shown in FIG. 2(a)). Using a variable-delay Michelson interferometer, it is possible to measure the coherence length of the laser output, defined as the roundtrip delay resulting in 50% visibility, to be approximately 4.4 mm in air. From this value, it is possible to determine an instantaneous line width of laser output to be 0.11 nm. In FIG. 2(a), a peak-hold output spectrum 200 and an optical absorption curve 205 are provided in water for a 42-mm propagation distance corresponding to a roundtrip in a typical human vitreous.

[0055] FIG. 2(b) shows a graph of a time domain exemplary oscilloscope output trace 210 of a laser output indicating 100% tuning duty cycle at 18.8 kHz (single shot, 5-MHz detection bandwidth). The y-axis of the trace graph of FIG. 2(b) represents an instantaneous optical power. The total power of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) in the output, measured by blocking the intracavity beam in the polygon filter, is shown as about 1.1 mW. Since ASE is significantly suppressed during lasing, it is expected that the ASE level in the laser output may be negligible. The laser output exhibited significant intensity fluctuations (˜10% pp) due to an etalon effect originating from relatively large facet reflections at the SOA chip with a thickness equivalent to 2.5 mm in air. In the exemplary embodiment of the imaging system, the etalon effect can cause ghost images (−30 dB) by optical aliasing.

Exemplary Sensitivity and Resolution of Imaging System

[0056] An exemplary embodiment of the OFDI system and exemplary optimized operating parameters can be provided to maximize the SNR using a partial reflector (neutral density filter and metal mirror) as a sample. An exemplary preferable reference arm power for maximal SNR may be 2.6 μW at each detection port. This relatively low value can be attributed to the relatively large intensity noise of the laser that may not be completely suppressed in the dual balanced detection. Exemplary data processing according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention can include reference subtraction, envelope apodization or windowing, interpolation to correct for nonlinear k-space tuning, and dispersion correction. For example, subtracting the reference from the interference signals can eliminate image artifacts due to a non-uniform spectral envelope of the laser source. Apodizing the interference fringes by imposing a appropriate windowing technique can decrease the sidebands of point spread functions and improve image contrast.

[0057] This exemplary embodiment of the process according to the present invention may come at a resolution loss and SNR (due to a reduced integration time). It is possible to use a Gaussian window to yield a desirable compromise in contrast and resolution (e.g., at 1050-nm). Since the detector signal may not be sampled in constant time intervals, whereas the tuning curve of our laser was not linear in k-space, interpolating the interference signal may be preferable to reduce or avoid image blurring. Upon completing the exemplary interpolation, the signal may be further corrected for the chromatic dispersion in the interferometer as well as in the sample, e.g., by multiplying a predetermined phase function.

[0058] FIG. 3 shows exemplary A-line profiles and/or point spread functions 220 measured at various path length differences of the interferometer. For this measurement, we used a neutral density attenuator (73 dB) and gold-coated mirror in the sample arm, and the path length was varied by moving the reference mirror. The maximum SNR is 25 dB that corresponds to a maximum sensitivity of 98 dB. The theoretical shot-noise limit of sensitivity is calculated to be 109 dB; the 11-dB deficiency in sensitivity of our system seems reasonable, considering that the residual laser intensity noise, imperfect polarization alignment between the sample and reference light, and Gaussian windowing, among many other practical details, contributed to SNR loss. For example, to facilitate the exemplary SNR analysis, each exemplary curve plotted was obtained by an average over 500 consecutive scans at a constant depth, and a simple numerical subtraction was performed to make the noise floor flat. Ghost artifacts marked as asterisks 230 were caused by the etalon effect in the laser source are shown in this figure.

[0059] As indicated in FIG. 3, the sensitivity was decreased to 92 dB as the path length increased to a depth of 2.4 mm, due to the finite coherence length of the laser output. As compared to the conventional time-domain systems that use a broadband source at 1040 nm, the exemplary embodiment of the system according to the present invention provides a higher sensitivity, e.g., at a 100-fold faster image acquisition speed and one sixth of sample arm power. The high sensitivity and depth range of the exemplary embodiment of the system according to the present invention compare favorably with exemplary SD-OCT systems that use broadband sources in the 800-900 nm spectral range. Due to the absorption by water in the eye, the actual SNR for the human retina is likely 3-4 dB lower than the values measured with the mirror sample. Based on the source spectrum (as shown in FIG. 2(a)) and the Gaussian window function used, the theoretical axial resolution can be determined to be about 13 μm in air; the measured values may be 14-16 μm, increasing with the depth. Errors in interpolation and dispersion compensation due to higher order terms may account for the discrepancy.

Exemplary Video-rate Imaging of Retina, Optic Disk, and Choroid in Vivo

[0060] Exemplary OFDI imaging was conducted on two healthy volunteers (A: 36-year-old Asian male, B: 41-year-old Caucasian male) using the exemplary embodiments of the system, process and arrangement according to the present invention. The exemplary OFDI system acquired 18,800 A-lines continuously over 10-20 seconds as the focused sample beam was scanned over an area of 6 mm (horizontal) by 5.2 mm (vertical) across the macular region in the retina. FIG. 4 shows a sequence 250 of images of the fovea and optic disk of the sample recorded from volunteer A at a frame rate of 18.8 Hz in 10.6 seconds. Each image frame was constructed from 1,000 A-line scans with an inverse grayscale table mapping to the reflectivity range over 47 dB, with each frame spanning over 6.0 mm (horizontal) and 1.8 mm (depth) in tissue. For example, 200 frames were acquired in 10.6 seconds to screen a tissue area with a vertical span of 5.2 mm. The anatomical layers in the retina are visualized and correlate well with previously published OCT images and histological findings.

[0061] FIG. 5A depicts an expanded exemplary image of fovea extracted from the three-dimensional data set using the exemplary embodiments of the system, process and arrangement according to the present invention. The exemplary OFDI image of FIG. 5A indicates a deep penetration into the choroid nearly up to the interface with the sclera, visualizing densely-packed choroidal capillaries and vessels.

[0062] To assess the penetration of the exemplary embodiments of the system, process and arrangement according to the present invention, the two volunteers A and B can be three-dimensionally imaged using both the OFDI system and the SD-OCT system previously developed for video-rate retinal imaging. The SD-OCT system employed a super luminescent diode with a center wavelength of 840 nm and a 3-dB spectral bandwidth of 50 nm, offering an axial resolution of 8-9 nm in air. At an A-line rate of 29 kHz and a sample arm power level of 600 μW, the SD-OCT system offered a peak sensitivity of 98 dB at zero delay that decreased to 82 dB at the maximum ranging depth of 2.2 mm in air.

[0063] FIGS. 5A-5F illustrate side-by-side comparisons of the OFDI and SD-OCT images near the foveae and optic disks of the two volunteers A and B. For example, FIGS. 5A and 5C shows OFDI images at fovea and optic nerve head from the volunteer A. FIGS. 5B and 5D illustrate SD-OCT images from the same person at similar tissue locations. FIGS. 5E and 5F provide the OFDI and SD-OCT images, respectively, obtained from volunteer B. For example, as shown, the OFDI images exhibit considerably deeper penetration in tissue than the SD-OCT images in most if not in all data sets. Such large penetration depth may stem from both the high system sensitivity and long source wavelength. Despite the relatively large axial resolution of ˜11 μm in tissue, the OFDI system can visualize the anatomical layered structure in the retina (as shown in FIG. 5A), RNFL, retinal nerve fiber layer, IPL, inner plexiform layer, INL; inner nuclear layer, OPL; outer plexiform layer, ONL; outer nuclear layer, IPRL; interface between the inner and outer segments of the photoreceptor layer, RPE; retinal pigmented epithelium, and C; choriocapillaris and choroid.

[0064] As shown in these figures, the OFDI images exhibit considerably deeper penetration into the choroid compared to the SD-OCT images, whereas the higher axial resolution in the SD-OCT images provide better contrast between retinal layers. The lower absorption and scattering in RPE at 1050 nm than 840 nm may account for the apparently superior penetration of the OFDI system to the SD-OCT system with a comparable sensitivity.

Visualization of Retinal/Choroidal Vasculature with OFDI Techniques/Systems

[0065] With the three-dimensional tomographic data of the eye's posterior segment, the pixel values along the entire depth axis can be integrated to produce a two-dimensional fundus-type reflectivity image. FIG. 6A shows an exemplary integrated reflectivity image generated from the entire OFDI image sequence shown in FIG. 4, with the image being two-dimensional reflectance image (5.3×5.2 mm²) obtained with the conventional full-range integration method. The exemplary image shows the exemplary optical nerve head, fovea, retinal vessels, and an outline of the deep choroidal vasculature. However, the depth information is not indicated. To address this deficiency of the image generated by a conventional method, it is possible to integrate only selective regions according to using the exemplary embodiment of the system, process and arrangement of the present invention.

[0066] For example, according to one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, in order to visualize the retinal vasculature with a maximum contrast, it is possible to integrate the reflectivity in the range between IPRL and RPE 260, 270 as shown in FIG. 6B. This figure shows an Illustration of an exemplary embodiment of a axial-sectioning integration technique for producing fundus-type reflectivity images. The shadow or loss of signal created by the retinal vessels above can appear most distinctly. Integrating over the entire retina including the vessel often results in a lower contrast in the vasculature because retinal blood vessels produce large signals by strong scattering. Automatic image processing conveniently allowed for automatic segmentations of the IPRL and RPE layers 260, 270.

[0067] FIG. 6C depicts an exemplary reflectivity image (shadow) of a blood vasculature (3.8×5.2 mm²) of the retina vessels . Using the thin integration region below the RPE, it is also possible to obtain fundus-type reflectivity images of the choriocapillary layer containing abundant small blood vessels and pigment cells obtained from an upper part of the choroid, as shown in FIG. 6D. To obtain an image of the complete choroidal region, it is possible to utilize an integration range indicated by references 280 and 290 of FIG. 6B. The choroidal vasculature is shown in the exemplary resulting reflectivity image of FIG. 6E which is an exemplary reflectivity image integrated from the center of the choroid revealing the choroidal vasculature. Reflectivity images with similar qualities can be obtained from volunteer B.

Exemplary Implementation of Exemplary Embodiments of Invention

[0068] Experimental results show that the images generated using the exemplary OFDI techniques at 1050 nm can provide a comprehensive imaging of the human retina and choroid with high resolution and contrast. However, the exemplary embodiment of the OFDI system according to the exemplary embodiments of the present invention may provide an order-of-magnitude higher image acquisition speed than with the use of the conventional time-domain OCT systems, and avails the choroid images with an enhanced contrast in comparison to the SD-OCT system at 840 nm. The enhanced penetration makes it possible to obtain depth-sectioned reflectivity images of the choroid capillary and vascular networks. Fundus camera or scanning laser ophthalmoscope have been conventionally used to view vasculatures. However, such methods may require fluoresce in or indocyanine green angiography to have access to the choroid except for patients with significantly low level of pigmentations.

[0069] The exemplary OFDI system according to the present invention includes a wavelength-swept laser produced using, e.g., a commercial SOA and custom-built intracavity scanning filter, such laser's output power, tuning speed and range may yield a sensitivity of about 98 dB, A-line rate of 19 kHz, and resolution of 10 μm in tissue. Increasing the saturation power and gain of SOA and reducing the extended-cavity loss can possibly further improve the sensitivity and resolution (tuning range). For example, the power exposure level of the exemplary embodiment of the system according to the present invention can be only 550 μW, whereas the maximum ANSI limit at 1050 nm is likely to be 1.9 mW.

Exemplary Embodiment of Swept Laser Source

[0070] FIG. 7(a) shows another exemplary embodiment of a swept laser source arrangement according to the present invention, e.g., in the 815-870 nm spectral range. The swept laser source arrangement can include a fiber-optic unidirectional ring cavity 300 with a free-space isolator 310. The gain medium 320 may be a commercially-available semiconductor optical amplifier (e.g., SOA-372-850-SM, Superlum Diodes Ltd.). An intracavity spectral filter 330 can be provided which may comprise a diffractive grating (e.g., 830 grooves/mm) 332, two achromatic lenses 334, 336 in the 4f configuration, and a 72-facet polygon mirror 340 (Lincoln lasers, Inc.). The polygon can be rotated at about 600 revolutions per second to produce unidirectional sweeps from short to long wavelengths at a repetition rate of 43.2 kHz.

[0071] The free-space collimated beam in the cavity may have a size of about 1 mm FWHM (full width at half maximum). The beam incident angle to the grating normal can be 67 deg. The focal lengths of the two lenses 334, 336 in the telescope can be 75 (f₁) and 40 (f₂) mm, respectively. It is possible to predict a free-spectral range of 55 nm and FWHM filter bandwidth of 0.17 nm. The laser output can be obtained via a 70% port of a fiber-optic coupler 350. Two polarization controllers 360, 362 can be used to maximize the output power and tuning range.

[0072] For example, it is possible to measure the spectral and temporal characteristics of the laser output at a sweep rate of about 43.2 kHz. The SOA may be driven with an injection current of about 110 mA. FIG. 7(b) shows an exemplary output spectrum 380, 385 measured with an exemplary optical spectrum analyzer in a peak-hold mode at a resolution bandwidth of 0.1 nm. The total tuning range is 55 nm from 815 to 870 nm with a FWHM bandwidth of 38 nm. A stability of the output power is provided in the single-shot oscilloscope trace 390 as shown in FIG. 7(c) provided at a about 43.2 kHz sweep rate and 7 mW averaged power. The peak power variation across tuning cycles may be less than 1%. The instantaneous laser emission can contain multiple longitudinal modes.

[0073] An exemplary measurement of the coherence length (as shown in FIG. 3(b)) can indicate that the FWHM line width may be approximately 0.17 nm corresponding to the filter bandwidth. The intensity noise characteristic of the laser output may further be characterized by using an electrical spectrum analyzer (e.g., Model, Agilent) and low-gain Silicon detector. The measured relative intensity noise can range from about −125 dB/Hz to −135 dB/Hz decreasing with the frequency in the frequency range of about 2 MHz to 10 MHz. The noise peaks due to longitudinal mode beating can appear at 91 MHz. The time-average output power may be about 6.9 mW.

[0074] The large output coupling ratio of the exemplary embodiment of the laser source arrangement, e.g., about 70%, can ensure that the peak power at the SOA does not exceed about 20 mW, e.g., the specified optical damage threshold of the SOA. When this condition is not satisfied, a sudden catastrophic or slowly progressing damage may occur at the output facet of SOA chip. Increasing the optical damage threshold of the 800-nm SOA chips, e.g., by new chip designs, can improve the tuning range as well as the long-term reliability. The output may contain a broadband amplified spontaneous emission that can occupy ˜8% (about 0.56 mW) of the total average power.

Exemplary Imaging System

[0075] An exemplary embodiment of the OFDI system according to the present invention can be provided using the exemplary wavelength-swept laser arrangement. The configuration of the exemplary system can be similar to the system shown in FIG. 1(b). The laser output can be split into two paths in an interferometer by a 30/70 coupler. In one path (e.g., 30% port, termed “sample arm”) may illuminate a biological sample via a two-axis galvanometer scanner (e.g., Model, Cambridge Technologies). The other path, “reference arm,” generally provides a reference beam. The signal beam returning from the sample by backscattering is combined with the reference beam at, e.g., a 50/50 coupler, thus producing interference.

[0076] The interference signal may be detected with a dual-balanced silicon receiver (e.g., DC-80 MHz, 1807-FS, New Focus). The receiver output is low-pass filtered (35 MHz) and digitized at a sampling rate of 100 MS/s with a 14-bit data acquisition board (e.g., DAQ, NI-5122, National Instruments). A small portion (10%) of the reference beam can be tapped and detected through a grating filter to provide triggers to the DAQ board. During each wavelength sweep or A-line scan, a large number, e.g., 2048 samples can be acquired. The sampled data may initially be stored in an on-board memory or on another storage device.

[0077] Upon collecting a desired number of A-line scans, the data set may be transferred to a host personal computer, either to the memory/storage arrangement for on-line processing and/or display or to the hard disk for post processing. When only a single frame is acquired at a time, the exemplary system is capable of processing and displaying the image frame in real time at a frame refresh rate of about 5 Hz. For larger data sets, an exemplary 256 MB on-board memory provides for acquisition of up to 65,536 A-line scans consecutively for about 1.3 sec. This corresponds to about 128 image frames, each consisting of 512 A-lines. Post data processing techniques can include reference subtraction, apodization, interpolation into a linear k-space, and dispersion compensation prior to Fourier transforms.

[0078] To characterize and optimize the exemplary embodiment of the system, process and arrangement according to the present invention, it is possible to use an axial point spread function (or A-line) by using a partial mirror as the sample (−50 dB reflectivity). FIG. 8(a) shows a graph 400 of the sensitivity of the exemplary system measured as a function of the reference optical power. The reference power can be varied by using a variable neutral density (ND) filter in the reference arm. Throughout this measurement, for example, the path length difference between the sample and reference arms may be about 0.6 mm, and the optical power returning from the attenuated sample mirror can be 3.3 nW at each port of the 50/50 coupler. The sensitivity values may be determined by adding the sample attenuation (e.g., about 50 dB) to the measured signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). The reference power can be measured at one of the ports of the 50/50 coupler, corresponding to the time-average reference power at each photodiode. At reference powers between about 30 μW and 200 μW, a maximum sensitivity of ˜96 dB may be obtained.

[0079] The sensitivity in the unit of decibel may be expressed as: S_dB=S₀−10 log₁₀(1+a/P_r+P_r/b)−Δ, where S₀denotes the shot-noise limited sensitivity, P_ris the reference power level, a and b correspond to the reference power levels at which the thermal and intensity noise, respectively, become equal to that of the shot noise in magnitude, and Δ can be a fitting parameter associated with other factors contributing to the loss of sensitivity. Taking into account amplified spontaneous emission, S₀may be about 107 dB. For example, a=17 μW from the detector noise level (e.g., 3.3 pA/√Hz) and conversion efficiency (e.g., 1 A/W). Based on the relative intensity noise of the laser (e.g., −130 dB/Hz) and an 18-dB common-noise suppression efficiency of the balanced receiver, b=280 μW. For example, the best fit to the experimental data 410 of FIG. 8(b) can be obtained with Δ=8 dB. FIG. 8(b) shows a graph of the sensitivity 420 measured as a function of depth. This exemplary value may be largely attributed to the simplified model assuming a flat reference spectrum, a polarization mismatch between the sample and the reference light, and the apodization step in data processing, each possibly contributing to a loss of sensitivity by a couple of dB's.

[0080] Due to a finite coherence length of the laser source, the sensitivity can decrease as the interferometric delay increases. It is possible to measure axial point spread functions at various depth locations of the sample mirror by changing the delay in the reference arm while maintaining the reference power at about 100 μW per photodiode, as shown in the graph of FIG. 8(b). For example, each axial profile can be calibrated by measuring the noise floor obtained by blocking the sample arm, and then matching the noise floor to a 50 dB level. In this manner, the modest frequency or depth dependence (2 dB) of the noise floor can be reduced or eliminated. Thus, the sensitivity can drop by about 6 dB at a depth of about 1.9 mm. From a Gaussian fit (dashed line), the instantaneous laser line width may be about 0.17 nm. The FWHM of the axial profile, or the axial resolution in air, can be about 8 μm in the depth from zero to B mm. This corresponds to an axial resolution of ˜6 μm in tissue imaging (e.g., refractive index, n≈1.35).

[0081] As an example, to confirm and demonstrate the capabilities of the exemplary embodiment of the system, process and arrangement according to the present invention for high-speed high-resolution biological imaging, images of Xenopus laevis tadpoles may be obtained in vivo by scanning the sample beam (B-mode scan). The sample beam can have a confocal parameter of about 250 μm and a FWHM beam size of approximately 7 μm at the focus in air (n=1). The optical power on the sample may be about 2.4 mW. During the imaging procedure, the tadpole (stage 46) can be under anesthesia in a water bath by a drop of about 0.02% 3-aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester (MS-222).

[0082] FIG. 9 shows a sequence of images 450 obtained as the beam is scanned in one dimension repeatedly over the ventricle in the heart. The image sequence was acquired at a frame rate of 84.4 Hz (512 A-lines per frame) in the duration of 1.2 s, but is displayed at a reduced rate of 24 frames per second. Each frame, cropped from the original (500×1024 pixels), has 400×200 pixels and spans a dimension of 3.3 mm (horizontal) by 1.1 mm (depth, n=1.35). The motion of the ventricle including trabeculae can be seen. The ability to image the beating heart with high spatial and temporal resolution may be useful for investigating normal and abnormal cardiac developments in vivo. Combined with contrast agents such ICG and gold nano particles developed in the 800-nm region, the exemplary embodiment of the OFDI system, process and arrangement according to the present invention can enable high-speed functional or molecular imaging.

Exemplary Laser Current Modulation

[0083] An exemplary preferred light source arrangement for OFDI imaging generally has a flat output spectrum. To obtain such desired spectral profile, it is possible to modulate the gain or loss of a gain medium or a filter inside or outside a laser cavity. The filter may be a broadband variable attenuator, and its transmission may be controlled synchronously with laser tuning. The exemplary filter may be a passive spectral filter with a desired transmission spectrum. The gain medium can preferably be a semiconductor optical amplifier, and its gain may be varied by modulating the injection current to the amplifier synchronously with filter tuning. FIGS. 10(a) and 10(b) illustrate graphs of exemplary output tuning traces 480, 490 without and with the use of an exemplary embodiment of a modulation method according to the present invention, respectively. This exemplary method can also be effective to maximize or at least increase the output power and tuning range for a given optical damage threshold of the semiconductor gain chip.

Exemplary Flow Measurement

[0084] The ability to detect and quantify the blood flow in the eye retina and choroid can have impacts in several clinical applications such as for an evaluation of age-related macular degeneration. Several methods of extracting the flow information from the phase of the OFDI signals are known in the art. These exemplary conventional methods, however, require a significant beam overlap between two consecutive A-line scans- over sampling, thus causing undesirable compromise between the phase accuracy and image acquisition speed. Using the exemplary embodiment of the system, process and arrangement according to the present invention, instead of comparing the phase values of two A-line scans, it is possible to extract multiple phase values corresponding to different time points or wavelengths within a single A-line and compare the values with reference phase values. This exemplary procedure provides for a measurement of the flow velocity at multiple time points during a single A-line scan, permitting a faster beam scan and image acquisition speed. Such procedure can be used at decreased phase or velocity measurement accuracy, which is likely to be acceptable in many applications.

[0085] FIG. 11 illustrates a flow diagram of a conventional method to extract the phase and velocity information from an entire dataset obtained during each wavelength scan. As shown in FIG. 10, A-line scans, k-th through (k+1)-th are provided. In step 510, DFT from each of such scans is received, and utilized in the formulas A_k(z)^iφk(z)and A_k(z)e^iφk+1(z), respectively. Then, using the determined results in step 510, the following determination is made in step 520: Δ(z)=φ_k+1(z)−φ_k(z). Then, in step 530, a phase image is overlayed to an intensity image if A(z) is larger than a particular threshold. Here, A_m(z) denotes the signal amplitude associated with the sample reflectance at a depth z at the m-th A-line scan, φ_m(Z) denotes the signal phase associated with a depth z at the m-th A-line scan, and Δ(z) represents a difference between the phases.

[0086] FIG. 12 illustrates a flow diagram of the exemplary embodiment of the process according to the present invention which can be used to obtain the phase and flow information by processing a half of the interference fringe data. For example, similarly to the conventional method shown in FIG. 11, A-line scans, k-th through (k+1)-th are provided. Then, in step 560, DFT from each of such scans is received, and utilized in the following formulas, respectively: A₁(z)e^{iφ1(z)−φr,1(z)}, A₂(z)e^{iφ2(z)−φr,2(z)}, etc. Using the results obtained from step 560, the following determination is made in step 570: Δ(z)=φ₁(z)−φ₂(z)+φ_r,1(z)−φ_r,2(Z). Here, A₁(z) and A₂(z) denote the signal amplitudes obtained from the two different portions of the interference signal acquired in each A-line scan, φ₁(z) and φ₂(z) denote the signal phases obtained from the two different portions of the interference signal, and φ_r,1(z) and φ_r,2(z) denote reference phases that may be constants, phases obtained from an auxiliary interferometric signal, or phases associated with a different depth. By subtracting the reference phases from the signal phases, phase noise associated with sampling timing fluctuations and motion artifacts can be greatly reduced. Further, in step 580, a phase image is overlayed to an intensity image if A(z) is larger than a particular threshold. This exemplary process can also be applicable to beam-scanning phase microscopy.

[0087] FIGS. 13(a) and 13(b) show exemplary images image of the retina obtained from a healthy volunteer. For example, FIG. 13(a) illustrates a single exemplary image from a large number of frames consecutively acquired using the exemplary embodiment of the system, process and arrangement according to the present invention. The image frame consists of about 1000 axial lines, and the exemplary image shows the fovea and optic disk of the patient. FIG. 13(b) shows an exemplary Integrated fundus image produced from multiple cross-sectional images covering an area by integrating the intensity in each depth profile to represent a single point in the fundus image using the exemplary embodiment of the system, process and arrangement according to the present invention.

[0088] As shown in these figures, the retinal OFDI imaging was performed at 800-900 nm in vivo on a 41-year-old Caucasian male subject. The exemplary embodiment of the OFDI system, process and arrangement according to the present invention acquired 23 k A-lines continuously over 1-2 seconds as the focused sample beam was scanned over an area including the macular and optic nerve head region in the retina. Each image frame was constructed from 1,000 A-line scans with an inverse grayscale table mapping to the reflectivity range. The anatomical layers in the retina are clearly visualized and correlate well with previously published OCT images and histological findings.

[0089] The foregoing merely illustrates the principles of the invention. Various modifications and alterations to the described embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the teachings herein. Indeed, the arrangements, systems and methods according to the exemplary embodiments of the present invention can be used with any OCT system, OFDI system, SD-OCT system or other imaging systems, and for example with those described in International Patent Application PCT/US2004/029148, filed Sep. 8, 2004, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/266,779, filed Nov. 2, 2005, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/501,276, filed Jul. 9, 2004, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. It will thus be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devise numerous systems, arrangements and methods which, although not explicitly shown or described herein, embody the principles of the invention and are thus within the spirit and scope of the present invention. In addition, to the extent that the prior art knowledge has not been explicitly incorporated by reference herein above, it is explicitly being incorporated herein in its entirety. All publications referenced herein above are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. An apparatus comprising:

at least one first arrangement configured to provide a radiation which includes at least one first electro-magnetic radiation directed to an anatomical sample and at least one second electro-magnetic radiation directed to a reference, wherein a wavelength of the radiation provided by the at least one first arrangement varies over time automatically based on a sweep of the wavelength, and the wavelength is shorter than approximately 1150 nm and larger than just below approximately 1020 nm;

at least one second arrangement configured to detect an interference between at least one third radiation associated with the at least one first radiation and at least one fourth radiation associated with the at least one second radiation; and

at least one third arrangement configured to generate at least one image corresponding to at least one portion of the sample using data associated with the interference.

2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a period of a variation of the wavelength of the at least one first electro-magnetic radiation is shorter than 1 millisecond.

3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the anatomical sample includes at least one section of the posterior segment of an eye.

4. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the at least one section includes at least one of a retina, a choroid, an optic nerve, or a fovea.

5. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the wavelength varies by at least 10 nm over a period of a variation of the wavelength of the at least one first electro-magnetic radiation.

6. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising at least one fourth arrangement which is capable of scanning the at least one first electro-magnetic radiation laterally across the anatomical sample.

7. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the at least one image is associated with the anatomical structure of the sample.

8. The apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the at least one image is further associated with at least one of a blood or a lymphatic flow in the sample.

9. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the at least one third arrangement is configured to (i) obtain at least one signal associated with at least one phase of at least one frequency component of the interference signal over less than an entire sweep of the wavelength, and (ii) compare the at least one phase to at least one information.

10. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the at least one particular information is a constant.

11. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the at least one particular information is associated with at least one phase of at least one further frequency component of the interference signal over less than an entire sweep of the wavelength, and wherein the frequency components are different from one another.

12. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the at least one third arrangement is configured to generate a two-dimensional fundus-type image of the anatomic sample based the at least one signal.

13. The apparatus according to claim 9, further comprising

at least on fourth arrangement configured to receive the at least one of the first or second electro-magnetic radiations, and providing at least one fifth electro-magnetic radiation associated with the at least one of the first electro-magnetic radiation or the second electro-magnetic radiation,

wherein the at least one second arrangement is further configured to detect a further interference signal between the at least one fifth radiation and the at least one fourth radiation,

wherein the at least one second arrangement is further configured to obtain at least one reference signal associated with a further phase of at least one first frequency component of the further interference signal over less than an entire sweep of the wavelength.

14. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the at least one particular information is the further phase.

15. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the at least one third arrangement is configured to generate a two-dimensional fundus-type reflectivity profile of the anatomic sample.

16. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the at least one second arrangement includes an InGaas detector.

17. An apparatus comprising:

at least one first arrangement configured to provide a radiation which includes at least one first electro-magnetic radiation directed to an anatomical sample and at least one second electro-magnetic radiation directed to a reference, wherein a wavelength of the radiation provided by the at least one first arrangement varies over time, and the wavelength is shorter than approximately 1150 nm and larger than just below approximately 1020 nm;

at least one third arrangement configured to generate at least one image corresponding to at least one portion of the sample using data associated with the interference, wherein the at least one third arrangement is configured to (i) obtain at least one signal associated with at least one phase of at least one frequency component of the interference signal over less than an entire sweep of the wavelength, and (ii) compare the at least one phase to at least one particular information and, wherein the at least one particular information is associated with a further signal obtained from a sweep of the wavelength that is different from the sweep of the wavelength of the at least one signal.

18. A method comprising:

causing a radiation which includes at least one first electro-magnetic radiation directed to be provided to an anatomical sample and at least one second electro-magnetic radiation directed to a reference, wherein a wavelength of the radiation varies over time automatically based on a sweep of the wavelength, and the wavelength is shorter than approximately 1150 nm and larger than just below approximately 1020 nm;

detecting an interference between at least one third radiation associated with the at least one first radiation and at least one fourth radiation associated with the at least one second radiation; and

with a computer arrangement, generating at least one image corresponding to at least one portion of the sample using data associated with the interference.

19. A software arrangement provided on a non-transitory computer-accessible medium and executable by a computer processing arrangement, comprising:

a first set of instructions which, when executed by the processing arrangement, causes a radiation which includes at least one first electro-magnetic radiation directed to be provided to an anatomical sample and at least one second electro-magnetic radiation directed to a reference, wherein a wavelength of the radiation varies over time automatically based on a sweep of the wavelength, and the wavelength is shorter than approximately 1150 nm and larger than just below approximately 1020 nm;

a second set of instructions which, when executed by the processing arrangement, causes a detection of an interference between at least one third radiation associated with the at least one first radiation and at least one fourth radiation associated with the at least one second radiation; and

a second set of instructions which, when executed by the processing arrangement, causes the processing arrangement to generate at least one image corresponding to at least one portion of the sample using data associated with the interference.

20. An apparatus comprising:

at least one source arrangement configured to provide an electro-magnetic radiation which has a wavelength that varies over time automatically based on a sweep of the wavelength,

wherein a period of a variation of the wavelength of the at least one first electro-magnetic radiation is shorter than 1 millisecond, and the wavelength is shorter than approximately 1150 nm.

21. The apparatus according to claim 20, further comprising a control arrangement which is configured to modulate at least one of an optical gain or an optical loss in the at least one source arrangement over time.

22. The apparatus according to claim 20, wherein the optical gain is facilitated by a semiconductor material.

23. The apparatus according to claim 20, further comprising an arrangement which is configured to effect at least one of a gain or a loss as a function of the wavelength.

24. The apparatus according to claim 20, wherein the wavelength varies by at least 10 nm over the period.

25. A process comprising:

providing an electro-magnetic radiation; and

providing an ability to vary a wavelength the electro-magnetic radiation over time automatically based on a sweep of the wavelength, wherein a period of a variation of the wavelength of the at least one first electro-magnetic radiation is shorter than 1 millisecond, and the wavelength is shorter than approximately 1150 nm.

26. A software arrangement provided on a non-transitory computer-accessible medium and executable by a computer processing arrangement, comprising:

a set of instructions which, when executed by the a processing arrangement, causes an electro-magnetic radiation which has a wavelength that varies over time automatically based on a sweep of the wavelength, wherein a period of a variation of the wavelength of the at least one first electro-magnetic radiation is shorter than 1 millisecond, and the wavelength is shorter than approximately 1150 nm.

27. An apparatus comprising:

at least one arrangement configured to receive first data for a three-dimensional image of at least one portion of a sample,

wherein the first data is associated with an optical interferometric signal generated from signals obtained from the sample and a reference wherein the optical interferometric signal is based on an electro-magnetic radiation which has a wavelength that varies over time automatically based on a sweep of the wavelength,

wherein the at least one arrangement is further configured to convert a region that is less than an entire portion of the first data to second data to generate a two-dimensional image which is associated with the at least one portion of the sample,

wherein the at least one arrangement is still further configured to automatically select the region based on at least one characteristic of the sample, and

wherein the entire portion is associated with an internal structure within the sample.

28. The apparatus according to claim 27, wherein the sample is an anatomical structure.

29. The apparatus according to claim 27, wherein the region is at least one portion of at least one of a retina or a choroid.

30. The apparatus according to claim 27, wherein the two-dimensional image is associated with an integrated reflectivity profile of the region.

31. The apparatus according to claim 30, wherein the two-dimensional image is associated with at least one of a blood or a lymphatic vessel network.

32. The apparatus according to claim 27, wherein the at least one arrangement automatically selects the region by determining at least one location of at least one section of the region based a reflectivity in the region.

33. A process comprising:

receiving first data for a three-dimensional image of at least one portion of a sample, wherein the first data is associated with an optical interferometric signal generated from signals obtained from the sample and a reference wherein the optical interferometric signal is based on an electro-magnetic radiation which has a wavelength that varies over time automatically based on a sweep of the wavelength;

converting a region that is less than an entire portion of the first data to second data to generate a two-dimensional image which is associated with the at least one portion of the sample; and

automatically select the region based on at least one characteristic of the sample, wherein the entire portion is associated with an internal structure within the sample.

34. A software arrangement provided on a non-transitory computer-accessible medium and executable by a computer processing arrangement, comprising:

a first set of instructions which, when executed by the processing arrangement, receives first data for a three-dimensional image of at least one portion of a sample, wherein the first data is associated with an optical interferometric signal generated from signals obtained from the sample and a reference wherein the optical interferometric signal is based on an electro-magnetic radiation which has a wavelength that varies over time automatically based on a sweep of the wavelength;

a second set of instructions which, when executed by the processing arrangement, converts a region that is less than an entire portion of the first data to second data to generate a two-dimensional image which is associated with the at least one portion of the sample; and

a third set of instructions which, when executed by the processing arrangement, automatically selects the region based on at least one characteristic of the sample, wherein the entire portion is associated with an internal structure within the sample.

35. An apparatus comprising:

at least one first arrangement providing a radiation which includes at least one first electro-magnetic radiation directed to a sample and at least one second electro-magnetic radiation directed to a reference, wherein a wavelength of the radiation provided by the at least one first arrangement varies over time automatically based on a sweep of the wavelength; and

at least one second arrangement configured to detect an interference signal between at least one third radiation associated with the at least one first radiation and at least one fourth radiation associated with the at least one second radiation,

wherein the at least one second arrangement is configured to obtain at least one signal associated with at least one phase of at least one frequency component of the interference signal over less than an entire sweep of the wavelength, and compare the at least one phase to at least one information.

36. The apparatus according to claim 35, further comprising at least one third arrangement which is configured to scan the at least one first electro-magnetic radiation laterally across the sample.

37. The apparatus according to claim 35, wherein the sample includes at least one section of a posterior segment of an eye.

38. The apparatus according to claim 35, wherein the at least one section includes at least one of a retina, a choroid, an optic nerve, or a fovea.

39. The apparatus according to claim 35, wherein the interference signal is associated with an integral fraction of the entire sweep of the wavelength.

40. The apparatus according to claim 35, wherein the fraction of the sweep is a half or a quarter of the sweep.

41. The apparatus according to claim 35, wherein the at least one signal is associated with at least one of a flow velocity or an anatomical structure in the sample.

42. The apparatus according to claim 35, wherein the at least one particular information is associated with a further signal obtained from a sweep of the wavelength that is different from the sweep of the wavelength of the at least one signal.

43. The apparatus according to claim 35, wherein the at least one particular information is a constant.

44. The apparatus according to claim 35, wherein the at least one particular information is associated with at least one phase of at least one further frequency component of the interference signal over less than an entire sweep of the wavelength, and wherein the frequency components are different from one another.

45. The apparatus according to claim 35, further comprising

at least on third arrangement configured to receive the at least one of the first or second electro-magnetic radiations, and providing at least one fifth electro-magnetic radiation associated with the at least one of the first electro-magnetic radiation or the second electro-magnetic radiation,

wherein the at least one second arrangement is further capable of detecting a further interference signal between the at least one fifth radiation and the at least one fourth radiation,

wherein the at least one second arrangement is further capable of obtaining at least one reference signal associated with a further phase of at least one first frequency component of the further interference signal over less than an entire sweep of the wavelength.

46. The apparatus according to claim 45, wherein the at least one particular signal is the further phase.

47. A process comprising:

causing a radiation to be provided which includes at least one first electro-magnetic radiation directed to a sample and at least one second electro-magnetic radiation directed to a reference, wherein a wavelength of the radiation provided by the at least one first arrangement varies over time automatically based on a sweep of the wavelength;

detecting an interference signal between at least one third radiation associated with the at least one first radiation and at least one fourth radiation associated with the at least one second radiation; and

obtaining at least one signal associated with at least one phase of at least one frequency component of the interference signal over less than an entire sweep of the wavelength, and comparing the at least one phase to at least one information.

48. A software arrangement provided on a non-transitory computer-accessible medium and executable by a computer processing arrangement, comprising:

a first set of instructions which, when executed by the processing arrangement, causes a radiation to be provided which includes at least one first electro-magnetic radiation directed to a sample and at least one second electro-magnetic radiation directed to a reference, wherein a wavelength of the radiation provided by the at least one first arrangement varies over time automatically based on a sweep of the wavelength;

a second set of instructions which, when executed by the processing arrangement, causes a detection of an interference signal between at least one third radiation associated with the at least one first radiation and at least one fourth radiation associated with the at least one second radiation; and

a third set of instructions which, when executed by the processing arrangement, obtains at least one signal associated with at least one phase of at least one frequency component of the interference signal over less than an entire sweep of the wavelength, and comparing the at least one phase to at least one information.

Patent Citations (557)

Patent	Date	Inventor	Cited By
US2339754(A)	1944-01-01	Brace	Applicant
US3090753(A)	1963-05-01	Matuszak et al.	Applicant
US3601480(A)	1971-08-01	Randall	Applicant
US3856000(A)	1974-12-01	Chikama	Applicant
US3872407(A)	1975-03-01	Hughes	Applicant
US3941121(A)	1976-03-01	Olinger	Applicant
US3973219(A)	1976-08-01	Tang et al.	Applicant
US3983507(A)	1976-09-01	Tang et al.	Applicant
US4030827(A)	1977-06-01	Delhaye et al.	Applicant
US4030831(A)	1977-06-01	Gowrinathan	Applicant
US4140364(A)	1979-02-01	Yamashita et al.	Applicant
US4141362(A)	1979-02-01	Wurster	Applicant
US4224929(A)	1980-09-01	Furihata	Applicant
US4295738(A)	1981-10-01	Meltz et al.	Applicant
US4300816(A)	1981-11-01	Snitzer et al.	Applicant
US4303300(A)	1981-12-01	Pressiat et al.	Applicant
US4428643(A)	1984-01-01	Kay	Applicant
US4479499(A)	1984-10-01	Alfano	Applicant
US4533247(A)	1985-08-01	Epworth	Applicant
US4585349(A)	1986-04-01	Gross et al.	Applicant
US4601036(A)	1986-07-01	Faxvog et al.	Applicant
US4607622(A)	1986-08-01	Fritch et al.	Applicant
US4631498(A)	1986-12-01	Cutler	Applicant
US4639999(A)	1987-02-01	Daniele	Applicant
US4650327(A)	1987-03-01	Ogi	Applicant
US4734578(A)	1988-03-01	Horikawa	Applicant
US4744656(A)	1988-05-01	Moran et al.	Applicant
US4751706(A)	1988-06-01	Rohde et al.	Applicant
US4763977(A)	1988-08-01	Kawasaki et al.	Applicant
US4770492(A)	1988-09-01	Levin et al.	Applicant
US4827907(A)	1989-05-01	Tashiro et al.	Applicant
US4834111(A)	1989-05-01	Khanna et al.	Applicant
US4868834(A)	1989-09-01	Fox et al.	Applicant
US4890901(A)	1990-01-01	Cross, Jr.	Applicant
US4892406(A)	1990-01-01	Waters	Applicant
US4905169(A)	1990-02-01	Buican et al.	Applicant
US4909631(A)	1990-03-01	Tan et al.	Applicant
US4925302(A)	1990-05-01	Cutler	Applicant
US4928005(A)	1990-05-01	Lefèvre et al.	Applicant
US4940328(A)	1990-07-01	Hartman	Applicant
US4965441(A)	1990-10-01	Picard	Applicant
US4965599(A)	1990-10-01	Roddy et al.	Applicant
US4966589(A)	1990-10-01	Kaufman	Applicant
US4984888(A)	1991-01-01	Tobias et al.	Applicant
US4993834(A)	1991-02-01	Carlhoff et al.	Applicant
US4998972(A)	1991-03-01	Chin et al.	Applicant
US5039193(A)	1991-08-01	Snow et al.	Applicant
US5040889(A)	1991-08-01	Keane	Applicant
US5045936(A)	1991-09-01	Lobb et al.	Applicant
US5046501(A)	1991-09-01	Crilly	Applicant
US5065331(A)	1991-11-01	Vachon et al.	Applicant
US5085496(A)	1992-02-01	Yoshida et al.	Applicant
US5120953(A)	1992-06-01	Harris	Applicant
US5121983(A)	1992-06-01	Lee	Applicant
US5127730(A)	1992-07-01	Brelje et al.	Applicant
US5197470(A)	1993-03-01	Helfer et al.	Applicant
US5202745(A)	1993-04-01	Sorin et al.	Applicant
US5202931(A)	1993-04-01	Bacus et al.	Applicant
US5208651(A)	1993-05-01	Buican	Applicant
US5212667(A)	1993-05-01	Tomlinson et al.	Applicant
US5214538(A)	1993-05-01	Lobb	Applicant
US5217456(A)	1993-06-01	Narciso, Jr.	Applicant
US5228001(A)	1993-07-01	Birge et al.	Applicant
US5241364(A)	1993-08-01	Kimura et al.	Applicant
US5248876(A)	1993-09-01	Kerstens et al.	Applicant
US5250186(A)	1993-10-01	Dollinger et al.	Applicant
US5251009(A)	1993-10-01	Bruno	Applicant
US5262644(A)	1993-11-01	Maguire	Applicant
US5275594(A)	1994-01-01	Baker	Applicant
US5281811(A)	1994-01-01	Lewis	Applicant
US5283795(A)	1994-02-01	Fink	Applicant
US5291885(A)	1994-03-01	Taniji et al.	Applicant
US5293872(A)	1994-03-01	Alfano et al.	Applicant
US5293873(A)	1994-03-01	Fang	Applicant
US5302025(A)	1994-04-01	Kleinerman	Applicant
US5304173(A)	1994-04-01	Kittrell et al.	Applicant
US5304810(A)	1994-04-01	Amos	Applicant
US5305759(A)	1994-04-01	Kaneko et al.	Applicant
US5317389(A)	1994-05-01	Hochberg et al.	Applicant
US5318024(A)	1994-06-01	Kittrell et al.	Applicant
US5321501(A)	1994-06-01	Swanson et al.	Applicant
US5348003(A)	1994-09-01	Caro	Applicant
US5353790(A)	1994-10-01	Jacques et al.	Applicant
US5383467(A)	1995-01-01	Auer et al.	Applicant
US5394235(A)	1995-02-01	Takeuchi et al.	Applicant
US5404415(A)	1995-04-01	Mori et al.	Applicant
US5411016(A)	1995-05-01	Kume et al.	Applicant
US5419323(A)	1995-05-01	Kittrell et al.	Applicant
US5424827(A)	1995-06-01	Horwitz et al.	Applicant
US5439000(A)	1995-08-01	Gunderson et al.	Applicant
US5441053(A)	1995-08-01	Lodder et al.	Applicant
US5450203(A)	1995-09-01	Penkethman	Applicant
US5454807(A)	1995-10-01	Lennox et al.	Applicant
US5459325(A)	1995-10-01	Hueton et al.	Applicant
US5459570(A)	1995-10-01	Swanson et al.	Applicant
US5465147(A)	1995-11-01	Swanson	Applicant
US5486701(A)	1996-01-01	Norton et al.	Applicant
US5491524(A)	1996-02-01	Hellmuth et al.	Applicant
US5491552(A)	1996-02-01	Knuttel	Applicant
US5522004(A)	1996-05-01	Djupsjobacka et al.	Applicant
US5526338(A)	1996-06-01	Hasman et al.	Applicant
US5555087(A)	1996-09-01	Miyagawa et al.	Applicant
US5562100(A)	1996-10-01	Kittrell et al.	Applicant
US5565983(A)	1996-10-01	Barnard et al.	Applicant
US5565986(A)	1996-10-01	Knüttel	Applicant
US5566267(A)	1996-10-01	Neuberger	Applicant
US5583342(A)	1996-12-01	Ichie	Applicant
US5590660(A)	1997-01-01	MacAulay et al.	Applicant
US5600486(A)	1997-02-01	Gal et al.	Applicant
US5601087(A)	1997-02-01	Gunderson et al.	Applicant
US5621830(A)	1997-04-01	Lucey et al.	Applicant
US5623336(A)	1997-04-01	Raab et al.	Applicant
US5635830(A)	1997-06-01	Itoh	Applicant
US5649924(A)	1997-07-01	Everett et al.	Applicant
US5697373(A)	1997-12-01	Richards-Kortum et al.	Applicant
US5698397(A)	1997-12-01	Zarling et al.	Applicant
US5710630(A)	1998-01-01	Essenpreis et al.	Applicant
US5716324(A)	1998-02-01	Toida	Applicant
US5719399(A)	1998-02-01	Alfano et al.	Applicant
US5730731(A)	1998-03-01	Mollenauer et al.	Applicant
US5735276(A)	1998-04-01	Lemelson	Applicant
US5740808(A)	1998-04-01	Panescu et al.	Applicant
US5748318(A)	1998-05-01	Maris et al.	Applicant
US5748598(A)	1998-05-01	Swanson et al.	Applicant
US5752518(A)	1998-05-01	McGee et al.	Applicant
US5784352(A)	1998-07-01	Swanson et al.	Applicant
US5785651(A)	1998-07-01	Kuhn et al.	Applicant
US5795295(A)	1998-08-01	Hellmuth et al.	Applicant
US5801826(A)	1998-09-01	Williams	Applicant
US5801831(A)	1998-09-01	Sargoytchev et al.	Applicant
US5803082(A)	1998-09-01	Stapleton et al.	Applicant
US5807261(A)	1998-09-01	Benaron et al.	Applicant
US5810719(A)	1998-09-01	Toida	Applicant
US5817144(A)	1998-10-01	Gregory	Applicant
US5836877(A)	1998-11-01	Zavislan et al.	Applicant
US5840023(A)	1998-11-01	Oraevsky et al.	Applicant
US5840075(A)	1998-11-01	Mueller et al.	Applicant
US5842995(A)	1998-12-01	Mahadevan-Jansen et al.	Applicant
US5843000(A)	1998-12-01	Nishioka et al.	Applicant
US5843052(A)	1998-12-01	Benja-Athon	Applicant
US5847827(A)	1998-12-01	Fercher	Applicant
US5862273(A)	1999-01-01	Pelletier	Applicant
US5865754(A)	1999-02-01	Sevick-Muraca et al.	Applicant
US5867268(A)	1999-02-01	Gelikonov et al.	Applicant
US5871449(A)	1999-02-01	Brown	Applicant
US5872879(A)	1999-02-01	Hamm	Applicant
US5877856(A)	1999-03-01	Fercher	Applicant
US5887009(A)	1999-03-01	Mandella et al.	Applicant
US5892583(A)	1999-04-01	Li	Applicant
US5910839(A)	1999-06-01	Erskine et al.	Applicant
US5912764(A)	1999-06-01	Togino	Applicant
US5920373(A)	1999-07-01	Bille	Applicant
US5920390(A)	1999-07-01	Farahi et al.	Applicant
US5921926(A)	1999-07-01	Rolland et al.	Applicant
US5926592(A)	1999-07-01	Harris et al.	Applicant
US5949929(A)	1999-09-01	Hamm	Applicant
US5951482(A)	1999-09-01	Winston et al.	Applicant
US5955737(A)	1999-09-01	Hallidy et al.	Applicant
US5956355(A)	1999-09-01	Swanson et al.	Applicant
US5968064(A)	1999-10-01	Selmon et al.	Applicant
US5975697(A)	1999-11-01	Podoleanu et al.	Applicant
US5983125(A)	1999-11-01	Alfano et al.	Applicant
US5987346(A)	1999-11-01	Benaron et al.	Applicant
US5991697(A)	1999-11-01	Nelson et al.	Applicant
US5994690(A)	1999-11-01	Kulkarni et al.	Applicant
US5995223(A)	1999-11-01	Power	Applicant
US6002480(A)	1999-12-01	Izatt et al.	Applicant
US6004314(A)	1999-12-01	Wei et al.	Applicant
US6006128(A)	1999-12-01	Izatt et al.	Applicant
US6007996(A)	1999-12-01	McNamara et al.	Applicant
US6010449(A)	2000-01-01	Selmon et al.	Applicant
US6014214(A)	2000-01-01	Li	Applicant
US6016197(A)	2000-01-01	Krivoshlykov	Applicant
US6020963(A)	2000-02-01	Dimarzio et al.	Applicant
US6025956(A)	2000-02-01	Nagano et al.	Applicant
US6033721(A)	2000-03-01	Nassuphis	Applicant
US6037579(A)	2000-03-01	Chan et al.	Applicant
US6044288(A)	2000-03-01	Wake et al.	Applicant
US6045511(A)	2000-04-01	Ott et al.	Applicant
US6048742(A)	2000-04-01	Weyburne et al.	Applicant
US6053613(A)	2000-04-01	Wei et al.	Examiner
US6069698(A)	2000-05-01	Ozawa et al.	Applicant
US6078047(A)	2000-06-01	Mittleman et al.	Applicant
US6091496(A)	2000-07-01	Hill	Applicant
US6091984(A)	2000-07-01	Perelman et al.	Applicant
US6094274(A)	2000-07-01	Yokoi	Applicant
US6107048(A)	2000-08-01	Goldenring et al.	Applicant
US6111645(A)	2000-08-01	Tearney et al.	Applicant
US6117128(A)	2000-09-01	Gregory	Applicant
US6120516(A)	2000-09-01	Selmon et al.	Applicant
US6134003(A)	2000-10-01	Tearney et al.	Applicant
US6134010(A)	2000-10-01	Zavislan	Applicant
US6134033(A)	2000-10-01	Bergano et al.	Applicant
US6141577(A)	2000-10-01	Rolland et al.	Applicant
US6151522(A)	2000-11-01	Alfano et al.	Applicant
US6159445(A)	2000-12-01	Klaveness et al.	Applicant
US6160826(A)	2000-12-01	Swanson et al.	Applicant
US6161031(A)	2000-12-01	Hochmann et al.	Applicant
US6166373(A)	2000-12-01	Mao	Applicant
US6174291(B1)	2001-01-01	McMahon et al.	Applicant
US6175669(B1)	2001-01-01	Colston et al.	Applicant
US6185271(B1)	2001-02-01	Kinsinger	Applicant
US6191862(B1)	2001-02-01	Swanson et al.	Applicant
US6193676(B1)	2001-02-01	Winston et al.	Applicant
US6198956(B1)	2001-03-01	Dunne	Applicant
US6201989(B1)	2001-03-01	Whitehead et al.	Applicant
US6208415(B1)	2001-03-01	De Boer et al.	Applicant
US6208887(B1)	2001-03-01	Clarke	Applicant
US6245026(B1)	2001-06-01	Campbell et al.	Applicant
US6249349(B1)	2001-06-01	Lauer	Applicant
US6249381(B1)	2001-06-01	Suganuma	Applicant
US6249630(B1)	2001-06-01	Stock et al.	Applicant
US6263234(B1)	2001-07-01	Engelhardt et al.	Applicant
US6264610(B1)	2001-07-01	Zhu	Applicant
US6272376(B1)	2001-08-01	Marcu et al.	Applicant
US6274871(B1)	2001-08-01	Dukor et al.	Applicant
US6282011(B1)	2001-08-01	Tearney et al.	Applicant
US6297018(B1)	2001-10-01	French et al.	Applicant
US6301048(B1)	2001-10-01	Cao et al.	Applicant
US6308092(B1)	2001-10-01	Hoyns	Applicant
US6324419(B1)	2001-11-01	Guzelsu et al.	Applicant
US6341036(B1)	2002-01-01	Tearney et al.	Applicant
US6353693(B1)	2002-03-01	Kano et al.	Applicant
US6359692(B1)	2002-03-01	Groot	Applicant
US6374128(B1)	2002-04-01	Toida et al.	Applicant
US6377349(B1)	2002-04-01	Fercher	Applicant
US6384915(B1)	2002-05-01	Everett et al.	Applicant
US6393312(B1)	2002-05-01	Hoyns	Applicant
US6394964(B1)	2002-05-01	Sievert, Jr. et al.	Applicant
US6396941(B1)	2002-05-01	Bacus et al.	Applicant
US6421164(B2)	2002-07-01	Tearney et al.	Applicant
US6437867(B2)	2002-08-01	Zeylikovich et al.	Applicant
US6441892(B2)	2002-08-01	Xiao et al.	Applicant
US6441959(B1)	2002-08-01	Yang et al.	Applicant
US6445485(B1)	2002-09-01	Frigo et al.	Applicant
US6445939(B1)	2002-09-01	Swanson et al.	Applicant
US6445944(B1)	2002-09-01	Ostrovsky	Applicant
US6459487(B1)	2002-10-01	Chen et al.	Applicant
US6463313(B1)	2002-10-01	Winston et al.	Applicant
US6469846(B2)	2002-10-01	Ebizuka et al.	Applicant
US6475159(B1)	2002-11-01	Casscells et al.	Applicant
US6475210(B1)	2002-11-01	Phelps et al.	Applicant
US6477403(B1)	2002-11-01	Eguchi et al.	Applicant
US6485413(B1)	2002-11-01	Boppart et al.	Applicant
US6485482(B1)	2002-11-01	Belef	Applicant
US6501551(B1)	2002-12-01	Tearney et al.	Applicant
US6501878(B2)	2002-12-01	Hughes et al.	Applicant
US6516014(B1)	2003-02-01	Sellin et al.	Applicant
US6517532(B1)	2003-02-01	Altshuler et al.	Applicant
US6538817(B1)	2003-03-01	Farmer et al.	Applicant
US6540391(B2)	2003-04-01	Lanzetta et al.	Applicant
US6549801(B1)	2003-04-01	Chen et al.	Applicant
US6552796(B2)	2003-04-01	Magnin et al.	Applicant
US6556305(B1)	2003-04-01	Aziz et al.	Applicant
US6556853(B1)	2003-04-01	Cabib et al.	Applicant
US6558324(B1)	2003-05-01	Von Behren et al.	Applicant
US6564087(B1)	2003-05-01	Pitris et al.	Applicant
US6564089(B2)	2003-05-01	Izatt et al.	Applicant
US6567585(B2)	2003-05-01	Harris	Applicant
US6593101(B2)	2003-07-01	Richards-Kortum et al.	Applicant
US6611833(B1)	2003-08-01	Johnson et al.	Applicant
US6615071(B1)	2003-09-01	Casscells, III et al.	Applicant
US6622732(B2)	2003-09-01	Constantz	Applicant
US6654127(B2)	2003-11-01	Everett et al.	Applicant
US6657730(B2)	2003-12-01	Pfau et al.	Applicant
US6658278(B2)	2003-12-01	Gruhl	Applicant
US6680780(B1)	2004-01-01	Fee	Applicant
US6685885(B2)	2004-02-01	Nolte et al.	Applicant
US6687007(B1)	2004-02-01	Meigs	Applicant
US6687010(B1)	2004-02-01	Horii et al.	Applicant
US6687036(B2)	2004-02-01	Riza	Applicant
US6692430(B2)	2004-02-01	Adler	Applicant
US6701181(B2)	2004-03-01	Tang et al.	Applicant
US6721094(B1)	2004-04-01	Sinclair et al.	Applicant
US6738144(B1)	2004-05-01	Dogariu et al.	Applicant
US6741355(B2)	2004-05-01	Drabarek	Applicant
US6757467(B1)	2004-06-01	Rogers	Applicant
US6790175(B1)	2004-09-01	Furusawa et al.	Applicant
US6806963(B1)	2004-10-01	Wälti et al.	Applicant
US6816743(B2)	2004-11-01	Moreno et al.	Applicant
US6831781(B2)	2004-12-01	Tearney et al.	Applicant
US6839496(B1)	2005-01-01	Mills et al.	Applicant
US6882432(B2)	2005-04-01	Deck	Applicant
US6900899(B2)	2005-05-01	Nevis	Applicant
US6903820(B2)	2005-06-01	Wang	Applicant
US6909105(B1)	2005-06-01	Heintzmann et al.	Applicant
US6949072(B2)	2005-09-01	Furnish et al.	Applicant
US6961123(B1)	2005-11-01	Wang et al.	Applicant
US6980299(B1)	2005-12-01	de Boer	Applicant
US6996549(B2)	2006-02-01	Zhang et al.	Applicant
US7006231(B2)	2006-02-01	Ostrovsky et al.	Applicant
US7006232(B2)	2006-02-01	Rollins et al.	Applicant
US7019838(B2)	2006-03-01	Izatt et al.	Applicant
US7027633(B2)	2006-04-01	Foran et al.	Applicant
US7061622(B2)	2006-06-01	Rollins et al.	Applicant
US7072047(B2)	2006-07-01	Westphal et al.	Applicant
US7075658(B2)	2006-07-01	Izatt et al.	Applicant
US7099358(B1)	2006-08-01	Chong et al.	Applicant
US7113288(B2)	2006-09-01	Fercher	Applicant
US7113625(B2)	2006-09-01	Watson et al.	Applicant
US7130320(B2)	2006-10-01	Tobiason et al.	Applicant
US7139598(B2)	2006-11-01	Hull et al.	Applicant
US7142835(B2)	2006-11-01	Paulus	Applicant
US7148970(B2)	2006-12-01	De Boer	Applicant
US7177027(B2)	2007-02-01	Hirasawa et al.	Applicant
US7190464(B2)	2007-03-01	Alphonse	Applicant
US7230708(B2)	2007-06-01	Lapotko et al.	Applicant
US7231243(B2)	2007-06-01	Tearney et al.	Applicant
US7236637(B2)	2007-06-01	Sirohey et al.	Applicant
US7242480(B2)	2007-07-01	Alphonse	Applicant
US7267494(B2)	2007-09-01	Deng et al.	Applicant
US7272252(B2)	2007-09-01	De La Torre-Bueno et al.	Applicant
US7304798(B2)	2007-12-01	Izumi et al.	Applicant
US7330270(B2)	2008-02-01	O'Hara et al.	Applicant
US7336366(B2)	2008-02-01	Choma et al.	Applicant
US7342659(B2)	2008-03-01	Horn et al.	Applicant
US7355716(B2)	2008-04-01	De Boer et al.	Applicant
US7355721(B2)	2008-04-01	Quadling et al.	Applicant
US7359062(B2)	2008-04-01	Chen et al.	Applicant
US7366376(B2)	2008-04-01	Shishkov et al.	Applicant
US7382809(B2)	2008-06-01	Chong et al.	Applicant
US7391520(B2)	2008-06-01	Zhou et al.	Applicant
US7458683(B2)	2008-12-01	Chernyak et al.	Applicant
US7530948(B2)	2009-05-01	Seibel et al.	Applicant
US7539530(B2)	2009-05-01	Caplan et al.	Applicant
US7609391(B2)	2009-10-01	Betzig	Applicant
US7630083(B2)	2009-12-01	de Boer et al.	Applicant
US7643152(B2)	2010-01-01	de Boer et al.	Applicant
US7643153(B2)	2010-01-01	de Boer et al.	Applicant
US7646905(B2)	2010-01-01	Guittet et al.	Applicant
US7649160(B2)	2010-01-01	Colomb et al.	Applicant
US7664300(B2)	2010-02-01	Lange et al.	Applicant
US7733497(B2)	2010-06-01	Yun et al.	Applicant
US7782464(B2)	2010-08-01	Mujat et al.	Applicant
US7805034(B2)	2010-09-01	Kato et al.	Applicant
US2001/0036002(A1)	2001-11-01	Tearney et al.	Applicant
US2001/0047137(A1)	2001-11-01	Moreno et al.	Applicant
US2002/0016533(A1)	2002-02-01	Marchitto et al.	Applicant
US2002/0024015(A1)	2002-02-01	Hoffmann et al.	Applicant
US2002/0044280(A1)	2002-04-01	Weigold et al.	Examiner
US2002/0048025(A1)	2002-04-01	Takaoka	Applicant
US2002/0048026(A1)	2002-04-01	Isshiki et al.	Applicant
US2002/0052547(A1)	2002-05-01	Toida	Applicant
US2002/0057431(A1)	2002-05-01	Fateley et al.	Applicant
US2002/0064341(A1)	2002-05-01	Fauver et al.	Applicant
US2002/0076152(A1)	2002-06-01	Hughes et al.	Applicant
US2002/0085209(A1)	2002-07-01	Mittleman et al.	Applicant
US2002/0086347(A1)	2002-07-01	Johnson et al.	Applicant
US2002/0091322(A1)	2002-07-01	Chaiken et al.	Applicant
US2002/0093662(A1)	2002-07-01	Chen et al.	Applicant
US2002/0109851(A1)	2002-08-01	Deck	Applicant
US2002/0122182(A1)	2002-09-01	Everett et al.	Applicant
US2002/0122246(A1)	2002-09-01	Tearney et al.	Applicant
US2002/0140942(A1)	2002-10-01	Fee et al.	Applicant
US2002/0158211(A1)	2002-10-01	Gillispie	Applicant
US2002/0161357(A1)	2002-10-01	Anderson et al.	Applicant
US2002/0163622(A1)	2002-11-01	Magnin et al.	Applicant
US2002/0168158(A1)	2002-11-01	Furusawa et al.	Applicant
US2002/0172485(A1)	2002-11-01	Keaton et al.	Applicant
US2002/0183623(A1)	2002-12-01	Tang et al.	Applicant
US2002/0188204(A1)	2002-12-01	McNamara et al.	Applicant
US2002/0196446(A1)	2002-12-01	Roth et al.	Applicant
US2002/0198457(A1)	2002-12-01	Tearney et al.	Applicant
US2003/0001071(A1)	2003-01-01	Mandella et al.	Applicant
US2003/0013973(A1)	2003-01-01	Georgakoudi et al.	Applicant
US2003/0023153(A1)	2003-01-01	Izatt et al.	Applicant
US2003/0026735(A1)	2003-02-01	Nolte et al.	Applicant
US2003/0028114(A1)	2003-02-01	Casscells, III et al.	Applicant
US2003/0030816(A1)	2003-02-01	Eom et al.	Applicant
US2003/0043381(A1)	2003-03-01	Fercher	Applicant
US2003/0053673(A1)	2003-03-01	Dewaele et al.	Applicant
US2003/0067607(A1)	2003-04-01	Wolleschensky et al.	Applicant
US2003/0082105(A1)	2003-05-01	Fischman et al.	Applicant
US2003/0097048(A1)	2003-05-01	Ryan et al.	Applicant
US2003/0108911(A1)	2003-06-01	Klimant et al.	Applicant
US2003/0120137(A1)	2003-06-01	Pawluczyk et al.	Applicant
US2003/0135101(A1)	2003-07-01	Webler	Applicant
US2003/0137669(A1)	2003-07-01	Rollins et al.	Applicant
US2003/0164952(A1)	2003-09-01	Deichmann et al.	Applicant
US2003/0165263(A1)	2003-09-01	Hamer et al.	Applicant
US2003/0171691(A1)	2003-09-01	Casscells, III et al.	Applicant
US2003/0174339(A1)	2003-09-01	Feldchtein et al.	Applicant
US2003/0199769(A1)	2003-10-01	Podoleanu et al.	Applicant
US2003/0216719(A1)	2003-11-01	Debenedictics et al.	Applicant
US2003/0220749(A1)	2003-11-01	Chen et al.	Applicant
US2003/0236443(A1)	2003-12-01	Cespedes et al.	Applicant
US2004/0002650(A1)	2004-01-01	Mandrusov et al.	Applicant
US2004/0039298(A1)	2004-02-01	Abreu	Examiner
US2004/0054268(A1)	2004-03-01	Esenaliev et al.	Applicant
US2004/0072200(A1)	2004-04-01	Rigler et al.	Applicant
US2004/0075841(A1)	2004-04-01	Van Neste et al.	Applicant
US2004/0076940(A1)	2004-04-01	Alexander et al.	Applicant
US2004/0077949(A1)	2004-04-01	Blofgett et al.	Applicant
US2004/0085540(A1)	2004-05-01	Lapotko et al.	Applicant
US2004/0086245(A1)	2004-05-01	Farroni et al.	Applicant
US2004/0100631(A1)	2004-05-01	Bashkansky et al.	Applicant
US2004/0100681(A1)	2004-05-01	Bjarklev et al.	Applicant
US2004/0110206(A1)	2004-06-01	Wong et al.	Applicant
US2004/0126048(A1)	2004-07-01	Dave et al.	Applicant
US2004/0126120(A1)	2004-07-01	Cohen et al.	Applicant
US2004/0133191(A1)	2004-07-01	Momiuchi et al.	Applicant
US2004/0150829(A1)	2004-08-01	Koch et al.	Applicant
US2004/0150830(A1)	2004-08-01	Chan	Applicant
US2004/0152989(A1)	2004-08-01	Puttappa et al.	Applicant
US2004/0165184(A1)	2004-08-01	Mizuno	Applicant
US2004/0166593(A1)	2004-08-01	Nolte et al.	Applicant
US2004/0189999(A1)	2004-09-01	De Groot et al.	Applicant
US2004/0212808(A1)	2004-10-01	Okawa et al.	Applicant
US2004/0239938(A1)	2004-12-01	Izatt et al.	Applicant
US2004/0246490(A1)	2004-12-01	Wang	Applicant
US2004/0246583(A1)	2004-12-01	Mueller et al.	Applicant
US2004/0254474(A1)	2004-12-01	Seibel et al.	Applicant
US2004/0263843(A1)	2004-12-01	Knopp et al.	Applicant
US2005/0018133(A1)	2005-01-01	Huang et al.	Applicant
US2005/0018201(A1)	2005-01-01	de Boer et al.	Examiner
US2005/0035295(A1)	2005-02-01	Bouma et al.	Applicant
US2005/0036150(A1)	2005-02-01	Izatt et al.	Applicant
US2005/0046837(A1)	2005-03-01	Izumi et al.	Applicant
US2005/0057680(A1)	2005-03-01	Agan	Applicant
US2005/0057756(A1)	2005-03-01	Fang-Yen et al.	Applicant
US2005/0059894(A1)	2005-03-01	Zeng et al.	Applicant
US2005/0065421(A1)	2005-03-01	Burckhardt et al.	Applicant
US2005/0075547(A1)	2005-04-01	Wang	Applicant
US2005/0083534(A1)	2005-04-01	Riza et al.	Applicant
US2005/0119567(A1)	2005-06-01	Choi et al.	Applicant
US2005/0128488(A1)	2005-06-01	Yelin et al.	Applicant
US2005/0165303(A1)	2005-07-01	Kleen et al.	Applicant
US2005/0171438(A1)	2005-08-01	Chen et al.	Applicant
US2005/0190372(A1)	2005-09-01	Dogariu et al.	Applicant
US2005/0254061(A1)	2005-11-01	Alphonse et al.	Applicant
US2006/0033923(A1)	2006-02-01	Hirasawa et al.	Applicant
US2006/0093276(A1)	2006-05-01	Bouma et al.	Applicant
US2006/0103850(A1)	2006-05-01	Alphonse et al.	Applicant
US2006/0146339(A1)	2006-07-01	Fujita et al.	Applicant
US2006/0155193(A1)	2006-07-01	Leonardi et al.	Applicant
US2006/0164639(A1)	2006-07-01	Horn et al.	Applicant
US2006/0171503(A1)	2006-08-01	O'Hara et al.	Applicant
US2006/0184048(A1)	2006-08-01	Saadat et al.	Applicant
US2006/0193352(A1)	2006-08-01	Chong et al.	Applicant
US2006/0244973(A1)	2006-11-01	Yun et al.	Applicant
US2007/0019208(A1)	2007-01-01	Toida et al.	Applicant
US2007/0038040(A1)	2007-02-01	Cense et al.	Applicant
US2007/0070496(A1)	2007-03-01	Gweon et al.	Applicant
US2007/0076217(A1)	2007-04-01	Baker et al.	Examiner
US2007/0086013(A1)	2007-04-01	De Lega et al.	Applicant
US2007/0086017(A1)	2007-04-01	Buckland et al.	Applicant
US2007/0091317(A1)	2007-04-01	Freischlad et al.	Applicant
US2007/0133002(A1)	2007-06-01	Wax et al.	Applicant
US2007/0188855(A1)	2007-08-01	Shishkov et al.	Applicant
US2007/0223006(A1)	2007-09-01	Tearney et al.	Applicant
US2007/0236700(A1)	2007-10-01	Yun et al.	Applicant
US2007/0258094(A1)	2007-11-01	Izatt et al.	Applicant
US2007/0291277(A1)	2007-12-01	Everett et al.	Applicant
US2008/0002197(A1)	2008-01-01	Sun et al.	Applicant
US2008/0007734(A1)	2008-01-01	Park et al.	Applicant
US2008/0049220(A1)	2008-02-01	Izzia et al.	Applicant
US2008/0094613(A1)	2008-04-01	de Boer et al.	Applicant
US2008/0094637(A1)	2008-04-01	de Boer et al.	Applicant
US2008/0097225(A1)	2008-04-01	Tearney et al.	Applicant
US2008/0097709(A1)	2008-04-01	de Boer et al.	Applicant
US2008/0100837(A1)	2008-05-01	de Boer et al.	Applicant
US2008/0152353(A1)	2008-06-01	de Boer et al.	Applicant
US2008/0154090(A1)	2008-06-01	Hashimshony	Applicant
US2008/0204762(A1)	2008-08-01	Izatt et al.	Applicant
US2008/0265130(A1)	2008-10-01	Colomb et al.	Applicant
US2008/0308730(A1)	2008-12-01	Vizi et al.	Applicant
US2009/0011948(A1)	2009-01-01	Uniu et al.	Applicant
US2009/0196477(A1)	2009-08-01	Cense et al.	Applicant
US2009/0273777(A1)	2009-11-01	Yun et al.	Applicant
US2009/0290156(A1)	2009-11-01	Popescu et al.	Applicant
US2010/0086251(A1)	2010-04-01	Xu et al.	Applicant
US2010/0094576(A1)	2010-04-01	de Boer et al.	Applicant
US2010/0150467(A1)	2010-06-01	Zhao et al.	Applicant
CN1550203	2004-12-01		Applicant
DE4105221	1991-09-01		Applicant
DE4309056	1994-09-01		Applicant
DE19542955	1997-05-01		Applicant
DE10351319	2005-06-01		Applicant
EP110201	1984-06-01		Applicant
EP251062	1988-01-01		Applicant
EP617286	1994-02-01		Applicant
EP590268	1994-04-01		Applicant
EP728440	1996-08-01		Applicant
EP933096	1999-08-01		Applicant
EP1324051	2003-07-01		Applicant
EP1426799	2004-06-01		Applicant
FR2738343	1995-08-01		Applicant
GB1257778	1971-12-01		Applicant
GB2030313	1980-04-01		Applicant
GB2209221	1989-05-01		Applicant
GB2298054	1996-08-01		Applicant
JP6073405	1985-04-01		Applicant
JP20040056907	1992-02-01		Applicant
JP4135550	1992-05-01		Applicant
JP4135551	1992-05-01		Applicant
JP5509417	1993-11-01		Applicant
JP2002214127	2002-07-01		Applicant
JP20030035659	2003-02-01		Applicant
JP2007271761	2007-10-01		Applicant
WO7900841	1979-10-01		Applicant
WO9201966	1992-02-01		Applicant
WO9216865	1992-10-01		Applicant
WO9219930	1992-11-01		Applicant
WO9303672	1993-03-01		Applicant
WO9533971	1995-12-01		Applicant
WO9628212	1996-09-01		Applicant
WO9732182	1997-09-01		Applicant
WO9800057	1998-01-01		Applicant
WO9801074	1998-01-01		Applicant
WO9814132	1998-04-01		Applicant
WO9835203	1998-08-01		Applicant
WO9838907	1998-09-01		Applicant
WO9846123	1998-10-01		Applicant
WO9848838	1998-11-01		Applicant
WO9848846	1998-11-01		Applicant
WO9905487	1999-02-01		Applicant
WO9944089	1999-02-01		Applicant
WO9944089	1999-09-01		Applicant
WO9957507	1999-11-01		Applicant
WO58766	2000-10-01		Applicant
WO101111	2001-01-01		Applicant
WO108579	2001-02-01		Applicant
WO127679	2001-04-01		Applicant
WO138820	2001-05-01		Applicant
WO142735	2001-06-01		Applicant
WO236015	2002-05-01		Applicant
WO237075	2002-05-01		Applicant
WO238040	2002-05-01		Applicant
WO2053050	2002-07-01		Applicant
WO2054027	2002-07-01		Applicant
WO2084263	2002-10-01		Applicant
WO3020119	2003-03-01		Applicant
WO3046495	2003-06-01		Applicant
WO3046636	2003-06-01		Applicant
WO3052478	2003-06-01		Applicant
WO3062802	2003-07-01		Applicant
WO3105678	2003-12-01		Applicant
WO2004034869	2004-04-01		Applicant
WO2004057266	2004-07-01		Applicant
WO2004066824	2004-08-01		Applicant
WO2004088361	2004-10-01		Applicant
WO2004105598	2004-12-01		Applicant
WO2005000115	2005-01-01		Applicant
WO2005047813	2005-05-01		Applicant
WO2005054780	2005-06-01		Applicant
WO2005082225	2005-09-01		Applicant
WO2006004743	2006-01-01		Applicant
WO2006014392	2006-02-01		Applicant
WO2006038876	2006-04-01		Applicant
WO2006039091	2006-04-01		Applicant
WO2006059109	2006-06-01		Applicant
WO2006124860	2006-11-01		Applicant
WO2006130797	2006-12-01		Applicant
WO2007028531	2007-03-01		Applicant
WO2007038787	2007-04-01		Applicant
WO2007083138	2007-07-01		Applicant
WO2007084995	2007-07-01		Applicant

Non-Patent Literature (919)

Fujimoto et al., “High Resolution in Vivo Intra-Arterial Imaging with Optical Coherence Tomography,” Official Journal of the British Cardiac Society, vol. 82, pp. 128-133 Heart, 1999.Applicant
D. Huang et al., “Optical Coherence Tomography,” Science, vol. 254, pp. 1178-1181, Nov. 1991.Applicant
Tearney et al., “High-Speed Phase -and Group Delay Scanning with a Grating Based Phase Control Delay Line,” Optics Letters, vol. 22, pp 1811-1813, Dec. 1997.Applicant
Rollins, et al., “In Vivo Video Rate Optical Coherence Tomography,” Optics Express, vol. 3, pp. 219-229, Sep. 1998.Applicant
Saxer, et al., “High Speed Fiber-Based Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography of in Vivo Human Skin,” Optical Society of America, vol. 25, pp. 1355-1357, Sep. 2000.Applicant
Oscar Eduardo Martinez, “3000 Times Grating Compress or with Positive Group Velocity Dispersion,” IEEE, vol. QE-23, pp. 59-64, Jan. 1987.Applicant
Kulkarni, et al., “Image Enhancement in Optical Coherence Tomography Using Deconvolution,” Electronics Letters, vol. 33, pp. 1365-1367, Jul. 1997.Applicant
Bashkansky, et al., “Signal Processing for Improving Field Cross-Correlation Function in Optical Coherence Tomography,” Optics & Photonics News, vol. 9, pp. 8137-8138, May 1998.Applicant
Yung et al., “Phase-Domain Processing of Optical Coherence Tomography Images,” Journal of Biomedical Optics, vol. 4, pp. 125-136, Jan. 1999.Applicant
Tearney, et al., “In Vivo Endoscopic Optical Biopsy with Optical Coherence Tomography,” Science, vol. 276, Jun. 1997.Applicant
W. Drexler et al., “In Vivo Ultrahigh-Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography,” Optics Letters vol. 24, pp. 1221-1223, Sep. 1999.Applicant
Nicusor V. Iftimia et al., “A Portable, Low Coherence Interferometry Based Instrument for Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy Guidance,” Accepted to Review of Scientific Instruments, 2005.Applicant
Abbas, G.L., V.W.S. Chan et al., “Local-Oscillator Excess-Noise Suppression for Homodyne and Heterodyne-Detection,” Optics Letters, vol. 8, pp. 419-421, Aug. 1983 issue.Applicant
Agrawal, G.P., “Population Pulsations and Nondegenerate 4-Wave Mixing in Semiconductor-Lasers and Amplifiers,” Journal of the Optical Society of America B—Optical Physics, vol. 5, pp. 147-159, Jan. 1998.Applicant
Andretzky, P. et al., “Optical Coherence Tomography by Spectral Radar: Improvement of Signal-to-Noise Ratio,” The International Society for Optical Engineering, USA, vol. 3915, 2000.Applicant
Ballif, J. et al., “Rapid and Scalable Scans at 21 m/s in optical Low-Coherence Reflectometry,” Optics Letters, vol 22, pp. 757-759, Jun. 1997.Applicant
Barfuss H. et al., “Modified Optical Frequency-Domain Reflectometry with High Spatial-Resolution for Components of Integrated Optic Systems,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 7, pp. 3-10, Jan. 1989.Applicant
Beaud, P. et al., “Optical Reflectometry with Micrometer Resolution for the Investigation of Integrated Optical-Devices,” Leee Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol. 25, pp. 755-759, Apr. 1989.Applicant
Bouma, Brett et al., “Power-Efficient Nonreciprocal Interferometer and Linear-Scanning Fiber-Optic Catheter for Optical Coherence Tomography,” Optics Letters, vol. 24, pp. 531-533, Apr. 1999.Applicant
Brinkmeyer, E. et al., “Efficient Algorithm for Non-Equidistant Interpolation of Sampled Data,” Electronics Letters, vol. 28, p. 693, Mar. 1992.Applicant
Brinkmeyer, E. et al., “High-Resolution OCDR in Dispersive Wave-Guides,” Electronics Letters, vol. 26, pp. 413-414, Mar. 1990.Applicant
Chinn, S.R. et al., “Optical Coherence Tomography Using a Frequency-Tunable Optical Source,” Optics Letters, vol. 22, pp. 340-342, Mar. 1997.Applicant
Danielson, B.L. et al., “Absolute Optical Ranging Using Low Coherence Interferometry,” Applied Optics, vol. 30, p. 2975, Jul. 1991.Applicant
Dorrer, C. et al., “Spectral Resolution and Sampling Issues in Fourier-Transform Spectral Interferometry,” Journal of the Optical Society of America B—Optical Physics, vol. 17, pp. 1795-1802, Oct. 2000.Applicant
Dudley, J.M. et al., “Cross-Correlation Frequency Resolved Optical Gating Analysis of Broadband Continuum Generation in Photonic Crystal Fiber: Simulations and Experiments,” Optics Express, vol. 10, p. 1215, Oct. 2002.Applicant
Eickhoff, W. et al., “Optical Frequency-Domain Reflectometry in Single-Mode Fiber,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 39, pp. 693-695, 1981.Applicant
Fercher, Adolf “Optical Coherence Tomography,” Journal of Biomedical Optics, vol. 1, pp. 157-173, Apr. 1996.Applicant
Ferreira, L.A. et al., “Polarization-Insensitive Fiberoptic White-Light Interferometry,” Optics Communications, vol. 114, pp. 386-392, Feb. 1995.Applicant
Fujii, Yohji, “High-Isolation Polarization-Independent Optical Circulator”, Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 9, pp. 1239-1243, Oct. 1991.Applicant
Glance, B., “Polarization Independent Coherent Optical Receiver,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. LT-5, p. 274, Feb. 1987.Applicant
Glombitza, U., “Coherent Frequency-Domain Reflectometry for Characterization of Single-Mode Integrated-Optical Wave-Guides,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 11, pp. 1377-1384, Aug. 1993.Applicant
Golubovic, B. et al., “Optical Frequency-Domain Reflectometry Using Rapid Wavelength Tuning of a Cr4+:Forsterite Laser,” Optics Letters, vol. 11, pp. 1704-1706, Nov. 1997.Applicant
Haberland, U. H. P. et al., “Chirp Optical Coherence Tomography of Layered Scattering Media,” Journal of Biomedical Optics, vol. 3, pp. 259-266, Jul. 1998.Applicant
Hammer, Daniel X. et al., “Spectrally Resolved White-Light Interferometry for Measurement of Ocular Dispersion,” Journal of the Optical Society of America A—Optics Image Science and Vision, vol. 16, pp. 2092-2102, Sep. 1999.Applicant
Harvey, K. C. et al., “External-Cavity Diode-Laser Using a Grazing-Incidence Diffraction Grating,” Optics Letters, vol. 16, pp. 910-912, Jun. 1991.Applicant
Hausler, Gerd et al., “‘Coherence Radar’ and ‘Spectral Radar’ New Tools for Dermatological Diagnosis,” Journal of Biomedical Optics, vol. 3, pp. 21-31, Jan. 1998.Applicant
Hee, Michael R. et al., “Polarization-Sensitive Low-Coherence Reflectometer for Birefringence Characterization and Ranging,” Journal of the Optical Society of America B (Optical Physics), vol. 9, p. 903-908, Jun. 1992.Applicant
Hotate Kazuo et al., “Optical Coherence Domain Reflectometry by Synthesis of Coherence Function,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 11, pp. 1701-1710, Oct. 1993.Applicant
Inoue, Kyo et al., “Nearly Degenerate 4-Wave-Mixing in a Traveling-Wave Semiconductor-Laser Amplifier,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 51, pp. 1051-1053, 1987.Applicant
Ivanov, A. P. et al., “New Method for High-Range Resolution Measurements of Light Scattering in Optically Dense Inhomogeneous Media,” Optics Letters, vol. 1, pp. 226-228, Dec. 1977.Applicant
Ivanov, A. P. et al., “Interferometric Study of the Spatial Structure of a Light-Scattering Medium,” Journal of Applied Spectroscopy, vol. 28, pp. 518-525, 1978.Applicant
Kazovsky, L. G. et al., “Heterodyne Detection Through Rain, Snow, and Turbid Media: Effective Receiver Size at Optical Through Millimeter Wavelenghths,” Applied Optics, vol. 22, pp. 706-710, Mar. 1983.Applicant
Kersey, A. D. et al., “Adaptive Polarization Diversity Receiver Configuration for Coherent Optical Fiber Communications,” Electronics Letters, vol. 25, pp. 275-277, Feb. 1989.Applicant
Kohlhaas, Andreas et al., “High-Resolution OCDR for Testing Integrated-Optical Waveguides: Dispersion-Corrupted Experimental Data Corrected by a Numerical Algorithm,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 9, pp. 1493-1502, Nov. 1991.Applicant
Larkin, Kieran G., “Efficient Nonlinear Algorithm for Envelope Detection in White Light Interferometry,” Journal of the Optical Society of America A—Optics Image Science and Vision, vol. 13, pp. 832-843, Apr. 1996.Applicant
Leitgeb, R. et al., “Spectral measurement of Absorption by Spectroscopic Frequency-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography,” Optics Letters, vol. 25, pp. 820-822, Jun. 2000.Applicant
Lexer, F. et al., “Wavelength-Tuning Interferometry of Intraocular Distances,” Applied Optics, vol. 36, pp. 6548-6553, Sep. 1997.Applicant
Mitsui, Takahisa, “Dynamic Range of Optical Reflectometry with Spectral Interferometry,” Japanese Journal of Applied Physics Part 1—Regular Papers Short Notes & Review Papers, vol. 38, pp. 6133-6137, 1999.Applicant
Naganuma, Kazunori et al., “Group-Delay Measurement Using the Fourier-Transform of an Interferometric Cross-Correlation Generated by White Light,” Optics Letters, vol. 15, pp. 393-395, Apr. 1990.Applicant
Okoshi,Takanori, “Polarization-State Control Schemes for Heterodyne or Homodyne Optical Fiber Communications,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. LT-3, pp. 1232-1237, Dec. 1995.Applicant
Passy, R. et al., “Experimental and Theoretical Investigations of Coherent OFDR with Semiconductor-Laser Sources,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 12, pp. 1622-1630, Sep. 1994.Applicant
Podoleanu, Adrian G., “Unbalanced Versus Balanced Operation in an Optical Coherence Tomography System,” Applied Optics, vol. 39, pp. 173-182, Jan. 2000.Applicant
Price, J. H. V. et al., “Tunable, Femtosecond Pulse Source Operating in the Range 1.06-1.33 mu m Based on an Yb3+-doped Holey Fiber Amplifier,” Journal of the Optical Society of America B—Optical Physics, vol. 19, pp. 1286-1294, Jun. 2002.Applicant
Schmitt, J. M. et al, “Measurement of Optical-Properties of Biological Tissues by Low-Coherence Reflectometry,” Applied Optics, vol. 32, pp. 6032-6042, Oct. 1993.Applicant
Silberberg, Y. et al., “Passive-Mode Locking of a Semiconductor Diode-Laser,” Optics Letters, vol. 9, pp. 507-509, Nov. 1984.Applicant
Smith, L. Montgomery et al., “Absolute Displacement Measurements Using Modulation of the Spectrum of White-Light in a Michelson Interferometer,” Applied Optics, vol. 28, pp. 3339-3342, Aug. 1989.Applicant
Sonnenschein, C. M. et al., “Signal-To-Noise Relationships for Coaxial Systems that Heterodyne Backscatter from Atmosphere,” Applied Optics, vol. 10, pp. 1600-1604, Jul. 1971.Applicant
Sorin, W. V. et al., “Measurement of Rayleigh Backscattering at 1.55 mu m with 32 mu m Spatial Resolution,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 4, pp. 374-376, Apr. 1992.Applicant
Sorin, W. V. et al., “A Simple Intensity Noise-Reduction Technique for Optical Low-Coherence Reflectometry,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 4, pp. 1404-1406, Dec. 1992.Applicant
Swanson, E. A. et al., “High-Speed Optical Coherence Domain Reflectometry,” Optics Letters, vol. 17, pp. 151-153, Jan. 1992.Applicant
Takada, K. et al., “High-Resolution OFDR with Incorporated Fiberoptic Frequency Encoder,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 4, pp. 1069-1072, Sep. 1992.Applicant
Takada, Kazumasa et al., “Narrow-Band light Source with Acoustooptic Tunable Filter for Optical Low-Coherence Reflectometry,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 8, pp. 658-600, May 1996.Applicant
Takada, Kazumasa et al., “New Measurement System for Fault Location in Optical-Wave Guide Devices Based on an Interometric-Technique,” Applied Optics, vol. 26, pp. 1603-1606, May 1987.Applicant
Tateda, Mitsuhiro et al., “Interferometric Method for Chromatic Dispersion Measurement in a Single-Mode Optical Fiber,” IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol. 17, pp. 404-407, Mar. 1981.Applicant
Toide, M. et al., “Two-Dimensional Coherent Detection Imaging in Multiple Scattering Media Based the Directional Resolution Capability of the Optical Heterodyne Method,” Applied Physics B (Photophysics and Laser Chemistry), vol. B52, pp. 391-394, 1991.Applicant
Trutna, W. R. et al., “Continuously Tuned External-Cavity Semiconductor-Laser,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 11, pp. 1279-1286, Aug. 1993.Applicant
Uttam, Deepak et al., “Precision Time Domain Reflectometry in Optical Fiber Systems Using a Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave Ranging Technige,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 3, pp. 971-977, Oct. 1985.Applicant
Von Der Weid, J. P. et al., “On the Characterization of Optical Fiber Network Components with Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 15, pp. 1131-1141, Jul. 1997.Applicant
Wysocki, P.F. et al., “Broad-Spectrum, Wavelength-Swept, Erbium-Doped Fiber Laser at 1.55-Mu-M,” Optics Letters, vol. 15, pp. 879-881, Aug. 1990.Applicant
Youngquist, Robert C. et al., “Optical Coherence-Domain Reflectometry—A New Optical Evaluation Technique,” Optics Letters, vol. 12, pp. 158-160, Mar. 1987.Applicant
Yun, S. H. et al., “Wavelength-Swept Fiber Laser with Frequency Shifted Feedback and Resonantly Swept Intra-Cavity Acoustooptic Tunable Filter,” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, vol. 3, pp. 1087-1096, Aug. 1997.Applicant
Yun, S. H. et al., “Interrogation of Fiber Grating Sensor Arrays with a Wavelength-Swept Fiber Laser,” Optics Letters, vol. 23, pp. 843-845, Jun. 1998.Applicant
Yung, K. M., “Phase-Domain Processing of Optical Coherence Tomography Images,” Journal of Biomedical Optics, vol. 4, pp. 125-136, Jan. 1999.Applicant
Zhou, Xiao-Qun et al., “Extended-Range FMCW Reflectometry Using an optical Loop with a Frequency Shifter,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 8, pp. 248-250, Feb. 1996.Applicant
Zorabedian, Paul et al., “Tuning Fidelity of Acoustooptically Controlled External Cavity Semiconductor-Lasers,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 13, pp. 62-66, Jan. 1995.Applicant
Victor S. Y. Lin et al., “A Porous Silicon-Based Optical Interferometric Biosensor,” Science Magazine, vol. 278, pp. 840-843, Oct. 31, 1997.Applicant
De Boer, Johannes F. et al., “Review of Polarization Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography and Stokes Vector Determination,” Journal of Biomedical Optics, vol. 7, No. 3, Jul. 2002, pp. 359-371.Applicant
Jiao, Shuliang et al., “Depth-Resolved Two-Dimensional Stokes Vectors of Backscattered Light and Mueller Matrices of Biological Tissue Measured with Optical Coherence Tomography,” Applied Optics, vol. 39, No. 34, Dec. 1, 2000, pp. 6318-6324.Applicant
Park, B. Hyle et al., “In Vivo Burn Depth Determination by High-Speed Fiber-Based Polarization Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography,” Journal of Biomedical Optics, vol. 6 No. 4, Oct. 2001, pp. 474-479.Applicant
Roth, Jonathan E. et al., “Simplified Method for Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography,” Optics Letters, vol. 26, No. 14, Jul. 15, 2001, pp. 1069-1071.Applicant
Hitzenberger, Christopher K. et al., “Measurement and Imaging of Birefringence and Optic Axis Orientation by Phase Resolved Polarization Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography,” Optics Express, vol. 9, No. 13, Dec. 17, 2001, pp. 780-790.Applicant
Wang, Xueding et al., “Propagation of Polarized Light in Birefringent Turbid Media: Time-Resolved Simulations,” Optical Imaging Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Program, Texas A&M University.Applicant
Wong, Brian J.F. et al., “Optical Coherence Tomography of the Rat Cochlea,” Journal of Biomedical Optics, vol. 5, No. 4, Oct. 2000, pp. 367-370.Applicant
Yao, Gang et al., “Propagation of Polarized Light in Turbid Media: Simulated Animation Sequences,” Optics Express, vol. 7, No. 5, Aug. 28, 2000, pp. 198-203.Applicant
Wang, Xiao-Jun et al., “Characterization of Dentin and Enamel by Use of Optical Coherence Tomography,” Applied Optics, vol. 38, No. 10, Apr. 1, 1999, pp. 2092-2096.Applicant
De Boer, Johannes F. et al., “Determination of the Depth-Resolved Stokes Parameters of Light Backscattered from Turbid Media by use of Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography,” Optics Letters, vol. 24, No. 5, Mar. 1, 1999, pp. 300-302.Applicant
Ducros, Mathieu G. et al., “Polarization Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography of the Rabbit Eye,” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, vol. 5, No. 4, Jul./Aug. 1999, pp. 1159-1167.Applicant
Groner, Warren et al., “Orthogonal Polarization Spectral Imaging: A New Method for Study of the Microcirculation,” Nature Medicine Inc., vol. 5 No. 10, Oct. 1999, pp. 1209-1213.Applicant
De Boer, Johannes F. et al., “Polarization Effects in Optical Coherence Tomography of Various Viological Tissues,” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, vol. 5, No. 4, Jul./Aug. 1999, pp. 1200-1204.Applicant
Yao, Gang et al., “Two-Dimensional Depth-Resolved Mueller Matrix Characterization of Biological Tissue by Optical Coherence Tomography,” Optics Letters, Apr. 15, 1999, vol. 24, No. 8, pp. 537-539.Applicant
Lu, Shih-Yau et al., “Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Jones Matrices,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A., vol. 11, No. 2, Feb. 1994, pp. 766-773.Applicant
Bickel, S. William et al., “Stokes Vectors, Mueller Matrices, and Polarized Scattered Light,” Am. J. Phys., vol. 53, No. 5, May 1985 pp. 468-478.Applicant
Bréhonnet, F. Le Roy et al., “Optical Media and Target Characterization by Mueller Matrix Decomposition,” J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 29, 1996, pp. 34-38.Applicant
Cameron, Brent D. et al., “Measurement and Calculation of the Two-Dimensional Backscattering Mueller Matrix of a Turbid Medium,” Optics Letters, vol. 23, No. 7, Apr. 1, 1998, pp. 485-487.Applicant
De Boer, Johannes F. et al., “Two-Dimensional Birefringence Imaging in Biological Tissue by Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography,” Optics Letters, vol. 22, No. 12, Jun. 15, 1997, pp. 934-936.Applicant
De Boer, Johannes F. et al., “Imaging Thermally Damaged Tissue by Polarization Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography,” Optics Express, vol. 3, No. 6, Sep. 14, 1998, pp. 212-218.Applicant
Everett, M.J. et al., “Birefringence Characterization of Biological Tissue by Use of Optical Coherence Tomography,” Optics Letters, vol. 23, No. 3, Feb. 1, 1998, pp. 228-230.Applicant
Hee, Michael R. et al., “Polarization-Sensitive Low-Coherence Reflectometer for Birefringence Characterization and Ranging,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B., vol. 9, No. 6, Jun. 1992, pp. 903-908.Applicant
Barakat, Richard, “Statistics of the Stokes Parameters,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B., vol. 4, No. 7, Jul. 1987, pp. 1256-1263.Applicant
Schmitt, J.M. et al., “Cross-Polarized Backscatter in Optical Coherence Tomography of Biological Tissue,” Optics Letters, vol. 23, No. 13, Jul. 1, 1998, pp. 1060-1062.Applicant
Schoenenberger, Klaus et al., “Mapping of Birefringence and Thermal Damage in Tissue by use of Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography,” Applied Optics, vol. 37, No. 25, Sep. 1, 1998, pp. 6026-6036.Applicant
Pierce, Mark C. et al., “Simultaneous Intensity, Birefringence, and Flow Measurementswith High-Speed Fiber-Based Optical Coherence Tomography,” Optics Letters, vol. 27, No. 17, Sep. 1, 2002, pp. 1534-1536.Applicant
De Boer, Johannes F. et al., “Review of Polarization Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography and Stokes Vector Determination,” Journal of Biomedical Optics, Jul. 2002, vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 359-371.Applicant
Fried, Daniel et al., “Imaging Caries Lesions and Lesion Progression with Polarization Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography,” Journal of Biomedical Optics, vol. 7, No. 4, Oct. 2002, pp. 618-627.Applicant
Jiao, Shuliang et al., “Two-Dimensional Depth-Resolved Mueller Matrix of Biological Tissue Measured with Double-Beam Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography,” Optics Letters, vol. 27, No. 2, Jan. 15, 2002, pp. 101-103.Applicant
Jiao, Shuliang et al., “Jones-Matrix Imaging of Biological Tissues with Quadruple-Channel Optical Coherence Tomography,” Journal of Biomedical Optics, vol. 7, No. 3, Jul. 2002, pp. 350-358.Applicant
Kuranov, R.V. et al., “Complementary Use of Cross-Polarization and Standard OCT for Differential Diagnosis of Pathological Tissues,” Optics Express, vol. 10, No. 15, Jul. 29, 2002, pp. 707-713.Applicant
Cense, Barry et al., “In Vivo Depth-Resolved Birefringence Measurements of the Human Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer by Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography,” Optics Letters, vol. 27, No. 18, Sep. 15, 2002, pp. 1610-1612.Applicant
Ren, Hongwu et al., “Phase-Resolved Functional Optical Coherence Tomography: Simultaneous Imaging of In Situ Tissue Structure, Blood Flow Velocity, Standard Deviation, Birefringence, and Stokes Vectors in Human Skin,” Optics Letters, vol. 27, No. 19, Oct. 1, 2002, pp. 1702-1704.Applicant
Tripathi, Renu et al., “Spectral Shaping for Non-Gaussian Source Spectra in Optical Coherence Tomography,” Optics Letters, vol. 27, No. 6, Mar. 15, 2002, pp. 406-408.Applicant
Yasuno, Y. et al., “Birefringence Imaging of Human Skin by Polarization-Sensitive Spectral Interferometric Optical Coherence Tomography,” Optics Letters, vol. 27, No. 20, Oct. 15, 2002 pp. 1803-1805.Applicant
White, Brian R. et al., “In Vivo Dynamic Human Retinal Blood Flow Imaging Using Ultra-High-Speed Spectral Domain Optical Doppler Tomography,” Optics Express, vol. 11, No. 25, Dec. 15, 2003, pp. 3490-3497.Applicant
De Boer, Johannes F. et al., “Improved Signal-to-Noise Ratio in Spectral-Domain Compared with Time-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography,” Optics Letters, vol. 28, No. 21, Nov. 1, 2003, pp. 2067-2069.Applicant
Jiao, Shuliang et al., “Optical-Fiber-Based Mueller Optical Coherence Tomography,” Optics Letters, vol. 28, No. 14, Jul. 15, 2003, pp. 1206-1208.Applicant
Jiao, Shuliang et al., “Contrast Mechanisms in Polarization-Sensitive Mueller-Matrix Optical Coherence Tomography and Application in Burn Imaging,” Applied Optics, vol. 42, No. 25, Sep. 1, 2003, pp. 5191-5197.Applicant
Moreau, Julien et al., “Full-Field Birefringence Imaging by Thermal-Light Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography. I. Theory,” Applied Optics, vol. 42, No. 19, Jul. 1, 2003, pp. 3800-3810.Applicant
Moreau, Julien et al., “Full-Field Birefringence Imaging by Thermal-Light Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography. II. Instrument and Results,” Applied Optics, vol. 42, No. 19, Jul. 1, 2003, pp. 3811-3818.Applicant
Morgan, Stephen P. et al., “Surface-Reflection Elimination in Polarization Imaging of Superficial Tissue,” Optics Letters, vol. 28, No. 2, Jan. 15, 2003, pp. 114-116.Applicant
Oh, Jung-Taek et al., “Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography for Photoelasticity Testing of Glass/Epoxy Composites,” Optics Express, vol. 11, No. 14, Jul. 14, 2003, pp. 1669-1676.Applicant
Park, B. Hyle et al., “Real-Time Multi-Functional Optical Coherence Tomography,” Optics Express, vol. 11, No. 7, Apr. 7, 2003, pp. 782-793.Applicant
Shribak, Michael et al., “Techniques for Fast and Sensitive Measurements of Two-Dimensional Birefringence Distributions,” Applied Optics, vol. 42, No. 16, Jun. 1, 2003, pp. 3009-3017.Applicant
Somervell, A.R.D. et al., “Direct Measurement of Fringe Amplitude and Phase Using a Heterodyne Interferometer Operating in Broadband Light,” Elsevier, Optics Communications, Oct. 2003.Applicant
Stifter, D. et al., “Polarisation-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography for Material Characterisation and Strain-Field Mapping,” Applied Physics A 76, Materials Science & Processing, Jan. 2003, pp. 947-951.Applicant
Davé, Digant P. et al., “Polarization-Maintaining Fiber-Based Optical Low-Coherence Reflectometer for Characterization and Ranging of Birefringence,” Optics Letters, vol. 28, No. 19, Oct. 1, 2003, pp. 1775-1777.Applicant
Yang, Ying et al., “Observations of Birefringence in Tissues from Optic-Fibre-Based Optical Coherence Tomography,” Measurement Science and Technology, Nov. 2002, pp. 41-46.Applicant
Yun, S.H. et al., “High-Speed Optical Frequency-Domain Imaging,” Optics Express, vol. 11, No. 22, Nov. 3, 2003, pp. 2953-2963.Applicant
Yun, S.H. et al., “High-Speed Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography at 1.3 μm Wavelength,” Optics Express, vol. 11, No. 26, Dec. 29, 2003, pp. 3598-3604.Applicant
Zhang, Jun et al., “Determination of Birefringence and Absolute Optic Axis Orientation Using Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography with PM Fibers,” Optics Express, vol. 11, No. 24, Dec. 1, 2003, pp. 3262-3270.Applicant
Pircher, Michael et al., “Three Dimensional Polarization Sensitive OCT of Human Skin in Vivo,” 2004, Optical Society of America.Applicant
Götzinger, Erich et al., “Measurement and Imaging of Birefringent Properties of the Human Cornea with Phase-Resolved, Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography,” Journal of Biomedical Optics, vol. 9, No. 1, Jan./Feb. 2004, pp. 94-102.Applicant
Guo, Shuguang et al., “Depth-Resolved Birefringence and Differential Optical Axis Orientation Measurements with Finer-based Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography,” Optics Letters, vol. 29, No. 17, Sep. 1, 2004, pp. 2025-2027.Applicant
Huang, Xiang-Run et al.,“Variation of Peripapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Birefringence in Normal Human Subjects,” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, vol. 45, No. 9, Sep. 2004, pp. 3073-3080.Applicant
Matcher, Stephen J. et al., “The Collagen Structure of Bovine Intervertebral Disc Studied Using Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography,” Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2004, pp. 1295-1306.Applicant
Nassif, Nader et al., “In Vivo Human Retinal Imaging by Ultrahigh-Speed Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography,” Optics Letters, vol. 29, No. 5, Mar. 1, 2004, pp. 480-482.Applicant
Nassif, N.A. et al., “In Vivo High-Resolution Video-Rate Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography of the Human Retina and Optic Nerve,” Optics Express, vol. 12, No. 3, Feb. 9, 2004, pp. 367-376.Applicant
Park, B. Hyle et al., “Comment on Optical-Fiber-Based Mueller Optical Coherence Tomography,” Optics Letters, vol. 29, No. 24, Dec. 15, 2004, pp. 2873-2874.Applicant
Park, B. Hyle et al., “Jones Matrix Analysis for a Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography System Using Fiber-Optic Components,” Optics Letters, vol. 29, No. 21, Nov. 1, 2004, pp. 2512-2514.Applicant
Pierce, Mark C. et al., “Collagen Denaturation can be Quantified in Burned Human Skin Using Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography,” Elsevier, Burns, 2004, pp. 511-517.Applicant
Pierce, Mark C. et al., “Advances in Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging for Dermatology,” The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc. 2004, pp. 458-463.Applicant
Pierce, Mark C. et al., “Birefringence Measurements in Human Skin Using Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography,” Journal of Biomedical Optics, vol. 9, No. 2, Mar./Apr. 2004, pp. 287-291.Applicant
Cense, Barry et al., “In Vivo Birefringence and Thickness Measurements of the Human Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Using Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography,” Journal of Biomedical Optics, vol. 9, No. 1, Jan./Feb. 2004, pp. 121-125.Applicant
Pircher, Michael et al., “Imaging of Polarization Properties of Human Retina in Vivo with Phase Resolved Transversal PS-OCT,” Optics Express, vol. 12, No. 24, Nov. 29, 2004 pp. 5940-5951.Applicant
Pircher, Michael et al., “Transversal Phase Resolved Polarization Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography,” Physics in Medicine & Biology, 2004, pp. 1257-1263.Applicant
Srinivas, Shyam M. et al., “Determination of Burn Depth by Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography,” Journal of Biomedical Optics, vol. 9, No. 1, Jan./Feb. 2004, pp. 207-212.Applicant
Strasswimmer, John et al., “Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography of Invasive Basal Cell Carcinoma,” Journal of Biomedical Optics, vol. 9, No. 2, Mar./Apr. 2004, pp. 292-298.Applicant
Todorovi{hacek over (c)}, Milo{hacek over (s)} et al., “Determination of Local Polarization Properties of Biological Samples in the Presence of Diattenuation by use of Mueller Optical Coherence Tomography,” Optics Letters, vol. 29, No. 20, Oct. 15, 2004, pp. 2402-2404.Applicant
Yasuno, Yoshiaki et al., “Polarization-Sensitive Complex Fourier Domain Optical Coherence Tomography for Jones Matrix Imaging of Biological Samples,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 85, No. 15, Oct. 11, 2004, pp. 3023-3025.Applicant
Acioli, L. H., M. Ulman, et al. (1991). “Femtosecond Temporal Encoding in Barium-Titanate.” Optics Letters 16(24): 1984-1986.Applicant
Aigouy, L., A. Lahrech, et al. (1999). “Polarization effects in apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy: an experimental study.” Optics Letters 24(4): 187-189.Applicant
Akiba, M., K. P. Chan, et al. (2003). “Full-field optical coherence tomography by two-dimensional heterodyne detection with a pair of CCD cameras.” Optics Letters 28(10): 816-818.Applicant
Akkin, T., D. P. Dave, et al. (2004). “Detection of neural activity using phase-sensitive optical low-coherence reflectometry.” Optics Express 12(11): 2377-2386.Applicant
Akkin, T., D. P. Dave, et al. (2003). “Surface analysis using phase sensitive optical low coherence reflectometry.” Lasers in Surgery and Medicine: 4-4.Applicant
Akkin, T., D. P. Dave, et al. (2003). “Imaging tissue response to electrical and photothermal stimulation with nanometer sensitivity.” Lasers in Surgery and Medicine 33(4): 219-225.Applicant
Akkin, T., T. E. Milner, et al. (2002). “Phase-sensitive measurement of birefringence change as an indication of neural functionality and diseases.” Lasers in Surgery and Medicine: 6-6.Applicant
Andretzky, P., Lindner, M.W., Herrmann, J.M., Schultz, A., Konzog, M., Kiesewetter, F., Haeusler, G. (1999). “Optical coherence tomography by ‘spectral radar’: Dynamic range estimation and in vivo measurements of skin.” Proceedings of SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering 3567: pp. 78-87.Applicant
Antcliff, R. J., T. J. ffytche, et al. (2000). “Optical coherence tomography of melanocytoma.” American Journal of Ophthalmology 130(6): 845-7.Applicant
Antcliff, R. J., M. R. Stanford, et al. (2000). “Comparison between optical coherence tomography and fundus fluorescein angiography for the detection of cystoid macular edema in patients with uveitis.” Ophthalmology 107(3): 593-9.Applicant
Anvari, B., T. E. Milner, et al. (1995). “Selective Cooling of Biological Tissues—Application for Thermally Mediated Therapeutic Procedures.” Physics in Medicine and Biology 40(2): 241-252.Applicant
Anvari, B., B. S. Tanenbaum, et al. (1995). “A Theoretical-Study of the Thermal Response of Skin to Cryogen Spray Cooling and Pulsed-Laser Irradiation—Implications for Treatment of Port-Wine Stain Birthmarks.” Physics in Medicine and Biology 40(9): 1451-1465.Applicant
Arend, O., M. Ruffer, et al. (2000). “Macular circulation in patients with diabetes mellitus with and without arterial hypertension.” British Journal of Ophthalmology 84(12): 1392-1396.Applicant
Arimoto, H. and Y. Ohtsuka (1997). “Measurements of the complex degree of spectral coherence by use of a wave-front-folded interferometer.” Optics Letters 22(13): 958-960.Applicant
Azzolini, C., F. Patelli, et al. (2001). “Correlation between optical coherence tomography data and biomicroscopic interpretation of idiopathic macular hole.” American Journal of Ophthalmology 132(3): 348-55.Applicant
Baba, T., K. Ohno-Matsui, et al. (2002). “Optical coherence tomography of choroidal neovascularization in high myopia.” Acta Ophthalmoloqica Scandinavica 80(1): 82-7.Applicant
Bail, M. A. H., Gerd; Herrmann, Juergen M.; Lindner, Michael W.; Ringler, R. (1996). “Optical coherence tomography with the “spectral radar”: fast optical analysis in volume scatterers by short-coherence interferometry.” Proc. SPIE , 2925: p. 298-303.Applicant
Baney, D. M. and W. V. Sorin (1993). “Extended-Range Optical Low-Coherence Reflectometry Using a Recirculating Delay Technique.” Ieee Photonics Technology Letters 5(9): 1109-1112.Applicant
Baney, D. M., B. Szafraniec, et al. (2002). “Coherent optical spectrum analyzer.” Ieee Photonics Technology Letters 14(3): 355-357.Applicant
Barakat, R. (1981). “Bilinear Constraints between Elements of the 4by4 Mueller-Jones Transfer-Matrix of Polarization Theory.” Optics Communications 38(3): 159-161.Applicant
Barakat, R. (1993). “Analytic Proofs of the Arago-Fresnel Laws for the Interference of Polarized-Light.” Journal of the Optical Society of America a—Optics Image Science and Vision 10(1): 180-185.Applicant
Barbastathis, G. and D. J. Brady (1999). “Multidimensional tomographic imaging using volume holography.” Proceedings of the leee 87(12): 2098-2120.Applicant
Bardal, S., A. Kamal, et al. (1992). “Photoinduced Birefringence in Optical Fibers—a Comparative-Study of Low-Birefringence and High-Birefringence Fibers.” Optics Letters 17(6): 411-413.Applicant
Barsky, S. H., S. Rosen, et al. (1980). “Nature and Evolution of Port Wine Stains—Computer-Assisted Study.” Journal of Investigative Dermatology 74(3): 154-157.Applicant
Barton, J. K., J. A. Izatt, et al. (1999). “Three-dimensional reconstruction of blood vessels from in vivo color Doppler optical coherence tomography images.” Dermatology 198(4): 355-361.Applicant
Barton, J. K., A. Rollins, et al. (2001). “Photothermal coagulation of blood vessels: a comparison of high-speed optical coherence tomography and numerical modelling.” Physics in Medicine and Biology 46.Applicant
Barton, J. K., A. J. Welch, et al. (1998). “Investigating pulsed dye laser-blood vessel interaction with color Doppler optical coherence tomography.” Optics Express 3.Applicant
Bashkansky, M., M. D. Duncan, et al. (1997). “Subsurface defect detection in ceramics by high-speed high-resolution optical coherent tomography.” Optics Letters 22 (1): 61-63.Applicant
Bashkansky, M. and J. Reintjes (2000). “Statistics and reduction of speckle in optical coherence tomography.” Optics Letters 25(8): 545-547.Applicant
Baumgartner, A., S. Dichtl, et al. (2000). “Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography of dental structures.” Caries Research 34(1): 59-69.Applicant
Baumgartner, A., C. K. Hitzenberger, et al. (2000). “Resolution-improved dual-beam and standard optical coherence tomography: a comparison.” Graefs Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 238(5): 385-392.Applicant
Baumgartner, A., C. K. Hitzenberger, et al. (1998). “Signal and resolution enhancements in dual beam optical coherence tomography of the human eye.” Journal of Biomedical Optics 3(1): 45-54.Applicant
Beaurepaire, E., P. Gleyzes, et at. (1998). Optical coherence microscopy for the in-depth study of biological structures: System based on a parallel detection scheme, Proceedings of SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering.Applicant
Beaurepaire, E., L. Moreaux, et al. (1999). “Combined scanning optical coherence and two-photon-excited fluorescence microscopy.” Optics Letters 24(14): 969-971.Applicant
Bechara, F. G., T. Gambichler, et al. (2004). “Histomorphologic correlation with routine histology and optical coherence tomography.” Skin Research and Technology 10 (3): 169-173.Applicant
Bechmann, M., M. J. Thiel, et al. (2000). “Central corneal thickness determined with optical coherence tomography in various types of glaucoma. [see comments].” British Journal of Ophthalmology 84(11): 1233-7.Applicant
Bek, T. and M. Kandi (2000). “Quantitative anomaloscopy and optical coherence tomography scanning in central serous chorioretinopathy.” Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica 78(6): 632-7.Applicant
Benoit, A. M., K. Naoun, et al. (2001). “Linear dichroism of the retinal nerve fiber layer expressed with Mueller matrices.” Applied Optics 40(4): 565-569.Applicant
Bicout, D., C. Brosseau, et al. (1994). “Depolarization of Multiply Scattered Waves by Spherical Diffusers—Influence of the Size Parameter.” Physical Review E 49(2): 1767-1770.Applicant
Blanchot, L., M. Lebec, et al. (1997). Low-coherence in depth microscopy for biological tissues imaging: Design of a real time control system. Proceedings of SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering.Applicant
Blumenthal, E. Z. and R. N. Weinreb (2001). “Assessment of the retinal nerve fiber layer in clinical trials of glaucoma neuroprotection. [Review] [36 refs].” Survey of Ophthalmology 45(Suppl 3): S305-12; discussion S332-4.Applicant
Blumenthal, E. Z., J. M. Williams, et al. (2000). “Reproducibility of nerve fiber layer thickness measurements by use of optical coherence tomography.” Ophthalmology 107(12): 2278-82.Applicant
Boppart, S. A., B. E. Bouma, et al. (1996). “Imaging developing neural morphology using optical coherence tomography.” Journal of Neuroscience Methods 70.Applicant
Boppart, S. A., B. E. Bouma, et al. (1997). “Forward-imaging instruments for optical coherence tomography.” Optics Letters 22.Applicant
Boppart, S. A., B. E. Bouma, et al. (1998). “Intraoperative assessment of microsurgery with three-dimensional optical coherence tomography.” Radiology 208: 81-86.Applicant
Boppart, S. A., J. Herrmann, et al. (1999). “High-resolution optical coherence tomography-guided laser ablation of surgical tissue.” Journal of Surgical Research 82(2): 275-84.Applicant
Bouma, B. E. and J. G. Fujimoto (1996). “Company Kerr-lens mode-locked resonators.” Optics Letters 21. 134-136.Applicant
Bouma, B. E., L. E. Nelson, et al. (1998). “Optical coherence tomographic imaging of human tissue at 1.55 mu m and 1.81 mu m using Er and Tm-doped fiber sources.” Journal of Biomedical Optics 3. 76-79.Applicant
Bouma, B. E., M. Ramaswamy-Paye, et al. (1997). “Compact resonator designs for mode-locked solid-state lasers.” Applied Physics B (Lasers and Optics) B65. 213-220.Applicant
Bouma, B. E. and G. J. Tearney (2002). “Clinical imaging with optical coherence tomography.” Academicy Radiology 9(8): 942-953.Applicant
Bouma, B. E., G. J. Tearney, et al. (1996). “Self-phase-modulated Kerr-lens mode-locked Cr:forsterite laser source for optical coherence tomography.” Optics Letters 21(22): 1839.Applicant
Bouma, B. E., G. J. Tearney, et al. (2000). “High-resolution imaging of the human esophagus and stomach in vivo using optical coherence tomography.” Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 51(4): 467-474.Applicant
Bouma, B. E., G. J. Tearney, et al. (2003). “Evaluation of intracoronary stenting by intravascular optical coherence tomography.” Heart 89(3): 317-320.Applicant
Bourquin, S., V. Monterosso, et al. (2000). “Video-rate optical low-coherence reflectometry based on a linear smart detector array.” Optics Letters 25(2): 102-104.Applicant
Bourquin, S., P. Seitz, et al. (2001). “Optical coherence topography based on a two-dimensional smart detector array.” Optics Letters 26(8): 512-514.Applicant
Bouzid, A., M. A. G. Abushagur, et al. (1995). “Fiber-optic four-detector polarimeter.” Optics Communications 118(3-4): 329-334.Applicant
Bowd, C., R. N. Weinreb, et al. (2000). “The retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in ocular hypertensive, normal, and glaucomatous eyes with optical coherence tomography.” Archives of Ophthalmology 118(1): 22-6.Applicant
Bowd, C., L. M. Zangwill, et al. (2001). “Detecting early glaucoma by assessment of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and visual function.” Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science 42(9): 1993-2003.Applicant
Bowd, C., L. M. Zangwill, et al. (2002). “Imaging of the optic disc and retinal nerve fiber layer: the effects of age, optic disc area, refractive error, and gender.” Journal of the Optical Society of America, A, Optics, Imaging Science, & Vision 19(1): 197-207.Applicant
Brand, S., J. M. Poneros, et al. (2000). “Optical coherence tomography in the gastrointestinal tract.” Endoscopy 32(10): 796-803.Applicant
Brezinski, M. E. and J. G. Fujimoto (1999). “Optical coherence tomography: high-resolution imaging in nontransparent tissue.” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 5(4): 1185-1192.Applicant
Brezinski, M. E., G. J. Tearney, et al. (1996). “Imaging of coronary artery microstructure (in vitro) with optical coherence tomography.” American Journal of Cardiology 77 (1): 92-93.Applicant
Brezinski, M. E., G. J. Tearney, et al. (1996). “Optical coherence tomography for optical biopsy—Properties and demonstration of vascular pathology.” Circulation 93(6): 1206-1213.Applicant
Brezinski, M. E., G. J. Tearney, et al. (1997). “Assessing atherosclerotic plaque morphology: Comparison of optical coherence tomography and high frequency intravascular ultrasound.” Heart 77(5): 397-403.Applicant
Brink, H. B. K. and G. J. Vanblokland (1988). “Birefringence of the Human Foveal Area Assessed Invivo with Mueller-Matrix Ellipsometry.” Journal of the Optical Society of America a—Optics Image Science and Vision 5(1): 49-57.Applicant
Brosseau, C. and D. Bicout (1994). “Entropy Production in Multiple-Scattering of Light by a Spatially Random Medium.” Physical Review E 50(6): 4997-5005.Applicant
Burgoyne, C. F., D. E. Mercante, et al. (2002). “Change detection in regional and volumetric disc parameters using longitudinal confocal scanning laser tomography.” Ophthalmology 109(3): 455-66.Applicant
Candido, R. and T. J. Allen (2002). “Haemodynamics in microvascular complications in type 1 diabetes.” Diabetes-Metabolism Research and Reviews 18(4): 286-304.Applicant
Cense, B., T. C. Chen, et al. (2004). “Thickness and birefringence of healthy retinal nerve fiber layer tissue measured with polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography.” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 45(8): 2606-2612.Applicant
Cense, B., N. Nassif, et al. (2004). “Ultrahigh-Resolution High-Speed Retinal Imaging Using Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography.” Optics Express 12(11): 2435-2447.Applicant
Chance, B., J. S. Leigh, et al. (1988). “Comparison of Time-Resolved and Time-Unresolved Measurements of Deoxyhemoglobin in Brain.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 85(14): 4971-4975.Applicant
Chang, E. P., D. A. Keedy, et al. (1974). “Ultrastructures of Rabbit Corneal Stroma—Mapping of Optical and Morphological Anisotropies.” Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta 343(3): 615-626.Applicant
Chartier, T., A. Hideur, et al. (2001). “Measurement of the elliptical birefringence of single-mode optical fibers.” Applied Optics 40(30): 5343-5353.Applicant
Chauhan, B. C., J. W. Blanchard, et al. (2000). “Technique for Detecting Serial Topographic Changes in the Optic Disc and Peripapillary Retina Using Scanning Laser Tomograph.” Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41: 775-782.Applicant
Chen, Z. P., T. E. Milner, et al. (1997). “Optical Doppler tomographic imaging of fluid flow velocity in highly scattering media.” Optics Letters 22(1): 64-66.Applicant
Chen, Z. P., T. E. Milner, et al. (1997). “Noninvasive imaging of in vivo blood flow velocity using optical Doppler tomography.” Optics Letters 22(14): 1119-1121.Applicant
Chen, Z. P., Y. H. Zhao, et al. (1999). “Optical Doppler tomography.” Ieee Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 5(4): 1134-1142.Applicant
Cheong, W. F., S. A. Prahl, et al. (1990). “A Review of the Optical-Properties of Biological Tissues.” Ieee Journal of Quantum Electronics 26(12): 2166-2185.Applicant
Chernikov, S. V., Y. Zhu, et al. (1997). “Supercontinuum self-Q-switched ytterbium fiber laser.” Optics Letters 22(5): 298-300.Applicant
Cho, S. H., B. E. Bouma, et al. (1999). “Low-repetition-rate high-peak-power Kerr-lens mode-locked Ti:AI/sub 2/0/sub 3/ laser with a multiple-pass cavity.” Optics Letters 24(6): 417-419.Applicant
Choma, M. A., M. V. Sarunic, et al. (2003). “Sensitivity advantage of swept source and Fourier domain optical coherence tomography.” Optics Express 11(18): 2183-2189.Applicant
Choma, M. A., C. H. Yang, et al. (2003). “Instantaneous quadrature low-coherence interferometry with 3×3 fiber-optic couplers.” Optics Letters 28(22): 2162-2164.Applicant
Choplin, N. T. and D. C. Lundy (2001). “The sensitivity and specificity of scanning laser polarimetry in the detection of glaucoma in a clinical setting.” Ophthalmology 108 (5): 899-904.Applicant
Christens Barry, W. A., W. J. Green, et al. (1996). “Spatial mapping of polarized light transmission in the central rabbit cornea.” Experimental Eye Research 62(6): 651-662.Applicant
Chvapil, M., D. P. Speer, et al. (1984). “Identification of the depth of burn injury by collagen stainability.” Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery 73(3): 438-41.Applicant
Cioffi, G. A. (2001). “Three common assumptions about ocular blood flow and glaucoma.” Survey of Ophthalmology 45: S325-S331.Applicant
Coleman, A. L. (1999). “Glaucoma.” Lancet 354(9192): 1803-10.Applicant
Collaborative Normal-Tension Glaucoma Study Group (1998). “Comparison of Glaucomatous Progression Between Untreated Patients With Normal Tension Glaucoma and Patients with Therapeutically Reduced Intraocular Pressures.” Am J Ophthalmol 125: 487-97.Applicant
Collaborative Normal-Tension Glaucoma Study Group (1998). “The effectiveness of intraocular pressure reduction in the treatment of normal-tension glaucoma.” Am J Ophthalmol 126: 498-505.Applicant
Collaborative Normal-Tension Glaucoma Study Group (2001). “Natural History of Normal-Tension Glaucoma.” Ophthalmology 108: 247-253.Applicant
Colston, B. W., M. J. Everett, et al. (1998). “Imaging of hard- and soft-tissue structure in the oral cavity by optical coherence tomography.” Applied Optics 37(16): 3582-3585.Applicant
Colston, B. W., U. S. Sathyam, et al. (1998). “Dental OCT.” Optics Express 3(6): 230-238.Applicant
Congdon, N. G., D. S. Friedman, et al. (2003). “Important causes of visual impairment in the world today.” Jama—Journal of the American Medical Association 290(15): 2057-2060.Applicant
Cregan, R. F., B. J. Mangan, et al. (1999). “Single-mode photonic band gap guidance of light in air.” Science 285(5433): 1537-1539.Applicant
DalMolin, M., A. Galtarossa, et al. (1997). “Experimental investigation of linear polarization in high-birefringence single-mode fibers.” Applied Optics 36(12): 2526-2628.Applicant
Danielson, B. L. and C. D. Whittenberg (1987). “Guided-Wave Reflectometry with Micrometer Resolution.” Applied Optics 26(14): 2836-2842.Applicant
Dave, D. P. and T. E. Milner (2000). “Doppler-angle measurement in highly scattering media.” Optics Letters 25(20): 1523-1525.Applicant
de Boer, J. F., T. E. Milner, et al. (1998). Two dimensional birefringence imaging in biological tissue using phase and polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography. Trends in Optics and Photonics (TOPS): Advances in Optical Imaging and Photon Migration, Orlando, USA, Optical Society of Ameria, Washington, DC 1998.Applicant
de Boer, J. F., C. E. Saxer, et al. (2001). “Stable carrier generation and phase-resolved digital data processing in optical coherence tomography.” Applied Optics 40(31): 5787-5790.Applicant
Degroot, P. and L. Deck (1993). “3-Dimensional Imaging by Sub-Nyquist Sampling of White-Light Interferograms.” Optics Letters 18(17): 1462-1464.Applicant
Denk, W., J. H. Strickler, et al. (1990). “2-Photon Laser Scanning Fluorescence Microscopy.” Science 248(4951): 73-76.Applicant
Descour, M. R., A. H. O. Karkkainen, et al. (2002). “Toward the development of miniaturized Imaging systems for detection of pre-cancer.” Ieee Journal of Quantum Electronics 38(2): 122-130.Applicant
Dettwiller, L. (1997). “Polarization state interference: A general investigation.” Pure and Applied Optics 6(1): 41-53.Applicant
DiCarlo, C. D., W. P. Roach, et al. (1999). “Comparison of optical coherence tomography imaging of cataracts with histopathology.” Journal of Biomedical Optics 4.Applicant
Ding, Z., Y. Zhao, et al. (2002). “Real-time phase-resolved optical coherence tomography and optical Doppler tomography.” Optics Express 10(5): 236-245.Applicant
Dobrin, P. B. (1996). “Effect of histologic preparation on the cross-sectional area of arterial rings.” Journal of Surgical Research 61(2): 413-5.Applicant
Donohue, D. J., B. J. Stoyanov, et al. (1995). “Numerical Modeling of the Corneas Lamellar Structure and Birefringence Properties.” Journal of the Optical Society of America a—Optics Image Science and Vision 12(7): 1425-1438.Applicant
Doornbos, R. M. P., R. Lang, et al. (1999). “The determination of in vivo human tissue optical properties and absolute chromophore concentrations using spatially resolved steady-state diffuse reflectance spectroscopy.” Physics in Medicine and Biology 44(4): 967-981.Applicant
Drexler, W., A. Baumgartner, et al. (1997). “Biometric investigation of changes in the anterior eye segment during accommodation.” Vision Research 37(19): 2789-2800.Applicant
Drexler, W., A. Baumgartner, et al. (1997). “Submicrometer precision biometry of the anterior segment of the human eye.” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 38(7): 1304-1313.Applicant
Drexler, W., A. Baumgartner, et al. (1998). “Dual beam optical coherence tomography: signal identification for ophthalmologic diagnosis.” Journal of Biomedical Optics 3 (1): 55-65.Applicant
Drexler, W., O. Findl, et al. (1998). “Partial coherence interferometry: A novel approach to biometry in cataract surgery.” American Journal of Ophthalmology 126(4): 524-534.Applicant
Drexler, W., O. Findl, et al. (1997). “Clinical feasibility of dual beam optical coherence topography and tomography for ophthalmologic diagnosis.” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 38(4): 1038-1038.Applicant
Drexler, W., C. K. Hitzenberger, et al. (1998). “Investigation of dispersion effects in ocular media by multiple wavelength partial coherence interferometry.” Experimental Eye Research 66(1): 25-33.Applicant
Drexler, W., C. K. Hitzenberger, et al. (1996). “(Sub)micrometer precision biometry of the human eye by optical coherence tomography and topography.” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 37(3): 4374-4374.Applicant
Drexler, W., C. K. Hitzenberger, et aI. (1995). “Measurement of the Thickness of Fundus Layers by Partial Coherence Tomography.” Optical Engineering 34(3): 701-710.Applicant
Drexler, W., U. Morgner, et al. (2001). “Ultrahigh-resolution ophthalmic optical coherence tomography.” Nature Medicine 7(4): 502-507.Applicant
Drexler, W., U. Morgner, et al. (2001). “Ultrahigh-resolution ophthalmic optical coherence tomography. [erratum appears in Nat Med May 2001;7(5):636.].” Nature Medicine 7(4): 502-7.Applicant
Drexler, W., H. Sattmann, et al. (2003). “Enhanced visualization of macular pathology with the use of ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography.” Archives of Ophthalmology 121(5): 695-706.Applicant
Drexler, W., D. Stamper, et al. (2001). “Correlation of collagen organization with polarization sensitive imaging of in vitro cartilage: implications for osteoarthritis.” Journal of Rheumatology 28(6): 1311-8.Applicant
Droog, E. J., W. Steenbergen, et al. (2001). “Measurement of depth of burns by laser Doppler perfusion imaging.” Burns 27(6): 561-8.Applicant
Dubois, A., K. Grieve, et al. (2004). “Ultrahigh-resolution full-field optical coherence tomography.” Applied Optics 43(14): 2874-2883.Applicant
Dubois, A., L. Vabre, et al. (2002). “High-resolution full-field optical coherence tomography with a Linnik microscope.” Applied Optics 41(4): 805-812.Applicant
Ducros, M., M. Laubscher, et al. (2002). “Parallel optical coherence tomography in scattering samples using a two-dimensional smart-pixel detector array.” Optics Communications 202(1-3): 29-35.Applicant
Ducros, M. G., J. D. Marsack, et al. (2001). “Primate retina imaging with polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography.” Journal of the Optical Society of America a—Optics Image Science and Vision 18(12): 2945-2956.Applicant
Duncan, A., J. H. Meek, et al. (1995). “Optical Pathlength Measurements on Adult Head, Calf and Forearm and the Head of the Newborn-Infant Using Phase-Resolved Optical Spectroscopy.” Physics in Medicine and Biology 40(2): 295-304.Applicant
Eigensee, A., G. Haeusler, et al. (1996). “New method of short-coherence interferometry in human skin (in vivo) and in solid volume scatterers.” Proceedings of SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineerinq 2925: 169-178.Applicant
Eisenbeiss, W., J. Marotz, et al. (1999). “Reflection-optical multispectral imaging method for objective determination of burn depth.” Burns 25(8): 697-704.Applicant
Elbaum, M., M. King, et al. (1972). “Wavelength-Diversity Technique for Reduction of Speckle Size.” Journal of the Optical Society of America 62(5): 732-&.Applicant
Ervin, J. C., H. G. Lemij, et al. (2002). “Clinician change detection viewing longitudinal stereophotographs compared to confocal scanning laser tomography in the LSU Experimental Glaucoma (LEG) Study.” Ophthalmology 109(3): 467-81.Applicant
Essenpreis, M., C. E. Elwell, et al. (1993). “Spectral Dependence of Temporal Point Spread Functions in Human Tissues.” Applied Optics 32(4): 418-425.Applicant
Eun, H. C. (1995). “Evaluation of skin blood flow by laser Doppler flowmetry. [Review] [151 refs].” Clinics in Dermatology 13(4): 337-47.Applicant
Evans, J. A., J. M. Poneros, et al. (2004). “Application of a histopathologic scoring system to optical coherence tomography (OCT) images to identify high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus.” Gastroenterology 126(4): A51-A51.Applicant
Feldchtein, F. I., G. V. Gelikonov, et al. (1998). “In vivo OCT imaging of hard and soft tissue of the oral cavity.” Optics Express 3(6): 239-250.Applicant
Feldchtein, F. I., G. V. Gelikonov, et al. (1998). “Endoscopic applications of optical coherence tomography.” Optics Express 3(6): 257-270.Applicant
Fercher, A. F., W. Drexler, et al. (1997). “Optical ocular tomography.” Neuro-Ophthalmology 18(2): 39-49.Applicant
Fercher, A. F., W. Drexler, et al. (1994). Measurement of optical distances by optical spectrum modulation. Proceedings of SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering.Applicant
Fercher, A. F., W. Drexler, et al. (2003). “Optical coherence tomography—principles and applications.” Reports on Progress in Physics 66(2): 239-303.Applicant
Fercher, A. F., C. Hitzenberger, et al. (1991). “Measurement of Intraocular Optical Distances Using Partially Coherent Laser-Light.” Journal of Modern Optics 38(7): 1327-1333.Applicant
Fercher, A. F., C. K. Hitzenberger, et al. (1996). Ocular partial coherence interferometry, Proceedings of SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering.Applicant
Fercher, A. F., C. K. Hitzenberger, et al. (1993). “In-Vivo Optical Coherence Tomography.” American Journal of Ophthalmology 116(1): 113-115.Applicant
Fercher, A. F., C. K. Hitzenberger, et al. (1994). In-vivo dual-beam optical coherence tomography. Proceedings of SPIE—The Internatioanl Society for Optical Engineering.Applicant
Fercher, A. F., C. K. Hitzenberger, et al. (1995). “Measurement of Intraocular Distances by Backscattering Spectral Interferometry.” Optics Communications 117(1-2): 43-48.Applicant
Fercher, A. F., C. K. Hitzenberger, et al. (2000). “A thermal light source technique for optical coherence tomography.” Optics Communications 185(1-3): 57-64.Applicant
Fercher, A. F., C. K. Hitzenberger, et al. (2001). “Numerical dispersion compensation for Partial Coherence Interferometry and Optical Coherence Tomography.” Optics Express 9(12): 610-615.Applicant
Fercher, A. F., C. K. Hitzenberger, et al. (2002). “Dispersion compensation for optical coherence tomography depth-scan signals by a numerical technique.” Optics Communications 204(1-6): 67-74.Applicant
Fercher, A. F., H. C. Li, et al. (1993). “Slit Lamp Laser-Doppler Interferometer.” Lasers in Surgery and Medicine 13(4): 447-452.Applicant
Fercher, A. F., K. Mengedoht, et at. (1988). “Eye-Length Measurement by Interferometry with Partially Coherent-Light.” Optics Letters 13(3): 186-188.Applicant
Ferro, P., M. Haelterman, et al. (1991). “All-Optical Polarization Switch with Long Low-Birefringence Fiber.” Electronics Letters 27(16): 1407-1408.Applicant
Fetterman, M. R., D. Goswami, et al. (1998). “Ultrafast pulse shaping: amplification and characterization.” Optics Express 3(10): 366-375.Applicant
Findl, O., W. Drexler, et al. (2001). “Improved prediction of intraocular lens power using partial coherence interferometry.” Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 27 (6): 861-867.Applicant
Fork, R. L., C. H. B. Cruz, et al. (1987). “Compression of Optical Pulses to 6 Femtoseconds by Using Cubic Phase Compensation.” Optics Letters 12(7): 483-485.Applicant
Foschini, G. J. and C. D. Poole (1991). “Statistical-Theory of Polarization Dispersion in Single-Mode Fibers.” Journal of Lightwave Technology 9(11): 1439-1456.Applicant
Francia, C., F. Bruyere, et al. (1998). “PMD second-order effects on pulse propagation in single-mode optical fibers.” Ieee Photonics Technology Letters 10(12): 1739-1741.Applicant
Fried, D., R. E. Glena, et al. (1995). “Nature of Light-Scattering in Dental Enamel and Dentin at Visible and near-Infrared Wavelengths.” Applied Optics 34(7): 1278-1285.Applicant
Fujimoto, J. G., M. E. Brezinski, et al. (1995). “Optical Biopsy and Imaging Using Optical Coherence Tomography.” Nature Medicine 1(9): 970-972.Applicant
Fukasawa, A. and H. lijima (2002). “Optical coherence tomography of choroidal osteoma.” American Journal of Ophthalmology 133(3): 419-21.Applicant
Fymat, A. L. (1981). “High-Resolution Interferometric Spectrophotopolarimetry.” Optical Engineering 20(1): 25-30.Applicant
Galtarossa, A., L. Palmieri, et al. (2000). “Statistical characterization of fiber random birefringence.” Optics Letters 25(18): 1322-1324.Applicant
Galtarossa, A., L Palmieri, et al. (2000). “Measurements of beat length and perturbation length in long single-mode fibers.” Optics Letters 25(6): 384-386.Applicant
Gandjbakhche, A. H., P. Mills, et al. (1994). “Light-Scattering Technique for the Study of Orientation and Deformation of Red-Blood-Cells in a Concentrated Suspension.” Applied Optics 33(6): 1070-1078.Applicant
Garcia, N. and M. Nieto-Vesperinas (2002). “Left-handed materials do not make a perfect lens.” Physical Review Letters 88(20).Applicant
Gelikonov, V. M., G. V. Gelikonov, et al. (1995). “Coherent Optical Tomography of Microscopic Inhomogeneities in Biological Tissues.” Jetp Letters 61(2): 158-162.Applicant
George, N. and A. Jain (1973). “Speckle Reduction Using Multiple Tones of Illumination.” Applied Optics 12(6): 1202-1212.Applicant
Gibson, G. N., R. Klank, et al. (1996). “Electro-optically cavity-dumped ultrashort-pulse Ti:sapphire oscillator.” Optics Letters 21(14): 1055.Applicant
Gil, J. J. (2000). “Characteristic properties of Mueller matrices.” Journal of the Optical Society of America a—Optics Image Science and Vision 17(2): 328-334.Applicant
Gil, J. J. and E. Bernabeu (1987). “Obtainment of the Polarizing and Retardation Parameters of a Nondepolarizing Optical-System from the Polar Decomposition of its Mueller Matrix.” Optik 76(2): 67-71.Applicant
Gladkova, N. D., G. A. Petrova, et al. (2000). “In vivo optical coherence tomography imaging of human skin: norm and pathology.” Skin Research and Technology 6 (1): 6-16.Applicant
Glaessl, A., A. G. Schreyer, et al. (2001). “Laser surgical planning with magnetic resonance imaging-based 3-dimensional reconstructions for intralesional Nd : YAG laser therapy of a venous malformation of the neck.” Archives of Dermatology 137(10): 1331-1335.Applicant
Gloesmarm, M., B. Hermann, et al. (2003). “Histologic correlation of pig retina radial stratification with ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography.” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 44(4): 1696-1703.Applicant
Goldberg, L. and D. Mehuys (1994). “High-Power Superluminescent Diode Source.” Electronics Letters 30(20): 1682-1684.Applicant
Goldsmith, J. A., Y. Li, et al. (2005). “Anterior chamber width measurement by high speed optical coherence tomography.” Ophthalmology 112(2): 238-244.Applicant
Goldstein, L. E., J. A. Muffat, et al. (2003). “Cytosolic beta-amyloid deposition and supranuclear cataracts in lenses from people with Alzheimer's disease.” Lancet 361(9365): 1258-1265.Applicant
Golubovic, B., B. E. Bouma, et al. (1996). “Thin crystal, room-temperature Cr/sup 4+/:forstefite laser using near-infrared pumping.” Optics Letters 21(24): 1993-1995.Applicant
Gonzalez, S. and Z. Tannous (2002). “Real-time, in vivo confocal reflectance microscopy of basal cell carcinoma.” Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 47(6): 869-874.Applicant
Gordon, M. O. and M. A. Kass (1999). “The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study: design and baseline description of the participants.” Archives of Ophthalmology 117(5): 573-83.Applicant
Grayson, T. P., J. R. Torgerson, et al. (1994). “Observation of a Nonlocal Pancharatnam Phase-Shift in the Process of Induced Coherence without Induced Emission.” Physical Review A 49(1): 626-628.Applicant
Greaney, M. J., D. C. Hoffman, et al. (2002). “Comparison of optic nerve imaging methods to distinguish normal eyes from those with glaucoma.” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 43(1): 140-5.Applicant
Greenfield, D. S., H. Bagga, et al. (2003). “Macular thickness changes in glaucomatous optic neuropathy detected using optical coherence tomography.” Archives of Ophthalmology 121(1): 41-46.Applicant
Greenfield, D. S., R. W. Knighton, et al. (2000). “Effect of corneal polarization axis on assessment of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness by scanning laser polarimetry.” American Journal of Ophthalmology 129(6): 715-722.Applicant
Griffin, R. A., D. D. Sampson, et al. (1995). “Coherence Coding for Photonic Code-Division Multiple-Access Networks.” Journal of Lightwave Technology 13(9): 1826-1837.Applicant
Guedes, V., J. S. Schuman, et al. (2003). “Optical coherence tomography measurement of macular and nerve fiber layer thickness in normal and glaucomatous human eyes.” Ophthalmology 110(1): 177-189.Applicant
Gueugniaud, P. Y., H. Carsin, et al. (2000). “Current advances in the initial management of major thermal burns. [Review] [76 refs].” Intensive Care Medicine 26(7): 848-56.Applicant
Guido, S. and R. T. Tranquillo (1993). “A Methodology for the Systematic and Quantitative Study of Cell Contact Guidance in Oriented Collagen Gels—Correlation of Fibroblast Orientation and Gel Birefringence.” Journal of Cell Science 105: 317-331.Applicant
Gurses-Ozden, R., H. Ishikawa, et al. (1999). “Increasing sampling density improves reproducibility of optical coherence tomography measurements.” Journal of Glaucoma 8(4): 238-41.Applicant
Guzzi, R. (1998). “Scattering Theory from Homogeneous and Coated Spheres.” 1-11.Applicant
Haberland, U. B., Vladimir; Schmitt, Hans J. (1996). “Optical coherent tomography of scattering media using electrically tunable near-infrared semiconductor laser.” Applied Optics .Applicant
Haberland, U. R., Walter; Blazek, Vladimir; Schmitt, Hans J. (1995). “Investigation of highly scattering media using near-infrared continuous wave tunable semiconductor laser.” Proc. SPIE , 2389: 503-512.Applicant
Hale, G. M. and M. R. Querry (1973). “Optical-Constants of Water in 200-Nm to 200-Mum Wavelength Region.” Applied Optics 12(3): 555-563.Applicant
Hammer, D. X., R. D. Ferguson, et al. (2002). “Image stabilization for scanning laser ophthalmoscopy.” Optics Express 10(26): 1542.Applicant
Hara, T., Y. Ooi, et al. (1989). “Transfer Characteristics of the Microchannel Spatial Light-Modulator.” Applied Optics 28(22): 4781-4786.Applicant
Harland, C. C., S. G. Kale, et al. (2000). “Differentiation of common benign pigmented skin lesions from melanoma by high-resolution ultrasound.” British Journal of Dermatology 143(2): 281-289.Applicant
Hartl, I., X. D. Li, et al. (2001). “Ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography using continuum generation in an air-silica microstructure optical fiber.” Optics Letters 26(9): 608-610.Applicant
Hassenstein, A., A. A. Bialasiewicz, et al. (2000). “Optical coherence tomography in uveitis patients.” American Journal of Ophthalmology 130(5): 669-70.Applicant
Hattenhauer, M. G., D. H. Johnson, et al. (1998). “The probability of blindness from open-angle glaucoma. [see comments].” Ophthalmology 105(11): 2099-104.Applicant
Hausler, G., J. M. Herrmann, et al. (1996). “Observation of light propagation in volume scatterers with 10(11)-fold slow motion.” Optics Letters 21(14): 1087-1089.Applicant
Hazebroek, H. F. and A. A. Holscher (1973). “Interferometric Ellipsometry.” Journal of Physics E-Scientific Instruments 6(9): 822-826.Applicant
Hazebroek, H. F. and W. M. Visser (1983). “Automated Laser Interferometric Ellipsometry and Precision Reflectometry.” Journal of Physics E-Scientific Instruments 16(7): 654-661.Applicant
He, Z. Y., N. Mukohzaka, et al. (1997). “Selective image extraction by synthesis of the coherence function using two-dimensional optical lock-in amplifier with microchannel spatial light modulator.” Ieee Photonics Technology Letters 9(4): 514-516.Applicant
Hee, M. R., J. A. Izatt, et al. (1993). “Femtosecond Transillumination Optical Coherence Tomography.” Optics Letters 18(12): 950-952.Applicant
Hee, M. R., J. A. Izatt, et al. (1995). “Optical coherence tomography of the human retina.” Archives of Ophthalmology 113(3): 325-32.Applicant
Hee, M. R., C. A. Puliafito, et al. (1998). “Topography of diabetic macular edema with optical coherence tomography.” Ophthalmology 105(2): 360-70.Applicant
Hee, M. R., C. A. Puliafito, et al. (1995). “Quantitative assessment of macular edema with optical coherence tomography.” Archives of Ophthalmology 113(8): 1019-29.Applicant
Hellmuth, T. and M. Welle (1998). “Simultaneous measurement of dispersion, spectrum, and distance with a fourier transform spectrometer.” Journal of Biomedical Optics 3(1): 7-11.Applicant
Hemenger, R. P. (1989). “Birefringence of a medium of tenuous parallel cylinders.” Applied Optics 28(18): 4030-4034.Applicant
Henry, M. (1981). “Fresnel-Arago Laws for Interference in Polarized-Light—Demonstration Experiment.” American Journal of Physics 49(7): 690-691.Applicant
Herz, P. R., Y. Chen, et al. (2004). “Micromotor endoscope catheter for in vivo, ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography.” Optics Letters 29(19): 2261-2263.Applicant
Hirakawa, H., H. Iijima, et al. (1999). “Optical coherence tomography of cystoid macular edema associated with retinitis pigmentosa.” American Journal of Ophthalmology 128(2): 185-91.Applicant
Hitzenberger, C. K., A. Baumgartner, et al. (1994). “Interferometric Measurement of Corneal Thickness with Micrometer Precision.” American Journal of Ophthalmology 118(4): 468-476.Applicant
Hitzenberger, C. K., A. Baumgartner, et al. (1999). “Dispersion effects in partial coherence interferometry: Implications for intraocular ranging.” Journal of Biomedical Optics 4(1): 144-151.Applicant
Hitzenberger, C. K., A. Baumgartner, et al. (1998). “Dispersion induced multiple signal peak splitting in partial coherence interferometry.” Optics Communications 154 (4): 179-185.Applicant
Hitzenberger, C. K., M. Danner, et al. (1999). “Measurement of the spatial coherence of superluminescent diodes.” Journal of Modern Optics 46(12): 1763-1774.Applicant
Hitzenberger, C. K. and A. F. Fercher (1999). “Differential phase contrast in optical coherence tomography.” Optics Letters 24(9): 622-624.Applicant
Hitzenberger, C. K., M. Sticker, et al. (2001). “Differential phase measurements in low-coherence interferometry without 2 pi ambiguity.” Optics Letters 26(23): 1864-1866.Applicant
Hoeling, B. M., A. D. Fernandez, et al. (2000). “An optical coherence microscope for 3-dimensional imaging in developmental biology.” Optics Express 6(7): 136-146.Applicant
Hoerauf, H., C. Scholz, et al. (2002). “Transscleral optical coherence tomography: a new imaging method for the anterior segment of the eye.” Archives of Ophthalmology 120(6): 816-9.Applicant
Hoffmann, K., M. Happe, et al. (1998). “Optical coherence tomography (OCT) in dermatology.” Journal of Investigative Dermatology 110(4): 583-583.Applicant
Hoh, S. T., D. S. Greenfield, et al. (2000). “Optical coherence tomography and scanning laser polarimetry in normal, ocular hypertensive, and glaucomatous eyes.” American Journal of Ophthalmology 129(2): 129-35.Applicant
Hohenleutner, U., M. Hilbert, et al. (1995). “Epidermal Damage and Limited Coagulation Depth with the Flashlamp-Pumped Pulsed Dye-Laser—a Histochemical-Study.” Journal of Investigative Dermatology 104(5): 798-802.Applicant
Holland, A. J. A., H. C. O. Martin, et al. (2002). “Laser Doppler imaging prediction of burn wound outcome in children.” Burns 28(1): 11-17.Applicant
Hotate, K. and T. Okugawa (1994). “Optical Information-Processing by Synthesis of the Coherence Function.” Journal of Lightwave Technology 12(7): 1247-1255.Applicant
Hourdakis, C. J. and A. Perris (1995). “A Monte-Carlo Estimation of Tissue Optical-Properties for Use in Laser Dosimetry.” Physics in Medicine and Biology 40(3): 351-364.Applicant
Hu, Z., F. Li, et al. (2000). “Wavelength-tunable narrow-linewidth semiconductor fiber-ring laser.” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 12(8): 977-979.Applicant
Huang, F., W. Yang, et al. (2001). “Quadrature spectral interferometric detection and pulse shaping.” Optics Letters 26(6): 382-384.Applicant
Huang, X. R. and R. W. Knighton (2002). “Linear birefringence of the retinal nerve fiber layer measured in vitro with a multispectral imaging micropolarimeter.” Journal of Biomedical Optics 7(2): 199-204.Applicant
Huber, R., M. Wojtkowski, et al. (2005). “Amplified, frequency swept lasers for frequency domain reflectometry and OCT imaging: design and scaling principles.” Optics Express 13(9): 3513-3528.Applicant
Hunter, D. G., J. C. Sandruck, et al. (1999). “Mathematical modeling of retinal birefringence scanning.” Journal of the Optical Society of America a—Optics Image Science and Vision 16(9): 2103-2111.Applicant
Hurwitz, H. H. and R. C. Jones (1941). “A new calculus for the treatment of optical systems II. Proof of three general equivalence theorems.” Journal of the Optical Society of America 31(7): 493-499.Applicant
Huttner, B., C. De Barros, et al. (1999). “Polarization-induced pulse spreading in birefringent optical fibers with zero differential group delay.” Optics Letters 24(6): 370-372.Applicant
Huttner, B., B. Gisin, et al. (1999). “Distributed PMD measurement with a polarization-OTDR in optical fibers.” Journal of Lightwave Technology 17(10): 1843-1848.Applicant
Huttner, B., J. Reecht, et al. (1998). “Local birefringence measurements in single-mode fibers with coherent optical frequency domain reflectometry.” Ieee Photonics Technology Letters 10(10): 1458-1460.Applicant
Hyde, S. C. W., N. P. Barry, et al. (1995). “Sub-100-Mu-M Depth-Resolved Holographic Imaging through Scattering Media in the near-Infrared.” Optics Letters 20(22): 2330-2332.Applicant
Hyde, S. C. W., N. P. Barry, et al. (1995). “Depth-Resolved Holographic Imaging through Scattering Media by Photorefraction.” Optics Letters 20(11): 1331-1333.Applicant
Iftimia, N. V., B. E. Bouma, et al. (2004). “Adaptive ranging for optical coherence tomography.” Optics Express 12(17): 4025-4034.Applicant
Iida, T., N. Hagimura, et al. (2000). “Evaluation of central serous chorioretinopathy with optical coherence tomography.” American Journal of Ophthalmology 129(1): 16-20.Applicant
Imai, M., H. Iijima, et al. (2001). “Optical coherence tomography of tractional macular elevations in eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy: [republished in Am J Ophthalmol. Sep. 2001;132(3):458-61 ; 11530091.].” American Journal of Ophthalmology 132(1): 81-4.Applicant
Indebetouw, G. and P. Klysubun (2000). “Imaging through scattering media with depth resolution by use of low-coherence gating in spatiotemporal digital holography.” Optics Letters 25(4): 212-214.Applicant
Ip, M. S., B. J. Baker, et al. (2002). “Anatomical outcomes of surgery for idiopathic macular hole as determined by optical coherence tomography.” Archives of Ophthalmology 120(1): 29-35.Applicant
Ismail, R., V. Tanner, et al. (2002). “Optical coherence tomography imaging of severe commotio retinae and associated macular hole.” British Journal of Ophthalmology 86(4): 473-4.Applicant
Izatt, J. A., M. R. Hee, et al. (1994). “Optical Coherence Microscopy in Scattering Media.” Optics Letters 19(8): 590-592.Applicant
Izatt, J. A., M. R. Hee, et al. (1994). “Micrometer-scale resolution imaging of the anterior eye in vivo with optical coherence tomography.” Archives of Ophthalmology 112 (12): 1584-9.Applicant
Izatt, J. A., M. D. Kulkami, et al. (1997). “In vivo bidirectional color Doppler flow imaging of picoliter blood volumes using optical coherence tomography.” Optics Letters 22(18): 1439-1441.Applicant
Izatt, J. A., M. D. Kulkarni, et al. (1996). “Optical coherence tomography and microscopy in gastrointestinal tissues.” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 2(4): 1017.Applicant
Jacques, S. L., J. S. Nelson, et al. (1993). “Pulsed Photothermal Radiometry of Port-Wine-Stain Lesions.” Applied Optics 32(13): 2439-2446.Applicant
Jacques, S. L., J. R. Roman, et al. (2000). “Imaging superficial tissues with polarized light.” Lasers in Surgery and Medicine 26(2): 119-129.Applicant
Jang, I. K., B. E. Bouma, et al. (2002). “Visualization of coronary atherosclerotic placques in patients using optical coherence tomography: Comparison with intravascular ultrasound.” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 39(4): 604-609.Applicant
Jang, I. K., B. D. MacNeill, et al. (2002). “In-vivo characterization of coronary plaques in patients with ST elevation acute myocardial infarction using optical coherence tomography (OCT).” Circulation 106(19): 698-698 3440 Suppl. S.Applicant
Jang, I. K., G. J. Tearney, et al. (2000). “Comparison of optical coherence tomography and intravascular ultrasound for detection of coronary plaques with large lipid-core in living patients.” Circulation 102(18): 509-509.Applicant
Jeng, J. C., A. Bridgeman, et al. (2003). “Laser Doppler imaging determines need for excision and grafting in advance of clinical judgment: a prospective blinded trial.” Burns 29(7): 665-670.Applicant
Jesser, C. A., S. A. Boppart, et al. (1999). “High resolution imaging of transitional cell carcinoma with optical coherence tomography: feasibility for the evaulation of bladder pathology.” British Journal of Radiology 72: 1170-1176.Applicant
Johnson, C. A., J. L. Keltner, et al. (2002). “Baseline visual field characteristics in the ocular hypertension treatment study.” Ophthalmology 109(3): 432-7.Applicant
Jones, R. C. (1941). “A new calculus for the treatment of optical systems III. The Sohncke theory of optical activity.” Journal of the Optical Society of America 31 (7): 500-503.Applicant
Jones, R. C. (1941). “A new calculus for the treatment of optical systems I. Description and discussion of the calculus.” Journal of the Optical Society of America 31(7): 488-493.Applicant
Jones, R. C. (1942). “A new calculus for the treatment of optical systems. IV.” Journal of the Optical Society of America 32(8): 486-493.Applicant
Jones, R. C. (1947). “A New Calculus for the Treatment of Optical Systems .6. Experimental Determination of the Matrix.” Journal of the Optical Society of America 37(2): 110-112.Applicant
Jones, R. C. (1947). “A New Calculus for the Treatment of Optical Systems .5. A More General Formulation, and Description of Another Calculus.” Journal of the Optical Society of America 37(2): 107-110.Applicant
Jones, R. C. (1948). “A New Calculus for the Treatment of Optical Systems .7. Properties of the N-Matrices.” Journal of the Optical Society of America 38(8): 671-685.Applicant
Jones, R. C. (1956). “New Calculus for the Treatment of Optical Systems .8. Electromagnetic Theory.” Journal of the Optical Society of America 46(2): 126-131.Applicant
Jopson, R. M., L. E. Nelson, et al. (1999). “Measurement of second-order polarization-mode dispersion vectors in optical fibers.” Ieee Photonics Technology Letters 11 (9): 1153-1155.Applicant
Jost, B. M., A. V. Sergienko, et al. (1998). “Spatial correlations of spontaneously down-converted photon pairs detected with a single-photon-sensitive CCD camera.” Optics Express 3(2): 81-88.Applicant
Kaplan, B., E. Compain, et al. (2000). “Phase-modulated Mueller ellipsometry characterization of scattering by latex sphere suspensions.” Applied Optics 39 (4): 629-636.Applicant
Kass, M. A., D. K. Heuer, et al. (2002). “The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study: a randomized trial determines that topical ocular hypotensive medication delays or prevents the onset of primary open-angle glaucoma.” Archives of Ophthalmology 120(6): 701-13; discussion 829-30.Applicant
Kasuga, Y., J. Arai, et al. (2000). “Optical coherence tomograghy to confirm early closure of macular holes.” American Journal of Ophthalmology 130(5): 675-6.Applicant
Kaufman, T., S. N. Lusthaus, et al. (1990). “Deep Partial Skin Thickness Burns—a Reproducible Animal-Model to Study Burn Wound-Healing.” Burns 16(1): 13-16.Applicant
Kemp, N. J., J. Park, et al. (2005). “High-sensitivity determination of birefringence in turbid media with enhanced polarized-sensitive optical coherence tomography.” Journal of the Optical Society of America a—Optics Image Science and Vision 22(3): 552-560.Applicant
Kerrigan-Baumrind, L. A., H. A. Quigley, et al. (2000). “Number of ganglion cells in glaucoma eyes compared with threshold visual field tests in the same persons.” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 41(3): 741-8.Applicant
Kesen, M. R., G. L. Spaeth, et al. (2002). “The Heidelberg Retina Tomograph vs clinical impression in the diagnosis of glaucoma.” American Journal of Ophthalmology 133(5): 613-6.Applicant
Kienle, A. and R. Hibst (1995). “A New Optimal Wavelength for Treatment of Port-Wine Stains.” Physics in Medicine and Biology 40(10): 1559-1576.Applicant
Kienle, A., L. Lilge, et al. (1996). “Spatially resolved absolute diffuse reflectance measurements for noninvasive determination of the optical scattering and absorption coefficients of biological tissue.” Applied Optics 35(13): 2304-2314.Applicant
Kim, B. Y. and S. S. Choi (1981). “Analysis and Measurement of Birefringence in Single-Mode Fibers Using the Backscattering Method.” Optics Letters 6(11): 578-580.Applicant
Kimel, S., L. O. Svaasand, et al. (1994). “Differential Vascular-Response to Laser Photothermolysis.” Journal of Investigative Dermatology 103(5): 693-700.Applicant
Kloppenberg, F. W. H., G. Beerthuizen, et al. (2001). “Perfusion of burn wounds assessed by Laser Doppler Imaging is related to burn depth and healing time.” Burns 27(4): 359-363.Applicant
Knighton, R. W. and X. R. Huang (2002). “Analytical methods for scanning laser polarimetry.” Optics Express 10(21): 1179-1189.Applicant
Knighton, R. W., X. R. Huang, et al. (2002). “Analytical model of scanning laser polarimetry for retinal nerve fiber layer assessment.” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 43(2): 383-392.Applicant
Knuettel, A. R. S., Joseph M.: Shay, M.; Knutson, Jay R. (1994). “Stationary low-coherence light imaging and spectroscopy using a CCD camera.” Proc. SPIE , vol. 2135: p. 239-250.Applicant
Knuttel, A. and M. Boehlau-Godau (2000). “Spatially confined and temporally resolved refractive index and scattering evaluation in human skin performed with optical coherence tomography.” Journal of Biomedical Optics 5(1): 83-92.Applicant
Knuttel, A. and J. M. Schmitt (1993). “Stationary Depth-Profiling Reflectometer Based on Low-Coherence Interferometry.” Optics Communications 102(3-4): 193-198.Applicant
Knuttel, A., J. M. Schmitt, et al. (1994). “Low-Coherence Reflectometry for Stationary Lateral and Depth Profiling with Acoustooptic Deflectors and a Ccd Camera.” Optics Letters 19(4): 302-304.Applicant
Kobayashi, M., H. Hanafusa, et al. (1991). “Polarization-Independent Interferometric Optical-Time-Domain Reflectometer.” Journal of Lightwave Technology 9(5): 623-628.Applicant
Kolios, M. C., M. D. Sherar, et al. (1995). “Large Blood-Vessel Cooling in Heated Tissues—a Numerical Study.” Physics in Medicine and Biology 40(4): 477-494.Applicant
Koozekanani, D., K. Boyer, et al. (2001). “Retinal thickness measurements from optical coherence tomography using a Markov boundary model.” Ieee Transactions on Medical Imaging 20(9): 900-916.Applicant
Kop, R. H. J. and R. Sprik (1995). “Phase-sensitive interferometry with ultrashort optical pulses.” Review of Scientific Instruments 66(12): 5459-5463.Applicant
Kramer, R. Z., J. Bella, et al. (1999). “Sequence dependent conformational variations of collagen triple-helical structure.” Nature Structural Biology 6(5): 454-7.Applicant
Kulkarni, M. D., T. G. van Leeuwen, et al. (1998). “Velocity-estimation accuracy and frame-rate limitations in color Doppler optical coherence tomography.” Optics Letters 23(13): 1057-1059.Applicant
Kwon, Y. H., C. S. Kim, et al. (2001). “Rate of visual field loss and long-term visual outcome in primary open-angle glaucoma.” American Journal of Ophthalmology 132(1): 47-56.Applicant
Kwong, K. F., D. Yankelevich, et al. (1993). “400-Hz Mechanical Scanning Optical Delay-Line.” Optics Letters 18(7): 558-560.Applicant
Landers, J., I. Goldberg, et al. (2002). “Analysis of risk factors that may be associated with progression from ocular hypertension to primary open angle glaucoma.” Clin Experiment Ophthalmology 30(4): 242-7.Applicant
Laszlo, A. and A. Venetianer (1998). Heat resistance in mammalian cells: Lessons and challenges. Stress of Life. 851: 169-178.Applicant
Laszlo, A. and A. Venetianer (1998). “Heat resistance in mammalian cells: lessons and challenges [Review] [52 refs].” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 851: 169-78.Applicant
Laufer, J., R. Simpson, et al. (1998). “Effect of temperature on the optical properties of ex vivo human dermis and subdermis.” Physics in Medicine and Biology 43(9): 2479-2489.Applicant
Lederer, D. E., J. S. Schuman, et al. (2003). “Analysis of macular volume in normal and glaucomatous eyes using optical coherence tomography.” American Journal of Ophthalmology 135(6): 838-843.Applicant
Lee, P. P., Z. W. Feldman, et al. (2003). “Longitudinal prevalence of major eye diseases.” Archives of Ophthalmology 121(9): 1303-1310.Applicant
Lehrer, M. S., T. T. Sun, et al. (1998). “Strategies of epithelial repair: modulation of stem cell and transit amplifying cell proliferation.” Journal of Cell Science 111(Pt 19): 2867-75.Applicant
Leibowitz, H. M., D. E. Krueger, et al. (1980). “The Framingham Eye Study monograph: An ophthalmological and epidemiological study of cataract, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, and visual acuity in a general population of 2631 adults, 1973-1975.” Survey of Ophthalmology 24(Suppl): 335-610.Applicant
Leitgeb, R., C. K. Hitzenberger, et al. (2003). “Performance of fourier domain vs. time domain optical coherence tomography.” Optics Express 11(8): 889-894.Applicant
Leitgeb, R., L. F. Schmetterer, et al. (2002). “Flow velocity measurements by frequency domain short coherence interferometry.” Proc. SPIE 4619: 16-21.Applicant
Leitgeb, R. A., W. Drexler, et al. (2004). “Ultrahigh resolution Fourier domain optical coherence tomography.” Optics Express 12(10): 2156-2165.Applicant
Leitgeb, R. A., C. K. Hitzenberger, et al. (2003). “Phase-shifting algorithm to achieve high-speed long-depth-range probing by frequency-domain optical coherence tomography.” Optics Letters 28(22): 2201-2203.Applicant
Leitgeb, R. A., L. Schmetterer, et al. (2003). “Real-time assessment of retinal blood flow with ultrafast acquisition by color Doppler Fourier domain optical coherence tomography.” Optics Express 11(23): 3116-3121.Applicant
Leitgeb, R. A., L. Schmetterer, et al. (2004). “Real-time measurement of in vitro flow by Fourier-domain color Doppler optical coherence tomography.” Optics Letters 29 (2): 171-173.Applicant
LeRoyBrehonnet, F. and B. LeJeune (1997). “Utilization of Mueller matrix formalism to obtain optical targets depolarization and polarization properties.” Progress in Quantum Electronics 21(2): 109-151.Applicant
Leske, M. C., A. M. Connell, et al. (1995). “Risk factors for open-angle glaucoma. The Barbados Eye Study. [see comments].” Archives of Ophthalmology 113(7): 918-24.Applicant
Leske, M. C., A. M. Connell, et al. (2001). “Incidence of open-angle glaucoma: the Barbados Eye Studies. The Barbados Eye Studies Group. [see comments].” Archives of Ophthalmology 119(1): 89-95.Applicant
Leske, M. C., A. Heijl, et al. (1999). “Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial. Design and Baseline Data.” Ophthalmology 106(11): 2144-2153.Applicant
Lewis, S. E., J. R. DeBoer, et al. (2005). “Sensitive, selective, and analytical improvements to a porous silicon gas sensor.” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 110(1): 54-65.Applicant
Lexer, F., C. K. Hitzenberger, et al. (1999). “Dynamic coherent focus OCT with depth-independent transversal resolution.” Journal of Modern Optics 46(3): 541-553.Applicant
Li, X., C. Chudoba, et al. (2000). “Imaging needle for optical coherence tomography.” Optics Letters 25: 1520-1522.Applicant
Li, X., T. H. Ko, et al. (2001). “Intraluminal fiber-optic Doppler imaging catheter for structural and functional optical coherence tomography.” Optics Letters 26: 1906-1908.Applicant
Liddington, M. I. and P. G. Shakespeare (1996). “Timing of the thermographic assessment of burns.” Burns 22(1): 26-8.Applicant
Lindmo, T., D. J. Smithies, et al. (1998). “Accuracy and noise in optical Doppler tomography studied by Monte Carlo simulation.” Physics in Medicine and Biology 43(10): 3045-3064.Applicant
Liu, J., X. Chen, et al. (1999). “New thermal wave aspects on burn evaluation of skin subjected to instantaneous heating.” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 46(4): 420-8.Applicant
Luke, D. G., R. McBride, et al. (1995). “Polarization mode dispersion minimization in fiber-wound piezoelectric cylinders.” Optics Letters 20(24): 2550-2552.Applicant
MacNeill, B. D., I. K. Jang, et al. (2004). “Focal and multi-focal plaque distributions in patients with macrophage acute and stable presentations of coronary artery disease.” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 44(5): 972-979.Applicant
Mahgerefteh, D. and C. R. Menyuk (1999). “Effect of first-order PMD compensation on the statistics of pulse broadening in a fiber with randomly varying birefringence.” Ieee Photonics Technology Letters 11(3): 340-342.Applicant
Maitland, D. J. and J. T. Walsh, Jr. (1997). “Quantitative measurements of linear birefringence during heating of native collagen.” Lasers in Surgery & Medicine 20 (3): 310-8.Applicant
Majaron, B., S. M. Srinivas, et al. (2000). “Deep coagulation of dermal collagen with repetitive Er : YAG laser irradiation.” Lasers in Surgery and Medicine 26(2): 215-222.Applicant
Mansuripur, M. (1991). “Effects of High-Numerical-Aperture Focusing on the State of Polarization in Optical and Magnetooptic Data-Storage Systems.” Applied Optics 30(22): 3154-3162.Applicant
Marshall, G. W., S. J. Marshall, et al. (1997). “The dentin substrate: structure and properties related to bonding.” Journal of Dentistry 25(6): 441-458.Applicant
Martin, P. (1997). “Wound healing—Aiming for perfect skin regeneration.” Science 276 (5309): 75-81.Applicant
Martinez, O. E. (1987). “3000 Times Grating Compressor with Positive Group-Velocity Dispersion—Application to Fiber Compensation in 1.3-1.6 Mu-M Region.” Ieee Journal of Quantum Electronics 23(1): 59-64.Applicant
Martinez, O. E., J. P. Gordon, et al. (1984). “Negative Group-Velocity Dispersion Using Refraction.” Journal of the Optical Society of America a—Optics Image Science and Vision 1(10): 1003-1006.Applicant
McKinney, J. D., M. A. Webster, et al. (2000). “Characterization and imaging in optically scattering media by use of laser speckle and a variable-coherence source.” Optics Letters 25(1): 4-6.Applicant
Miglior, S., M. Casula, et al. (2001). “Clinical ability of Heidelberg retinal tomography examination to detect glaucomatous visual field changes.” Ophthalmology 108 (9): 1621-7.Applicant
Milner, T. E., D. M. Goodman, et al. (1996). “Imaging laser heated subsurface chromophores in biological materials: Determination of lateral physical dimensions.” Physics in Medicine and Biology 41(1): 31-44.Applicant
Milner, T. E., D. M. Goodman, et al. (1995). “Depth Profiling of Laser-Heated Chromophores in Biological Tissues by Pulses Photothermal Radiometry.” Journal of the Optical Society of America a—Optics Image Science and Vision 12 (7): 1479-1488.Applicant
Milner, T. E., D. J. Smithies, et al. (1996). “Depth determination of chromophores in human skin by pulsed photothermal radiometry.” Applied Optics 35(19): 3379-3385.Applicant
Mishchenko, M. I. and J. W. Hovenier (1995). “Depolarization of Light Backscattered by Randomly Oriented Nonspherical Particles.” Optics Letters 20(12): 1356-&.Applicant
Mistlberger, A., J. M. Liebmann, et al. (1999). “Heidelberg retina tomography and optical coherence tomography in normal, ocular-hypertensive, and glaucomatous eyes.” Ophthalmology 106(10): 2027-32.Applicant
Mitsui, T. (1999). “High-speed detection of ballistic photons propagating through suspensions using spectral interferometry.” Japanese Journal of Applied Physics Part I—Regular Papers Short Notes & Review Papers 38(5A): 2978-2982.Applicant
Molteno, A. C., N. J. Bosma, et al. (1999). “Otago glaucoma surgery outcome study: long-term results of trabeculectomy—1976 to 1995.” Ophthlamology 106(9): 1742-50.Applicant
Morgner, U., W. Drexler, et al. (2000). “Spectroscopic optical coherence tomography.” Optics Letters 25(2): 111-113.Applicant
Morgner, U., F. X. Kartner, et al. (1999). “Sub-two-cycle pulses from a Kerr-lens mode-locked Ti : sapphire laser (vol. 24, p. 411, 1999).” Optics Letters 24(13): 920-920.Applicant
Mourant, J. R., A. H. Hielscher, et al. (1998). “Evidence of intrinsic differences in the light scattering properties of tumorigenic and nontumorigenic cells.” Cancer Cytopathology 84(6): 366-374.Applicant
Muller, M., J. Squier, et al. (1998). “Dispersion pre-compensation of 15 femtosecond optical pulses for high-numerical-aperture objectives.” Journal of Microscopy—Oxford 191: 141-150.Applicant
Muscat, S., N. McKay, et al. (2002). “Repeatability and reproducibility of corneal thickness measurements by optical coherence tomography.” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 43(6): 1791-5.Applicant
Musch, D. C., P. R. Lichter, et al. (1999). “The Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study. Study Design, Methods, and Baseline Characteristics of Enrolled Patients.” Ophthalmology 106: 653-662.Applicant
Neerken, S., Lucassen, G.W., Bisschop, M.A., Lenderink, E., Nuijs, T.A.M. (2004). “Characterization of age-related effects in human skin: A comparative study that applies confocal laser scanning microscopy and optical coherence tomography.” Journal of Biomedical Optics 9(2): 274-281.Applicant
Nelson, J. S., K. M. Kelly, et al. (2001). “Imaging blood flow in human port-wine stain in situ and in real time using optical Doppler tomography.” Archives of Dermatology 137(6): 741-744.Applicant
Newson, T. P., F. Farahi, et al. (1988). “Combined Interferometric and Polarimetric Fiber Optic Temperature Sensor with a Short Coherence Length Source.” Optics Communications 68(3): 161-165.Applicant
November, L. J. (1993). “Recovery of the Matrix Operators in the Similarity and Congruency Transformations—Applications in Polarimetry.” Journal of the Optical Society of America a—Optics Image Science and Vision 10(4): 719-739.Applicant
Oh, W. Y., S. H. Yun, et al. (2005). “Wide tuning range wavelength-swept laser with two semiconductor optical amplifiers.” Ieee Photonics Technology Letters 17(3): 678-680.Applicant
Oka, K. and T. Kato (1999). “Spectroscopic polarimetry with a channeled spectrum.” Optics Letters 24(21): 1475-1477.Applicant
Okugawa, T. and K. Rotate (1996). “Real-time optical image processing by synthesis of the coherence function using real-time holography.” Ieee Photonics Technology Letters 8(2): 257-259.Applicant
Oshima, M., R. Torii, et al. (2001). “Finite element simulation of blood flow in the cerebral artery.” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 191 (6-7): 661-671.Applicant
Pan, Y. T., H. K. Xie, et al. (2001). “Endoscopic optical coherence tomography based on a microelectromechanical mirror.” Optics Letters 26(24): 1966-1968.Applicant
Parisi, V., G. Manni, et al. (2001). “Correlation between optical coherence tomography, pattern electroretinogram, and visual evoked potentials in open-angle glaucoma patients.” Ophthalmology 108(5): 905-12.Applicant
Park, B. H., M. C. Pierce, et al. (2005). “Real-time fiber-based multi-functional spectral-domain optical coherence tomography at 1.3 mu m.” Optics Express 13(11): 3931-3944.Applicant
Park, D. H., J. W. Hwang, et al. (1998). “Use of laser Doppler flowmetry for estimation of the depth of burns.” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 101(6): 1516-1523.Applicant
Pendry, J. B., A. J. Holden, et al. (1999). “Magnetism from conductors and enhanced nonlinear phenomena.” Ieee Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 47(11): 2075-2084.Applicant
Penninckx, D. and V. Morenas (1999). “Jones matrix of polarization mode dispersion.” Optics Letters 24(13): 875-877.Applicant
Pierce, M. C., M. Shishkov, et al. (2005). “Effects of sample arm motion in endoscopic polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography.” Optics Express 13(15): 5739-5749.Applicant
Pircher, M., E. Gotzinger, et al. (2003). “Measurement and imaging of water concentrations in human cornea with differential adsorption optical coherence tomography.” Optics Express 11(18): 2190-2197.Applicant
Pircher, M., E. Gotzinger, et al. (2003). “Speckle reduction in optical coherence tomography by frequency compounding.” Journal of Biomedical Optics 8(3): 565-569.Applicant
Podoleanu, A. G., G. M. Dobre, et al. (1998). “En-face coherence imaging using galvanometer scanner modulation.” Optics Letters 23(3): 147-149.Applicant
Podoleanu, A. G. and D. A. Jackson (1999). “Noise analysis of a combined optical coherence tomograph and a confocal scanning ophthalmoscope.” Applied Optics 38(10): 2116-2127.Applicant
Podoleanu, A. G., J. A. Rogers, et al. (2000). “Three dimensional OCT images from retina and skin.” Optics Express 7(9): 292-298.Applicant
Podoleanu, A. G., M. Seeger, et al. (1998). “Transversal and longitudinal images from the retina of the living eye using low coherence reflectometry.” Journal of Biomedical Optics 3(1): 12-20.Applicant
Poole, C. D. (1988). “Statistical Treatment of Polarization Dispersion in Single-Mode Fiber.” Optics Letters 13(8): 687-689.Applicant
Povazay, B., K. Bizheva, et al. (2002). “Submicrometer axial resolution optical coherence tomography.” Optics Letters 27(20): 1800-1802.Applicant
Qi, B., A. P. Himmer, et al. (2004). “Dynamic focus control in high-speed optical coherence tomography based on a microelectromechanical mirror.” Optics Communications 232(1-6): 123-128.Applicant
Radhakrishnan, S., A. M. Rollins, et al. (2001). “Real-time optical coherence tomography of the anterior segment at 1310 nm.” Archives of Ophthalmology 119(8): 1179-1185.Applicant
Rogers, A. J. (1981). “Polarization-Optical Time Domain Reflectometry—a Technique for the Measurement of Field Distributions.” Applied Optics 20(6): 1060-1074.Applicant
Rollins, A. M. and J. A. Izatt (1999). “Optimal interferometer designs for optical coherence tomography.” Optics Letters 24(21): 1484-1486.Applicant
Rollins, A. M., R. Ung-arunyawee, et al. (1999). “Real-time in vivo imaging of human gastrointestinal ultrastructure by use of endoscopic optical coherence tomography with a novel efficient interferometer design.” Optics Letters 24(19): 1358-1360.Applicant
Rollins, A. M., S. Yazdanfar, et al. (2002). “Real-time in vivo colors Doppler optical coherence tomography.” Journal of Biomedical Optics 7(1): 123-129.Applicant
Rollins, A. M., S. Yazdanfar, et al. (2000). “Imaging of human retinal hemodynamics using color Doppler optical coherence tomography.” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 41(4): S548-S548.Applicant
Sandoz, P. (1997). “Wavelet transform as a processing tool in white-light interferometry.” Optics Letters 22(14): 1065-1067.Applicant
Sankaran, V., M. J. Everett, et al. (1999). “Comparison of polarized-light propagation in biological tissue and phantoms,” Optics Letters 24(15): 1044-1046.Applicant
Sankaran, V., J. T. Walsh, et al. (2000). “Polarized light propagation through tissue phanto, ehms containing densely packed scatterers.” Optics Letters 25(4): 239-241.Applicant
Sarunic, M. V., M. A. Choma, et al. (2005). “Instantaneous complex conjugate resolved spectral domain and swept-source OCT using 3×3 fiber couplers.” Optics Express 13(3): 957-967.Applicant
Sathyam, U. S., B. W. Colston, et al. (1999). “Evaluation of optical coherence quantitation of analytes in turbid media by use of two wavelengths.” Applied Optics 38(10): 2097-2104.Applicant
Schmitt, J. M. (1997). “Array detection for speckle reduction in optical coherence microscopy.” Physics in Medicine and Biology 42(7): 1427-1439.Applicant
Schmitt, J. M. (1999). “Optical coherence tomography (OCT): A review.” Ieee Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 5(4): 1205-1215.Applicant
Schmitt, J. M. and A. Knuttel (1997). “Model of optical coherence tomography of heterogeneous tissue.” Journal of the Optical Society of America a—Optics Image Science and Vision 14(6): 1231-1242.Applicant
Schmitt, J. M., S. L. Lee, et al. (1997). “An optical coherence microscope with enhanced resolving power in thick tissue.” Optics Communications 142(4-6): 203-207.Applicant
Schmitt, J. M., S. H. Xiang, et al. (1998). “Differential absorption imaging with optical coherence tomography.” Journal of the Optical Society of America a—Optics Image Science and Vision 15(9): 2288-2296.Applicant
Schmitt, J. M., S. H. Xiang, et aI. (1999). “Speckle in optical coherence tomography.” Journal of Biomedical Optics 4(1): 95-105.Applicant
Schmitt, J. M., M. J. Yadlowsky, et al. (1995). “Subsurface Imaging of Living Skin with Optical Coherence Microscopy.” Dermatology 191(2): 93-98.Applicant
Shi, H., J. Finlay, et al. (1997). “Multiwavelength 10-GHz picosecond pulse generation from a single-stripe semiconductor diode laser.” Ieee Photonics Technology Letters 9(11): 1439-1441.Applicant
Shi, H., I. Nitta, et al. (1999). “Demonstration of phase correlation in multiwavelength mode-locked semiconductor diode lasers.” Optics Letters 24(4): 238-240.Applicant
Simon, R. (1982). “The Connection between Mueller and Jones Matrices of Polarization Optics.” Optics Communications 42(5): 293-297.Applicant
Smith, P. J. M., E.M.; Taylor, C.M.; Selviah, D.R.; Day, S.E.; Commander, L.G. “Variable-Focus Microlenses as a Potential Technology for Endoscopy.”Applicant
Smithies, D. J., T. Lindmo, et al. (1998). “Signal attenuation and localization in optical coherence tomography studied by Monte Carlo simulation.” Physics in Medicine and Biology 43(10): 3025-3044.Applicant
Sorin, W. V. and D. F. Gray (1992). “Simultaneous Thickness and Group Index Measurement Using Optical Low-Coherence Reflectometry.” Ieee Photonics Technology Letters 4(1): 105-107.Applicant
Sticker, M., C. K. Hitzenberger, et al. (2001). “Quantitative differential phase measurement and imaging in transparent and turbid media by optical coherence tomography.” Optics Letters 26(8): 518-520.Applicant
Sticker, M., M. Pircher, et al. (2002). “En face imaging of single cell layers by differential phase-contrast optical coherence microscopy.” Optics Letters 27(13): 1126-1128.Applicant
Stoller, P., B. M. Kim, et al. (2002). “Polarization-dependent optical second-harmonic imaging of a rat-tail tendon.” Journal of Biomedical Optics 7(2): 205-214.Applicant
Sun, C. S. (2003). “Multiplexing of fiber-optic acoustic sensors in a Michelson interferometer configuration.” Optics Letters 28(12): 1001-1003.Applicant
Swanson, E. A., J. A. Izatt, et al. (1993). “In-Vivo Retinal Imaging by Optical Coherence Tomography.” Optics Letters 18(21): 1864-1866.Applicant
Takada, K., A. Himeno, et al. (1991). “Phase-Noise and Shot-Noise Limited Operations of Low Coherence Optical-Time Domain Reflectometry.” Applied Physics Letters 59(20): 2483-2485.Applicant
Takenaka, H. (1973). “Unified Formalism for Polarization Optics by Using Group-Theory I (Theory).” Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 12(2): 226-231.Applicant
Tanno, N., T. Ichimura, et al. (1994). “Optical Multimode Frequency-Domain Reflectometer.” Optics Letters 19(8): 587-589.Applicant
Tan-no, N., T. Ichimura, et al. (1994). “Optical Multimode Frequency-Domain Reflectometer.” Optics Letters 19(8): 587-589.Applicant
Targowski, P., M. Wojtkowski, et al. (2004). “Complex spectral OCT in human eye imaging in vivo.” Optics Communications 229(1-6): 79-84.Applicant
Tearney, G. J., S. A. Boppart, et al. (1996). “Scanning single-mode fiber optic catheter-endoscope for optical coherence tomography (vol. 21, p. 543, 1996).” Optics Letters 21(12): 912-912.Applicant
Tearney, G. J., B. E. Bouma, et al. (1996). “Rapid acquisition of in vivo biological images by use of optical coherence tomography.” Optics Letters 21(17): 1408-1410.Applicant
Tearney, G. J., B. E. Bouma, et al. (1997). “In vivo endoscopic optical biopsy with optical coherence tomography.” Science 276(5321): 2037-2039.Applicant
Tearney, G. J., M. E. Brezinski, et al. (1996). “Catheter-based optical imaging of a human coronary artery.” Circulation 94(11): 3013-3013.Applicant
Tearney, G. J., M. E. Brezinski, et al. (1997). “In vivo endoscopic optical biopsy with optical coherence tomography.” Science 276(5321): 2037-9.Applicant
Tearney, G. J., M. E. Brezinski, et al. (1997). “Optical biopsy in human gastrointestinal tissue using optical coherence tomography.” American Journal of Gastroenterology 92(10): 1800-1804.Applicant
Tearney, G. J., M. E. Brezinski, et al. (1995). “Determination of the refractive index of highly scattering human tissue by optical coherence tomography.” Optics Letters 20(21): 2258-2260.Applicant
Tearney, G. J., I. K. Jang, et al. (2000). “Porcine coronary imaging in vivo by optical coherence tomography.” Acta Cardiologica 55(4): 233-237.Applicant
Tearney, G. J., R. H. Webb, et al. (1998). “Spectrally encoded confocal microscopy.” Optics Letters 23(15): 1152-1154.Applicant
Tearney, G. J., H. Yabushita, et al. (2003). “Quantification of macrophage content in atherosclerotic plaques by optical coherence tomography.” Circulation 107(1): 113-119.Applicant
Tower, T. T. and R. T. Tranquillo (2001). “Alignment maps of tissues: I. Microscopic elliptical polarimetry.” Biophysical Journal 81(5): 2952-2963.Applicant
Tower, T. T. and R. T. Tranquillo (2001). “Alignment maps of tissues: II. Fast harmonic analysis for imaging.” Biophysical Journal 81(5): 2964-2971.Applicant
Troy, T. L. and S. N. Thennadil (2001). “Optical properties of human skin in the near infrared wavelength range of 1000 to 2200 nm.” Journal of Biomedical Optics 6 (2): 167-176.Applicant
Vabre, L., A. Dubois, et al. (2002). “Thermal-light full-field optical coherence tomography.” Optics Letters 27(7): 530-532.Applicant
Vakhtin, A. B., D. J. Kane, et al. (2003). “Common-path interferometer for frequency-domain optical coherence tomography.” Applied Optics 42(34): 6953-6958.Applicant
Vakhtin, A. B., K. A. Peterson, et al. (2003). “Differential spectral interferometry: an imaging technique for biomedical applications.” Optics Letters 28(15): 1332-1334.Applicant
Vakoc, B. J., S. H. Yun, et al. (2005). “Phase-resolved optical frequency domain imaging.” Optics Express 13(14): 5483-5493.Applicant
van Leeuwen, T. G., M. D. Kulkarni, et al. (1999). “High-flow-velocity and shear-rate imaging by use of color Doppler optical coherence tomography.” Optics Letters 24(22): 1584-1586.Applicant
Vansteenkiste, N., P. Vignolo, et al. (1993). “Optical Reversibility Theorems for Polarization—Application to Remote-Control of Polarization.” Journal of the Optical Society of America a—Optics Image Science and Vision 10(10): 2240-2245.Applicant
Vargas, O., E. K. Chan, et al. (1999). “Use of an agent to reduce scattering in skin.” Lasers in Surgery and Medicine 24(2): 133-141.Applicant
Wang, R. K. (1999). “Resolution improved optical coherence-gated tomography for imaging through biological tissues.” Journal of Modern Optics 46(13): 1905-1912.Applicant
Wang, X. J., T. E. Milner, et al. (1997). “Measurement of fluid-flow-velocity profile in turbid media by the use of optical Doppler tomography.” Applied Optics 36(1): 144-149.Applicant
Wang, X. J., T. E. Milner, et al. (1995). “Characterization of Fluid-Flow Velocity by Optical Doppler Tomography.” Optics Letters 20(11): 1337-1339.Applicant
Wang, Y. M., J. S. Nelson, et al. (2003). “Optimal wavelength for ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography.” Optics Express 11(12): 1411-1417.Applicant
Wang, Y. M., Y. H. Zhao, et al. (2003). “Ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography by broadband continuum generation from a photonic crystal fiber.” Optics Letters 28(3): 182-184.Applicant
Watkins, L. R., S. M. Tan, et al. (1999). “Determination of interferometer phase distributions by use of wavelets.” Optics Letters 24(13): 905-907.Applicant
Wetzel, J. (2001). “Optical coherence tomography in dermatology: a review.” Skin Research and Technology 7(1): 1-9.Applicant
Wentworth, R. H. (1989). “Theoretical Noise Performance of Coherence-Multiplexed Interferometric Sensors.” Journal of Lightwave Technology 7(6): 941-956.Applicant
Westphal, V., A. M. Rollins, et al. (2002). “Correction of geometric and refractive image distortions in optical coherence tomography applying Fermat's principle.” Optics Express 10(9): 397-404.Applicant
Westphal, V., S. Yazdanfar, et al. (2002). “Real-time, high velocity-resolution color Doppler optical coherence tomography.” Optics Letters 27(1): 34-36.Applicant
Williams, P. A. (1999). “Rotating-wave-plate Stokes polarimeter for differential group delay measurements of polarization-mode dispersion.” Applied Optics 38(31): 6508-6515.Applicant
Wojtkowski, M., T. Bajraszewski, et al. (2003). “Real-time in vivo imaging by high-speed spectral optical coherence tomography.” Optics Letters 28(19): 1745-1747.Applicant
Wojtkowski, M., A. Kowalczyk, et al. (2002). “Full range complex spectral optical coherence tomography technqique in eye imaging.” Optics Letters 27(16): 1415-1417.Applicant
Wojtkowski, M., R. Leitgeb, et al. (2002). “In vivo human retinal imaging by Fourier domain optical coherence tomography.” Journal of Biomedical Optics 7(3): 457-463.Applicant
Wojtkowski, M., R. Leitgeb, et al. (2002). “Fourier domain OCT imaging of the human eye in vivo.” Proc. SPIE 4619: 230-236.Applicant
Wojtkowski, M., V. J. Srinivasan, et al. (2004). “Ultrahigh-resolution, high-speed, Fourier domain optical coherence tomography and methods for dispersion compensation.” Optics Express 12(11): 2404-2422.Applicant
Wong, B. J. F., Y. H. Zhao, et al. (2004). “Imaging the internal structure of the rat cochlea using optical coherence tomography at 0.827 mu m and 1.3 mu m.” Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery 130(3): 334-338.Applicant
Yabushita, H. B., B.E.; Houser, S.L.; Aretz, H.T.; Jang, I.; Schlendorf, K.H.; Kauffman, C.R.; Shishkov, M.; Halpern, E.F.; Tearney, G.J. “Measurement of Thin Fibrous Caps in Atherosclerotic Plaques by Optical Coherence Tomography.”Applicant
Yang, C., A. Wax, et al. (2001). “Phase-dispersion optical tomography.” Optics Letters 26(10): 686-688.Applicant
Yang, C., A. Wax, et al. (2001). “Phase-referenced sensitivity with subwavelength and subhertz sensitivity applied to the study of cell membrane dynamics.” Optics Letters 26(16): 1271-1273.Applicant
Yang, C. H., A. Wax, et al. (2001). “Phase-dispersion optical tomography.” Optics Letters 26(10): 686-688.Applicant
Yang, C. H., A. Wax, et al. (2000). “Interferometric phase-dispersion microscopy.” Optics Letters 25(20): 1526-1528.Applicant
Yang, V. X. D., M. L. Gordon, et al. (2002). “Improved phase-resolved optical Doppler tomography using the Kasai velocity estimator and histogram segmentation.” Optics Communications 208(4-6): 209-214.Applicant
Yang, V. X. D., M. L. Gordon, et al. (2003). “High speed, wide velocity dynamic range Doppler optical coherence tomography (Part I): System design, signal processing, and performance.” Optics Express 11(7): 794-809.Applicant
Yang, V. X. D., M. L. Gordon, et al. (2003). “High speed, wide velocity dynamic range Doppler optical coherence tomography (Part II): Imaging in vivo cardiac dynamics of Xenopus laevis.” Optics Express 11(14): 1650-1658.Applicant
Yang, V. X. D., M. L. Gordon, et al. (2003). “High speed, wide velocity dynamic range Doppler optical coherence tomography (Part III): in vivo endoscopic imaging of blood flow in the rat and human gastrointestinal tracts.” Optics Express 11(19): 2416-2424.Applicant
Yang, V. X. D., B. Qi, et al. (2003). “In vivo feasibility of endoscopic catheter-based Doppler optical coherence tomography.” Gastroenterology 124(4): A49-A50.Applicant
Yao, G. and L. H. V. Wang (2000). “Theoretical and experimental studies of ultrasound-modulated optical tomography in biological tissue.” Applied Optics 39(4): 659-664.Applicant
Yazdanfar, S. and J. A. Izatt (2002). “Self-referenced Doppler optical coherence tomography.” Optics Letters 27(23): 2085-2087.Applicant
Yazdanfar, S., M. D. Kulkarni, et al. (1997). “High resolution imaging of in vivo cardiac dynamics using color Doppler optical coherence tomography.” Optics Express 1 (13): 424-431.Applicant
Yazdanfar, S., A. M. Rollins, et al. (2000). “Imaging and velocimetry of the human retinal circulation with color Doppler optical coherence tomography.” Optics Letters 25(19): 1448-1450.Applicant
Yazdanfar, S., A. M. Rollins, et al. (2000). “Noninvasive imaging and velocimetry of human retinal blood flow using color Doppler optical coherence tomography.” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 41(4): S548-S548.Applicant
Yazdanfar, S., A. M. Rollins, et al. (2003). “In vivo imaging of human retinal flow dynamics by color Doppler optical coherence tomography.” Archives of Ophthalmoloqy 121(2): 235-239.Applicant
Yazdanfar, S., C. H. Yang, et al. (2005). “Frequency estimation precision in Doppler optical coherence tomography using the Cramer-Rao lower bound.” Optics Express 13(2): 410-416.Applicant
Yun, S. H., C. Boudoux, et al. (2004). “Extended-cavity semiconductor wavelength-swept laser for biomedical imaging.” Ieee Photonics Technology Letters 16(1): 293-295.Applicant
Yun, S. H., C. Boudoux, et al. (2003). “High-speed wavelength-swept semiconductor laser with a polygon-scanner-based wavelength filter.” Optics Letters 28(20): 1981-1983.Applicant
Yun, S. H., G. J. Tearney, et al. (2004). “Pulsed-source and swept-source spectral-domain optical coherence tomography with reduced motion artifacts.” Optics Express 12(23): 5614-5624.Applicant
Yun, S. H., G. J. Tearney, et al. (2004). “Removing the depth-degeneracy in optical frequency domain imaging with frequency shifting.” Optics Express 12(20): 4822-4828.Applicant
Yun, S. H., G. J. Tearney, et al. (2004). “Motion artifacts in optical coherence tomography with frequency-domain ranging.” Optics Express 12(13): 2977-2998.Applicant
Zhang, J., J. S. Nelson, et al. (2005). “Removal of a mirror image and enhancement of the signal-to-noise ratio in Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography using an electro-optic phase modulator.” Optics Letters 30(2): 147-149.Applicant
Zhang, Y., M. Sato, et al. (2001). “Numerical investigations of optimal synthesis of several low coherence sources for resolution improvement.” Optics Communications 192(3-6): 183-192.Applicant
Zhang, Y., M. Sato, et al. (2001). “Resolution improvement in optical coherence tomography by optimal synthesis of light-emitting diodes.” Optics Letters 26(4): 205-207.Applicant
Zhao, Y., Z. Chen, et al. (2002). “Real-time phase-resolved functional optical coherence tomography by use of optical Hilbert transformation.” Optics Letters 27(2): 98-100.Applicant
Zhao, Y. H., Z. P. Chen, et al. (2000). “Doppler standard deviation imaging for clinical monitoring of in vivo human skin blood flow.” Optics Letters 25(18): 1358-1360.Applicant
Zhao, Y. H., Z. P. Chen, et al. (2000). “Phase-resolved optical coherence tomography and optical Doppler tomography for imaging blood flow in human skin with fast scanning speed and high velocity sensitivity.” Optics Letters 25(2): 114-116.Applicant
Zhou, D., P. R. Prucnal, et al. (1998). “A widely tunable narrow linewidth semiconductor fiber ring laser.” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 10(6): 781-783.Applicant
Zuluaga, A. F. and R. Richards-Kortum (1999). “Spatially resolved spectral interferometry for determination of subsurface structure.” Optics Letters 24(8): 519-521.Applicant
Zvyagin, A. V., J. B. FitzGerald, et al. (2000). “Real-time detection technique for Doppler optical coherence tomography.” Optics Letters 25(22): 1645-1647.Applicant
Marc Nikles et al., “Brillouin gain spectrum characterization in single-mode optical fibers”, Journal of Lightwave Technology 1997, 15 (10): 1842-1851.Applicant
Tsuyoshi Sonehara et al., “Forced Brillouin Spectroscopy Using Frequency-Tunable Continuous-Wave Lasers”, Physical Review Letters 1995, 75 (23): 4234-4237.Applicant
Hajime Tanaka et al., “New Method of Superheterodyne Light Beating Spectroscopy for Brillouin-Scattering Using Frequency-Tunable Lasers”, Physical Review Letters 1995, 74 (9): 1609-1612.Applicant
Webb RH et al. “Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope”, Applied Optics 1987, 26 (8): 1492-1499.Applicant
Andreas Zumbusch et al. “Three-dimensional vibrational imaging by coherence anti-Stokes Raman scattering”, Physics Review Letters 1999, 82 (20): 4142-4145.Applicant
Katrin Kneipp et al., “Single molecule detection using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)”, Physical Review Letters 1997, 78 (9): 1667-1670.Applicant
K.J. Koski et al., “Brillouin imaging” Applied Physics Letters 87, 2005.Applicant
Boas et al., “Diffusing temporal light correlation for burn diagnosis”, SPIE, 1999, 2979:468-477.Applicant
David J. Briers, “Speckle fluctuations and biomedical optics: implications and applications”, Optical Engineering, 1993, 32(2):277-283.Clark et al., “Tracking Speckle Patterns with Optical Correlation”, SPIE, 1992, 1772:77-87.Applicant
Clark et al., “Tracking Speckle Patterns with Optical Correlation”, SPIE, 1992, 1772:77-87.Applicant
Facchini et al., “An endoscopic system for DSPI”, Optik, 1993, 95(1):27-30.Applicant
Hrabovsky, M., “Theory of speckle dispacement and decorrelation: application in mechanics”, SPIE, 1998, 3479:345-354.Applicant
Sean J. Kirkpatrick et al., “Micromechanical behavior of cortical bone as inferred from laser speckle data”, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 1998, 39(3):373-379.Applicant
Sean J. Kirkpatrick et al., “Laser speckle microstrain measurements in vascular tissue”, SPIE, 1999, 3598:121-129.Applicant
Loree et al., “Mechanical Properties of Model Atherosclerotic Lesion Lipid Pools”, Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis, 1994, 14(2):230-234.Applicant
Podbielska, H. “Interferometric Methods and Biomedical Research”, SPIE, 1999, 2732:134-141.Applicant
Richards-Kortum et al., “Spectral diagnosis of atherosclerosis using an optical fiber laser catheter”, American Heart Journal, 1989, 118(2):381-391.Applicant
Ruth, B. “blood flow determination by the laser speckle method”, Int J Microcirc: Clin Exp, 1990, 9:21-45.Applicant
Shapo et al., “Intravascular strain imaging: Experiments on an Inhomogeneous Phantom”, IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium 1996, 2:1177-1180.Applicant
Shapo et al., “Ultrasonic displacement and strain imaging of coronary arteries with a catheter array”, IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium 1995, 2:1511-1514.Applicant
Thompson et al., “Imaging in scattering media by use of laser speckle”, Opt. Soc. Am. A., 1997, 14(9):2269-2277.Applicant
Thompson et al., “Diffusive media characterization with laser speckle”, Applied Optics, 1997, 36(16):3726-3734.Applicant
Tuchin, Valery V., “Coherent Optical Techniques for the Analysis of Tissue Structure and Dynamics,” Journal of Biomedical Optics, 1999, 4(1):106-124.Applicant
M. Wussling et al., “Laser diffraction and speckling studies in skeletal and heart muscle”, Biomed, Biochim, Acta, 1986, 45(1/2):S 23-S 27.Applicant
T. Yoshimura et al., “Statistical properties of dynamic speckles”, J. Opt. Soc. Am A. 1986, 3(7):1032-1054.Applicant
Zimnyakov et al., “Spatial speckle correlometry in applications to tissue structure monitoring”, Applied Optics 1997, 36(22): 5594-5607.Applicant
Zimnyakov et al., “A study of statistical properties of partially developed speckle fields as applied to the diagnosis of structural changes in human skin”, Optics and Spectroscopy, 1994, 76(5): 747-753.Applicant
Zimnyakov et al., “Speckle patterns polarization analysis as an approach to turbid tissue structure monitoring”, SPIE 1999, 2981:172-180.Applicant
Ramasamy Manoharan et al., “Biochemical analysis and mapping of atherosclerotic human artery using FT-IR microspectroscopy”, Atherosclerosis, May 1993, 181-1930.Applicant
N.V. Salunke et al., “Biomechanics of Atherosclerotic Plaque” Critical Reviews™ in Biomedical Engineering 1997, 25(3):243-285.Applicant
D. Fu et al., “Non-invasive quantitative reconstruction of tissue elasticity using an iterative forward approach”, Phys. Med. Biol. 2000 (45): 1495-1509.Applicant
S.B. Adams Jr. et al., “The use of polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography and elastography to assess connective tissue”, Optical Soc. of American Washington 2002, p. 3.Applicant
International Search Report for International Patent application No. PCT/US2005/039740.Applicant
International Written Opinion for International Patent application No. PCT/US2005/039740.Applicant
International Search Report for International Patent application No. PCT/US2005/030294.Applicant
International Written Opinion for International Patent application No. PCT/US2005/043951.Applicant
International Search Report for International Patent application No. PCT/US2005/043951.Applicant
Erdelyi et al. “Generation of diffraction-free beams for applications in optical microlithography”, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 15 (12), Mar./Apr. 1997, pp. 287-292.Applicant
International Search Report for International Patent application No. PCT/US2005/023664.Applicant
International Written Opinion for International Patent application No. PCT/US2005/023664.Applicant
Tearney et al., “Spectrally encoded miniature endoscopy” Optical Society of America; Optical Letters vol. 27, No. 6, Mar. 15, 2002; pp. 412-414.Applicant
Yelin et al., “Double-clad Fiber for Endoscopy” Optical Society of America; Optical Letters vol. 29, No. 20, Oct. 16, 2005; pp. 2408-2410.Applicant
International Search Report for International Patent application No. PCT/US2001/049704.Applicant
International Search Report for International Patent application No. PCT/US2004/039454.Applicant
International Written Opinion for International Patent application No. PCT/US2004/039454.Applicant
PCT International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. PCT/US2004/038404 dated Jun. 2, 2006.Applicant
Notice of Reasons for Rejection and English translation for Japanese Patent Application No. 2002-538830.Applicant
Office Action dated Aug. 24, 2006 for U.S. Appl. No. 10/137,749.Applicant
Barry Cense et al., “Spectral-domain polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography at 850nm”, Coherence Domain Optical Methods and Optical Coherence Tomography in Biomedicine IX, 2005, pp. 159-162.Applicant
A. Ymeti et al., “Integration of microfluidics with a four-channel integrated optical Young interferometer immunosensor”, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Elsevier Science Publishers, 2005, pp. 1417-1421.Applicant
PCT International Search Report for Application No. PCT/US2006/018865 filed May 5, 2006.Applicant
International Written Opinion for International Patent application No. PCT/US2006/018865 filed May 5, 2006.Applicant
John M. Poneros, “Diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus using optical coherence tomography”, Gastrointestinal Endoscopy clinics of North America, 14 (2004) pp. 573-588.Applicant
P.F. Escobar et al., “Diagnostic efficacy of optical coherence tomography in the management of preinvasive and invasive cancer of uterine cervix and vulva”, Int. Journal of Gynecological Cancer 2004, 14, pp. 470-474.Applicant
Ko T et al., “Ultrahigh resolution in vivo versus ex vivo OCT imaging and tissue preservation”, Conference on Lasers and electro-optics, 2001, pp. 252-253.Applicant
Paul M. Ripley et al., “A comparison of Artificial Intelligence techniques for spectral classification in the diagnosis of human pathologies based upon optical biopsy”, Journal of Optical Society of America, 2000, pp. 217-219.Applicant
Wolfgang Drexler et al., “Ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography”, Journal of Biomedical Optics Spie USA, 2004, pp. 47-74.Applicant
PCT International Search Report for Application No. PCT/US2006/016677 filed Apr. 28, 2006.Applicant
International Written Opinion for International Patent application No. PCT/US2006/016677 filed Apr. 28, 2006.Applicant
Office Action dated Nov. 13, 2006 for U.S. Appl. No. 10/501,268.Applicant
Office Action dated Nov. 20, 2006 for U.S. Appl. No. 09/709,162.Applicant
PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion for Application No. PCT/US2004/023585 filed Jul. 23, 2004.Applicant
Office Action dated Dec. 6, 2006 for U.S. Appl. No. 10/997,789.Applicant
Elliott, K. H. “The use of commercial CCD cameras as linear detectors in the physics undergraduate teaching laboratory”, European Journal of Physics 19, 1998, pp. 107-117.Applicant
Lauer, V. “New approach to optical diffraction tomography yielding a vector equation of diffraction tomography and a novel tomographic microscope”, Journal of Microscopy vol. 205, Issue 2, 2002, pp. 165-176.Applicant
Yu, P. et al. “Imaging of tumor necroses using full-frame optical coherence imaging”, Proceedings of SPIE vol. 4956, 2003, pp. 34-41.Applicant
Zhao, Y. et al. “Three-dimensional reconstruction of in vivo blood vessels in human skin using phase-resolved optical Doppler tomography”, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 7.6 (2001): 931-935.Applicant
Office Action dated Dec. 18, 2006 for U.S. Appl. No. 10/501,276.Applicant
Devesa, Susan S. et al. (1998) “Changing Patterns in the Incidence of Esophegeal and Gastric Carcinoma in the United States.” American Cancer Society vol. 83, No. 10 pp. 2049-2053.Applicant
Barr, H et al. (2005) “Endoscopic Therapy for Barrett's Oesophaugs” Gut vol. 54:875-884.Applicant
Johnston, Mark H.(2005) “Technology Insight: Ablative Techniques for Barrett's Esophagus—Current and Emerging Trends” www.Nature.com/clinicalpractice/gasthep.Applicant
Falk, Gary W. et al. (1997) “Surveillance of Patients with Barrett's Esophagus for Dysplasia and Cancer with Ballon Cytology” Gastrorenterology vol. 112, pp. 1787-1797.Applicant
Sepchler, Stuart Jon. (1997) “Barrett's Esophagus: Should We Brush off this Balloning Problem?” Gastroenterology vol. 112, pp. 2138-2152.Applicant
Froehly, J. et al. (2003) “Multiplexed 3D Imaging Using Wavelength Encoded Spectral Interferometry: A Proof of Principle” Optics Communications vol. 222, pp. 127-136.Applicant
Kubba A.K. et al. (1999) “Role of p53 Assessment in Management of Barrett's Esophagus” Digestive Disease and Sciences vol. 44, No. 4. pp. 659-667.Applicant
Reid, Brian J. (2001) “p53 and Neoplastic Progression in Barrett's Esophagus” The American Journal of Gastroenterology vol. 96, No. 5, pp. 1321-1323.Applicant
Sharma, P. et al.(2003) “Magnification Chromoendoscopy for the Detection of Intestinal Metaplasia and Dysplasia in Barrett's Oesophagus” Gut vol. 52, pp. 24-27.Applicant
Kuipers E.J et al. (2005) “Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy” Journal of Surgical Oncology vol. 92, pp. 203-209.Applicant
Georgakoudi, Irene et al. (2001) “Fluorescence, Reflectance, and Light-Scattering Spectroscopy for Evaluating Dysplasia in Patients with Barrett's Esophagus” Gastroenterology vol. 120, pp. 1620-1629.Applicant
Adrain, Alyn L. et al. (1997) “High-Resolution Endoluminal Sonography is a Sensitive Modality for the Identification of Barrett's Meaplasia” Gastrointestinal Endoscopy vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 147-151.Applicant
Canto, Marcia Irene et al (1999) “Vital Staining and Barrett's Esophagus” Gastrointestinal Endoscopy vol. 49, No. 3, part 2, pp. 12-16.Applicant
Evans, John A. et al. (2006) “Optical Coherence Tomography to Identify Intramucosal Carcinoma and High-Grade Dysplasia in Barrett's Esophagus” Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology vol. 4, pp. 38-3.Applicant
Poneros, John M. et al. (2001) “Diagnosis of Specialized Intestinal Metaplasia by Optical Coherence Tomography” Gastroenterology vol. 120, pp. 7-12.Applicant
Ho, W. Y. et al. (2005) “115 KHz Tuning Repetition Rate Ultrahigh-Speed Wavelength-Swept Semiconductor Laser” Optics Letters col. 30, No. 23, pp. 3159-3161.Applicant
Brown, Stanley B. et al. (2004) “The Present and Future Role of Photodynamic Therapy in Cancer Treatment” The Lancet Oncology vol. 5, pp. 497-508.Applicant
Boogert, Jolanda Van Den et al. (1999) “Endoscopic Ablation Therapy for Barrett's Esophagua with High-Grade Dysplasia: A Review” The American Journal of Gastroenterology vol. 94, No. 5, pp. 1153-1160.Applicant
Sampliner, Richard E. et al. (1996) “Reversal of Barrett's Esophagus with Acid Suppression and Multipolar Electrocoagulation: Preliminary Results” Gastrointestinal Endoscopy vol. 44, No. 5, pp. 532-535.Applicant
Sampliner, Richard E. (2004) “Endoscopic Ablative Therapy for Barrett's Esophagus: Current Status” Gastrointestinal Endoscopy vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 66-69.Applicant
Soetikno, Roy M. et al. (2003) “Endoscopic Mucosal resection” Gastrointestinal Endoscopy vol. 57, No. 4, pp. 567-579.Applicant
Ganz, Robert A. et al. (2004) “Complete Ablation of Esophageal Epithelium with a Balloon-based Bipolar Electrode: A Phased Evaluation in the Porcine and in the Human Esophagus” Gastrointestinal Endoscopy vol. 60, No. 6, pp. 1002-1010.Applicant
Pfefer, Jorje at al. (2006) “Performance of the Aer-O-Scope, A Pneumatic, Self Propelling, Self Navigating Colonoscope in Animal Experiments” Gastrointestinal Endoscopy vol. 63, No. 5, pp. AB223.Applicant
Overholt, Bergein F. et al. (1999) “Photodynamic Therapy for Barrett's Esophagus: Follow-Up in 100 Patients” Gastrointestinal Endoscopy vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 1-7.Applicant
Vogel, Alfred et al. (2003) “Mechanisms of Pulsed Laser Ablation of Biological Tissues” American Chemical Society vol. 103, pp. 577-644.Applicant
McKenzie, A. L. (1990) “Physics of Thermal Processes in Laser-Tissue Interaction” Phys. Med. Biol vol. 35, No. 9, pp. 1175-1209.Applicant
Anderson, R. Rox et al. (1983) “Selective Photothermolysis Precise Microsurgery by Selective Absorption of Pulsed Radiation” Science vol. 220, No. 4596, pp. 524-527.Applicant
Jacques, Steven L. (1993) “Role of Tissue Optics and Pulse Duration on Tissue Effects During High-Power Laser Irradiation” Applied Optics vol. 32, No. 13, pp. 2447-2454.Applicant
Nahen, Kester et al. (1999) “Investigations on Acosustic On-Line Monitoring of IR Laser Ablation of burned Skin” Lasers in Surgery and Medicine vol. 25, pp. 69-78.Applicant
Jerath, Maya R. et al. (1993) “Calibrated Real-Time Control of Lesion Size Based on Reflectance Images” Applied Optics vol. 32, No. 7, pp. 1200-1209.Applicant
Jerath, Maya R. et al (1992) “Dynamic Optical Property Changes: Implications for Reflectance Feedback Control of Photocoagulation” Journal of Photochemical,.Photobiology. B: Biol vol. 16, pp. 113-126.Applicant
Deckelbaum, Lawrence I. (1994) “Coronary Laser Angioplasty” Lasers in Surgery and Medicine vol. 14, pp. 101-110.Applicant
Kim, B.M. et al. (1998) “Optical Feedback Signal for Ultrashort Laser Pulse Ablation of Tissue” Applied Surface Science vol. 127-129, pp. 857-862.Applicant
Brinkman, Ralf et al. (1996) “Analysis of Cavitation Dynamics During Pulsed Laser Tissue Ablation by Optical On-Line Monitoring” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 826-835.Applicant
Whelan, W.M. et al. (2005) “A novel Strategy for Monitoring Laser Thermal Therapy Based on Changes in Optothermal Properties of Heated Tissues” International Journal of Thermophysics vol. 26., No. 1, pp. 233-241.Applicant
Thomsen, Sharon et al. (1990) “Microscopic Correlates of Macroscopic Optical Property Changes During Thermal Coagulation of Myocardium” SPIE vol. 1202, pp. 2-11.Applicant
Khan, Misban Huzaira et al. (2005) “Intradermally Focused Infrared Laser Pulses: Thermal Effects at Defined Tissue Depths” Lasers in Surgery and Medicine vol. 36, pp. 270-280.Applicant
Neumann, R.A. et al. (1991) “Enzyme Histochemical Analysis of Cell Viability After Argon Laser-Induced Coagulation Necrosis of the Skin” Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 991-998.Applicant
Nadkarni, Seemantini K. et al (2005) “Charaterization of Atherosclerotic Plaques by Laser Speckle Imaging” Circulation vol. 112, pp. 885-892.Applicant
Zimnyakov, Dmitry A. et al (2002) “Speckle-Contrast Monitoring of Tissue Thermal Modification” Applied Optics vol. 41, No. 28, pp. 5989-5996.Applicant
Morelli, J.G., et al (1986) “Tunable Dye Laser (577 nm) Treatment of Port Wine Stains” Lasers in Surgery and Medicine vol. 6, pp. 94-99.Applicant
French, P.M.W. et al. (1993) “Continuous-wave Mode-Locked Cr4+: YAG Laser” Optics Letters vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 39-41.Applicant
Sennaroglu, Alphan at al. (1995) “Efficient Continuous-Wave Chromium-Doped YAG Laser” Journal of Optical Society of America vol. 12, No. 5, pp. 930-937.Applicant
Bouma, B et al. (1994) “Hybrid Mode Locking of a Flash-Lamp-Pumped Ti: Al2O3 Laser” Optics Letters vol. 19, No. 22, pp. 1858-1860.Applicant
Bouma, B et al. (1995) “High Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging Using a Mode-Locked Ti: Al2O3 Laser Source” Optics Letters vol. 20, No. 13, pp. 1486-1488.Applicant
Fernández, Cabrera Delia et al. “Automated detection of retinal layer structures on optical coherence tomography images”, Optics Express vol. 13, No. 25, Oct. 4, 2005, pp. 10200-10216.Applicant
Ishikawa, Hiroshi et al. “Macular Segmentation with optical coherence tomography”, Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, vol. 46, No. 6, Jun. 2005, pp. 2012-2017.Applicant
R. Haggitt et al., “Barrett's Esophagus Correlation Between Mucin Histochemistry, Flow Cytometry, and Histological Diagnosis for Predicting Increased Cancer Risk,” Apr. 1988, American Journal of Pathology, vol. 131, No. 1, pp. 53-61.Applicant
R.H. Hardwick et al., (1995) “c-erbB-2 Overexpression in the Dysplasia/Carcinoma Sequence of Barrett's Oesophagus,” Journal of Clinical Pathology, vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 129-132.Applicant
W. Polkowski et al, (1998) Clinical Decision making in Barrett's Oesophagus can be supported by Computerized Immunoquantitation and Morphometry of Features Associated with Proliferation and Differentiation, Journal of pathology, vol. 184, pp. 161-168.Applicant
J.R. Turner et al., MN Antigen Expression in Normal Preneoplastic, and Neoplastic Esophagus: A Clinicopathological Study of a New Cancer-Associated Biomarker,: Jun. 1997, Human Pathology, vol. 28, No. 6, pp. 740-744.Applicant
D.J. Bowery et al., (1999) “Patterns of Gastritis in Patients with Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Disease,”, Gut, vol. 45, pp. 798-803.Applicant
O'Reich et al., (2000) “Expression of Oestrogen and Progesterone Receptors in Low-Grade Endometrial Stromal Sarcomas,”, British Journal of Cancer, vol. 82, No. 5, pp. 1030-1034.Applicant
M.I. Canto et al., (1999) “Vital Staining and Barrett's Esophagus,” Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, vol. 49, No. 3, Part 2, pp. S12-S16.Applicant
S. Jackie et al., (2000) “In Vivo Endoscopic Optical Coherence Tomography of the Human Gastrointestinal Tract-Toward Optical Biopsy,” Encoscopy, vol. 32, No. 10, pp. 743-749.Applicant
E. Montgomery, et al., “Reproducibility of the Diagnosis of Dysplasia in Barrett Esophagus: A Reaffirmation,” Apr. 2001, Human Pathology, vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 368-378.Applicant
H. Geddert et al., “Expression of Cyclin B1 in the Metaplasia-Dysphasia-Carcinoma Sequence of Barrett Esophagus,” Jan. 2002, Cancer, vol. 94, No. 1, pp. 212-218.Applicant
P. Pfau et al., (2003) “Criteria for the Diagnosis of Dysphasia by Endoscopic Optical Coherence Tomography,” Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, vol. 58, No. 2, pp. 196-2002.Applicant
R. Kiesslich et al., (2004) “Confocal Laser Endoscopy for Diagnosing Intraepithelial Neoplasias and Colorectal Cancer in Vivo,” Gastroenterology, vol. 127, No. 3, pp. 706-713.Applicant
X. Qi et al., (2004) “Computer Aided Diagnosis of Dysphasia in Barrett's Esophagus Using Endoscopic Optical Coherence Tomography,” SPIE, Coherence Domain Optical Methods and Optical Coherence Tomography in Biomedicine VIII. Proc. of Conference on., vol. 5316, pp. 33-40.Applicant
Seltzer et al., (1991) “160 nm Continuous Tuning of a MQW Laser in an External Cavity Across the Entire 1.3 μm Communications Window,” Electronics Letters, vol. 27, pp. 95-96.Applicant
Office Action dated Jan. 25, 2010 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/537,048.Applicant
International Search Report dated Jan. 27, 2010 for PCT/US2009/050553.Applicant
International Search Report dated Jan. 27, 2010 for PCT/US2009/047988.Applicant
International Search Report dated Feb. 23, 2010 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/445,131.Applicant
Office Action dated Mar. 18, 2010 of U.S. Appl. No. 11/844,454.Applicant
Office Action dated Apr. 8, 2010 of U.S. Appl. No. 11/414,564.Applicant
Japanese Office Action dated Apr. 13, 2010 for Japanese Patent application No. 2007-515029.Applicant
International Search Report dated May 27, 2010 for PCT/US2009/063420.Applicant
Office Action dated May 28, 2010 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/015,642.Applicant
Office Action dated Jun. 2, 2010 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/112,205.Applicant
Liptak David C. et al., (2007) “On the Development of a Confocal Rayleigh-Brillouin Microscope” American Institute of Physics vol. 78, 016106.Applicant
Office Action mailed Oct. 1, 2008 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/955,986.Applicant
Invitation of Pay Additional Fees mailed Aug. 7, 2008 for International Application No. PCT/US2008/062354.Applicant
Invitation of Pay Additional Fees mailed Jul. 20, 2008 for International Application No. PCT/US2007/081982.Applicant
International Search Report and Written Opinion mailed Mar. 7, 2006 for PCT/US2005/035711.Applicant
International Search Report and Written Opinion mailed Jul. 18, 2008 for PCT/US2008/057533.Applicant
Aizu, Y et al. (1991) “Bio-Speckle Phenomena and Their Application to the Evaluation of Blood Flow” Optics and Laser Technology, vol. 23, No. 4, Aug. 1, 1991.Applicant
Richards G.J. et al. (1997) “Laser Speckle Contrast Analysis (LASCA): A Technique for Measuring Capillary Blood Flow Using the First Order Statistics of Laser Speckle Patterns” Apr. 2, 1997.Applicant
Gonick, Maria M., et al (2002) “Visualization of Blood Microcirculation Parameters in Human Tissues by Time Integrated Dynamic Speckles Analysis” vol. 972, No. 1, Oct. 1, 2002.Applicant
International Search Report and Written Opinion mailed Jul. 4, 2008 for PCT/US2008/051432.Applicant
Jonathan, Enock (2005) “Dual Reference Arm Low-Coherence Interferometer-Based Reflectometer for Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) Application” Optics Communications vol. 252.Applicant
Motaghian Nezam, S.M.R. (2007) “increased Ranging Depth in optical Frequency Domain Imaging by Frequency Encoding” Optics Letters, vol. 32, No. 19, Oct. 1, 2007.Applicant
Office Action dated Jun. 30, 2008 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/670,058.Applicant
Office Action dated Jul. 7, 2008 for U.S. Appl. No. 10/551,735.Applicant
Australian Examiner's Report mailed May 27, 2008 for Australian patent application No. 2003210669.Applicant
Notice of Allowance mailed Jun. 4, 2008 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/174,425.Applicant
European communication dated May 15, 2008 for European patent application No. 05819917.5.Applicant
International Search Report and Written Opinion mailed Jun. 10, 2008 for PCT/US2008/051335.Applicant
Oh. W.Y. et al (2006) “Ultrahigh-Speed Optical Frequency Domain Imaging and Application to laser Ablation Monitoring” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 88.Applicant
Office Action dated Aug. 21, 2008 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/505,700.Applicant
Sticker, Markus (2002) En Face Imaging of Single Cell layers by Differential Phase-Contrast Optical Coherence Microscopy) Optics Letters, col. 27, No. 13, Jul. 1, 2002.Applicant
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Jul. 17, 2008 for International Application No. PCT/US2008/057450.Applicant
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Aug. 11, 2008 for International Application No. PCT/US2008/058703.Applicant
US National Library of Medicine (NLM), Bethesda, MD, US; “Abstracts of the 19th Annual Symposium of Transcatheter Cardiovascular Therapeutics, Oct. 20-25, 2007, Washington, DC, USA.”Applicant
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated May 26, 2008 for International Application No. PCT/US2008/051404.Applicant
Office Action dated Aug. 25, 2008 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/264,655.Applicant
Office Action dated Sep. 11, 2008 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/624,334.Applicant
Office Action dated Aug. 21, 2008 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/956,079.Applicant
Gelikono, V. M. et al. Oct. 1, 2004 “Two-Wavelength Optical Coherence Tomography” Radio physics and Quantum Electronics, Kluwer Academic Publishers-Consultants. vol. 47, No. 10-1.Applicant
International Search Report and Written Opinion for PCT/US2007/081982 dated Oct. 19, 2007.Applicant
Database Compendex Engineering Information, Inc., New York, NY, US; Mar. 5, 2007, Yelin, Dvir et al: “Spectral-Domain Spectrally-Encoded Endoscopy”.Applicant
Database Biosis Biosciences Information Service, Philadelphia, PA, US; Oct. 2006, Yelin D. et al: “Three-Dimensional Miniature Endoscopy”.Applicant
International Search Report and Written Opinion mailed Mar. 14, 2005 for PCT/US2004/018045.Applicant
Notification of the international Preliminary Report on Patentability mailed Oct. 21, 2005.Applicant
Shim M.G. et al., “Study of Fiber-Optic Probes for in vivo Medical Raman Spectroscopy” Applied Spectroscopy. vol. 53, No. 6, Jun. 1999.Applicant
Bingid U. et al., “Fibre-Optic Laser-Assisted Infrared Tumour Diagnostics (FLAIR); Infrared Tomour Diagnostics” Journal of Physics D. Applied Physics, vol. 38, No. 15, Aug. 7, 2005.Applicant
Jun Zhang et al. “Full Range Polarization-Sensitive Fourier Domain Optical Coherence Tomography” Optics Express, vol. 12, No. 24. Nov. 29, 2004.Applicant
Yonghua et al., “Real-Time Phase-Resolved Functional Optical Hilbert Transformation” Optics Letters, vol. 27, No. 2, Jan. 15, 2002.Applicant
Siavash et al., “Self-Referenced Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography” Optics Letters, vol. 27, No. 23, Dec. 1, 2002.Applicant
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Dec. 20, 2004 for PCT/US04/10152.Applicant
Notification Concerning Transmittal of International Preliminary Report on Patentability dated Oct. 13, 2005 for PCT/US04/10152.Applicant
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Mar. 23, 2006 for PCT/US2005/042408.Applicant
International Preliminary Report on Patentability dated Jun. 7, 2007 for PCT/US2005/042408.Applicant
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Feb. 28, 2007 for International Application No. PCT/US2006/038277.Applicant
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Jan. 30, 2009 for International Application No. PCT/US2008/081834.Applicant
Fox, J.A. et al; “A New Galvanometric Scanner for Rapid tuning of C02 Lasers” New York, IEEE, US vol. Apr. 7, 1991.Applicant
Motaghian Nezam, S.M. et al: “High-speed Wavelength-Swept Semiconductor laser using a Diffrection Grating and a Polygon Scanner in Littro Configuration” Optical Fiber Communication and the National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference Mar. 29, 2007.Applicant
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Feb. 2, 2009 for International Application No. PCT/US2008/071786.Applicant
Bilenca A et al: “The Role of Amplitude and phase in Fluorescence Coherence Imaging: From Wide Filed to Nanometer Depth Profiling”, Optics IEEE, May 5, 2007.Applicant
Inoue, Yusuke et al: “Varible Phase-Contrast Fluorescence Spectrometry for Fluorescently Strained Cells”, Applied Physics Letters, Sep. 18, 2006.Applicant
Bernet, S et al: “Quantitative Imaging of Complex Samples by Spiral Phase Contrast Microscopy”, Optics Express, May 9, 2006.Applicant
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Jan. 15, 2009 for International Application No. PCT/US2008/074863.Applicant
Office Action dated Feb. 17, 2009 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/211,483.Applicant
Notice of Reasons for Rejection mailed Dec. 2, 2008 for Japanese patent application No. 2000-533782.Applicant
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Feb. 24, 2009 for PCT/US2008/076447.Applicant
European Official Action dated Dec. 2, 2008 for EP 07718117.0.Applicant
Barfuss et al (1989) “Modified Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry with High spatial Resolution for Components of integrated optic Systems”, Journal of Lightwave Technology, IEEE vol. 7., No. 1.Applicant
Yun et al., (2004) “Removing the Depth-Degeneracy in Optical Frequency Domain Imaging with Frequency Shifting”, Optics Express, vol. 12, No. 20.Applicant
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Jun. 10, 2009 for PCT/US08/075456.Applicant
European Search Report issued May 5, 2009 for European Application No. 01991471.2.Applicant
Motz, J.T. et al: “Spectral- and Frequency-Encoded Fluorescence Imaging” Optics Letters, OSA, Optical Society of America, Washington, DC, US, vol. 30, No. 20, Oct. 15, 2005, pp. 2760-2762.Applicant
Japanese Notice of Reasons for Rejection dated Jul. 14, 2009 for Japanese Patent application No. 2006-503161.Applicant
Office Action dated Aug. 18, 2009 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/277,178.Applicant
Office Action dated Aug. 13, 2009 for U.S. Appl. No. 10/136,813.Applicant
Office Action dated Aug. 6, 2009 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/624,455.Applicant
Office Action dated May 15, 2009 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/537,123.Applicant
Office Action dated Apr. 17, 2009 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/537,343.Applicant
Office Action dated Apr. 15, 2009 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/205,775.Applicant
Office Action dated Dec. 9, 2008 for U.S. Appl. No. 09/709,162.Applicant
Office Action dated Dec. 23, 2008 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/780,261.Applicant
Office Action dated Jan. 9, 2010 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/624,455.Applicant
Office Action dated Feb. 18, 2009 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/285,301.Applicant
Beddow et al, (May 2002) “Improved Performance Interferomater Designs for Optical Coherence Tomography”, IEEE Optical Fiber Sensors Conference, pp. 527-530.Applicant
Yaqoob et al., (Jun. 2002) “High-Speed Wavelength-Multiplexed Fiber-Optic Sensors for Biomedicine,” Sensors Proceedings of the IEEE, pp. 325-330.Applicant
Office Action dated Feb. 18, 2009 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/697,012.Applicant
Zhang et al, (Sep. 2004), “Fourier Domain Functional Optical Coherence Tomography”, Saratov Fall Meeting 2004, pp. 8-14.Applicant
Office Action dated Feb. 23, 2009 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/956,129.Applicant
Office Action dated Mar. 16, 2009 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/621,694.Applicant
Office Action dated Oct. 1, 2009 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/677,278.Applicant
Office Action dated Oct. 6, 2009 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/015,642.Applicant
Lin, Stollen et al., (1977) “A CW Tunable Near-infrared (1.085-1.175-um) Raman Oscillator,” Optics Letters, vol. 1, 96.Applicant
Summons to attend Oral Proceedings dated Oct. 9, 2009 for European patent application No. 06813365.1.Applicant
Office Action dated Dec. 15, 2009 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/549,397.Applicant
Hariri, Lida P. et al. “Endoscopic Optical Coherence Tomography and Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy in a Murine Colon Cancer Model”, Laser in Surgery and Medicine, vol. 38, 2006, pp. 305-313.Applicant
PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion for Application No. PCT/US2006/031905 dated May 3, 2007.Applicant
PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion for Application No. PCT/US2007/060481 dated May 23, 2007.Applicant
PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion for Application No. PCT/US2007/060717 dated May 24, 2007.Applicant
PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion for Application No. PCT/US2007/060319 dated Jun. 6, 2007.Applicant
D. Yelin et al., “Three-dimensional imaging using spectral encoding heterodyne interferometry”, Optics Letters, Jul. 15, 2005, vol. 30, No. 14, pp. 1794-1796.Applicant
Akiba, Masahiro et al. “En-face optical coherence imaging for three-dimensional microscopy”, SPIE, 2002, pp. 8-15.Applicant
Office Action dated Aug. 10, 2007 for U.S. Appl. No. 10/997,789.Applicant
Office Action dated Feb. 2, 2007 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/174,425.Applicant
PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion for Application No. PCT/US2007/060657 dated Aug. 13, 2007.Applicant
Lewis, Neil E. et al., “Applications of Fourier Transform Infrared Imaging Microscopy in Neurotoxicity”, Annals New York Academy of Sciences, pp. 234-246.Applicant
Joo, Chulmin et al., Spectral-domain optical coherence phase microscopy for quantitative phase-contrast imaging, Optics Letters, Aug. 15, 2005, vol. 30, No. 16, pp. 2131-2133.Applicant
Guo, Bujin et al., “Laser-based mid-infrared reflectance imaging of biological tissues”, Optics Express, Jan. 12, 2004, vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 208-219.Applicant
Office Action dated Mar. 28, 2007 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/241,907.Applicant
Office Action dated May 23, 2007 for U.S. Appl. No. 10/406,751.Applicant
Office Action dated May 23, 2007 for U.S. Appl. No. 10/551,735.Applicant
PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion for Application No. PCT/US2007/061815 dated Aug. 2, 2007.Applicant
Sir Randall, John et al., “Brillouin scattering in systems of biological significance”, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 293, 1979, pp. 341-348.Applicant
Takagi, Yasunari, “Application of a microscope to Brillouin scattering spectroscopy”, Review of Scientific Instruments, No. 12, Dec. 1992, pp. 5552-5555.Applicant
Lees, S. et al., “Studies of Compact Hard Tissues and Collagen by Means of Brillouin Light Scattering”, Connective Tissue Research, 1990, vol. 24, pp. 187-205.Applicant
Berovic, N. “Observation of Brillion scattering from single muscle fibers”, European Biophysics Journal, 1989, vol. 17, pp. 69-74.Applicant
PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion for Application No. PCT/US2007/062465 dated Aug. 8, 2007.Applicant
Pyhtila John W. et al., “Rapid, depth-resolved light scattering measurements using Fourier domain, angle-resolved low coherence interferometry”, Optics Society of America, 2004.Applicant
Pyhtila John W. et al., “Determining nuclear morphology using an improved angle-resolved low coherence interferometry system”, Optics Express, Dec. 15, 2003, vol. 11, No. 25, pp. 3473-3484.Applicant
Desjardins A.E., et al., “Speckle reduction in OCT using massively-parallel detection and frequency-domain ranging”, Optics Express, May 15, 2006, vol. 14, No. 11, pp. 4736-4745.Applicant
Nadkarni, Seemantini K., et al., “Measurement of fibrous cap thickness in atherosclerotic plaques by spatiotemporal analysis of laser speckle images”, Journal of Biomedical Optics, vol. 11 Mar./Apr. 2006, pp. 021006-1-021006-8.Applicant
PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion for Application No. PCT/US2007/066017 dated Aug. 30, 2007.Applicant
Yamanari M. et al., “Polarization sensitive Fourier domain optical coherence tomography with continuous polarization modulation”, Proc. of SPIE, vol. 6079, 2006.Applicant
Zhang Jun et al., “Full range polarization-sensitive Fourier domain optical coherence tomography”, Optics Express, Nov. 29, 2004, vol. 12, No. 24, pp. 6033-6039.Applicant
European Patent Office Search report for Application No. 01991092.6-2305 dated Jan. 12, 2006.Applicant
PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion for Application No. PCT/US2007/060670 dated Sep. 21, 2007.Applicant
J. M. Schmitt et al., “Speckle in Optical Coherence Tomography: An Overview”, SPIE vol. 3726, pp. 450-461.Applicant
Office Action dated Oct. 11, 2007 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/534,095.Applicant
Office Action dated Oct. 9, 2007 for U.S. Appl. No. 09/709,162.Applicant
Notice of Allowance dated Oct. 3, 2007 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/225,840.Applicant
Siavash Yazdanfar et al., “In Vivo imaging in blood flow in human retinal vessels using color Doppler optical coherence tomography”, SPIE, 1999 vol. 3598, pp. 177-184.Applicant
Office Action dated Oct. 30, 2007 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/670,069.Applicant
Tang C. L. et al., “Wide-band electro-optical tuning of semiconductor lasers”, Applied Physics Letters, vol. 30, No. 2, Jan. 15, 1977, pp. 113-116.Applicant
Tang C. L. et al., “Transient effects in wavelength-modulated dye lasers”, Applied Physics Letters, vol. 26, No. 9, May 1, 1975, pp. 534-537.Applicant
Telle M. John, et al., “Very rapid tuning of cw dye laser”, Applied Physics Letters, vol. 26, No. 10, May 15, 1975, pp. 572-574.Applicant
Telle M. John, et al., “New method for electro-optical tuning of tunable lasers”, Applied Physics Letters, vol. 24, No. 2, Jan. 15, 1974, pp. 85-87.Applicant
Schmitt M. Joseph et al. “OCT elastography: imaging microscopic deformation and strain of tissue”, Optics Express, vol. 3, No. 6, Sep. 14, 1998, pp. 199-211.Applicant
M. Gualini Muddassir et al., “Recent Advancements of Optical Interferometry Applied to Medicine”, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 23, No. 2, Feb. 2004, pp. 205-212.Applicant
Maurice L. Roch et al. “Noninvasive Vascular Elastography: Theoretical Framework”, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 23, No. 2, Feb. 2004, pp. 164-180.Applicant
Kirkpatrick J. Sean et al. “Optical Assessment of Tissue Mechanical Properties”, Proceedings of the SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering SPIE—vol. 4001, 2000, pp. 92-101.Applicant
Lisauskas B. Jennifer et al., “Investigation of Plaque Biomechanics from Intravascular Ultrasound Images using Finite Element Modeling”, Proceedings of the 19th International Conference—IEEE Oct. 30-Nov. 2, 1997, pp. 887-888.Applicant
Parker K. J. et al., “Techniques for Elastic Imaging: A Review”, IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, Nov./Dec. 1996, pp. 52-59.Applicant
European Patent Office Search Report for Application No. 05791226.3.Applicant
Dubois Arnaud et al., “Ultrahigh-resolution OCT using white-light interference microscopy”, Proceedings of SPIE, 2003, vol. 4956, pp. 14-21.Applicant
Office Action dated Jan. 3, 2008 for U.S. Appl. No. 10/997,789.Applicant
Office Action dated Dec. 21, 2007 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/264,655.Applicant
Office Action dated Dec. 18, 2007 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/288,994.Applicant
Office Action dated Jan. 10, 2008 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/435,228.Applicant
Office Action dated Jan. 10, 2008 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/410,937.Applicant
Office Action dated Jan. 11, 2008 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/445,990.Applicant
Office Action dated Feb. 4, 2008 for U.S. Appl. No. 10/861,179.Applicant
PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion for Application No. PCT/US2007/061463 dated Jan. 23, 2008.Applicant
PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion for Application No. PCT/US2007/061481 dated Mar. 17, 2008.Applicant
PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion for Application No. PCT/US2007/078254 dated Mar. 28, 2008.Applicant
Sadhwani, Ajay et al., “Determination of Teflon thickness with laser speckle I. Potential for burn depth diagnosis”, Optical Society of America, 1996, vol. 35, No. 28, pp. 5727-5735.Applicant
C.J. Stewart et al., “A comparison of two laser-based methods for determination of burn scar perfusion: Laser Doppler versus laser speckle imaging”, Elsevier Ltd., 2005, vol. 31, pp. 744-752.Applicant
G. J. Tearney et al., “Atherosclerotic plaque characterization by spatial and temporal speckle pattern analysis”, CLEO 2001, vol. 56, pp. 307-307.Applicant
PCT International Search Report for Application No. PCT/US2007/068233 dated Feb. 21, 2008.Applicant
PCT International Search Report for Application No. PCT/US2007/060787 dated Mar. 18, 2008.Applicant
Statement under Article 19 and Reply to PCT Written Opinion for PCT International Application No. PCT/US2005/043951 dated Jun. 6, 2006.Applicant
PCT International Preliminary Report on Patentability for Application No. PCT/US2005/043951 dated Jun. 7, 2007.Applicant
Office Action dated Jul. 7, 2010 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/624,277.Applicant
Montag Ethan D., “Parts of the Eye” online textbook for JIMG 774: Vision & Psycophysics, download on Jun. 23, 2010 from http://www.cis.rit.edu/people/faculty/montag/vandplite/pages/chap—8/ch8p3.html.Applicant
Office Action dated Jul. 16, 2010 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/445,990.Applicant
Office Action dated Jul. 20, 2010 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/625,135.Applicant
Office Action dated Aug. 5, 2010 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/623,852.Applicant
Chinese office action dated Aug. 4, 2010 for CN 200780005949.9.Applicant
Chinese office action dated Aug. 4, 2010 for CN 200780016266.3.Applicant
Zhang et al., “Full Range Polarization-Sensitive Fourier Domain Optical Coherence Tomography” Optics Express, Nov. 29, 2004, vol. 12, No. 24.Applicant
Office Action dated Aug. 27, 2010 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/569,790.Applicant
Office Action dated Aug. 31, 2010 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/677,278.Applicant
Office Action dated Sep. 3, 2010 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/139,314.Applicant
Yong Zhao et al: “Virtual Data Grid Middleware Services for Data-Intensive Science”, Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience, Wiley, London, GB, Jan. 1, 2000, pp. 1-7, pp. 1532-0626.Applicant
Swan et al., “Toward Nanometer-Scale Resolution in Fluorescence Microscopy using Spectral Self-Inteference” IEEE Journal. Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 9 (2) 2003, pp. 294-300.Applicant
Moiseev et al., “Spectral Self-Interfence Fluorescence Microscopy”, J. Appl. Phys. 96 (9) 2004, pp. 5311-5315.Applicant
Hendrik Verschueren, “Interference Reflection Microscopy in Cell Biology”, J. Cell Sci. 75, 1985, pp. 289-301.Applicant
Park et al., “Diffraction Phase and Fluorescence Microscopy”, Opt. Expr. 14 (18) 2006, pp. 8263-8268.Applicant
Swan et al., “High Resolution Spectral Self-Interference Fluorescence Microscopy”, Proc. SPIE 4621, 2002, pp. 77-85.Applicant
Sanchez et al., “Near-Field Fluorscence Microscopy Based on Two-Photon Excvitation with Metal Tips”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 (20) 1999, pp. 4014-4017.Applicant
Wojtkowski, Maciej, Ph.D. “Three-Dimensional Retinal Imaging with High-Speed Ultrahigh-Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography” Ophthalmology, Oct. 2005, 112(10): 1734-1746.Applicant
Vaughan, J.M. et al., “Brillouin Scattering, Density and Elastic Properties of the Lens and Cornea of the Eye”, Nature, vol. 284, Apr. 3, 1980, pp. 489-491.Applicant
Hess, S.T. et al. “Ultra-high Resolution Imaging by Fluorescence Photoactivation Localization Microscopy” Biophysical Journal vol. 91, Dec. 2006, 4258-4272.Applicant
Fernandez-Suarez, M. et al., “Fluorescent Probes for Super-Resolution Imaging in Living Cells” Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology vol. 9, Dec. 2008.Applicant