Anti-splay medical implant closure with multi-surface removal aperture

[0001] This is a continuation of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/783,889, filed Feb. 20, 2004 for ANTI-SPLAY MEDICAL IMPLANT CLOSURE WITH MULTI-SURFACE REMOVAL APERTURE and this is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/236,123, filed Sep. 6, 2002 for HELICAL WOUND MECHANICALLY INTERLOCKING MATING GUIDE AND ADVANCEMENT STRUCTURE, which is now U.S. Pat. No. 6,726,689.

[0002] The present invention is directed to a closure for use in closing between spaced arms of a medical implant and securing a rod to the implant. In particular, the closure includes a non-circular multi-surfaced or multi-lobular internal bore for improved engagement by a complementary shaped tool for purposes of removal and an interlocking helical guide and advancement structure that prevents splaying of upper ends of walls of the implant within which the closure is placed away from an axis of rotation of the closure.

[0003] Medical implants present a number of problems to both surgeons installing implants and to engineers designing them. It is always desirable to have an implant that is strong and unlikely to fail or break during usage. It is also desirable for the implant to be as small and lightweight as possible so that it is less intrusive on the patient. These are normally conflicting goals, and often difficult to resolve.

[0004] One particular type of implant presents special problems. In particular, spinal bone screws, hooks, etc. are used in many types of back surgery for repair of injury, disease or congenital defect. For example, spinal bone screws of this type are designed to have one end that inserts threadably into a vertebra and a head at an opposite end. The head is designed to receive a rod or rod-like member in a channel in the head in which the rod is both captured and locked to prevent relative movement between the various elements subsequent to installation. The channel in the head is open ended and the rod is simply laid in the open channel. The channel is then closed with a closure member. The open headed bone screws and related devices are much easier to use and in some situations must be used instead of closed headed devices.

[0005] While open headed devices are often necessary and often preferred for usage, there is a significant problem associated with them. In particular, the open headed devices conventionally have two upstanding arms that are on opposite sides of a channel that receives the rod member. The top of the channel is closed by a closure after the rod member is placed in the channel. The closure can be of a slide in type, but such are not easy to use. Threaded nuts are sometimes used that go around the outside of the arms. Such nuts prevent splaying of the arms, but nuts substantially increase the size and profile of the implant which is not desirable. Many open headed implants are closed by plugs, bodies or closures that screw into threads between the arms, because such have a low profile. However, threaded plugs have encountered problems also in that they produce radially outward directed forces that lead to splaying or spreading of the tops of the arms or at least do not prevent splaying caused by outside forces that in turn loosen the implant. In particular, in order to lock the rod member in place, a significant force must be exerted on the relatively small plug. The tightening forces are required to provide enough torque to insure that the rod member is clamped or locked in place relative to the bone screw, so that the rod does not move axially or rotationally therein. Torques on the order of 100 inch-pounds are typical.

[0006] Because open headed implants such as bone screws, hooks and the like are relatively small, the arms that extend upwardly at the head can rotate relative to the base that holds the arms so that the tops of the arms are rotated or bent outward relatively easily by radially outward directed forces due to the application of substantial forces required to secure the rod member. Historically, early closures were simple plugs that were threaded with V-shaped threads and screwed into mating threads on the inside of each of the arms. But, as noted above, conventional V-shaped threaded plugs tend to splay or push the arms radially outward upon the application of a significant amount of torque, which ends up bending the arms sufficiently to allow the threads to loosen or disengage and the closure to fail. To counter outward directed application of forces, various engineering techniques were applied to resist the spreading forces. For example, the arms were significantly strengthened by substantially increasing the width of the arms. This had the unfortunate effect of substantially increasing the weight and the profile of the implant, which was undesirable.

[0007] The tendency of the open headed bone screw to splay is a result of the geometry or contour of the threads typically employed in such devices. In the past, most bone screw head receptacles and screw plugs have employed V-shaped threads. V-threads have leading and trailing sides oriented at angles to the screw axis. Thus, torque on the plug is translated to the bone screw head at least partially in an axial outward direction, tending to push or splay the arms of the bone screw head radially outward. This in turn spreads the internally threaded receptacle away from the thread axis so as to loosen the plug in the receptacle. The threads also have smooth or linear surfaces in a radial direction that allow slippage along the surfaces since they at best fit interferingly with respect to each other and have in the past not interlocked together. Thus, forces other than insertion forces can act to easily splay the arms since the surfaces slide rather than interlock.

[0008] The radial expansion problem of V-threads due to the radial outward component of forces applied to a V-thread has been recognized in various types of threaded joints. To overcome this problem, so-called “buttress” threadforms were developed. In a buttress thread, the trailing or thrust surface is oriented perpendicular to the thread axis, while the leading or clearance surface remains angled. This theoretically results in no radially inward or outward directed forces of a threaded receptacle in reaction to application of torque on the threaded plug. However, the linear surfaces still allow sideways slippage, if other forces are applied to the arms.

[0009] Development of threadforms proceeded from buttress threadforms which in theory have a neutral radial force effect on the screw receptacle, to reverse angled threadforms which theoretically positively draw the threads of the receptacle radially inward toward the thread axis when the plug is torqued. In a reverse angle threadform, the trailing side of the external thread is angled toward the thread axis instead of away from the thread axis, as in conventional V-threads. While buttress and reverse threadforms reduce the tendency to splay, the surfaces are not interlocking and the arms can still be bent outward by forces acting on the implant. The threads can be distorted or bent by forces exerted during installation. Therefore, while these types of threadforms are designed to not exert radial forces during installation, at most such threadforms provide an interference or frictional fit and do not positively lock the arms in place relative to the closure plug.

[0010] Furthermore, it is noted that plugs of this type that use threadforms are often cross threaded. That is, as the surgeon tries to start the threaded plug into the threaded receiver, the thread on the plug is inadvertently started in the wrong turn or pass of the thread on one arm. This problem especially occurs because the parts are very small and hard to handle. When cross threading occurs, the plug will often screw part way in the receiver and then “lock up” so that the surgeon is led to believe that the plug is tight and properly set. However, the rod is not secure relative to the bone screw or other implant and the implant fails to function properly. Therefore, it is also desirable to have a closure that resists cross threading in the receiver.

[0011] As stated above, it is desirable for medical implants to have strong and secure elements which are also very lightweight and low profile so that the overall implant impacts as little as possible upon the patient. However, strong and secure are somewhat divergent goals from the goals of lightweight and low profile. Thus, size, weight, and profile must all be taken into consideration and minimized, as much as possible, consistent with effective functioning.

[0012] In order to provide sufficient strength and friction to resist movement of the various elements once the closure plug is seated, it is necessary to apply a fairly substantial amount of torque to the closure. While some closure plugs are torqued without a head, many of the closure plugs currently in use in medical implants have a driving or installation head that breaks away from the remainder of the fastener at a preselected torque in order to assure that the closure is sufficiently torqued to provide the necessary strength and locking friction. The head is also broken away in order to assure that the closure is not over-torqued. Further, the head is typically broken away in order to provide the low profile and light weight that is desired in such closure plugs.

[0013] Because the driving head is typically broken away and because it is sometimes necessary to remove the closure after implantation and setting thereof, some mechanism must be provided in order to securely engage and remove the closure. Various structures have been provided for this purpose in prior art devices. The prior art structures have had varying degrees of success, but have typically been most effective in fasteners having a diameter that is comparatively large, such as 9 to 12 millimeters, because such larger fasteners provide greater surface and volume for engagement by removal structure of one kind or another. However, it is desirable to provide an implant closure plug with a removal mechanism which works effectively with implant elements of even smaller size.

[0014] The present invention provides a closure for use particularly with an open-headed bone implant screw to secure another implant structural member therein. The closure has a cylindrical plug, base or body and a driving or installation head that is separable from the body at a preselected torque at a breakaway region or along a breakaway line. A non-circular multi-surfaced bore or aperture extends axially through the head and into the body and is accessible subsequent to break off of the installation head to form a structure or mechanism for engagement by a removal tool of similar cross section to remove the body from the bone screw, if necessary. As used herein, the term multi-surfaced is intended to include multi-lobular or any other horizontal cross section (relative to the drawings) that is not round and that is adapted to mate with an insertion tool or removal tool, so as to provide grip or purchase to the tool while the tool rotates about an axis of rotation of the closure so as to operably install and set the closure or alternatively to remove the closure upon reverse rotation of the tool. In particular, within the body of the closure, the removal aperture is formed into a non-round multi-surfaced socket to receive a closure removal tool having a non-round cross sectional shape which is complementary to the shape of the socket. As noted above, the socket has a horizontal cross section or footprint that is non-round so that after a tool of similar cross section is placed in the aperture, an interference fit is provided when the tool is rotated, so as to rotate the body.

[0015] The multi-surfaced socket of the aperture is preferably formed by a plurality of centrally facing surfaces positioned circumferentially about a socket axis and extending generally parallel to the axis that is coaxial with an axis of rotation of the body. Such surfaces may include a plurality of planar surfaces, such as or similar to a hexagonal Allen socket, or non-planar surfaces including or similar to Torx (trademark of Textron, Inc.) or other multi-lobular shapes. A multi-lobular shape preferably includes a plurality of circumferentially spaced, centrally facing, rounded lobes separated by axial grooves or channels which receive splines of the closure removal tool. The splines of the removal tool are circumferentially spaced and separated by axially extending, rounded, outwardly facing concave grooves which are shaped to closely engage the lobes of a matingly shaped closure socket. The shapes of the closure socket and closure removal tool provide for positive, non-slip engagement of the removal tool with the closure body while avoiding the localized concentrations of stresses which can occur with other configurations of separable torque transfer arrangements.

[0016] The closure is also provided with a non-threaded guide and advancement structure for securing the closure in a receiver and locking the arms against splaying once the closure is seated in the implant. Preferably, the receiver is a rod receiving channel of an open-headed bone screw, hook or other medical implant in which the channel has an open top and is located between two spaced apart arms forming the open head of the bone screw.

[0017] The body of the closure is cylindrical and has an external guide and advancement flange extending helically about the body, relative to the body axis of rotation. The guide and advancement flange preferably has a compound, anti-splay type of contour which cooperates with complementary internal mating guide and advancement structures formed into the inner surfaces of spaced apart arms forming the open head of the bone implant screw. The flange has such a compound contour that includes an inward anti-splay surface component on the flange which faces generally inward toward the body axis. The mating guide and advancement structures of the bone screw head have a complementary contour to the body flange including outward anti-splay surface components which face outward, generally away from the body axis.

[0018] The inward anti-splay surface component is preferably formed by an enlarged region near an outer periphery of the body flange near a crest of the flange. The outward anti-splay surface components are formed near an outer periphery of the mating guide and advancement structures by enlargement thereof. The complementary anti-splay surface components of the closure and head slidably engage upon rotation and cooperate to interlock the body with the arms so as to resist splaying tendencies of the arms when the closure is strongly torqued or when other forces are applied to the various elements thereof.

[0019] In use, the closure and open-headed bone screw are used to anchor a spinal fixation member, such as a rod, by threadedly implanting the bone screw into a bone and clamping the rod within the head of the bone screw using the closure body. In order to enhance clamping engagement of the rod, the body may be provided with structural features which cut into the surface of the rod to thereby reduce the likelihood of translational or rotational movement of the rod relative to the bone screw. The body is preferably provided with a “cup point”, set ring, or V-ring on a forward end of the body to cut into the surface of the rod when the body is tightly torqued into the head of the bone screw. In some embodiments, the body is also provided with a central axial point on the leading end thereof.

[0020] Therefore, objects of the present invention include providing an improved closure for use with an open headed bone screw; providing such a closure having a cylindrical base or body and a driving or installation head that breaks away from the body at a breakaway region to provide a low or minimized profile subsequent to installation of the closure; providing such a closure having removal structure enabling positive, non-slip engagement of the closure by a removal tool; providing such a closure having an axially extending bore that passes through the installation head; providing such a closure having a removal aperture that is multi-surfaced and forms a removal tool receiving socket including a plurality of centrally facing surfaces positioned circumferentially about an axis of rotation of the body and extending generally along the axis to form the non-round, non-slip socket to receive a removal tool having a complementary shape; providing such a closure which has such a removal aperture with a multi-lobular shape including a plurality of circumferentially spaced, centrally facing, rounded lobes separated by axial grooves or channels which receive splines of the removal tool; providing such a closure wherein the removal socket becomes fully accessible to a removal tool when the installation head breaks from the body; providing such a closure in combination with an open headed bone implant screw for use in anchoring a bone fixation structural member, such as a rod; providing such a combination in which the open headed bone screw includes a pair of spaced apart arms forming a rod receiving channel; providing such a combination including an external guide and advancement flange on the closure body and internal mating guide and advancement structures located on inner surfaces of the bone screw head which slidably mate upon rotation of the body and that interlock and cooperate to resist tendencies of the arms to splay or diverge when the closure is torqued tightly into clamping engagement with a rod positioned in the channel or when external forces are applied to the implant; providing such a combination including elements to enhance setting engagement of the closure body with a rod in the bone screw channel; providing such a combination in which a forward end of the closure body is provided with a an axially aligned point and/or peripheral cup point or V-ring to cut into the surface of the rod when the body is torqued and tightened, to resist translational and rotational movement of the rod relative to the bone screw; and providing such an anti-splay closure body with a multi-surface aperture which is economical to manufacture, which is secure and efficient in use, and which is particularly well adapted for its intended purpose.

[0021] Other objects and advantages of this invention will become apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein are set forth, by way of illustration and example, certain embodiments of this invention.

[0022] The drawings constitute a part of this specification, include exemplary embodiments of the present invention, and illustrate various objects and features thereof.

[0032] As required, detailed embodiments of the present invention are disclosed herein; however, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely exemplary of the invention, which may be embodied in various forms. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the present invention in virtually any appropriately detailed structure.

[0033] Referring to the drawings in more detail, the reference numeral 1 generally designates an anti-splay closure with a multi-surfaced aperture, such as a multi-lobular aperture 2. The closure 1 generally includes a body 4 and a breakaway installation head 6. The body 4 is used in cooperation with an open headed bone implant screw 8 (FIGS. 6 and 7) to form an implant anchor assembly 9 to secure or anchor a spinal fixation member or rod 10 with respect to a bone 12, such as a vertebra.

[0034] The bone screw 8 includes a threaded shank 14 for threadably implanting into the bone 12 and an open head 16 formed by a pair of spaced apart arms 18 defining a U-shaped channel 20 therebetween to receive the rod 10. Inner and facing surfaces of the arms 18 have internal mating grooves or guide and advancement structures 22 (FIG. 8) tapped, or otherwise formed, therein. The head 16 has tool grip indentations 23 (FIG. 8) that allow a gripping tool (not shown) to securely hold the head 16 and facilitate gripping the bone screw 8 during manipulation for implantation of the bone screw 8 into the bone 12.

[0035] The body 4 is cylindrical in external shape about an axis of rotation 25 (FIG. 7) and has a forward, leading, or inner end 27 and a rear, trailing, or outer end 28. The breakaway head 6 is connected to the body 4 at the rear end 28 by way of a weakened breakaway line or ring 30 formed by selectively reducing the wall thickness to weaken the region. The breakaway ring 30 is thinned in such a manner that it fails at a selected relative torque between the head 6 and the body 4, as a result of torque applied to the head 6 to tighten the body 4 within the bone screw 8. As illustrated, the breakaway head 6 has a hexagonal outer shape to facilitate non-slip engagement by an installation tool (not shown) of a conventional socket type. The head 6 may also be provided with a set of tool slots 32 for alternative or more positive non-slip engagement of the head 6 by the installation tool and has a central bore 31 with an upper chamfer 33. Separation of the head 6 from the body 4, as shown in FIG. 7, is desirable to control or limit torque applied by the body 4 to the rod 10 within the bone screw head 16 and to provide a low profile joint between the body 4 and the bone screw 8.

[0036] The body 4 is provided with a guide and advancement flange 35 which extends helically about the cylindrical closure body 4. The flange 35 is enlarged near an outer periphery or radial crest thereof to form a generally inwardly facing or inward anti-splay surface 37. In a similar manner, the mating guide and advancement structures 22 are enlarged near the radially outward peripheries thereof to form generally outwardly facing or outward anti-splay surfaces 39. The anti-splay or splay resisting surfaces 37 and 39 mutually engage or slide closely relative to one another when the body 4 is rotated and thereby advanced into the bone screw head 16 so as to interlock thereby also interlocking the body 4 to the arms 18 to resist or prevent outward splaying of the arms 18 in reaction to torque or other forces.

[0037] Although particular contours of the flange 35 and mating structures 22 are shown herein, other contours of anti-splay guide and advancement flanges 35 and mating structures 22 are foreseen. Examples of such alternative configurations of anti-splay or splay resisting guide and advancement flange and mating structures are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/236,123 which is now U.S. Pat. No. 6,726,689 and which is incorporated herein by reference. The flange 35 and mating structures 22 cooperate to guide and advance the body 4 into clamping engagement with the rod 10 within the channel 20 in response to clockwise rotation of the body 4.

[0038] In order to more positively secure the rod 10 within the head 16 of the bone screw 8, the body 4 is provided with a V-ring or “cup point” 42 on the inner or forward end 27 thereof. The V-ring 42 cuts into the surface of the rod 10 when the body 4 is tightly torqued into the head 16. The V-ring 42 extends about a periphery of the inner end 27 of the body 4 and, thus, provides two possible areas of engagement between the body 4 and the rod 10.

[0039] In the great majority of cases, the body 4 is torqued into engagement with the rod 10 in the bone screw 8, the installation head 6 is broken away, and the anchor assembly 9 is permanently implanted in the bone 12. However, spinal alignment geometry is complex and it is sometimes necessary to make adjustments to a spinal fixation system. Additionally, slippage or failure of spinal fixation components can occur due to injury to the patient, deterioration of bone tissue, or the like. It is also possible that an implant system using anchored rods might be used therapeutically, for example, to set a broken bone, and subsequently removed. For these reasons, implant anchor assemblies often provide structures or mechanisms for releasing an anchor assembly 9 to make such adjustments or changes in a spinal fixation system. The anchor assembly 9 of the present invention provides formations for engaging the body 4 to retract it out of the bone screw head 16 to release the rod 10 to enable adjustment of the position of the rod 10 relative to the bone screw 8.

[0040] The multi-surfaced aperture 2 is coaxially positioned relative to the body 4 axis of rotation 25 and provided for non-slip engagement by a closure removal tool (not shown) having a shape which is complementary to the shape of the aperture 2. The illustrated aperture 2 is multi-lobular and is formed by a plurality of circumferentially spaced, axially extending lobes 45 separated by intervening spline receiving grooves 47. The closure removal tool (not shown) for engagement with the aperture 2 has a shape which is complementary thereto and includes circumferentially spaced splines corresponding to the grooves 47 and removal tool grooves corresponding to the lobes 45. The aperture 2 may be of a Torx type shape which is “hexlobular” or six lobed, or other multi-lobular shape.

[0041] It is also foreseen that the multi-surfaced aperture 2 could be a simpler shape, such as a multi-faceted shape having a square, triangular, rectangular, etc. shape. Such a multi-faceted shape could include a hexagonal Allen type socket (not shown) and an appropriately shaped closure removal tool (not shown). Alternatively, other non-circular, multi-surfaced shapes are envisioned for the shape of the aperture 2; however, the axis 25 passes through the aperture 2 so as to facilitate rotation of the body 4 by a tool having a single mating projection that conforms to the aperture 2.

[0042] It is to be understood that while certain forms of the present invention have been illustrated and described herein, it is not to be limited to the specific forms or arrangement of parts described and shown.