US 8,051,908 B2Grant
Biogenic fuel gas generation in geologic hydrocarbon deposits
Issue Date:2011-11-08
•21 Claims
•12 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A method for stimulating methane production from a carbonaceous material is described. The methods may include the step of contacting the material with cells of a methanogenic consortium under anaerobic conditions to form a reaction mixture. The method may also include maintaining anaerobic conditions for a time sufficient to permit methanogenesis, and collecting methane from anaerobic water or head space of the reaction mixture.
Metadata
Assignee
- LUCA Technologies, Inc.
Inventors
- Robert S. Pfeiffer
- Glenn Ulrich
- Gary Vanzin
- Verlin Dannar
- Roland P. DeBruyn
- James B. Dodson
Application Information
Application Number:US 12/651,793
Filing Date:2010-01-04
Priority Date:2005-05-03
Art Unit:3676
Classifications
IPC:
E21B43/22
Patent Drawings (12 sheets)
Description
CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of prior application Ser. No. 12/136,728, filed Jun. 10, 2008, which was continuation of prior application Ser. No. 11/343,429, filed Jan. 30, 2006, which was a continuation-in-part of International Application PCT/US2005/015259, with an international filing date of May 3, 2005. This application is also related to International Application PCT/US2005/015188, with an international filing date of May 3, 2005. The entire contents of all these applications are hereby incorporated by this reference for all purposes.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates to methods of rearranging the constituent population of a native consortium of microorganisms to stimulate the growth of consortium members that produce metabolic products such as hydrogen and methane. Rearranging the constituents of the consortium may include diluting the consortium microorganisms with formation water extracted and transported from the geologic formation. It may also include introducing amendments to the native consortium that causes a change in the distribution of metabolic pathways and/or population distributions of consortium members.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] The formation water present in subterranean geologic formations of oil, coal, and other carbonaceous materials is normally considered an obstacle to the recovery of materials from those formations. In coal mining, for example, formation water often has to be pumped out of the formation and into remote ponds to make the coal accessible to mining equipment. Similarly, formation water has to be separated from the crude oil extracted from a subterranean field and disposed of typically underground. The extraction, separation and disposal of the formation water add costs to recovery processes, and generate a by-product regarded as having little value.
[0004] Further investigation, however, has revealed that even extracted formation water can support active communities of microorganisms from the formation. The presence of these microorganism in the formation environment were known from previous recovery applications, such as microbially enhanced oil recovery (MEOR), where the microorganisms naturally generate surface active agents, such as glycolipids, that help release oil trapped in porous substrates. In MEOR applications, however, it was generally believed that the microorganisms were concentrated in a boundary layer between the oil and water phases. The bulk formation water was believed to be relatively unpopulated, because it lacked a hydrocarbon food source for the microorganisms. More recent studies have shown that robust populations of microorganisms do exist in the bulk formation water, and can even survive extraction from the geologic formation under proper conditions.
[0005] The general concept of enhancing production of biogenic methane from a carbonaceous formation has been suggested previously [Raabe, S., Denver Post, Nov. 17, 2004, p. 1C]. Volkwein, supra, reported isolating a methanogenic sediment from an abandoned coal mine into which sewage had been discharged for an unspecified time period. For mine cavities having a particular history, from a time where a nutrient source was present to a time where the nutrient source was absent, sediment could be collected which was alleged to be methanogenic in the presence of bituminous coal. No supporting data were disclosed. Scott, et al. Pub. No. US 200410033557 A1 (Feb. 19, 2004) generally describes introducing subsurface fractures in a deposit of coal, carbonaceous shale or organic-rich shale and injecting various modifications including a consortium of selected anaerobic biological microorganisms, nutrients, carbon dioxide and other substrates for in sifu conversion of organic compounds in said formation into methane and other compounds. The disclosure does not specifically teach how to obtain “selected” bacterial consortia; however, the reference suggests that collection of bacteria from formation waters may result in collection of only a few species rather than a representative sample of bacterial consortia. No supporting data of methane generation were reported. Menger, et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,845,034 described carrying out a biochemical reaction in a subterranean cavity formed in a salt formation, limestone cavity or other earthen rock or sandstone formation. A feedstock of finely-divided, hot-alkali-treated coal would be inoculated under controlled conditions with a culture of microorganisms including acid formers and methanogens to produce methane. No data reporting methane biosynthesis were reported.
[0006] The discovery of active populations of microorganisms in bulk formation water has come at a time when new applications are being envisioned for these microorganisms. For years, energy producers have seen evidence that materials like methane are being produced biogenically in formations, presumably by microorganisms metabolizing carbonaceous substrates. Until recently, these observations have been little more than an academic curiosity, as commercial production efforts have focused mainly on the recovery of coal, oil, and other fossil fuels. However, as supplies of easily recoverable natural gas and oil continue to dwindle, and interest grows using more environmentally friendly fuels like hydrogen and methane, biogenic production methods for producing these fuels are starting to receive increased attention.
[0007] Many studies report isolating and characterizing MO's in naturally-occurring waters including ground water. Pickup et al. [Pickup, R. W. et al. (2001) J. Confam. Hydrol. %:269-2841 reported a detailed study of MO's in an aquifer polluted by a plume of phenolic material emanated from a single known source. Water from the aquifer was sampled at several depths from two boreholes within the plume. Details of the sampling method were disclosed by Thornton et al. [Thornton, S. F. et al. (2001) J, Contam. Hydrol. %:233-2671. Water samples were filtered though 0.22 pm polycarbonate filters, assayed for total MO count by acridine orange staining and by counting colonies of culturable MO's. The number of culturable MO's was 1% or less of the total measured by acridine orange staining. The authors used a variety of techniques to assess numbers and activities of various MO classes and to evaluate differences that varied with sample depth and phenolic concentration. The presence of methanogens was revealed using polymerase chain reaction analyses to amplify known methanogen-specific sequences. Methane generation was not reported.
[0008] Various filtration techniques have been reported for collecting MO's from groundwater. Schulz-Makuch et al [Schulze-Makuch, D. et al. (2003) Ground Water Monitor. and Remed. a:68-751 compared the efficacy of filter packs containing surfactant-modified zeolite or iron oxide-coated sand for removing E. coli and MS-2 virus from contaminated groundwater. The surfactant-modified zeolite removed both the bacteria and the virus, but the iron oxide-coated sand was ineffective. Lillis et al [Lillis, T. O. et al. (2001) Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 2:268-2721 compared membrane filters to collect MO's from groundwater. Recovery was measured by comparing colony counts of MO's cultured after filtration. Filters of pore size 0.45 pm recovered about 90% of the MO's; however, the remaining MO's were recovered only after filtration through 0.22 pm filters. Filtration can remove both viable and non-viable cells. Culture conditions may not be suitable for growing many, or even most of the filterable MO's. Kunicka-Goldfinger et al. (1977) Acta Microbiol. Polonica 26: 199-205, reported that an agar plate method of counting colony forming units (cfu) accounted for only 20-25% of organisms counted by direct staining of MO's isolated by filtration from lake waters. A “semi-continuous” method of culturing cells on the filters, wherein the cells were periodically exposed to filtered lake water to re-supply natural nutrients and remove waste products yielded significantly higher numbers of culturable microorganisms.
[0009] Tangential filtration has been reported for isolation of proteins and microorganisms. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/703,150, published Jun. 24, 2004 disclosed concentrating a suspension of microalgae by passing the suspension through a tangential filtering device. EPA document 815-0-03-008, June 2003 provides extensive technical and performance data for membrane filtration, including tangential flow filtration, in water purification systems.
[0010] To date, most contributions to the art have emphasized nutritional amendments in situ, or culturing microorganisms prior to injection into a formation or introducing fractures in a formation. Techniques for isolating a methanogenic consortium and demonstrating methanogenesis from an isolated consortium remain as problems inadequately addressed in the prior art.
[0011] Unfortunately, the techniques and infrastructure that have been developed over the past century for energy production (e.g., oil and gas drilling, coal mining, etc.) may not be easily adaptable to commercial-scale, biogenic fuel production. Conventional methods and systems for extracting formation water from a subterranean formation have focused on getting the water out quickly, and at the lowest cost. Little consideration has been given to extracting the water in ways that preserve the microorganisms living in the water. Similarly, there has been little development of methods and systems to harness microbially active formation water for enhancing biogenic production of hydrogen, methane, and other metabolic products of the microbial digestion of carbonaceous substrates. Thus, there is a need for new methods and systems of extracting, treating, and transporting formation water within, between, and/or back into geologic formations, such that microbial activity in the water can be preserved and even enhanced.
[0012] New techniques are also needed for stimulating microorganisms to produce more biogenic gases. Native consortia of hydrocarbon consuming microorganisms usually include many different species that can employ many different metabolic pathways. If the environment of a consortium is changed in the right way, it may be possible to change the relative populations of the consortium members to favor more combustible gas production. It may also be possible to influence the preferred metabolic pathways of the consortium members to favor combustible gases as the metabolic end products. Thus, there is also a need for processes that can change a formation environment to stimulate a consortium of microorganisms to produce more combustible biogenic gases.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0013] Embodiments of the invention include methods for stimulating biogenic methane production from a carbonaceous substrate. Methane production according to the invention can be stimulated in situ in an underground formation of carbonaceous material, or in extracted carbonaceous material. By contacting the carbonaceous material with a methanogenic consortium, methane synthesis has been demonstrated to occur, even in the case of carbonaceous material which was formerly deemed unproductive. The methods do not depend on providing exogenous amendments, multiplying consortium MO's in culture, addition of substrates, or upon prior nutrient injection, structural modification of the formation, or prior chemical modification of the carbonaceous material, although such steps are not excluded.
[0014] Embodiments of the invention also include methods of preparing a concentrate of microorganisms (“MO1s” hereinafter) including a consortium of MO's, which methods may include the steps of, a) extracting anaerobic formation water containing said MO's from an underground carbonaceous formation, h) providing liquid transport means for transporting the water while maintaining an anaerobic state, c) providing collection means for collecting the MO's in an anaerobic state from the water, and d) transporting the water through the collection means. The MO's may be collected from the water by collecting the MO's in a concentrated form in the water from the collection means, where a concentrate of said MO's is prepared. MO's prepared according to the invention are essentially sediment-free.
[0015] Embodiments of the invention also relate to methods to stimulate biogenic production of a metabolite with enhanced hydrogen content. The methods may include the steps of forming an opening in a geologic formation to provide access to a consortium of microorganisms, and injecting water into the opening to disperse at least a portion of the consortium over a larger region of a hydrocarbon deposit. The method may also include measuring a change in the rate of production of the metabolite in the formation.
[0016] Embodiments of the invention may still further relate to pumping and extraction methods to stimulate the biogenic production of a metabolite with enhanced hydrogen content. The methods may include forming an opening in a geologic formation to provide access to a native consortium of microorganisms. The method may also include injecting a first portion of water into the opening to disperse at least a portion of the consortium over a larger region of a hydrocarbon deposit, extracting formation fluids from the geologic formation following the water injection, and injecting a second portion of the water into the opening after extraction. The methods may also include measuring a change in the rate of production of the combustible gas in the formation.
[0017] Embodiments of the invention may also further include methods to stimulate biogenic production of a metabolite with enhanced hydrogen content by changing the salinity level of water in a geologic formation. The methods may include measuring a salinity level of formation water in a geologic formation. The methods may also include forming an opening in the formation to provide access to a consortium of microorganisms, and injecting water into the opening to reduce the salinity level of the formation water in the formation. The methods may additionally include measuring a change in the rate of production of the metabolite in the formation.
[0018] Embodiments of the invention still further relate to processes for enhancing a consortium of microorganisms to make materials with enhanced hydrogen content from carbonaceous substrates in an anaerobic environment. The processes may include extracting formation water from a geologic formation, and removing at least a portion of an extractable material from the formation water to make amended formation water. This extractable material may include microorganisms that are filtered out of water. The processes may further include introducing the amended formation water to the carbonaceous material.
[0019] Embodiments of the invention may also relate to processes for increasing biogenic hydrocarbon production in a geologic formation containing a carbonaceous material. The processes may include extracting formation water from the formation, and removing at least a portion of one or more hydrocarbons from the formation water to make amended formation water. Microorganisms in water may also be filtered and/or sterilized to make the amended formation water. The processes may further include reintroducing the amended formation water to the geologic formation.
[0020] Embodiments of the invention may also further relate to processes for transporting formation water between geologic formations. The processes may include extracting the formation water from a first formation, and removing at least a portion of a hydrocarbon from the formation water to make amended formation water. Microorganisms in water may also be filtered and/or sterilized to make the amended formation water. The processes may also include transporting the amended formation water to a second geologic formation, and introducing the amended formation water to the carbonaceous material in the second geologic formation. Microorganisms may also be extracted from the first formation and introduced to the second formation with the amended formation water.
[0021] Additional embodiments and features are set forth in part in the description that follows, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the specification or may be learned by the practice of the invention. The features and advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities, combinations, and methods described in the specification.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0022] FIG. 1 is a flowchart illustrating a method of intraformation transport of formation water according to embodiments of the invention;
[0023] FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustrating a method of transporting of formation water between formations (i.e., interformation transport) according to embodiments of the invention;
[0024] FIG. 3 shows a system for the transporting of formation water within a formation (i.e., intraformation transport) according to embodiments of the invention;
[0025] FIG. 4 shows a system for interformation transport of formation water according to embodiments of the invention:
[0026] FIGS. 5A-B are flowcharts illustrating methods according to embodiments of the invention of using water to stimulate biogenic gas production by a consortium of microorganisms;
[0027] FIGS. 6A-B are flowcharts illustrating methods according to embodiments of the invention of controlling the salinity level of the water in a geologic formation;
[0028] FIG. 7 is a plot of the percentage of methane in the headspace of a scaled coal container over time for three levels of added formation water;
[0029] FIG. 8 shows two pie graphs showing the relative abundance of different microbial phospholipid types by conventional phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA), comparing cells isolated from waters produced from The Tongue River Member of the Fort Union Formation located in the western edge of the Power River Basin of NE Wyoming, (left hand graph) with cells present in coals of the same formation (right hand graph). Total microbial biomass was 1.2×105 cells/ml Tongue River water, and 3×106 cells/g Tongue River coal, respectively; and
[0030] FIG. 9 is a graph of methane production as a function of time, from Lake De Smet coal, as described in the first Example, under various conditions as shown.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0031] Methane is generated in a carbonaceous formation by metabolic activity of MO's within the formation. Typically, a plurality of MO species act to degrade complex hydrocarbons in the formation to metabolic precursors of methane such as to acetate and/or CO2 which can be further metabolized to methane by various species of methanogens. The MO's whose concerted metabolic actions result in hydrocarbon degradation and methane production are termed a “methanogenic consortium” herein. Active MO's of a methanogenic consortium are likely to be most abundant in formation water of a methane-producing formation. Methods of preparing methanogenic consortium according to embodiments of the invention are now described.
I. Methods of Collecting, Preparing and Concentrating Methanogenic Consortium
[0032] The anaerobic state of formation water can be maintained during pumping, filtration and water storage by maintaining a closed system throughout and by injecting an inert gas such as argon, nitrogen or helium into the system to minimize contamination by oxygen. Preferred pumping means are low pressure pumps such as vein, fin or rotary pumps that use needle, ball or butterfly valves. Typically, pumps used for removing water from coal deposits are submersible. As is understood in the art, water pumped from a deep well releases dissolved methane and other gases as it is brought to the surface. Therefore, the use of submersible pumps combined with gas collection devices at the well-head are preferred by those skilled in the art. Preferred materials for transport and storage of anaerobic water are those which are oxygen impermeable and chemically inert, to minimize diffusion into the water of oxygen or other materials that could affect growth, viability or metabolic functions of MO's in the water. Examples of preferred materials include butyl rubber, viton, glass, steel and stainless steel. Examples of non-preferred materials include oxygen permeable tubing including nylon, tygon, silicone and polyvinyl chloride. The inventors have found that it is not possible to maintain anoxic conditions with these oxygen permeable materials.
[0033] It will be understood in the art that the choice of an optimal pumping device for a given formation will depend upon the volume of water to be processed, the depth of the anaerobic formation water source, temperature of the water, mineral content of the water, rate that water flow in the formation replaces the water removed, and the composition of the carbonaceous formation.
[0034] In general, pumps should be chosen that do not introduce air and do not create significant forces that could shear MO's. All such features will be understood by those skilled in the art, taking into account the need to avoid oxygen intrusion into the water being pumped, and to maintain viability of MO's that exist in the water and therefore to avoid introducing physical or chemical factors that would compromise viability. It will be understood that pumping can occur in stages, using different pumping means for different stages. Monitoring devices can be used to assist in coordinating pumping rates and filtration rates, to regulate inert gas input as needed, measure oxygen concentration, cell concentration and transmembrane pressure, and to measure water levels and head space volumes in any storage or holding tanks.
[0035] Examples of “liquid transport means,” such as pumps, may include any device or combination of devices for transporting anaerobic formation water from one location to another. Pumping devices for withdrawing water from the formation and pressure devices for expelling water from the formation are contemplated. Pumping means can be operated mechanically, hydraulically, pneumatically or by fluid expansion. Pumping means include without limitation:
[0036] Any of the dynamic pumping devices described below:
-
- [0037] centrifugal pumps, including axial flow [single-stage or multi-stage; closed impeller; open impeller (either fixed-pitch or variable-pitch); including any combination of these characteristics]; mixed flow and/or radial flow [single suction or double suction; self-priming, non-priming, single-stage, or multi-stage; open-impeller, semi-open impeller, or closed impeller; including any combination of these characteristics]; and peripheral [single-stage or multi-stage; self-[priming or non-priming; including any combination of these characteristics];
- [0038] jet pumps;
- [0039] gas lift pumps;
- [0040] hydraulic ram pumps;
- [0041] electromagnetic pumps.
[0042] Any reciprocating displacement pumping device, as described below:
-
- [0043] piston or plunger pumps, including steam [simplex, duplex, triplex or multiplex]; and power [single-acting or double-acting; simplex, duplex, triplex or multiplex; including any combination of these characteristics];
- [0044] pumps utilizing check valves (whether fixed, mobile, or any combination of these characteristics) including hinged barriers, mobile balls or mobile pistons of appropriate shape, with associated containment devices;
- [0045] diaphragm pumps, including simplex, duplex and multiplex, fluidoperated and mechanically-operated, and including any combination of these characteristics.
[0046] Any rotary displacement pumping device, as described below:
-
- [0047] pumps equipped with a single rotor, including vane, piston, flexible member, screw and peristaltic;
- [0048] pumps equipped with multiple rotors, including gear, lobe, circumferential piston, and screw.
[0049] Microorganisms can be collected from aqueous fluids by a variety of means, including filtration, centrifugation, flocculation, affinity binding, and the like. Preferred collection means are filtration and centrifugation, since these do not depend on specific chemical or biochemical properties of the MO's in the fluid and they can be adapted to continuous flow for processing large volumes of fluid. Filtration is especially preferred because it is more readily adaptable to maintaining an anaerobic state. Filtration is the process of collecting, fractionating, or concentrating particles, molecules, or ions within or from a fluid by forcing the fluid material through a porous or semi-porous barrier. The force can be pressure differential, vacuum, concentration gradient, valence or electrochemical affinity. The fluid can be either liquid or gas. Two common types of filtration include:
-
- [0050] a. Dead-end (linear) filtration; and
- [0051] b. Tangential (cross) flow filtration.
[0052] Filters are generally of two types, either depth filters or membrane filters. Depth filters do not have absolute pore sizes, but trap some particles on the surface of the filter, some particles by random entrapment and adsorption within the filter, and possible particle retention through charge. Membrane filters generally function by retaining particles through an absolute pore size. Most MO's can be retained on filters having a maximum pore size of about 0.2 microns.
[0053] Factors that affect filtration rate include pore size, filter composition, density of MO's in the water and presence of contaminating particles. Particles other than MO's, that are too large to pass through the pores of a filter can clog the filter, particularly if present in excess of the MO's themselves. Particles larger than MO's can be removed prior to collecting the MO's by means known in the art, often by a pre-filtration process that does not significantly remove MO's from the water. Settling tanks can also be used for removing large particles. Filters having a maximum pore size less than 0.2 microns have reduced flow rate and are less preferred.
[0054] Filter materials will be chosen to provide optimum pore size and hydrophobicity. While MO's are more easily removed from hydrophobic filter materials, the flow rate of water through a filter membrane is lower for highly hydrophobic membranes. Flow rate is also reduced as pore size is reduced. Filters having nominal pore size of 0.45 microns will retain most MO's. However, a significant number of small MO's have been reported in ground-water samples [see, e.g. Lillis, et all supra]. Preferred filters will have pore sizes of about 0.2-0.45 microns and preferably be composed of polyether sulfones, polysulfones, cellulose acetate or PVDF. Filters composed of nylon or nitrocellulose are not preferred.
[0055] Efficient processing of large water volumes can be achieved by increasing filter area. The optimum filter area to be employed will depend on the volume to be processed and the desired rate of processing. Various configurations for maximizing filter area within a given sized device are known in the art. A common configuration is a pleated sheet rolled into a cylinder. Another common configuration is a flat sheet rolled into a spiral around a cylindrical core. Other configurations are known in the art and can be adapted for use in the present invention by those skilled in the art. Tangential, or cross-flow filtration is an effective expedient for filtering large volumes of water. Suitable filters available commercially having the described characteristics are polyether sulfone hollow fiber filters having 0.2 microns nominal pore size. For laboratory scale filtrations, filters having 2000 cm2 surface area, such as Spectrum Technologies part no. M22M-301-01N have been successfully employed. For large scale processing, modules of Spectrum Technologies M22M-600-01N with a 5200 cm2 surface area can be linked in parallel. The foregoing are provided as non-limiting examples. Other filter types and filter materials are known to those of skill in the art.
[0056] During tangential flow filtration, water is removed from fluids that are recirculated through a tangential flow filter. This yields water (often termed retentate) that is concentrated with microorganisms. The retentate can be pumped into a storage tank that has been sparged with an inert gas, after which the tangential flow filtration of additional water can resume. Microorganisms can also be removed from filter means by washing or backwashing, to provide the MO's at higher concentration than in the formation water. If desired, further concentration can be achieved by additional rounds of filtration. In addition, MO's obtained in a semi-concentrated form by filtration can be further concentrated by centrifugation or dehydration to yield a paste or slurry of packed or highly concentrated cells. By application of such processes, formation water having relatively low biomass, as little as 102 cell/ml can be processed to yield MO's at concentrations of 108/ml or more. Transporting anaerobic formation water through such separation means, whether in single or plural stages, whether by use of one or more of such means in tandem, all while maintaining an anaerobic state, can yield viable, active methanogenic consortia present in the formation water in a concentrated form. Anaerobic formation water from which viable methanogenic consortia were isolated was clear to the naked eye. Nevertheless, it will be understood that small particles of organic or inorganic matter may be retained along with MO's in the course of filtration and centrifugation carried out as described herein. Microscopic analysis of MO concentrates prepared according to the invention revealed numerous discrete rodshaped cells and few if any irregular particles or particles with cells attached. The term “essentially sediment-free” is used to denote a preparation of cells that contains at least 50% discrete or clustered cells, unattached to debris or non-cellular particles. Cell viability can be evaluated by methods known in the art, for example by assessing all membrane integrity based on permeability to a cell permeant DNA-binding fluorescent dye.
[0057] The inventors herein have made the surprising discovery that all the MO species that make up a methanogenic consortium capable of generating methane from the carbonaceous matter in their formation of origin, can be recovered in a viable, active state from formation water, under anaerobic conditions. Formation water is abundant. The present invention provides abundant consortium MO's by simple, inexpensive means, and without the use of expensive fermentation processes. The consortia MO's in concentrated form, are useful for inoculating carbonaceous materials, in situ or above ground, to generate methane or to amplify the generation of methane using the carbonaceous materials as substrate. The consortia have been demonstrated herein to stimulate methanogenesis from essentially non-productive coal, without prior analysis of individual strains or their nutritional requirements, without added nutrients and without growing the cells in culture prior to contacting the coal with consortium MO's.
II. Methods of Changing Consortium Makeup with Water Additions
[0058] Methods of stimulating the production of biogenic metabolites with enhanced hydrogen content (e.g., combustible gases such as methane and hydrogen) by changing the makeup of a consortium of microorganisms are described. The changes may be brought about by diluting a native consortium in water to disperse consortium members over a larger region of a geologic formation. The dispersion can create opportunities for the microorganism to grow with less competition from consortium members that do not generate metabolites with enhanced hydrogen content. When the microorganisms are spread out over a larger region of a carbonaceous substrate (e.g., a hydrocarbon deposit such as an oil or coal bed) the microorganism that are most effective at utilizing the substrate as a food source are expected to grow at the fastest rates. In an anaerobic formation environment, those metabolic processes typically include the conversion of the substrate to biogenic gases such as hydrogen and methane, among other gases, as well as acetate (e.g., acetic acid). Consequently, the dispersion of the consortium in water is expected to increase population growth for those microorganism species that are more efficient at converting hydrocarbon substrates into metabolic products having enhanced hydrogen content such as hydrogen and methane.
[0059] While the aqueous dispersion may favor the growth of the hydrocarbon metabolizers over other consortium members, it may not have as great an impact on the favored metabolic pathways of the metabolizers. For example, a methanogenic microorganism may be able to convert the hydrocarbon substrate into either methane or acetate. Embodiments of the invention also include methods of stressing the microorganism to favor metabolic pathways that produce a target metabolic product (e.g., hydrogen, methane, etc.) over other products (e.g., acetate, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide etc.). These methods include introducing an amendment to the formation environment surrounding the microorganism consortium that may have an effect on the metabolic pathways at least some of the consortium members favor. The amendment may include a metabolite (i.e. a chemical intermediary or product of a metabolic process) generated by some of the consortium members. By concentrating the consortium environment with the metabolite, the consortium members may be influenced to favor a different metabolic pathway that does not produce even more of the metabolite. Alternatively, a rate limiting metabolite may be introduced that normally causes a bottleneck in a metabolic pathway. Introducing this amendment to the consortium environment may stimulate more use of the pathway to consume the added metabolite.
[0060] The water used for the dilution and dispersion of the consortium may come from a variety of sources. One source that may be in close proximity to the formation is formation water. Systems and methods for the transport of anaerobic formation water from a subterranean geologic formation are described. “Anaerobic” formation water is characterized as having little or no dissolved oxygen, in general no more than 4 mg/L, preferably less than 2 mg/L, most preferably less than 0.1 mg/L, as measured at 20 degrees C. and 760 mmHg barometric pressure. During application of the present invention, higher levels of dissolved oxygen, greater than 4 mg/L, can be tolerated without appreciably degrading microorganism performance, for limited times or in certain locations such as a surface layer in a storage or settling tank. Dissolved oxygen can be measured by well-known methods, such as by commercially-available oxygen electrodes, or by the well-known Winkler reaction.
[0061] The formation water may be extracted and then reintroduced into the same formation in an intraformation transport process, or introduced into a different formation in an interformation transport process. The formation water may be analyzed to determine the chemical composition of the water, and to ascertain whether microorganisms are present. When microorganisms are present, they may also be identified by genus and/or species.
[0062] The choice of formation water may be influenced by the content and/or activity of the microorganism found in the water. For example, a first formation having native formation water containing high concentrations of a microorganism of interest may be transported to a second formation to attempt to stimulate the growth of the microorganism in the second formation. The water transported to the new formation may contain a population of the microorganism, which may act as a seed population for the growth of the microorganism in the second formation.
[0063] The formation water may be amended based on the analysis of the compounds and microorganisms present in the native water. These amendments may include changing the composition of the formation water to enhance the growth or one or more species of the microorganisms present. For example, the amendments may include adjusting the microorganism nutrient levels, pH, salinity, oxidation potential (Eh), and/or metal ion concentrations, among other compositional changes to the formation water. The amendments may also include filtering and/or processing the formation water to reduce the concentration of one or more chemical and/or biological species.
[0064] Amended or unamended, the extracted formation water is transported back to the same formation, or a different formation. For example, intraformation transport may include cycling the formation water through the formation one or more times, where the water may be extracted from the formation, amended, and returned to the formation in a continuous loop process. Interformation transport may include, for example, extracting formation water from a first formation and transporting it (treated or untreated) to a second subterranean formation that has carbonaceous materials, but little or no native formation water and/or microorganisms. The aqueous environment introduced to the second formation creates conditions for microorganism populations to grow and convert the carbonaceous material into hydrogen, smaller hydrocarbons (e.g., butane, propane, methane), and other useful metabolites.
[0065] Referring now to FIG. 1 , a flowchart is shown that illustrates a method of intraformation transport of formation water according to embodiments of the invention. The method starts with the accessing the formation water 102 in a geologic formation. The geologic formation may be a previously explored, carbonaceous material containing, subterranean formation, such as a coal mine, oil field, natural gas deposit, carbonaceous shale, etc. In many of these instances, access to the formation water can involve utilizing previously mined or drilled access points to the formation. For unexplored formations, accessing the formation water may involve digging, or drilling through a surface layer to access the underlying water.
[0066] Once the formation water is accessed, it may be extracted from the formation 104. The extraction may involve bringing the formation water to the surface using one or more hydrologic pumping techniques. These techniques may include pumping the formation water to the surface using a pumping device that harnesses electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, and/or fluid-expansion type forces, among other modes of action.
[0067] The extracted formation water may be analyzed 106 to ascertain information about the chemical and biological composition of the water. Chemical analyses may include spectrophotometry, NMR, HPLC, gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, voltammetry, and other instrumentation and chemical tests. The tests may determine the presence and concentrations of elements like carbon, phosphorous, nitrogen, sulfur, magnesium, manganese, iron, calcium, zinc, tungsten, and titanium, among others. The tests may also detect the presence and concentrations of polyatomic ions, such as PO42−, NH4+, NO2−, NO3−, and SO4−, among others. Biological analyses may include techniques and instrumentation for detecting genera and/or species of one or more microorganisms present in the formation water. These test may include genus and/or species identification of anaerobes, aerobes, microaerophiles, etc. found in the formation water. Additional details for identifying and isolation genera and species of microorganisms from the formation water are described in commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/099,879, filed Apr. 5, 2005, and titled “Systems and Methods for the Isolation and Identification of Microorganisms from Hydrocarbon Deposits”, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes.
[0068] The formation water may also be amended 108 by, for example, altering one or more physical (e.g., temperature), chemical, or biological characteristics of the water. As noted above, the amendments may include adjustments to the chemical composition of the formation water, including the increase or decrease of a microorganism nutrient level, pH, salinity, oxidation potential (Eh), and/or metal ion concentration, among other chemical species. For example, changes in microorganism nutrient levels may include changes in formation water concentration of cationic species, such as ammonium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, manganese, zinc, and copper, among other cationic species. It may also include changes in anionic species, such as nitrate, nitrite, chloride, carbonate, phosphate, acetate, and molybdate, among other anionic species. It may further include changes in the nutrient level of compounds including di-sodium hydrogen phosphate, boric acid, yeast extract, peptone, and chelating compounds like nitrilotriacetic acid, among other compounds.
[0069] Changes in the biological characteristics of the formation water may include increasing or decreasing the population of one or more genera and/or species of microorganism in the water. Genera whose population in the formation water may be controlled include. Thermotoga, Pseudomonas, Gelria, Clostridia, Moorella, Thermoacetogenium, Methanobacter, Bacillus, Geobacillus, Methanosarcina, Methanocorpusculum, Methanobrevibacter, Methanothermobacter, Methanolobus, Methanohalophilus, Methanococcoides, Methanosalsus, Methanosphaera, Granulicatella, Acinetobacter, Fervidobacterium, Anaerobaculum, Ralstonia, Sulfurospirullum, Acidovorax, Rikenella, Thermoanaeromonas, Desulfovibrio, Dechloromonas, Acetogenium, Desulfuromonas, Ferribacter, and Thiobacillus, among others. Additional description of microorganisms, and consortia of microorganisms, that may be present and controlled in the formation water can be found in commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/099,881, filed Apr. 5, 2005, and titled “Generation of materials with Enhanced Hydrogen Content from Anaerobic Microbial Consortia”; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/099,880, also filed Apr. 5, 2005, titled “Generation of Materials with Enhanced Hydrogen Content from Microbial Consortia Including Thermotoga”, the entire contents of both applications hereby being incorporated by reference for all purposes.
[0070] Whether amended or not, the extracted formation water may be reintroduced back into the geologic formation 110. The formation water may be reintroduced at or near the location where the water is extracted, or at a position remote from the extraction location. The remote position may or may not be in fluid communication with the extraction location (e.g., a cavity in the formation that is hydraulically sealed from the point where the formation water is extracted).
[0071] The formation water may be maintained in an anaerobic state during the extraction, pumping, transport, storage, etc., by using a closed system throughout and displacing the oxygen present in the system with an inert gas, such as argon, substantially pure nitrogen, and/or helium, among other inert gases. The system may also be pressurized with the inert gas to reduce the amount of ambient oxygen that enters the system. Embodiments of anaerobic formation water extraction, transport and storage systems may include low pressure pumps (e.g., vein, fin, and/or rotary pumps, which may use needle, ball and/or butterfly valves) that may be submersible in the subterranean formation water deposit. The conduits and storage elements of the system may be made of oxygen impermeable and chemically inert materials that minimize the diffusion of free oxygen and other contaminants into the anaerobic formation water. Examples of these materials may include butyl rubber, viton, glass, copper, steel, and stainless steel, among other materials.
[0072] FIG. 2 shows another flowchart illustrating a method of interformation transport of formation water according to embodiments of the invention. Similar to embodiments of methods of intraformation transport shown in FIG. 1 , interformation transport may include accessing the formation water 202 in a first geologic formation, and extracting the water 204 from the first formation. The extracted formation water may be analyzed 206, and amended 208 by altering one or more physical, chemical, and/or biological characteristics of the water.
[0073] The formation water may then be transported to a second geologic formation 210. A variety of mechanisms are contemplated for transporting the formation water between the two geologic formations. These include pumping the water through a pipeline that is in fluid communication between the formations. They also include filling containers (e.g., barrels) with formation water and transporting them by vehicle (e.g., car, truck, rail car) to the second formation site. Alternatively, a vehicle designed for the transport of fluids (e.g., a tanker truck, tanker rail car, etc.) may be filled with the formation water at the first formation site and driven (or pulled) to the second formation site.
[0074] When the formation water arrives at the second formation site, it is introduced into the second geologic formation 212. The second geologic formation may be a dry formation, where the formation water is pumped into a cavity, network of channels, etc. having little or no detectable levels of native formation water. Alternatively, substantial amounts of native formation water may be present in the second formation, and the water from the first formation is mixed with this native water as it is introduced into the second formation.
[0075] FIG. 3 shows a system 300 for intraformation transport of formation water according to embodiments of the invention. The system 300 may include a pump system 302 and amendment system 304 that are positioned on the surface above a subterranean geologic formation 306. The geologic formation 306 may include a formation water stratum 308 that sits below a liquid hydrocarbon layer 310 (e.g., a crude oil containing stratum), which, in turn, may sit below a gas layer 312 (e.g., a natural gas layer). A conduit 314 may be inserted into the formation and positioned such that a distal end of the conduit 314 receives formation water from the stratum 308 and transports it to pump 302 on the surface. In some examples, the conduit 314 may be part of a previous system used to recover hydrocarbons for the formation.
[0076] The pump system 302 used to bring the formation water to the surface may include one or more pumping devices such as dynamic pumping devices, reciprocating displacement pumping devices, and rotary displacement pumping devices, among others.
[0077] Dynamic pumping devices may include centrifugal pumps, such as axial flow centrifugal pumps, mixed flow and/or radial flow pumps, peripheral pumps, and combinations of these pumps. Axial flow pumps may include single-stage or multi-stage, closed impeller, open impeller (e.g., fixed-pitch or variable-pitch) and combinations of these pumps. Mixed flow and/or radial flow centrifugal pumps may include single suction or double suction, self-priming, non-priming, single-stage, or multi-stage, open-impeller, semiopen-impeller, closed-impeller, and combinations of these types of pumps. Peripheral centrifugal pumps may include single-stage or multi-stage, self-priming or non-priming, and combinations of these types of pumps. Dynamic pumps may also include jet pumps, gas lift pumps, hydraulic ram pumps, and electromagnetic pumps, among other types of dynamic pumps.
[0078] Reciprocating displacement pumping devices may include piston or plunger pumps, including steam pumps (e.g., simplex, duplex, triplex or multiplex steam pumps). These pumps may also include power pumps (e.g., single-acting or double-acting; simplex, duplex, triplex, multiplex, and combinations of these power pumps). Also included are pumps utilizing check valves, whether fixed, mobile, or a combination of these characteristics, and may further include hinged barriers, mobile balls or mobile pistons of appropriate shape, with associated containment devices. Also included in reciprocating displacement pumping devices are diaphragm pumps, including simplex, duplex and multiplex, fluid-operated, mechanically-operated, and combinations of these type of pumps.
[0079] Rotary displacement pumping devices include pumps equipped with a single rotor, including vane, piston, flexible member, screw and peristaltic pumps. These pumps may also include pumps equipped with multiple rotors, including gear, lobe, circumferential piston, and screw pumps.
[0080] At least part of the pump system 302 may be submerged in a pool of formation water in a subterranean formation. In operation, the submerged pump may agitate the formation water, causing dissolved methane and other gases to be released and rise to the top of the formation. Thus, in some embodiments the pump system 302 may include a gas collection system (not shown) at the well head to transport the released gases out of the formation.
[0081] When formation water exits the pump system 302 it may be transported to an amendment system 304 where the water may be analyzed and/or amended before being reintroduced back into the formation 306. The analysis components of the system 304 may include chemical and biological measurement instrumentation (not shown) used to provide data on the chemical and biological composition of the formation water. The system 304 may also include components and equipment to change the physical, chemical and biological composition of the formation water. For example, the system 304 may include components to increase or decrease the temperature of the water. The system may also include components and equipment to filter the formation water to remove selected chemical and/or biological species. Descriptions of systems and method for filtering formation water can be found in co-assigned PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2005/015188, filed May 3, 2005, and titled “Methanogenesis Stimulated by Isolated Anaerobic Consortia”, the entire contents of which is hereby incorporated reference for all purposes. The amendment system 304 may also include components for increasing or decreasing a microorganism nutrient level, pH, salinity, oxidation potential (Eh), and/or metal ion concentration, among other chemical changes to the water.
[0082] Formation water passing through the pump system 302 and the amendment system 304 may then be transported thorough the pipeline 315 back into the formation 306. In the embodiment shown, the formation water is reintroduced into the same formation water layer 308, but at a different point from where the water was originally extracted. Alternatively, the formation water may be introduced back into the formation at another layer, such as where an end of the conduit 316 opens to the gas layer 312.
[0083] Referring now to FIG. 4 , a system 400 for interformation transport of formation water according to embodiments of the invention is shown. The System 400 include a pump system 402 and an amendment system 404 positioned above a first geologic formation 406. Formation water may be extracted by pump system 402 from a formation water layer 408 through the conduit 414, and analyzed and amended in amendment system 404. The amended formation water may then be loaded into the vehicle 418 which can travel between the first formation 406 and the second geologic formation 420.
[0084] When the vehicle 418 is filled with formation water it can travel to pumping system 422 positioned above the second formation 420. An outlet (not shown) on the vehicle 418 may be connected to the pump unit 422 and the formation water may be delivered to a subterranean cavity 424 above a hydrocarbon bed 426, in the second formation 420, via conduit 428. In alternative embodiments (not shown) the vehicle 418 may include pumping equipment on-hoard to pump the formation water into the cavity 424, without the use of an on-site pumping system 422. In more alternative embodiments, the vehicle 418 may be replaced by a transport pipeline (not shown) that transports the formation water directly between the first and second formations 408 and 420.
[0085] The extracted formation water may be used to disperse the constituents of a native consortium over a larger region of carbonaceous material. The aqueous dispersion provides an opportunity for the upstream metabolizers (e.g., the “first-bite” microorganisms that metabolize the hydrocarbon substrate into smaller molecules) and methanogenic microorganisms in the consortium to grow with less interference from nearby competing species that are flushed from the hydrocarbon deposit. When conditions in the formation environment are favorable to rapid growth of the dispersed upstream metabolizers and methanogens, the relative populations of species in the consortium may become more weighted to these consortium populations. Thus, diluting an original consortium (e.g., a native consortium) with water may change the demographics of the microorganism members to increase the production of biogenic gases such as methane and hydrogen.
[0086] FIGS. 5A-B show flowcharts that illustrate methods of using water to stimulate biogenic gas production by a consortium of microorganisms. The method steps illustrated in FIG. 5A include forming an opening in a geologic formation 502 so water can be supplied to the microorganism consortium. The opening may be formed under conditions that limit the amount of atmospheric oxygen that flows into the opening. Formation of the opening may include boring, drilling, digging, blasting, excavating, etc., the opening starting at the surface of the formation. Embodiments also include unplugging or otherwise accessing a opening that has already been formed in the formation (e.g., a previously drilled oil well).
[0087] Following the formation of the opening, water may be injected into the opening 504. The water may have been extracted from the same formation, or have come from a different source, for example a different formation. The injected water may include live microorganisms, or the water may be treated to remove or inactivate the microorganisms. Removal treatments may include passing the water through a filter that collects the microorganisms in the retentate. Inactivation treatments may include heating and/or irradiating the water to kill the microorganisms present. Inactivation treatments may also include adding a biocide to the water to kill the microorganisms.
[0088] The water injected into the opening may disperse the consortium of microorganisms over a larger region of the formation 506. For example, if the consortium is concentrated in a specific region of a hydrocarbon deposit (e.g., a coal or oil deposit), the water may disperse the consortium over a larger region of the same deposit. The water may also dilute the consortium in a larger volume of fluid.
[0089] The rate of gas production may be measured 508 to determine the effect of injecting the water. Measured gases may include hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, and/or carbon dioxide, among other gases. The type of measurement may include a pressure measurement of the gases in the formation. This may involve partial pressure measurements of a particular gas (or group of gases), like the combustible gases methane and/or hydrogen. Measurements may be done before the water injection to establish a baseline rate of off-gassing in the formation. Additional measurements may be taken after the water injection to observe if the rate of gas production has changed as a result of the injection.
[0090] The water injection may be as simple as injecting a single sample into the opening. Embodiments may also include more complex patterns of water injection, where multiple cycles of water injection and extraction of fluids from the formation are performed. FIG. 5B shows a water injection pattern that includes the injection of two portions of water between an extraction step. Similar to FIG. 5A , the method may include forming an opening in a geologic formation 510 and injecting a first portion of water into the opening 512. A vacuum or some other type pressure differential may be applied to the opening to extract formation fluids from the opening 514. Following the extraction, a second portion of water may be injected into the opening 516. Measurement of the gas production rates 518 may be taken before, during and after the water injection cycle to determine how the injected water is affecting gas production rates in the formation.
[0091] It should be appreciated that the injection-extraction-injection cycle shown in FIG. 5B may include more iterations. It should also be appreciated that the volume of the water injected and the timing of the injection may be varied. For example, a first injection pattern may involve several injection cycles of smaller volumes of water, while a second pattern may involve fewer injection cycles of larger volumes of water.
[0092] Water injections and water treatments may also be done to change the salinity level of water in geologic formation. FIG. 6A shows steps in methods of controlling the salinity level of the water in a geologic formation according to embodiments of the invention. The methods may include measuring the salinity level in the formation water 602. If the salinity of the water is about 6% salt, by volume, or more (e.g., brackish or saline water) then some microorganisms in the formation environment may have reduced activity due to the high salt concentration. When the measured salinity level is high enough to interfere with the desired microorganism activity, an opening may be formed in the formation 604 that provides access for a water dilution amendment. Water having a reduced salinity level may be injected into the formation 608 through the opening. During the water injection, the salinity level of the in situ formation water may be monitored to quantify the impact of the water dilution. The salinity level in the formation water may continue to be monitored after the water injection to see if the salinity level starts to rise again. Measurements of metabolite production rates, such as production rates for hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, acetate, etc., may also be conducted 608 to gauge the impact of the reduced salinity level on biogenic activity.
[0093] The desired salinity level in a geologic formation depends in part on the microorganism consortium. Some native or introduced consortia are more active metabolizing carbonaceous substrates to metabolites with increased hydrogen content when the salinity level is about 6% or less. Some microorganism see further increases in activity when salinity levels reach about 3% or less. Some reach their highest activity levels at even lower salinity levels, such as a level approaching what is considered fresh water (i.e., less than about 0.05% salt, by volume). Embodiments of the invention include increasing, as well as decreasing, the salinity level of water in the formation to reach a desired salinity level. For example, if the salinity level of the water is too low, salt amendments may be introduced (e.g., sodium chloride, potassium chloride, etc.) to increase the salinity.
[0094] The water injected into the geological formation to change the salinity level of the water into the formation may come from an external source, or the formation itself. FIG. 6B is a flowchart illustrating steps in methods of changing the salinity by extracting, treating, and reintroducing water into same formation. The methods may include accessing the formation water in the geologic formation 652, and extracting a portion of the formation water 654. The salinity level of a sample of the extracted formation water is measured 656 to see if the water contains too much salt for significant metabolic production of carbon compound with enhanced hydrogen content.
[0095] If the salinity levels in the native formation water are too high, the extracted water may be treated to reduce the salinity level 658. A reduction in the salinity level of the water may be carried out by a variety of desalinization methods, including evaporation-condensation processes, multi-stage flash processes, electrodialysis reversal processes, reverse osmosis processes, freezing processes, and nanofiltration processes, among other processes. The desalinization process may reduce the salt concentration in the formation water to the level of fresh water (e.g., 0.05% or less salt, by volume), or end at higher salinity levels (e.g., about 2% salt, by vol., or less).
[0096] The reduced salinity formation water may then be reintroduced back into the geologic formation 658. Changes in the in situ salinity levels in the formation may be monitored during and after the reintroduction of the treated water. Concentrations and/or production rates for metabolite species in the formation (e.g., hydrogen, methane) may also be measured.
[0097] Embodiments of the invention also include extracting, desalinating, and reintroducing formation water to a geologic formation in an uninterrupted cycle. Thus, a first portion of native formation water may be extracted from the formation as a second portion is undergoing a desalinization process, and a third portion of treated water is being reintroduced to the formation, all at the same time. As additional cycles are completed, the salinity level of the formation water should be further reduced.
Definition of Salinity
[0098] Salinity is a measure of the dissolved salt concentration in water. The salts may include the dissolved ions of any ionic compounds present in the water. Common salts may include halide salts such as alkali metal halides (e.g., sodium chloride, potassium chloride, etc.) and alkali earth metal halides (e.g., magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, etc.). Salts may also include the salts of polyatomic cations and anions, such as ammonium salts, phosphate salts, nitrate salts, sulfate salts, and oxyhalide salts, among other kinds of salts.
[0099] The salinity level of “fresh water” is defined to have less than 0.05%, by vol, of salt. “Brackish water” has about 3% to 5% salt, by volume. “Brine” is defined as a concentrated salt solution that may be fully saturated at room temperature with one of more dissolved salt compound.
Experimental
[0100] Data presented herein demonstrate that anaerobic formation water obtained from any of several underground carbonaceous formations carries numerous MO's including a variety of MO species. Further, the data demonstrate that included among the MO's that can be collected from such water are all the species that make up a consortium capable of using a carbonaceous substrate, including coal, as a substrate to produce methane, under anaerobic conditions. Even though the number of MO's per liter of formation water may be low, large amounts of MO's can be accumulated by processing large volumes of water to collect the MO's therefrom.
[0101] Micro-organisms concentrated according to the invention are useful for biogenic production of methane from a carbonaceous substrate. Concentrated MO's can be used to generate methane under controlled conditions in an above-ground bioreactor, or used to enhance in sifu methanogenesis. In either case, the methane that is generated can be used as a feedstock for chemical synthesis or used directly as a clean-burning fuel. The biogenic production of methane by the present invention requires minimal input of external energy.
[0102] Embodiments of the invention are further described in the following Experimental Examples.
Quantification and Characterization of Microbial Biomass in Formation Waters of the Powder River Basin (PRB) Coal Bed Methane Development Area
[0103] Four coal bed methane (CBM) water samples and six coal samples collected from the Tongue River area of the Powder River Basin in Wyoming were analyzed for phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA). PLFA has proven to be an accurate tool for quantifying viable microbial biomass. The formation water samples were placed into sterile 4 L bottles with no headspace and spiked with a sterile sodium sulfide solution (to 0.5 mM) to preserve anoxic conditions. Oxygen exposure of the coal samples was minimized by storing them in gas tight cylinders that were purged with argon. FIG. 8 illustrates the microbial biomass estimates and community structure in both formation water and coal samples based on PLFA abundance and makeup respectively.
[0104] Microbial biomass in the formation water samples ranged from 7.65×104 cells/ml to 1.69×105 cells/ml with an average of 1×105 cells/ml. For comparison, microbial biomass in the coal samples ranged from 1.4×106 cells/g coal to 9.5×106 cells/g coal with an average of 3×106 cells/g coal. The microbial communities in formation water and in coal samples had similar PLFA compositions. These data indicate that the primary groups of microorganisms in the tested coals are also present in the associated formation waters.
Evaluation of Methods for Concentrating Microorganisms from Formation Waters of the PRB
[0105] Microorganisms were concentrated from formation water obtained from a coal seam within the Powder River Basin (Tongue River area) using a hollow fiber tangential flow filtration column, and for comparison, by centrifugation.
[0106] The centrifugation procedure included several cycles of centrifuging formation water at 5500×G for 10 minutes in 60 ml centrifuge tubes. All sample manipulations were conducted in an anaerobic glove bag. A total volume of 1330 ml of formation water was centrifuged to 18.4 ml. The sample was analyzed by microscopy to ensure that microorganisms represented most of the turbidity (vs. coal fines or other particles).
[0107] The tangential flow procedure consisted of re-circulating 4 L Tongue River water through a tangential flow filtration column (0.2 vm pore size; 520 cm2 surface area, by Spectrum Labs, part #M22E-101-015). Viton tubing, which has a very low oxygen permeability, and air tight (Swagelock) fittings were used for the flow lines and fittings respectively. A glass carboy purged with argon was used as the formation water holding vessel.
[0108] Three tests were performed to concentrate MO's from formation water at varying tangential total flow rates ranging from 370 mllmin to 2,300 mllmin (see Table 1). The permeate (filtered water leaving the tangential filter) flow rate ranged from 200 ml/minute to 614 ml/min. The efficiency of tangential flow for concentrating microorganisms from the formation water relative to centrifugation ranged from 95% to 155% (see the final column of Table 1). The final microbial biomass in the cell concentrates is in agreement with the cell concentration in the formation water. Thus, both centrifugation and tangential flow filtration were effective at concentrating microbial biomass from the formation water. Of particular interest is the final tangential flow test during which over 2 liters of water was filtered within approximately 3 minutes using a very small tangential flow filtration column. Concentrated MO's were active in formation water under refrigeration at 37° F. for at least 1 week.
[0109]
| TABLE 1 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Comparison of centrifugation and tangential flow filtration | ||||
| for concentrating microbial biomass from formation water | ||||
| collected from a coal bed methane well. | ||||
| Cell recovery | ||||
| Total | Permeate | Volumetric | efficiency | |
| Flow Rate | Flow Rate | Concen- | Cells/ml in | relative to |
| ml/min | (ml/min) | tration | concentrate | centerfugation |
| centrifuged | centrifuged | 80× | 5.8 × 106 | NA |
| 370 | 200 ml/min | 133× | 9.2 × 106 | 95% |
| 400 | 168 ml/min | 82× | 6.2 × 106 | 108% |
| 2,300 | 614 ml/min | 82× | 9.0 × 106 | 155% |
Methanogenesis Stimulated by Microorganisms Concentrated from CBM Waters
[0110] Experiments were conducted to test whether the introduction of microorganisms concentrated from the Tongue River formation water could stimulate the production of methane in coal slurries prepared with coal collected from the Lake De Smet region of the PRB. The Tongue River and Lake De Smet regions lie within the Powder River Basin about 35 miles apart from one another. While the Tongue River area has numerous active wells producing biogenic coal bed methane, generated through metabolic activity of indigenous consortia of MO's, the Lake De Smet region has none. Wells were drilled in the Lake De Smet region but subsequently abandoned because they were unproductive of methane. FIG. 9 illustrates the results of these experiments. All incubations were carried out at room temperature, which is similar to in situ formation temperatures. Methane production was detected and quantified by gas chromatography. Methane production was detected at relatively low rates in the coal slurries lacking added amendments (unamended controls) also in slurries having an added nutrient solution containing inorganic sources of nitrogen, phosphate, magnesium, calcium, potassium, a variety of metals, and a vitamin mixture. Methane production was not detected in sterilized slurries or in slurries amended with 2-bromoethane sulfonic acid to inhibit methanogenesis. After a short lag period methane production was stimulated significantly with the addition of microorganisms concentrated from the Tongue River formation water. The microbial biomass added to these slurries was equivalent to the number of microorganisms contained within 8.8 ml of Tongue River formation water. Methanogenesis was also stimulated after a lag period with the addition of Tongue River coal (0.5 g) added as a source of inoculum to the Lake De Smet coal slurries. The addition of a termite (R. flavipes) hindgut cell suspension as a source of methanogenic consortium to the Lake De Smet coal slurries did not enhance methanogenesis significantly above the unamended coal slurries.
[0111] The quantity of cells that could be obtained by concentrating microorganisms from waters in the Powder River Basin (PRB) can be estimated by multiplying the concentration of microorganisms in the Tongue River formation water samples by total PRB CBM water production rate. Based on 44 million barrelslmonth (6.9×109 L/month) produced in the PRB in 2004 and 1.2×108 cells/L average cell concentration in the Tongue River wells sampled, an estimated 8.4×1017 cells can be recovered from all produced PRB CBM waters each month. The availability of such quantities of demonstrably active methanogenic consortium MO's, using the present invention, has established that it is practical and feasible to enhance methane production from carbonaceous formations, either by seeding a previously unproductive formation, or by stimulating a currently active formation.
Methanogenesis Stimulated by Changes in Water Dilution Levels
[0112] Laboratory experiments were done to measure how changes in the levels of formation Water can effect methane production from coal extracted under anaerobic conditions from a subterranean coal seam. Formation water was also recovered from the formation under anaerobic conditions (i.e., the formation water samples were not exposed to ambient air).
[0113] Three coal samples of coal were taken from the Dietz Coal seam (North West quadrant of the Powder River Basin). All three samples were separately placed in 125 ml serum bottles that were sealed in an anaerobic environment of argon gas. No formation water was added to the first sample bottle, while 0.2 ml of formation water was injected into the second sample bottle, and 2.0 ml of formation water is injected into the third sample bottle. The percentage of methane measured in the headspace above the coal in the bottles was then measured over a 1 year period. FIG. 7 shows the plot of the percentage of methane in the headspace of the bottles over time for the three samples.
[0114] FIG. 7 clearly demonstrates that the addition of formation water stimulates the production of methane from the coal samples. Additional radiocarbon labeling studies provided strong evidence that the methane was being biogenically produced. Thus, this experiment shows that formation water can stimulate the biogenic production of methane from carbonaceous substrates like coal.
[0115] The Experiment shows that the addition of the formation water increased the percentage of methane nearly three-fold in about 150 days. The present invention contemplates systems and methods for amending and transporting formation water to carbonaceous materials in formations on commercial scales. A proportional scaling of the resulting increase in methane production will make these formations, which include dormant oil and coal fields, commercially viable sources of methane, hydrogen, and Other metabolites from the microbial digestion of carbonaceous substrates.
[0116] Additional experiments are proposed to measure the effects of consortium dilution and metabolite amendments on the production of biogenic gases. These include a first set of experiments for injecting water into a geologic formation containing coal. The coal deposit is an “active” coal that has been shown to produce methane from either biogenic processes (e.g., methanogenic microorganisms) or non-biogenic processes (e.g., methane desorption off the substrate, thermal breakdown of substrate, etc.). The water may be fresh water or salt water that has been filtered of microorganisms. This set of experiments compares changes in the rate of methane and hydrogen off-gassing based on how the water is introduced to the coal. For example, in one experiment, larger volumes of water are injected at higher pressure in fewer cycles, while a second experiment injects smaller volumes at lower pressure in more cycles. In these “huff and puff” experiments, fluids building up in the formation may also be extracted from between injection events. The measurements of the changes in the rates at which methane, hydrogen and other gases are building up in the formation offer insight into how a consortium of native microorganisms responds to the different patterns for water injection and extraction cycles.
[0117] A second set of experiments compares changes in the rate of methane and hydrogen off-gassing after introducing water to both active and inactive coals. The active coals demonstrated significant methane off-gassing prior to introducing the water, while the inactive coals showed very little pre-water off-gassing. The water used in these experiments is extracted from the formation itself and the native microorganism are not filtered or killed. In some experiments, the formation water may be extracted from the part of the formation in contact with the coal, while in others the water is taken from a different part of the formation. Different patterns of water injection cycles may also be compared for both the active and coal coals in this set of experiments.
[0118] A third set of experiments measures the effect of specific nutrient amendments on the rate off-gassing from a deposit of active coal in a geologic formation. The nutrient amendments are added to water that's injected into the formation and onto the coal. The amendments may include a high concentration of yeast extract, a low concentration of yeast extract and phosphorous in various combinations. The water used comes for the formation. The same injection pattern is used for introducing the amended water to the coal to better attribute and correlate differences in off-gassing rates to the type of amendment used.
[0119] A fourth set of experiments introduces microorganism concentrates to an inactive coal deposit and measures changes in the off-gassing of gases such as hydrogen and methane. The microorganism concentrate may come from the retentate of filtered formation water. The experiments may use different injection patterns to introduce the microorganisms to the coal. The experiments may also dilute the concentrate to various levels (e.g., diluting the concentrate to 50%, 25%, 10%, etc., of its original concentration) to measure the effects of this dilution on the concentrate's ability to stimulate biogenic gas production.
[0120] A fifth set of experiments introduces hydrogen gas to the coals and measures its effect on the rate of off-gassing of methane. The experiments include introducing the hydrogen gas to both active and inactive coals. The hydrogen gas may be introduced after water has been introduced to the coals. In some of the experiments, microorganisms may also be introduced to the coal before its exposed to the hydrogen gas, or simultaneously therewith. Nutrient amendments, such as vitamins, minerals, yeast extract, phosphorous, phosphate. etc. may also be added.
[0121] A sixth set of experiments introduces acetate to the coals and measures its effect on the rate of off-gassing from the coal. The acetate may be introduced as an aqueous solution of acetic acid that's injected into the formation and onto the coal. Similar to the hydrogen gas experiments, the acetate experiments may be conducted on both active and inactive coals. Some of the experiments may include introducing microorganisms to the coal as well.
[0122] Tables 2A and B lists some of the experimental parameters for the six sets of experiments described above. It should be appreciated that the list in Tables 1A and B are not exhaustive, and different combinations of parameters (as well and additional parameters) may also be tried.
[0123]
| TABLE 2A | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Experimental Parameters for Six Sets of Experiments | |||||||
| Cell | |||||||
| Experimental | Treatment | Cells In | Cells Grown | Nutrient | Water | Cells Filtered | Concentrate |
| Set | Summary | Treatment | on Surface | Addition | Source | Out | Added |
| First | Fresh Water | Formation | No | None | Any Water | Yes | No |
| First | Fresh Water | Formation | No | None | Any Water | Yes | No |
| Second | Water Flush | Formation | No | None | Same Well | None | No |
| Second | Water Flush | Formation | No | None | Same Well | None | No |
| Second | Water Flush | Formation | No | None | Same | None | No |
| Formation | |||||||
| Second | Water Flush | Formation | No | None | Same | None | No |
| Formation | |||||||
| Third | Nutritional | Formation & | No | High YE | Same | None | No |
| Water | Formation | ||||||
| Third | Nutritional | Formation & | No | Low YE | Same | None | No |
| Water | Formation | ||||||
| Third | Nutritional | Formation & | No | P | Same | None | No |
| Water | Formation | ||||||
| Third | Nutritional | Formation & | No | High YE + P | Same | None | No |
| Water | Formation | ||||||
| Third | Nutritional | Formation & | No | Low YE + P | Same | None | No |
| Water | Formation | ||||||
| Fourth | Inoculation | Cell Conc. | No | Low MMV | Specific to | Yes | Yes |
| Cells | |||||||
| Fourth | Inoculation | Cell Conc. | No | Low MMV | Specific to | Yes | Yes |
| Cells | |||||||
| Fourth | Grow and | Cell Conc. | No | Low MMV | Any Water | Yes | Yes - Diluted |
| Dliute | |||||||
| Fifth | H2 Add | Formation | No | Low MMV | Same Well | Yes | No |
| Formation | |||||||
| Fifth | H2 Add | Formation & | No | Low MMV | Same Well | No | No |
| Both | Water | ||||||
| Fifth | H2 Add | Water | Yes | Low MMV | Same | No | No |
| Water | Formation | ||||||
| Fifth | H2 Add | Water | Yes | Low MMV | Any Water | Yes | Yes |
| New Cells | |||||||
| Sixth | Acetate Add | Formation | No | Low MMV | Same Well | Yes | No |
| Sixth | Acetate Add | Formation & | No | Low MMV | Same Well | No | No |
| Water | |||||||
| Sixth | Acetate Add | Water | Yes | Low MMV | Same | No | No |
| Formation | |||||||
| Sixth | Acetate Add | Water | Yes | Low MMV | Any Water | Yes | Yes |
[0124]
| TABLE 2-B | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Experimental Parameters for Six Sets of Experiments | |||||||
| Number of | Big or Small | ||||||
| Experimental | Injection | Injection | High or Low | Water Level | Water Wash | Number of | |
| Set | Cycles | Volume | Pressure | Over Coal | Active Coal | First? | Wells |
| First | Several | Small | Low | No | Yes | N/A | Few |
| First | Few | Big | High | No | Yes | N/A | Several |
| Second | Several | Small | Low | No | Yes | No | Several |
| Second | Few | Big | High | No | No | No | Several |
| Second | Several | Small | Low | No | Yes | No | Few |
| Second | Few | Big | High | No | No | No | Several |
| Third | Few | Big | High | No | Yes | No | Several |
| Third | Few | Big | High | No | Yes | No | Several |
| Third | Few | Big | High | No | Yes | No | Several |
| Third | Few | Big | High | No | Yes | No | Several |
| Third | Few | Big | High | No | Yes | No | Several |
| Fourth | Several | Small | Low | No | No | Maybe | Few |
| Fourth | Few | Big | High | No | No | Maybe | Several |
| Fourth | Several | Small | Low | No | No | Yes | Few |
| Fifth | Several | Small | Low | Yes | Yes | Maybe | Few |
| Fifth | Several | Small | Low | Yes | No | Maybe | Few |
| Fifth | Several | Small | Low | No | No | Yes | Few |
| Fifth | Several | Small | Low | No | No | Yes | Few |
| Sixth | Several | Small | Low | No | Yes | Maybe | Few |
| Sixth | Several | Small | Low | No | No | Maybe | Few |
| Sixth | Several | Small | Low | No | No | Yes | Few |
| Sixth | Several | Small | Low | No | No | Yes | Few |
[0125] In Tables 2A-B the nutrient addition “MMV” indicates metals, minerals and/or vitamin amendment was made; “YE” indicates a yeast extract amendment was made; and “P” indicates phosphate amendment was made.
[0126] Examples of mineral amendments may include the addition of chloride, ammonium, phosphate, sodium, magnesium, potassium, and/or calcium to the isolate, among other kinds of minerals. Metal amendments may include the addition of manganese, iron, cobalt, zinc, copper, nickel, selenate, tungstenate, and/or molybdate to the isolate, among other kinds of metals. Vitamin amendments may include the addition of pyridoxine, thiamine, riboflavin, calcium pantothenate, thioctic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid, nicotinic acid, vitamin B12, 2-mereaptoehanesulfonic acid, biotin, and/or folic acid, among other vitamins. The addition of these amendments may involve adding mineral salts, metal salts, and vitamins directly to the isolate, or first preparing a solution of the salts and vitamins that then gets added to the isolate.
[0127] The concentration of the MMV, YE and P amendments may depend on the concentration and composition of an isolated consortium. Examples of concentration ranges for amendment components may include about 1 mg/L to about 500 mg/L for mineral amendment; about 10 μg/L to about 2000 μg/L for a metal amendment; and about 1 μg/L to about 100 μg/L for a vitamin amendment.
[0128] Having described several embodiments, it will be recognized by those of skill in the art that various modifications, alternative constructions, and equivalents may be used without departing from the spirit of the invention. Additionally, a number of well known processes and elements have not been described in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present invention. Accordingly, the above description should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention.
[0129] Where a range or values is provided, it is understood that each intervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, between the upper and lower limits of that range is also specifically disclosed. Each smaller range between any stated value or intervening value in a stated range and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range is encompassed. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included or excluded in the range, and each range where either, neither or both limits are included in the smaller ranges is also encompassed within the invention, subject to any specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are also included.
[0130] As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a process” includes a plurality of such processes and reference to “the electrode” includes reference to one or more electrodes and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth.
[0131] The term “micro-organism” is used in its broadest and generally understood sense to mean any living organism that is too small to be seen with the naked eye. MO's are found in almost all samples of underground material, either dispersed in subterranean water or adsorbed on or adhering to solid material. Of particular interest in the present invention are MO1s suspended in underground water, especially water obtained from carbonaceous formations, more particularly, water obtained from an anaerobic region of a methane-producing carbonaceous formation. Such water is termed “anaerobic formation water” herein.
[0132] A “carbonaceous formation” may include any place on or under the earth's surface whose composition is rich in hydrocarbons, including but not limited to coal, bitumen, oil shale, carbonaceous shale, tar sands, peat, oil and/or gas deposits, sediments rich in organic matter and the like. “Formation water” is water found within, or obtained from a carbonaceous formation. “Anaerobic” formation water is characterized as having little or no dissolved oxygen, in general no more than 4 mg/L, preferably less than 2 mg/L, most preferably less than 0.1 mg/L, as measured at 20 degrees C. and 760 mmHg barometric pressure. During application of the present invention, higher levels of dissolved oxygen, greater than 4 mg/L, can be tolerated without appreciably degrading consortium performance, for limited times or in certain locations such as a surface layer in a storage or settling tank. Dissolved oxygen can be measured by well-known methods, such as by commercially-available electrodes, or by the well-known Winkler reaction. It will be understood that carbonaceous formations can have both aerobic regions and anaerobic regions. For example, a coal deposit is likely to be aerobic near a surface exposed to air by mining activity. At a depth below the exposed surface, the deposit, including associated formation waters becomes anaerobic. Such water is what is termed herein “anaerobic formation water.”
[0133] “Contacting” refers to any process which results in bringing a methanogenic consortium into surface contact with carbonaceous material.
[0134] Also, the words “comprise,” “comprising,” “include,” “including,” and “includes” when used in this specification and in the following claims are intended to specify the presence of stated features, integers, components, or steps, but they do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, components, steps, acts, or groups.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method to stimulate biogenic production of a metabolite with enhanced hydrogen content, the method comprising:
forming an opening in a source geologic formation to provide access to formation water in the source geologic formation;
extracting a portion of the formation water from the source geologic formation;
changing a population of one or more genera of microorganisms in the extracted formation water; and
introducing the extracted formation water back into the source geologic formation or a different geologic formation.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the changing of the population of one or more genera of microorganisms in the extracted formation water comprises adding microorganisms from the one or more genera to the extracted formation water.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the added microorganisms comprise cells extracted from the source geologic formation.
4. The method of claim of claim 2, wherein the added microorganisms comprise cells from a different geologic formation than the source geologic formation.
5. The method of claim 2, wherein the added microorganisms comprise cells grown on surface.
6. The method of claim 2, wherein the added microorganisms comprise cells from one or more genera selected from the group consisting of Thermotoga, Pseudomonas, Gelria, Clostridia, Moorella, Thermoacetogenium, Methanobacter, Bacillus, Geobacillus, Methanosarcina, Methanocorpusculum, Methanobrevibacter, Methanothermobacter, Methanolobus, Methanohalophilus, Methanococcoides, Methanosalsus, Methanosphaera, Granulicatella, Acinetobacter, Fervidobacterium, Anaerobaculum, Ralstonia, Sulfurospirullum, Acidovorax, Rikenella, Thermoanaeromonas, Desulfovibrio, Dechloromonas, Acetogenium, Desulfuromonas, Ferribacter, and Thiobacillus.
7. The method of claim 2, wherein the added microorganisms comprise cells from a concentrate of microorganism that is prepared by:
i) extracting anaerobic formation water containing the added microorganisms from an underground carbonaceous formation;
ii) providing liquid transport means for transporting said water while maintaining an anaerobic state;
iii) providing collection means for collecting said microorganism in an anaerobic state from said water;
iv) transporting said water through said collection means whereby said microorganisms are collected from said water; and
v) removing said microorganisms in a concentrated form in said water from the collection means, whereby the concentrate of the microorganism is prepared.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the extracted formation water is introduced into the different geologic formation by:
transporting the extracted formation water to the different geologic formation; and
introducing the extracted formation water to carbonaceous material in the different geologic formation.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the formation water in the source geologic formation and the extracted formation water are anaerobic.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises adding an amendment to the extracted formation water.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises measuring a change in the rate of production of the metabolite with enhanced hydrogen content.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the metabolite with enhanced hydrogen content comprises hydrogen or methane.
13. A method to stimulate biogenic production of a metabolite with enhanced hydrogen content, the method comprising:
measuring an acetate level in formation water of a geologic formation;
forming an opening in the formation to provide access to a consortium of microorganisms;
injecting an amendment into the opening to change the acetate level of the formation water in the formation; and
measuring a change in the rate of production of the metabolite in the formation.
14. The method of 13, wherein the amendment comprises water or an aqueous acetate amendment.
15. The method of 13, wherein the injecting of the amendment into the opening to change the acetate level increases the acetate level of the formation water.
16. The method of claim 13, wherein the injecting of the amendment into the opening to change the acetate level decreases the acetate level of the formation water.
17. A method to stimulate biogenic production of a metabolite with enhanced hydrogen content, the method comprising:
forming an opening in a geologic formation to provide access to formation water in the in the geologic formation;
extracting a portion of the formation water from the geologic formation;
decreasing a first population of native microorganism in the extracted formation water;
adding a second population of microorganism to the extracted formation water, wherein the second population of microorganisms comes from outside the geologic formation; and
introducing the extracted formation water back into the geologic formation.
18. The method of 17, wherein the first population of native microorganisms is decreased by collecting the native microorganisms from the extracted formation water.
19. The method of 18, wherein the native microorganisms are collected from the extracted formation water by filtering the extracted formation water.
20. The method of 17, wherein the second population of added microorganisms comes from cells grown on surface.
21. The method of 17, wherein the second population of added microorganisms comes from a different formation than the geologic formation.
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