Method of pairing devices

[0001] 1. Field

[0002] This application relates generally to communications, and more specifically, to wireless communication.

[0003] 2. Background

[0004] Wireless technologies enable communications between devices and may be employed for a variety of applications associated with various wireless communication networks such as personal area network (“PAN”) and body area network (“BAN”). Devices in such networks are typically subject to a discovery and pairing process to define a particular personal or body area network. Thus, a need exists for alternative methods and apparatuses for discovery and pairing of communication devices.

[0005] A summary of sample aspects of the disclosure follows. For convenience, one or more aspects of the disclosure may be referred to herein simply as “some aspects.”

[0006] Methods and apparatuses or devices being disclosed herein each have several aspects, no single one of which is solely responsible for its desirable attributes. Without limiting the scope of this disclosure, for example, as expressed by the claims which follow, its more prominent features will now be discussed briefly. After considering this discussion, and particularly after reading the section entitled “Detailed Description” one will understand how the features being described provide advantages that include improved discovery and pairing of devices in, for example, an Ultra-wideband (UWB) network.

[0007] Some aspects include a method of associating electronic devices for communicating data. The method includes receiving a message on a first device indicating that a second device is discoverable and pairable. The method further includes determining whether the first device is pairable, transmitting a pairing response to the second device based on the determination that the first device is pairable, and pairing the first device with the second device in response to the received message and the determination that the first device is pairable. For example, some aspects include devices such as headsets, watches, and medical devices configured to use such methods for communicating data.

[0015] The following detailed description is directed to certain specific embodiments of the invention. However, the invention can be embodied in a multitude of different ways as defined and covered by the claims. In this description, reference is made to the drawings wherein like parts are designated with like numerals throughout.

[0016] The following detailed description is directed to certain specific aspects of the invention. However, the invention can be embodied in a multitude of different ways, for example, as defined and covered by the claims. It should be apparent that the aspects herein may be embodied in a wide variety of forms and that any specific structure, function, or both being disclosed herein is merely representative. Based on the teachings herein one skilled in the art should appreciate that an aspect disclosed herein may be implemented independently of any other aspects and that two or more of these aspects may be combined in various ways. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using any number of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, such an apparatus may be implemented or such a method may be practiced using other structure, functionality, or structure and functionality in addition to or other than one or more of the aspects set forth herein. As an example of some of the above concepts, in some aspects communication channels between devices may be based on pulse position modulation. In some aspects, communication channels between devices may be based on a convolutional coding. In some aspects, communication channels may be based on pulse position modulation and convolutional coding.

[0017] Personal or body area networks may be defined by devices that have “paired” with each other. Pairing is a process by which devices register with each other, including under user control. Once paired, devices typically can communicate with each other whenever they are within range and active without re-performing the pairing process.

[0018] Before pairing, devices must first discover each other, for example, by entering a discoverable state in which devices discover each other through the exchange of discovery messages. Upon discovery, devices may pair with each other. Pairing is at least partly a security function to limit pairing to particular devices. For example, pairing may include an exchange of messages that may include password authentication schemes in which first device must respond with a password (such as a four digit number, which is often fixed at the factory for a device) to a second device to prevent unauthorized or undesired pairing of devices. In networking protocols such as Bluetooth, discovery and pairing are separate procedures. However, they are most often performed together. For some wireless devices, such complexity (e.g., password entry) merely makes device pairing difficult and cumbersome for many users. It has been found that adjusting the pairing process to be based on a pairable state, and optionally, on the temporal and physical co-location of devices, can simplify the process of pairing devices in a personal area network. According to one aspect, a device may enter a pairable state, e.g., based on input from a user control (e.g., by depressing a control button on a device). When such a device receives a discovery and pairing message from another device (which may also be placed in the pairable state by the user), the two devices may pair without further user interaction. Pairing with particular devices can be controlled, for example, based on the pairable state being maintained for a specified period during which time the other device is configured to be pairable or by limiting pairing to devices within a specified distance, or combinations thereof.

[0019] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example system 100 of wirelessly connected devices 102 (e.g., labeled Device A, . . . , Device E). While five devices are shown in FIG. 1, examples of the system 100 may be configured to use any number of devices 102. The system 100 may comprise one or more of a personal area network (PAN) and/or a body area network (BAN). Each of the devices 102 may be configured to communicate via a wireless link 106. The system 100 may optionally include one or more devices 102 that comprise a longer range network interface, such as a mobile telephone, wireless Ethernet, a wired network, other suitable network interface, that is configured to communicate over a wireless link 108 The devices 102 may comprise devices such as headsets and watches (or other portable devices configured to display information such as caller id from a phone and/or messages (or portions thereof) such as email, short message system (SMS) messages, or any other type of data, including data received over the wireless links 106 and 108. Each of the devices 102 may communicate with one, two, or any number of the other devices 102.

[0020] One or more of the devices 102 may detect the presence of the other devices 102 when the other devices 102 initially communicate over the link 106. Two or more devices 102 may be paired through an exchange of messages over the link 106. For example, two devices 102 may pair when one of the two devices 102 first detects (by receiving a message over the wireless link 106) the other device 102. The pairing process may be based at least partly on a user's authorization of the pairing. The paired group of the devices 102 may define a particular personal or body area network.

[0021] As discussed further below, in some aspects the communications link 106 has a pulse-based physical layer. For example, the physical layer may utilize ultra-wideband pulses that have a relatively short length (e.g., on the order of a few nanoseconds) and a relatively wide bandwidth. In some aspects, an ultra-wide band may be defined as having a fractional bandwidth on the order of approximately 20% or more and/or having a bandwidth on the order of approximately 500 MHz or more. The fractional bandwidth is a particular bandwidth associated with a device divided by its center frequency. For example, a device according to this disclosure may have a bandwidth of 1.75 GHz with center frequency 8.125 GHz and thus its fractional bandwidth is 1.75/8.125 or 21.5%.

[0022] Those skilled in the art would understand that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.

[0023] FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a wireless device 102. The device 102 includes a processor 202 that is in communication with a memory 204 and a network interface 206 for communicating via the wireless link 106. Optionally, the device 102 may also include one or more of a display 210, a user input device 212 such as a key, touch screen, or other suitable tactile input device, a loudspeaker 214 comprising a transducer adapted to provide audible output based on a signal received over the wireless link 106 and/or a microphone 216 comprising a transducer adapted to provide audible input of a signal that may be transmitted over the wireless link 106. For example, a watch may include the display 210 adapted to provide a visual output based on a signal received via the wireless communication link. A medical device may include one or more input devices 212 that include a sensor adapted to generate at least one sensed signal or sensed data to be transmitted via the wireless communication link 106.

[0024] The network interface 206 may include any suitable antenna (not shown), a receiver 220, and a transmitter 222 so that the exemplary device 102 can communicate with one or more devices over the wireless link 106. Optionally, the network interface 206 may also have processing capabilities to reduce processing requirements of the processor 202.

[0025] Optionally, the device 102 may include a second network interface 208 that communicates over the network 110 via a link 108. For example, the device 102 may provide connectivity to the other network 110 (e.g., a wide area network such as the Internet) via a wired or wireless communication link. Accordingly, the device 102 may enable other devices 102 (e.g., a Wi-Fi station) to access the other network 110. In addition, it should be appreciated that one or more of the devices 102 may be portable or, in some cases, relatively non-portable. The second network interface 208 may transmit and receive RF signals according to the IEEE 802.11 standard, including IEEE 802.11(a), (b), or (g), the BLUETOOTH standard, and/or CDMA, GSM, AMPS or other known signals that are used to communicate within a wireless cell phone network. In addition, the second network interface 208 may comprise any suitable wired network interface such as Ethernet (IEEE 802.3).

[0026] The device 102 may optionally include a battery 231 to provide power to one or more components of the device 102. The device 102 may comprise at least one of a mobile handset, a personal digital assistant, a laptop computer, a headset, a vehicle hands free device, or any other electronic device. In addition, the device 102 may comprise one or more of a biomedical sensor, biometric sensor, a pacemaker, or any other device for measuring or affecting a human body. In particular, the teachings herein may be incorporated into (e.g., implemented within or performed by) a variety of the devices 102. For example, one or more aspects taught herein may be incorporated into a phone (e.g., a cellular phone), a personal data assistant (“PDA”), an entertainment device (e.g., a music or video device), a headset (e.g., headphones, an earpiece, etc.), a microphone, a biometric sensor (e.g., a heart rate monitor, a pedometer, an EKG device, a keyboard, a mouse, etc.), a user I/O device (e.g., a watch, a remote control, a light switch, etc.), a tire pressure monitor, a computer, a point-of-sale device, an entertainment device, a hearing aid, a set-top box, or any other suitable device.

[0027] The components described herein may be implemented in a variety of ways. Referring to FIG. 2, the device or apparatus 102 is represented as a series of interrelated functional blocks that may represent functions implemented by, for example the processor 202, software, some combination thereof, or in some other manner as taught herein. For example, the processor 202 may facilitate user input via the input devices 212. Further, the transmitter 222 may comprise a processor for transmitting that provides various functionalities relating to transmitting information to another device 102. The receiver 220 may comprises a processor for receiving that provides various functionality relating to receiving information from another device 102 as taught herein.

[0028] As noted above, FIG. 2 illustrates that in some aspects these components may be implemented via appropriate processor components. These processor components may in some aspects be implemented, at least in part, using structure as taught herein. In some aspects, a processor may be adapted to implement a portion or all of the functionality of one or more of these components. In some aspects one or more of the components represented by dashed boxes are optional.

[0029] In some aspects, the device or apparatus 102 may comprise an integrated circuit. Thus, the integrated circuit may comprise one or more processors that provide the functionality of the processor components illustrated in FIG. 2. For example, in some aspects a single processor may implement the functionality of the illustrated processor components, while in other aspects more than one processor may implement the functionality of the illustrated processor components. In addition, in some aspects the integrated circuit may comprise other types of components that implement some or all of the functionality of the illustrated processor components.

[0030] FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an example of the transmitter 222 of the device 102. As would be apparent to one of skill in the art, in the illustrated block diagram of FIG. 3, logical modules of the device 102 are illustrated in terms of a layered, abstract description for a communications network. As noted below, each layer may comprise one or more logical modules that may be implemented in software, hardware, or any suitable combination of both. The transmitter 222 may include: (i) an application layer 401 that provides information to a data link or media access control (MAC) layer 402 for transmission, (ii) a media access control (MAC) layer 402 that receives data from the application layer 401 and provides it to a physical layer 404, and (iii) a physical (PHY) layer 404 that receives data from the MAC layer 402 and transmits the data over the wireless channel 106. In the illustrated transmitter 222, the PHY layer includes a pulse generator 406, a coding and modulation block 408, and a transmit block 410. A phase locked loop (PLL) (not shown) may provide timing signals to the PHY layer. The pulse generator 406 generates waveforms such as Gaussian pulse waveforms. The coding and modulation block 408 codes the information signal provided by the MAC layer 402 using a coding scheme such as convolutional coding, block coding or concatenated coding and modulates the pulse signal based on the coded information signal using a scheme such as pulse position modulation, pulse amplitude modulation, or transmitted reference modulation. The transmit block 410 transmits the modulated pulse signal. Functions of the transmit block 410 may include amplifying the modulated pulse signal for transmission and providing the signal to an antenna.

[0031] FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating an example of the receiver 220 of the device 102. As would be apparent to one of skill in the art, in the illustrated block diagram of FIG. 4, logical modules of the device 102 are illustrated in terms of a layered, abstract description for a communications network. As noted below, each layer may comprise one or more logical modules that may be implemented in software, hardware, or any suitable combination of both. In FIG. 4, the receiver 220 includes the application layer 401 and the MAC layer 402. The PHY layer 404 is in communication with the MAC layer 402. The PHY layer 404 of the receiver includes a demodulation and decoding block 508 and a receive block 510. The receive block 510 may include components (not shown) that may comprise an antenna, a power amplifier, and other suitable receiver components. The receive block 510 receives a wireless signal and provides that signal to the demodulation and decoding block 508, which demodulates and decodes the signal and provides received data to the MAC layer 402.

[0032] The receiver 220 and the transmitter 222 may employ a variety of wireless physical layer schemes. For example, the physical layer 404 of the receiver 220 and the transmitter 222 may utilize some form of CDMA, TDMA, OFDM, OFDMA, or other modulation and multiplexing schemes.

[0033] FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating example of the system 100 of wirelessly connected devices 102. In the example, three devices 102A, 102B, and 102C are illustrated. In a personal-area-network (PAN) wireless communication system such as the system 100, a first device, e.g., the device 102A, discovers and pairs with a second device, e.g., the device 102B. Once paired, the devices 102A and 102B may exchange (user) data packets. During the discovery procedure, the first device 102A learns of the existence of the second device 102B by collecting the device address and other information. During the pairing procedure, the two devices establish security keys that are used in encryption and/or authentication of data packets.

[0034] A commonly used method of discovery includes a user initiating a discovery procedure on the first device 102A by pressing a button. The first device 102A broadcasts discovery request message. The first device 102A receives discovery response messages to discover neighboring devices, including the second device 102B with which the first device 102A is to be paired. The first device 102A lists all neighboring devices with names and/or descriptions through a user interface (display). The user selects the second device 102B from the list and initiates the pairing procedure by pressing a button. The first device 102A sends a pairing request message to the second device 102B. The two devices 102A and 102 B exchange messages to establish security keys. Such a method can be cumbersome and inconvenient. To pair the two devices for the first time, a display and multiple button-presses on the first device 102A are used to provide security. Moreover, not only is this procedure cumbersome, the procedure is difficult to extend to many simple devices that lack a display or similar interface.

[0035] FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a method 600 of pairing devices such as the devices 102A and 102B of FIG. 5. For example, one aspect includes an intuitive way of pairing two devices in which each device directly discovers another device that wants to be paired. According to one aspect, discovery and pairing requests are combined. The method 600 begins at a block 602 in which a discoverable first device, e.g., the device 102A, receives a broadcast discovery-for-pairing message (e.g., from a second device, e.g., the device 102B) indicating that a second device 102B is discoverable and pairable. The discovery-for-pairing message may be a broadcast message that is transmitted to all devices 102 that are configured to receive the message. Next at a block 604, the first device 102A determines whether its state is ‘pairable.’ For example, the determination may be performed by an integrated circuit such as the processor 202 of the first device 102A. If the first device 102A is not pairable, it may ignore the discovery-for-pairing message from the device 102B. In one aspect, the first device 102A is activated as being pairable. For example, a user may activate the device 102A as being pairable, and thereafter discoverable, by pressing a button on the first device. A second device 102B may also be similarly activated. The first device may temporarily sets itself to be ‘pairable,’ e.g., for a specified time period. For example, the specified time period may have a duration in a range of 1-60 seconds or a range of 1-10 seconds. For example, the specified time period may have a duration of about 10 seconds. Each of the first and second devices 102A and 102B may broadcast a discovery-for-pairing message (either once or repeatedly at intervals) when their state is set to ‘pairable.’

[0036] Moving to a block 606, the first device 102A (when pairable) transmits a pairing response message to the second device 102B indicating that the first device 102B received the message and is pairable. The message may also include a device address and other device information. The second device 102B may concurrently conduct a similar operation. The pairing response message may be a broadcast message (a message transmitted or addressed to any device 102 configured to receive the message) or a unicast message (a message transmitted or addressed to a specific device 102). Moving to a block 608, the first device 102A pairs with the second device 102B in response to the received message and the determination that the first device 102A is pairable. Pairing the two devices 102A and 102B may include exchange of other data such as data to establish security and/or encryption keys. The first and second devices 102A and 102B may thus automatically pair once both are within range and have been activated for pairing.

[0037] In one aspect, the pairing may include an authentication procedure. For example, the method 600 may further include determining a distance between the first and second devices 102A and 102B based on at least one signal transmitted by the second device 102B. The first and second devices are automatically paired if the distance is within a defined distance, for example, within a distance of about 1 meter. This helps to limit pairing only to devices of the user based on distance to other users.

[0038] Thus, for example, in one use case, a user activates two devices 102A and 102B for pairing by pressing a button on each device. Each device 102A and 102B is activated for pairing for a specified time, e.g., 30 seconds. The devices 102A and 102B exchange discovery and pairing messages and pair with each other. In such a typical use case, no other pairable device is likely to be within range, particularly within the specified time period, thus all of the unnecessary complexity of common pairing procedures is avoided and two devices without displays can be paired. In one aspect, the devices 102A and 102B may be further configured to pair only with devices within a specified distance, such as about 1 meter, to further minimize unintended pairings. In one aspect, the pairing is automatically performed when two such devices are activated for pairing, optionally limited to devices activated within the specified time and, also optionally, within the specified distance. In one aspect, the pairing procedure may include a user confirmation, e.g., by emitting a tone and awaiting a user input such as a button press, to further minimize undesired pairings.

[0039] As pairing is typically a one-off or infrequent occurrence, there are likely that the only discoverable devices within range that are not paired are the two devices to be paired. Thus, in one aspect, the use of a display for selecting a device to pair may not be needed or utilized thus streamlining the process of pairing and making it easier to pair simple devices. Moreover, the method 600 is intuitive to end-user because he or she can simply hold the two devices 102A and 102B in two hands, press a button on both devices, and wait for pairing to succeed.

[0040] The above method 600 may briefly be expressed with respect to the value of a discovery state (DS) variable that may be defined such that DS=1 denotes “discoverable” and DS=2 denote “discoverable and pairable”. Devices 102 may also have other states such as not-discoverable, e.g., DS=0. The second device 102B transmits a request message that carries the DS value of the second device (DS_2), e.g., DS_—1=2. The first device 102A receives the request message and compares the value of DS_2 with the DS value of the first device (DS_1). If DS_1>=DS_2, the first device 102A transmits a response message that carries DS_1. As a result, the second device 102B discovers the first device if DS_1>=DS_2. If the discovery state of the first device 102A is 2, or pairable, the device 102A may respond with a pairing response and proceed to allow the devices to be paired.

[0041]

TABLE 1
State - First Device	State - Second Device	Result
Discoverable	Discoverable and	Devices may discover each
(DS = 1)	Pairable (DS = 2)	other and exchange
		identifying information.
		Optionally, more complex
		pairing may be performed.
Discoverable and	Discoverable and	Devices pair (e.g.,
Pairable (DS = 2)	Pairable (DS = 2)	automatically).
Not-Discoverable	Discoverable (DS = 1)	First device may receive
(DS = 0)	or Discoverable and	identifying information
	Pairable (DS = 2)	from the second device but
		may ignore the second
		device. Optionally, the first
		device may become
		discoverable and/or
		pairable based on user's
		inputs.

[0042] FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating an example of the devices 102A and 102B pairing using the method 600 of FIG. 6. In the illustrated example, the device 102, e.g., the device 102A of FIG. 5, comprises a means or an integrated circuit (IC) 652 for receiving a broadcast message indicating that a second device 102B is discoverable and pairable. The IC 652 may comprise the receiver 220 of FIGS. 2 and 4. The IC 652 may be configured to monitor for the broadcast message when it is discoverable. The device 102A also comprises a means or an IC 654 for determining whether the first device is pairable. The IC 654 may comprise the processor 202 of FIG. 2. The device 102A also comprises a means or an IC 656 for transmitting a pairing response message to the first device based on the determination that the first device is pairable. The IC 656 may comprise the transmitter 222 of FIGS. 2 and 3. The device 102A also comprises a means or an IC 658 for pairing the first device with the second device in response to the received message and the determination that the first device is pairable. The IC 658 may comprise the processor 202 of FIG. 2.

[0043] In view of the above, one will appreciate that the disclosure addresses how to associate devices for communicating data, such as a UWB system. For example, the illustrated aspects provide a simpler and more user friendly way of pairing devices to define a personal or body area network.

[0044] It is to be recognized that depending on the embodiment, certain acts or events of any of the methods described herein can be performed in a different sequence, may be added, merged, or left out all together (e.g., not all described acts or events are necessary for the practice of the method). Moreover, in certain embodiments, acts or events may be performed concurrently, e.g., through multi-threaded processing, interrupt processing, or multiple processors, rather than sequentially.

[0045] Those of skill will recognize that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present invention.

[0046] The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented within or performed by an integrated circuit (“IC”), an access terminal, or an access point. The IC may comprise a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, electrical components, optical components, mechanical components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein, and may execute codes or instructions that reside within the IC, outside of the IC, or both. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

[0047] The steps of a method or algorithm described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module may reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An exemplary storage medium is coupled to the processor such the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal. In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal. Moreover, in some aspects any suitable computer-program product may comprise a computer-readable medium comprising codes relating to one or more of the aspects of the disclosure. In some aspects a computer program product may comprise packaging materials.

[0048] While the above detailed description has shown, described, and pointed out novel features of the invention as applied to various embodiments, it will be understood that various omissions, substitutions, and changes in the form and details of the device or process illustrated may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention. As will be recognized, the invention may be embodied within a form that does not provide all of the features and benefits set forth herein, as some features may be used or practiced separately from others. The scope of the invention is indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.