Energized biomedical device

[0001] This application is a non-provisional filing of a provisional application, U.S. Ser. No. 61/029,931, filed on Feb. 20, 2008.

[0002] This invention describes methods and apparatus for the fabrication of an energized biomedical device and, more specifically, in some embodiments, the fabrication of an energized ophthalmic lens.

[0003] Traditionally an ophthalmic device, such as a contact lens, an intraocular lens or a punctal plug included a biocompatible device with a corrective, cosmetic or therapeutic quality. A contact lens, for example, can provide one or more of: vision correcting functionality; cosmetic enhancement; and therapeutic effects. Each function is provided by a physical characteristic of the lens. A design incorporating a refractive quality into a lens can provide a vision corrective function. A pigment incorporated into the lens can provide a cosmetic enhancement. An active agent incorporated into a lens can provide a therapeutic functionality. Such physical characteristics are accomplished without the lens entering into an energized state.

[0004] More recently, it has been theorized that active components may be incorporated into a contact lens. Some components can include semiconductor devices. Some examples have shown semiconductor devices embedded in a contact lens placed upon animal eyes. However, such devices lack a free standing energizing mechanism. Although wires may be run from a lens to a battery to power such semiconductor devices, and it has been theorized that the devices may be wirelessly powered, no mechanism for such wireless power has been available.

[0005] It is desirable therefore to have additional methods and apparatus conducive to the formation of ophthalmic lenses that are wirelessly energized to an extent suitable for powering a semiconductor device incorporated into a biomedical device, such as an ophthalmic lens.

[0006] Accordingly, the present invention includes methods and apparatus for forming a biomedical device, such as an ophthalmic lens, with an energized portion capable of powering a semiconductor device. In some embodiments, the ophthalmic lens will include a cast mold silicone hydrogel with a energy receptor capable of receiving energy via a radio wave contained within the ophthalmic lens in a biocompatible fashion.

[0007] Additional embodiments include methods of forming an ophthalmic lens by depositing an energy receptor capable of receiving energy via a radio wave on to one of a first mold part and a second mold part and depositing a reactive monomer mix into one of: the first mold part and the second mold part. The first mold part is positioned proximate to the second mold part thereby forming a lens cavity with the energy receptor and at least some of the reactive monomer mix in the lens cavity; and exposing the reactive monomer mix to actinic radiation.

[0008] Lenses are formed via the control of actinic radiation to which the reactive monomer mixture is exposed.

[0015] The present invention includes biomedical devices, such as ophthalmic lenses and methods of making the ophthalmic lenses. In particular, the present invention includes an ophthalmic lens with a wireless energy receptor. In some embodiments, the present invention includes a hydrogel contact lens including a generally annular energy receptor around a periphery of an optic zone in the contact lens. Additional embodiments can include an energy receptor portion that includes a pattern of conductive material incorporated into or onto an ophthalmic lens. The pattern can be based upon a tuned wavelength of energy which can be wirelessly transmitted to the lens.

[0016] In some embodiments, a pattern of conductive material can be located exterior to an optic zone through which a wearer of a lens would see, while other embodiments can include a pattern of conductive material which is small enough to not adversely affect the sight of a contact lens wearer and therefore can be located within, or exterior to, an optical zone.

[0017] In general, according to some embodiments of the present invention, an energy receptor is embodied within an ophthalmic lens via a pad printing process which places the receptor material in a desired location relative to a mold part used to fashion the lens. A processing chip can be placed in electrical communication with the receptor material such that the receptor material can provide electrical power with which the processor chip may be powered. Subsequent to placing the energy receptor and processor, a Reactive Mixture can be shaped by the mold part and polymerized to form the ophthalmic lens.

[0018] As used herein, “energy receptor” refers to a medium that functions as an antenna for receiving wireless energy, such as, for example via radio wave transmission.

[0019] As used herein, “energy reception portion” refers to a portion of a biomedical device, such as an ophthalmic lens which is functional as an energy receptor.

[0020] As used herein “lens” refers to any ophthalmic device that resides in or on the eye. These devices can provide optical correction or may be cosmetic. For example, the term lens can refer to a contact lens, intraocular lens, overlay lens, ocular insert, optical insert or other similar device through which vision is corrected or modified, or through which eye physiology is cosmetically enhanced (e.g. iris color) without impeding vision. In some embodiments, the preferred lenses of the invention are soft contact lenses are made from silicone elastomers or hydrogels, which include but are not limited to silicone hydrogels, and fluorohydrogels.

[0021] As used herein, the term “lens forming mixture” or “Reactive Mixture” or “RMM” (reactive monomer mixture) refers to a monomer or prepolymer material which can be cured and crosslinked or crosslinked to form an ophthalmic lens. Various embodiments can include lens forming mixtures with one or more additives such as: UV blockers, tints, photoinitiators or catalysts, and other additives one might desire in an ophthalmic lenses such as, contact or intraocular lenses.

[0022] As used herein “lens forming surface” means a surface that is used to mold a lens. In some embodiments, any such surface 103-104 can have an optical quality surface finish, which indicates that it is sufficiently smooth and formed so that a lens surface fashioned by the polymerization of a lens forming material in contact with the molding surface is optically acceptable. Further, in some embodiments, the lens forming surface 103-104 can have a geometry that is necessary to impart to the lens surface the desired optical characteristics, including without limitation, spherical, aspherical and cylinder power, wave front aberration correction, corneal topography correction and the like as well as any combinations thereof.

[0023] As used herein, the term “mold” refers to a rigid or semi-rigid object that may be used to form lenses from uncured formulations. Some preferred molds include two mold parts forming a front curve mold part and a back curve mold part.

[0024] As used herein, “optical zone” means that area of an ophthalmic lens through which a wearer of the ophthalmic lens sees.

[0025] As used herein, “released from a mold,” means that a lens is either completely separated from the mold, or is only loosely attached so that it can be removed with mild agitation or pushed off with a swab.

Molds

[0026] Referring now to FIG. 1, a diagram of an exemplary mold 100 for an ophthalmic lens is illustrated with an energy receiving portion 109. As used herein, the terms a mold includes a form 100 having a cavity 105 into which a lens forming mixture 110 can be dispensed such that upon reaction or cure of the lens forming mixture, an ophthalmic lens of a desired shape is produced. The molds and mold assemblies 100 of this invention are made up of more than one “mold parts” or “mold pieces” 101-102. The mold parts 101-102 can be brought together such that a cavity 105 is formed between the mold parts 101-102 in which a lens can be formed. This combination of mold parts 101-102 is preferably temporary. Upon formation of the lens, the mold parts 101-102 can again be separated for removal of the lens.

[0027] At least one mold part 101-102 has at least a portion of its surface 103-104 in contact with the lens forming mixture such that upon reaction or cure of the lens forming mixture 110 that surface 103-104 provides a desired shape and form to the portion of the lens with which it is in contact. The same is true of at least one other mold part 101-102.

[0028] Thus, for example, in a preferred embodiment a mold assembly 100 is formed from two parts 101-102, a female concave piece (front piece) 102 and a male convex piece (back piece) 101 with a cavity formed between them. The portion of the concave surface 104 which makes contact with lens forming mixture has the curvature of the front curve of an ophthalmic lens to be produced in the mold assembly 100 and is sufficiently smooth and formed such that the surface of an ophthalmic lens formed by polymerization of the lens forming mixture which is in contact with the concave surface 104 is optically acceptable.

[0029] In some embodiments, the front mold piece 102 can also have an annular flange integral with and surrounding circular circumferential edge 108 and extends from it in a plane normal to the axis and extending from the flange (not shown).

[0030] A lens forming surface can include a surface 103-104 with an optical quality surface finish, which indicates that it is sufficiently smooth and formed so that a lens surface fashioned by the polymerization of a lens forming material in contact with the molding surface is optically acceptable. Further, in some embodiments, the lens forming surface 103-104 can have a geometry that is necessary to impart to the lens surface the desired optical characteristics, including without limitation, spherical, aspherical and cylinder power, wave front aberration correction, corneal topography correction and the like as well as any combinations thereof.

[0031] Mold part 101-102 material can include a polyolefin of one or more of: polypropylene, polystyrene, polyethylene, polymethyl methacrylate, and modified polyolefins.

[0032] A preferred alicyclic co-polymer contains two different alicyclic polymers and is sold by Zeon Chemicals L.P. under the trade name ZEONOR. There are several different grades of ZEONOR. Various grades may have glass transition temperatures ranging from 105° C. to 160° C. A specifically preferred material is ZEONOR 1060R.

[0033] Other mold materials that may be combined with one or more additives to form an ophthalmic lens mold include, for example, Zieglar-Natta polypropylene resins (sometimes referred to as znPP). On exemplary Zieglar-Natta polypropylene resin is available under the name PP 9544 MED. PP 9544 MED is a clarified random copolymer for clean molding as per FDA regulation 21 CFR (c) 3.2 made available by ExxonMobile Chemical Company. PP 9544 MED is a random copolymer (znPP) with ethylene group (hereinafter 9544 MED). Other exemplary Zieglar-Natta polypropylene resins include: Atofina Polypropylene 3761 and Atofina Polypropylene 3620WZ.

[0034] Still further, in some embodiments, the molds of the invention may contain polymers such as polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate, modified polyolefins containing an alicyclic moiety in the main chain and cyclic polyolefins. This blend can be used on either or both mold halves, where it is preferred that this blend is used on the back curve and the front curve consists of the alicyclic co-polymers.

[0035] In some preferred methods of making molds 100 according to the present invention, injection molding is utilized according to known techniques, however, embodiments can also include molds fashioned by other techniques including, for example: lathing, diamond turning, or laser cutting.

[0036] Typically, lenses are formed on at least one surface of both mold parts 101-102. However, in some embodiments, one surface of a lens may be formed from a mold part 101-102 and another surface of a lens can be formed using a lathing method, or other methods.

Lenses

[0037] Referring now to FIG. 2, an ophthalmic lens 201 is illustrated with an energy receptor 109 and a processing device 203. As illustrated, the energy receptor 109 can include a conductive material, such as, for example, a metallic material. Suitable metallic materials can include, for example, gold, silver and copper. Conductive fibers are also suitable, such as conductive carbon fibers.

[0038] The energy receptor 109 can be in electrical communication with a processing device 203. The processing device 203 can include any semiconductor type chip. In some specific embodiments, the processing device 203 includes a radio frequency identification chip (“RFID chip”) chip. The processing device 203 may also include multiple devices or circuitry. In an effort to provide simplicity in this description, the one or more devices will generally be referred to in the singular.

[0039] As illustrated, in some embodiments, the energy receptor portion 109 and the processing device 203 is located outside of an optic zone 202, wherein the optic zone 202 includes that portion of the lens 201 providing line of sight for a wearer of the lens 201.

[0040] In some embodiments, a preferred lens type can include a lens 201 that includes a silicone containing component. A “silicone-containing component” is one that contains at least one [—Si—O—] unit in a monomer, macromer or prepolymer. Preferably, the total Si and attached O are present in the silicone-containing component in an amount greater than about 20 weight percent, and more preferably greater than 30 weight percent of the total molecular weight of the silicone-containing component. Useful silicone-containing components preferably comprise polymerizable functional groups such as acrylate, methacrylate, acrylamide, methacrylamide, vinyl, N-vinyl lactam, N-vinylamide, and styryl functional groups.

[0041] Suitable silicone containing components include compounds of Formula I

[0042]
where

[0043] R¹ is independently selected from monovalent reactive groups, monovalent alkyl groups, or monovalent aryl groups, any of the foregoing which may further comprise functionality selected from hydroxy, amino, oxa, carboxy, alkyl carboxy, alkoxy, amido, carbamate, carbonate, halogen or combinations thereof, and monovalent siloxane chains comprising 1-100 Si—O repeat units which may further comprise functionality selected from alkyl, hydroxy, amino, oxa, carboxy, alkyl carboxy, alkoxy, amido, carbamate, halogen or combinations thereof;

[0044] where b=0 to 500, where it is understood that when b is other than 0, b is a distribution having a mode equal to a stated value;

[0045] wherein at least one R¹ comprises a monovalent reactive group, and in some embodiments between one and 3 R¹ comprise monovalent reactive groups.

[0046] As used herein “monovalent reactive groups” are groups that can undergo free radical and/or cationic polymerization. Non-limiting examples of free radical reactive groups include (meth)acrylates, styryls, vinyls, vinyl ethers, C_1-6alkyl(meth)acrylates, (meth)acrylamides, C_1-6alkyl(meth)acrylamides, N-vinyllactams, N-vinylamides, C_2-12alkenyls, C_2-12alkenylphenyls, C_2-12alkenylnaphthyls, C_2-6alkenylphenyl C_1-6alkyls, O-vinylcarbamates and O-vinylcarbonates. Non-limiting examples of cationic reactive groups include vinyl ethers or epoxide groups and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment the free radical reactive groups comprises (meth)acrylate, acryloxy, (meth)acrylamide, and mixtures thereof.

[0047] Suitable monovalent alkyl and aryl groups include unsubstituted monovalent C₁ to C₁₆alkyl groups, C₆-C₁₄ aryl groups, such as substituted and unsubstituted methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, propoxypropyl, polyethyleneoxypropyl, combinations thereof and the like.

[0048] In one embodiment b is zero, one R¹ is a monovalent reactive group, and at least 3 R¹ are selected from monovalent alkyl groups having one to 16 carbon atoms, and in another embodiment from monovalent alkyl groups having one to 6 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of silicone components of this embodiment include 2-methyl-2-hydroxy-3-[3-[1,3,3,3-tetramethyl-1-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]disiloxanyl]propoxy]propyl ester (“SiGMA”), 2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropyloxypropyl-tris(trimethylsiloxy)silane, 3-methacryloxypropyltris(trimethylsiloxy)silane (“TRIS”), 3-methacryloxypropylbis(trimethylsiloxy)methylsilane and 3-methacryloxypropylpentamethyl disiloxane.

[0049] In another embodiment, b is 2 to 20, 3 to 15 or in some embodiments 3 to 10; at least one terminal R¹ comprises a monovalent reactive group and the remaining R¹ are selected from monovalent alkyl groups having 1 to 16 carbon atoms, and in another embodiment from monovalent alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. In yet another embodiment, b is 3 to 15, one terminal R¹ comprises a monovalent reactive group, the other terminal R¹ comprises a monovalent alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and the remaining R¹ comprise monovalent alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of silicone components of this embodiment include (mono-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropyl)-propyl ether terminated polydimethylsiloxane (400-1000 MW)) (“OH-mPDMS”), monomethacryloxypropyl terminated mono-n-butyl terminated polydimethylsiloxanes (800-1000 MW), (“mPDMS”).

[0050] In another embodiment b is 5 to 400 or from 10 to 300, both terminal R¹ comprise monovalent reactive groups and the remaining R¹ are independently selected from monovalent alkyl groups having 1 to 18 carbon atoms which may have ether linkages between carbon atoms and may further comprise halogen.

[0051] In one embodiment, where a silicone hydrogel lens is desired, the lens of the present invention will be made from a reactive mixture comprising at least about 20 and preferably between about 20 and 70% wt silicone containing components based on total weight of reactive monomer components from which the polymer is made.

[0052] In another embodiment, one to four R¹ comprises a vinyl carbonate or carbamate of the formula:

[0053]

[0054] wherein: Y denotes O—, S— or NH—;

R denotes, hydrogen or methyl; d is 1, 2, 3 or 4; and q is 0 or 1.

[0055] The silicone-containing vinyl carbonate or vinyl carbamate monomers specifically include: 1,3-bis[4-(vinyloxycarbonyloxy)but-1-yl]tetramethyl-disiloxane; 3-(vinyloxycarbonylthio) propyl-[tris(trimethylsiloxy)silane]; 3-[tris(trimethylsiloxy)silyl]propyl allyl carbamate; 3-[tris(trimethylsiloxy)silyl]propyl vinyl carbamate; trimethylsilylethyl vinyl carbonate; trimethylsilylmethyl vinyl carbonate, and

[0056]

[0057] Where biomedical devices with modulus below about 200 are desired, only one R¹ shall comprise a monovalent reactive group and no more than two of the remaining R¹ groups will comprise monovalent siloxane groups.

[0058] Another class of silicone-containing components includes polyurethane macromers of the following formulae:
(*D*A*D*G)_a*D*D*E¹
E(*D*G*D*A)_a*D*G*D*E¹ or;
E(*D*A*D*G)_a*D*A*D*E¹  Formulae IV-VI
wherein:

[0059] D denotes an alkyl diradical, an alkyl cycloalkyl diradical, a cycloalkyl diradical, an aryl diradical or an alkylaryl diradical having 6 to 30 carbon atoms,

[0060] G denotes an alkyl diradical, a cycloalkyl diradical, an alkyl cycloalkyl diradical, an aryl diradical or an alkylaryl diradical having 1 to 40 carbon atoms and which may contain ether, thio or amine linkages in the main chain;

[0061] * denotes a urethane or ureido linkage;

[0062] _a is at least 1;

[0063] A denotes a divalent polymeric radical of formula:

[0064]
R¹¹ independently denotes an alkyl or fluoro-substituted alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which may contain ether linkages between carbon atoms; y is at least 1; and p provides a moiety weight of 400 to 10,000; each of E and E¹ independently denotes a polymerizable unsaturated organic radical represented by formula:

[0065]
wherein: R¹² is hydrogen or methyl; R¹³ is hydrogen, an alkyl radical having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or a —CO—Y—R¹⁵ radical wherein Y is —O—, Y—S— or —NH—; R¹⁴ is a divalent radical having 1 to 12 carbon atoms; X denotes —CO— or —OCO—; Z denotes —O— or —NH—; Ar denotes an aromatic radical having 6 to 30 carbon atoms; w is 0 to 6; x is 0 or 1; y is 0 or 1; and z is 0 or 1.

[0066] A preferred silicone-containing component is a polyurethane macromer represented by the following formula:

[0067]
wherein R¹⁶ is a diradical of a diisocyanate after removal of the isocyanate group, such as the diradical of isophorone diisocyanate. Another suitable silicone containing macromer is compound of formula X (in which x+y is a number in the range of 10 to 30) formed by the reaction of fluoroether, hydroxy-terminated polydimethylsiloxane, isophorone diisocyanate and isocyanatoethylmethacrylate.

[0068]

[0069] Other silicone containing components suitable for use in this invention include macromers containing polysiloxane, polyalkylene ether, diisocyanate, polyfluorinated hydrocarbon, polyfluorinated ether and polysaccharide groups; polysiloxanes with a polar fluorinated graft or side group having a hydrogen atom attached to a terminal difluoro-substituted carbon atom; hydrophilic siloxanyl methacrylates containing ether and siloxanyl linkages and crosslinkable monomers containing polyether and polysiloxanyl groups. Any of the foregoing polysiloxanes can also be used as the silicone containing component in this invention.

Processes

[0070] The following method steps are provided as examples of processes that may be implemented according to some aspects of the present invention. It should be understood that the order in which the method steps are presented is not meant to be limiting and other orders may be used to implement the invention. In addition, not all of the steps are required to implement the present invention and additional steps may be included in various embodiments of the present invention.

[0071] Referring now to FIG. 4, a flowchart illustrates exemplary steps that may be used to implement the present invention, at 401, an energy receptor 109 is positioned on a mold part 101-102 prior to polymerization of the lens forming mixture 110. One or more processing chips 203, such as, for example, a RFID chip can also be positioned on the mold part.

[0072] In some embodiments, the energy receptor 109 can be placed directly on a mold part 101-102 via mechanical placement. Mechanical placement can include, for example, a pad printing apparatus, such as those known in the industry to apply pigment or ink to a mold part.

[0073] One example of a pad printing device is discussed in relation to FIG. 3, above. An energy receptor 109 can be placed upon a formable pad 311 included in the pad printing apparatus 301 and the formable pad can be pressed against a surface of a mold part, such as, for example a concave mold part 102. The action of the pad 311 against the mold part 102 will cause the energy receptor 109 to be placed on the mold part 101-102.

[0074] Mechanical placement can also include any automation, robotic movement, or even human placement of the energy receptor 109 within a cast mold part such that the polymerization of a Reactive Mixture 110 contained by the mold part will include the energy receptor 109 in a resultant ophthalmic lens.

[0075] At 402, in some preferred embodiments, a binder layer 111 can be applied to a mold part 101-102 prior to placement of the energy receptor on the mold part 101-102. A binder layer 111 can include, by way of non-limiting example, a pigment or a monomer. The binding layer 111 may be applied for example via a pad printing process. In some embodiments, a processor device, 203 may also be placed into the binder 109.

[0076] Embodiments can also include a printing cliche (not illustrated) with a pattern formed into the cliche. A binding layer material, such as a pigment based binding layer, can be applied to the cliche and formable pad can be pressed against the binding layer material to coat the pad. The pad is then pressed against a mold part 101-102 to apply the binding layer material to the mold part 101-102. An energy receptor 109 can be placed onto or into or partially into the binding layer 111. The binding layer facilitates the securing the energy receptor in place on the mold part 101-102 during deposition and cure of a Reactive Mixture.

[0077] As illustrated, multiple mold parts 214 are contained on a pallet 213 and presented to a pad printing apparatus 210. Embodiments, can include a single pad 211 individually positioning an energy receptor 109 in multiple molds 214, or multiple pads (not shown) simultaneously positioning energy receptors in multiple mold parts 214.

[0078] In some embodiments, a binding layer 111 can include a binding polymer that is capable of forming an interpenetrating polymer network with a lens material, the need for formation of covalent bonds between the binder and lens material to form a stable lens 110 is eliminated. Stability of a lens 110 with an energy receptor placed into the binder is provided by entrapment of the energy receptor 109 in the binding polymer and the lens base polymer. The binding polymers of the invention can include, for example, those made from a homopolymer or copolymer, or combinations thereof, having similar solubility parameters to each other and the binding polymer has similar solubility parameters to the lens material. Binding polymers may contain functional groups that render the polymers and copolymers of the binding polymer capable of interactions with each other. The functional groups can include groups of one polymer or copolymer interact with that of another in a manner that increases the density of the interactions helping to inhibit the mobility of and/or entrap the pigment particles. The interactions between the functional groups may be polar, dispersive, or of a charge transfer complex nature. The functional groups may be located on the polymer or copolymer backbones or be pendant from the backbones.

[0079] By way of non-limiting example, a monomer, or mixture of monomers, that form a polymer with a positive charge may be used in conjunction with a monomer or monomers that form a polymer with a negative charge to form the binding polymer. As a more specific example, methacrylic acid (“MAA”) and 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (“HEMA”) may be used to provide a MAA/HEMA copolymer that is then mixed with a HEMA/3-(N,N-dimethyl) propyl acrylamide copolymer to form the binding polymer.

[0080] As another example, the binding polymer may be composed of hydrophobically-modified monomers including, without limitation, amides and esters of the formula:
CH₃(CH₂)_x-L-COCHR═CH₂
wherein L may be —NH or oxygen, x may be a whole number from 2 to 24, K may be
a C₁ to C₆ alkyl or hydrogen and preferably is methyl or hydrogen. Examples of such amides and esters include, without limitation, lauryl methacrylamide, and hexyl methacrylate. As yet another example, polymers of aliphatic chain extended carbamates and ureas may be used to form the binding polymer.

[0081] Binding polymers suitable for a binding layer 111 may also include a random block copolymer of HEMA, MAA and lauryl methacrylate (“LMA”, a random block copolymer of HEMA and MAA or HEMA and LMA, or a homopolymer of HEMA. The weight percentages, based on the total weight of the binding polymer, of each component in these embodiments is about 93 to about 100 weight percent HEMA, about 0 to about 2 weight percent MAA, and about 0 to about 5 weight percent LMA.

[0082] The molecular weight of the binding polymer can be such that it is somewhat soluble in the lens material and swells in it. The lens material diffuses into the binding polymer and is polymerized and/or cross-linked. However, at the same time, the molecular weight of the binding polymer cannot be so high as to impact the quality of the printed image. Preferably, the molecular weight of the binding polymer is about 7,000 to about 100,000, more preferably about 7,000 to about 40,000, most preferably about 17,000 to about 35,000 M_peak which corresponds to the molecular weight of the highest peak in the SEC analyses (=(M_n×M_w)^1/2)

[0083] For purposes of the invention, the molecular weight can be determined using a gel permeation chromatograph with a 90° light scattering and refractive index detectors. Two columns of PW4000 and PW2500, a methanol-water eluent of 75/25 wt/wt adjusted to 50 mM sodium chloride and a mixture of polyethylene glycol and polyethylene oxide molecules with well defined molecular weights ranging from 325,000 to 194 are used.

[0084] One ordinarily skilled in the art will recognize that, by using chain transfer agents in the production of the binding polymer, by using large amounts of initiator, by using living polymerization, by selection of appropriate monomer and initiator concentrations, by selection of amounts and types of solvent, or combinations thereof, the desired binding polymer molecular weight may be obtained. Preferably, a chain transfer agent is used in conjunction with an initiator, or more preferably with an initiator and one or more solvents to achieve the desired molecular weight. Alternatively, small amounts of very high molecular weight binding polymer may be used in conjunction with large amounts of solvent to maintain a desired viscosity for the binding polymer. Preferably, the viscosity of the binding polymer will be about 4,000 to about 15,000 centipoise at 23° C.

[0085] Chain transfer agents useful in forming the binding polymers used in the invention have chain transfer constants values of greater than about 0.01, preferably greater than about 7, and more preferably greater than about 25,000.

[0086] Any desirable initiators may be used including, without limitation, ultra-violet, visible light, thermal initiators and the like and combinations thereof. Preferably, a thermal initiator is used, more preferably 2,2-azobis isobutyronitrile and 2,2-azobis 2-methylbutyronitrile. The amount of initiator used will be about 0.1 to about 5 weight percent based on the total weight of the formulation. Preferably, 2,2-azobis 2-methylbutyronitrile is used with dodecanethiol.

[0087] A binding polymer layer 111 may be made by any convenient polymerization process including, without limitation, radical chain polymerization, step polymerization, emulsion polymerization, ionic chain polymerization, ring opening, group transfer polymerization, atom transfer polymerization, and the like. Preferably, a thermal-initiated, free-radical polymerization is used. Conditions for carrying out the polymerization are within the knowledge of one ordinarily skilled in the art.

[0088] Solvents useful in the production of the binding polymer are medium boiling solvents having boiling points between about 120 and 230° C. Selection of the solvent to be used will be based on the type of binding polymer to be produced and its molecular weight. Suitable solvents include, without limitation, diacetone alcohol, cyclohexanone, isopropyl lactate, 3-methoxy 1-butanol, 1-ethoxy-2-propanol, and the like.

[0089] In some embodiments, a binding polymer layer 111 of the invention may be tailored, in terms of expansion factor in water, to the lens material with which it will be used. Matching, or substantially matching, the expansion factor of the binding polymer with that of the cured lens material in packing solution may facilitate the avoidance of development of stresses within the lens that result in poor optics and lens parameter shifts. Additionally, the binding polymer can be swellable in the lens material, permitting swelling of the image printed using the colorant of the invention. Due to this swelling, the image becomes entrapped within the lens material without any impact on lens comfort.

[0090] In some embodiments, colorants may be included in the binding layer 111. Pigments useful with the binding polymer in the colorants of the invention are those organic or inorganic pigments suitable for use in contact lenses, or combinations of such pigments. The opacity may be controlled by varying the concentration of the pigment and opacifying agent used, with higher amounts yielding greater opacity. Illustrative organic pigments include, without limitation, pthalocyanine blue, pthalocyanine green, carbazole violet, vat orange #1, and the like and combinations thereof. Examples of useful inorganic pigments include, without limitation, iron oxide black, iron oxide brown, iron oxide yellow, iron oxide red, titanium dioxide, and the like, and combinations thereof. In addition to these pigments, soluble and non-soluble dyes may be used including, without limitation, dichlorotriazine and vinyl sulfone-based dyes. Useful dyes and pigments are commercially available.

[0091] Coating, or wetting, of the pigment particles with binding polymer provides better dispersion of the pigment particles in the bulk binding polymer. The coating may be achieved by use of electrostatic, dispersive, or hydrogen bonding forces to cover the pigment's surface. Preferably, a high shear force is used to disperse the pigment into the binding polymer. The pigment may be added to the binding polymer by dispensing the polymer and pigment into a suitable mixer, such as a rotary shaft mixer and mixing until a homogeneous mixture results, typically for a period of up to about 30 minutes. The mixture may be then fed into a high shear mill, such as an Eiger mill to disperse the pigment into the binding polymer. Repeated milling is carried out as necessary to achieve complete dispersion. Generally, milling is carried out until the pigments are about 0.2 to about 3 microns in size. Milling may be carried out using any suitable, commercially available device including, without limitation, a high shear or ball milling device.

[0092] In addition to the pigment and binding polymer, in some embodiments, the binding layer 111 contains one or more solvents that aid in coating of the binding layer onto the mold part 101-102. It is another discovery of the invention that, to facilitate a binding layer 111 that does not bleed or run on the mold part 101-102 surface to which it is applied, it is desirable, and preferred, that the binding layer 101-102 have a surface tension below about 27 mN/m. This surface tension may be achieved by treatment of the surface, for example a mold surface, to which the binding layer 111 will be applied. Surface treatments may be effected by methods known in the art, such as, but not limited to plasma and corona treatments. Alternatively, and preferably, the desired surface tension may be achieved by the choice of solvents used in the colorant.

[0093] Accordingly, exemplary solvents useful in the binding layer 111 include those solvents that are capable of increasing or decreasing the viscosity of the binding layer 111 and aiding in controlling the surface tension. Suitable solvents include, without limitation, cyclopentanones, 4-methyl-2-pentanone, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 1-ethoxy-2-propanol, isopropyl lactate and the like and combinations thereof. Preferably, 1-ethoxy-2-propanol and isopropyl lactate are used.

[0094] In some preferred embodiments, at least three different solvents are used in the binding layer 111 material of the invention. The first two of these solvents, both medium boiling point solvents, are used in the production of the binding polymer. Although these solvents may be stripped from the binding polymer after its formation, it is preferred that they are retained. Preferably, the two solvents are 1-ethoxy-2-propanol and isopropyl lactate. An additional low boiling solvent, meaning a solvent the boiling point of which is between about 75 and about 120° C., can be used to decrease the viscosity of the colorant as desired. Suitable low boiling solvents include, without limitation, 2-propanol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 1-propanol, and the like and combinations thereof. Preferably, 1-propanol is used.

[0095] The specific amount of solvents used can depend on a number of factors. For example, the amount of solvents used in forming the binding polymer will depend upon the molecular weight of the binding polymer desired and the constituents, such as the monomers and copolymers, used in the binding polymer. The amount of low boiling solvent used will depend upon the viscosity and surface tension desired for the colorant. Further, if the colorant is to be applied to a mold and cured with a lens material, the amount of solvent used will depend upon the lens and mold materials used and whether the mold material has undergone any surface treatment to increase its wettability. Determination of the precise amount of solvent to be used is within the skill of one ordinarily skilled in the art. Generally, the total weight of the solvents used will be about 40 to about 75 weight percent of solvent will be used.

[0096] In addition to the solvents, a plasticizer may be and, preferably is, added to the binding layer 111 to reduce cracking during the drying of the binding layer 111 and to enhance the diffusion and swelling of the binding layer 111 by the lens material. The type and amount of plasticizer used will depend on the molecular weight of the binding polymer used and, for colorants placed onto molds that are stored prior to use, the shelf-life stability desired. Useful plasticizers include, without limitation, glycerol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol 200, 400, or 600, and the like and combinations thereof. Preferably, glycerol is used. Amounts of plasticizer used generally will be 0 to about 10 weight percent based on the weight of the colorant.

[0097] One ordinarily skilled in the art will recognize that additives other than those discussed also may be included in the binding layer 111 composition of the invention. Suitable additives include, without limitation, additives that aid flow and leveling, additives for foam prevention, additives for rheology modification, and the like, and combinations thereof.

[0098] In some embodiments of the present invention, the binding layer becomes embedded in the lens material upon curing of the lens material. Thus, the binding layer 111 may embed closer to the front or back surface of the lens formed depending on the surface of the mold to which the lens the binding layer 11 is applied. Additionally, one or more layers of binding layer 11 may be applied in any order.

[0099] Although invention may be used to provide hard or soft contact lenses made of any known lens material, or material suitable for manufacturing such lenses, preferably, the lenses of the invention are soft contact lenses having water contents of about 0 to about 90 percent. More preferably, the lenses are made of monomers containing hydroxy groups, carboxyl groups, or both or be made from silicone-containing polymers, such as siloxanes, hydrogels, silicone hydrogels, and combinations thereof. Material useful for forming the lenses of the invention may be made by reacting blends of macromers, monomers, and combinations thereof along with additives such as polymerization initiators. Suitable materials include, without limitation, silicone hydrogels made from silicone macromers and hydrophilic monomers.

[0100] Referring now again to FIG. 4, at 403, a reactive mixture is placed between a first mold part and a second mold part with at least an energy receptor 109 in contact with the reactive mixture.

[0101] At 404, the reactive mixture is polymerized, such as for example via exposure to one or both of actinic radiation and heat. At 405, an ophthalmic device 201 incorporating the energy receptor 109 is removed from the mold parts 101-102 used to form the ophthalmic device 201.

[0102] Referring now to FIG. 5 in another aspect of the present invention, a processing device 203 incorporated into an ophthalmic device 201 can be powered via energy transmitted via radio waves. At 501, a wireless radio signal is transmitted at a frequency tuned to an energy receptor 111 included in an ophthalmic lens 201. In some preferred embodiments, the energy receptor is positioned in the ophthalmic lens via a pad printing apparatus 210. At 502, energy is received into the energy receptor included in the ophthalmic lens. The energy receptor 111 can handle the energy as an electrical charge.

[0103] At 503, the energy received is directed into the information processing device 203. The energy can be directed, for example, via electrical circuitry capable of conducting the electrical charge. At 504 the processing device 203 performs some action on information. The action can include one or more of: receiving, transmitting, storing and manipulating information. Preferred embodiments will include the information being processed and stored as digital values.

[0104] At 505, in some embodiments, information can be transmitted from the processing device. Some embodiments can also include the transmission of information based upon the action performed upon the information.

Apparatus

[0105] Referring now to FIG. 6 a controller 600 is illustrated that may be used in some embodiments of the present invention. The controller 603 includes a processor 610, which may include one or more processor components coupled to a communication device 620. In some embodiments, a controller 600 can be used to transmit energy to the energy receptor placed in the ophthalmic lens.

[0106] The controller can include a one or more processors, coupled to a communication device configured to communicate energy via a communication channel. The communication device may be used to electronically control the transfer of energy to the ophthalmic lens receptor.

[0107] The communication device 620 may be used to communicate, for example, with one or more controller apparatus or manufacturing equipment components, such as for example pad printing apparatus.

[0108] The processor 610 is also in communication with a storage device 630. The storage device 630 may comprise any appropriate information storage device, including combinations of magnetic storage devices (e.g., magnetic tape and hard disk drives), optical storage devices, and/or semiconductor memory devices such as Random Access Memory (RAM) devices and Read Only Memory (ROM) devices.

[0109] The storage device 630 can store a program 616 for controlling the processor 610. The processor 610 performs instructions of the program 616, and thereby operates in accordance with the present invention. For example, the processor 610 may receive information descriptive of energy receptor placement, processing device placement, and the like. The storage device 630 can also store ophthalmic related data in one or more databases. The database may include customized lens designs, metrology data, and specific control sequences for controlling the DMD to form a specific lens design via application of a particular profile of actinic forming radiation.

[0110] In some embodiments, an ophthalmic lens with a processor device, such as an RFID chip can be matched with an RFID reader, antenna, and data analysis components located on the person in such form factors as jewelry, shirt collar, hat, or into a pair of glasses. Pair of glasses. In such embodiments, a RFID reader and antenna can be built into the frame or temples of the glasses. The frame around the glass lenses can be the antennae, allowing RFID triangulation if desired, while the reader and data analysis devices are built into the rest of the glasses.

[0111] Interactive processor devices, such as RFID readers and antennas can be located on a variety of electronic devices that might be on the person in different places, such as a watch, cellular phone, and headset. These devices can be wirelessly networked to provide the wearer with all of the electrical power and data analysis components necessary, allowing the devices to be smaller and more aesthetically pleasing. This also allows for greater RFID and computational capabilities, allowing the components to be more powerful (greater range, greater analytical capabilities, etc.).

[0112] Additional embodiments can include bedside or desktop RFID reader, antenna, and data analysis components built into a bedside/desktop device, powered by household current (110/220V AC). Given the greater power that household current offers, this reader can have longer range than a battery powered model. The greater size available also allows for greater analytical capabilities than even the wearable distributed model. These embodiments are particularly useful for times when the wearer of contact lenses which include an RFID does not want to wear a portable and/or distributed system, such as while sleeping, sitting in a fixed location. Embodiments can include a processor such as a reader integrated into common household appliances such as an alarm clock or telephone.

[0113] The following examples are provided by way of non-limiting illustration that an energy receptor may be placed in an ophthalmic device, such as a contact lens and function to receive energy sufficient to operate an RFID chip. Operation of the chip includes writing information to, and reading information transmitted from the chip. In addition, the examples demonstrate that a processing chip, such as an RFID chip can be remotely controlled via radio waves to receive a command to transmit data or receive data.

[0114] Generally, in the following examples, an RFID reader can be a separate device from an antenna. Each RFID reader can support multiple antennae connected together, thus expanding the range of the reader. Generally larger RFID readers have more than one antenna and also an increased read range.

[0115] The use of three or more antennae on the reader, or three or more readers each with at least one antenna, allows for triangulation of a RFID chip. Triangulation allows for accurate determination of position.

[0116] In some embodiments, RFID readers scan at a rate determined by their hardware and software. Scanning can occur once (a “single ping”), or repeatedly. Some embodiments, can include readers which are able to scan at over 600 times per second. A typical human blink takes between 0.3 and 0.4 seconds. Thus an RFID reader with three or more antennae can scan the position of an RFID contact lens in excess of 100 times during a normal blink. To conserve power this scan rate can be reduced.

[0117] The present invention encompasses manipulating data received from an RFID included in a contact lens by capturing the data and either storing the data for later analysis, transmitting to an external analysis device, or analyzing in real (or near-real) time (such as, for example without artificial delay built in).

[0118] A series of experiments are conducted using a AA battery powered RFID Reader/Antenna, (sometimes referred to as “the Reader”). In each test, a RFID chip with working surface area of 111 mm² was placed in a condition and while in the condition, data was transmitted to and from the RFID chip.

[0119] The experiments demonstrate that a contact lens RFID chip with working surface area of 111 mm² (or less) can be read while subjected to conditions approximating those of a lens located in a human eye. Specifically: RFID chips were covered by a saline-soaked soft contact lens, analogous to being embedded in a soft contact lens and coated with human tears, RFID chip were coated with a thin layer of saline solution, analogous to human tears; RFID chips separated from the saline environment, but being read through a thin layer of saline, analogous to the RFID electronics being embedded in a hard contact lens, but coated with tears on the outside; RFID chip read through living human tissue; offering data on readability through eyelids.

[0120] In each of the above conditions, an RFID was able to receive and send data via a handheld RFID programming device. Specifically, the above tests indicate that: an RFID chip with working surface area of 111 mm² (or less) can be read; an RFID chip of 111 mm² working surface area can be consistently read when coated in contact lens saline solution; an RFID chip of 111 mm² working surface area (or less) can be consistently read when a wet (saline soaked) soft contact lens is positioned between it and the RFID reader/antenna; an RFID chip of 111 mm² working surface area can be consistently read when a 1 mm thick layer of clear polystyrene. An RFID chip of 111 mm² working surface area (or less) can be consistently read through an adult human hand.

[0121] All of these experiments are conducted using a AA battery powered RFID Reader/Antenna, referred to as “Reader.”

[0122] Soft contact lenses were submerged in saline solution. RFID chips (Tagsys Small Tags) were used with overall tag dimensions are 13.6 mm×13.9 mm. The overall working area of the tag, including antenna and all Integrated Circuitry is measured to be 90 mm². This is significantly less area than our contact lens provides. The Tagsys Small Tags are flexible, with an unobstructed area in their center that is analogous to the area of our contact lens reserved for the pupil.

[0123] Test 1: RFID chip on wooden counter, no saline coating, no obstructions.

[0124] Results: Reader able to consistently acquire tag at a range of 40 mm

[0125] Test 2: RFID chip on wooden counter.

[0126] 1 mm sheet of polystyrene placed on top of tag.

[0127] Results: Reader able to consistently acquire tag at a range of 40 mm

[0128] Test 3: RFID chip on wooden counter.

[0129] 1 mm sheet of polystyrene placed on top of tag, and covered with enough saline to completely coat the RFID chip. Surface tension yielded saline coating thickness of up to 2 mm at the crown of the droplets—this is much thicker than the coating of tears on a healthy human eye.

[0130] Results: Reader was able to consistently acquire tag at a range of 40 mm

[0131] This experiment keeps the RFID chip dry, as it would be encapsulated in a hard-substrate (hard contact lens). The layer of saline approximates a human eye. The tag was consistently read.

[0132] Test 4: RFID chip on wooden counter.

[0133] A soft contact lens placed, dripping wet with saline, directly onto the RFID chip, covering antenna with contact lens. Resulted in the Reader able to consistently acquire information at a range of 32 mm. This represents performance degradation of approximately 20%.

[0134] Test 5: RFID chip on wooden counter. Tag shielded by 1 mm thick layer of polystyrene. Soft contact lens placed, dripping wet with saline, directly over the RFID antenna, covering antenna with contact lens.

[0135] Results: Reader able to consistently acquire tag at range of 40 mm.

[0136] When components shielded from saline the performance was identical to Test 1, with no obstructions.

[0137] Test 6: RFID chip on wooden counter consisting of 1.5″ of Medium Density Fiberboard. Reader placed on opposite side of counter, reading through the wood.

[0138] Results: Reader able to consistently acquire tag at range of 40 mm.

[0139] Test 7: RFID chip placed on palm of adult male, reader placed on opposite side of hand, reading through hand.

[0140] Results: Reader able to consistently acquire tag when placed on opposite side of hand (i.e. “through the hand”).

[0141] Conclusions

[0142] RFID chips with working area less than our contact lens design can be consistently read using a small battery-powered reader/antenna, even when placed in conditions analogous to the human eye. Reading was consistent even when the RFID chip was completely immersed in saline solution and covered by the full thickness of a contact lens.

[0143] The present invention, as described above and as further defined by the claims below, provides methods of processing ophthalmic lenses and apparatus for implementing such methods, as well as ophthalmic lenses formed thereby.