Computer processes for detecting and correcting writing problems associated with nominalizations

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/825,218, entitled “Computer Process For Analyzing and Improving Document Readability,” filed on Sep. 11, 2006. This application is related, but does not claim priority, to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/530,797, entitled “User Feedback Based Detection of False Positives in a Rules Based Text Editing System,” filed on Sep. 11, 2006, and to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/438,083, entitled “Method for Editing and Enhancing Readability of Authored Documents,” filed on May 13, 2003, and published as U.S. Patent Publication No. US 2003/0212,541 on Nov. 13, 2003. The technical disclosures of the aforesaid applications are hereby incorporated by reference herein, and each is made part of the specification hereof. This application is also related to U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/853,628, 11/853,561, 11/853,648, and 11/853,516, each filed on Sep. 11, 2007 and each containing substantially the same disclosure as the present application.

[0002] 1. Technical Field

[0003] Technology disclosed herein relates generally to computer-aided writing composition and to automated computer systems and methods for making written text more concise.

[0004] 2. Description of the Related Art

[0005] Writers face problems arising from various combinations of unnecessary words, passive voice, weak verbs, and convoluted construction. For years, writing texts and teachers have addressed these problems using technical terms—participle, idiom, subjunctive, relative pronoun—or generally advised writers to add vigor to their sentences by writing in the active voice. Although it is possible to become a good writer given enough practice and study, there is a continued need for improved, automated systems that provide the writer an editing method that is quick, precise, repeatable, and productive.

[0006] Commercially-available software tools exist for analyzing authored documents to search for common writing problems such as passive voice and useless phrases. These tools are currently very limited. For example, upon detecting a potential writing problem, existing tools commonly provide the user only with general guidance, not specific edits. Where they suggest specific edits, the suggestions are often inaccurate or undesirable. Other drawbacks of existing automated grammar checkers are further detailed in U.S. Patent Publication No. US 2003/0212541, published on Nov. 13, 2003. As a result of these drawbacks, these tools have proved too cumbersome and frustrating to gain widespread acceptance among authors.

[0007] There is, therefore, a need for improved and/or automated systems and methods for writing concisely (or making text more concise), which systematically identifies and removes useless words, passive voice, nominalizations, and other writing problems, or helps the author to do so.

[0008] A text analysis system is disclosed that uses a database of rules to analyze authored documents and to make editing suggestions (or in some embodiments to automatically make edits) for improving the readability of such documents. The system preferably includes a user interface that enables a user to accept or reject each editing suggestion.

[0009] Also disclosed are a number of rules that can be applied by the system to analyze sentences and identify potential edits. These rules can be applied in conjunction with each other (e.g., in series, in parallel, or in some combination) to a given text. Applicant(s) reserve the right to claim each such rule independently of the others, and to claim and any all combinations of the disclosed rules.

[0014] FIG. 1 illustrates a text analysis system 110 according to some embodiments. The system 110 includes a text analysis program 120 that uses a database of rules 122 to analyze text (e.g., apply rules). The text analysis program 120 may, for example, be a component of a word processing or other document authoring application, or may be a distinct application or web service that interoperates with (e.g., is called by) one or more document authoring applications. The rules database 122 stores rules that are adapted to be applied by the text analysis program 120 to an input document textual passage. Most or all of the rules can be adapted to be applied sentence by sentence, meaning that each sentence is analyzed independently of any preceding and following sentences. As discussed below, the rules database 122 may also be used to collect data regarding user acceptance rates of edits suggested by particular rules.

[0015] Rules can include the following components, for example: (1) detection logic for detecting whether a particular writing “problem” exists in the sentence being analyzed, and (2) correction logic for correcting the problem. The detection logic can include or consist of a particular sign, such as a particular word or set of words, representing a possible occurrence of a particular type of writing problem. In some cases, the detection logic specifies certain conditions in which the rule should not be applied even though the sign is present. A rule's correction logic may, for example, specify a particular deletion, addition, reordering of words, and/or some combination of the foregoing. As discussed below, the correction logic is used to make editing suggestions that can be accepted or rejected by the user. Processes that can be accomplished by the system 110 are illustrated in FIGS. 2-5, for example.

[0016] Additional processes that can be implemented by the system 110 are described further as “rules” below. Some or all of the rules are preferably intended to reduce grammatically correct but unnecessary language from sentences. However, the invention is not so limited. For example, the invention can also be used to assess the performance of grammar checking rules.

[0017] FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing an embodiment of a method that can be implemented by a computer system (e.g., the system illustrated in FIG. 1). At the Start 212 the system can select a first text sentence or phrase to analyze 214 (e.g., by automatically analyzing characters to locate punctuation, capitalization, spacing, indentation, or other formatting). At shown at 216, the system can select a first sign 216 and determine if a first sign is present in the sentence 218. If a first sign is present, then the system selects a first sign rule 220 for that first sign. The system determines if the rule applies 222 (e.g., by determining if threshold parameters or indicators specified by the rule are present in relation to the first sign). Although FIG. 2 illustrates selection of a first sentence or phrase to analyze 214 as a distinct step, this step is optional and in some advantageous embodiments, can be entirely omitted. Thus, in some embodiments, the system can search for a sign as shown at 216 without ever needing to identify sentences or other text structure. Thus, the system can analyze most groups of words without having to determine if the words form a sentence.

[0018] With continuing reference to FIG. 2, if the first rule for the first sign does apply, then the first rule is provisionally applied 224 to the sentence (e.g., the system changes the sentence by removing and/or rearranging words), displaying to a user what the sentence would look like (e.g., the sentence can be shown with extraneous words in a different color or different intensity, font, etc.). After a rule is provisionally applied 224 to a sentence, the system prompts the user to accept or reject the suggested change (see “Writer Approves?” 226). FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate one convenient user interface that can be employed by the system to prompt a user to accept or reject a suggested change. If the user accepts or approves of the suggestion, it is applied to the document 228; otherwise, the provisional change is removed and/or the change is not applied to the document. Whether or not the user accepts the suggested edit, the method can then determine if the rule applies again 230 to the selected sentence (e.g., by searching for additional occurrences of the first sign or other indicators corresponding to the first sign rule). If so, the method iterates by applying the rule 224 and repeating the subsequent steps as described above. In some embodiments, the method does not repeat the same analysis for the first sign rule for the first sign, because it has already ascertained the writer's preference on that question, but it can determine if the same rule applies to a different portion of the sentence, for example.

[0019] When the method queries whether the rule applies again 230, if the answer is “no,” the system determines if there are more sign rules 232 for that first sign (e.g., by searching a database or listing of sign rules). If there are more sign rules, the system selects the next sign rule 234 and determines if the rule applies, as shown at 222, iterating the steps described above for a second sign rule. These iterations can continue until there are no more sign rules for that sign, or until the method is otherwise stopped.

[0020] When the method queries whether there are more sign rules, if the answer is “no,” the method determines if there are any more signs 236 in the selected sentence. If so, the method selects the next sign 238 and determines if the sign is in the sentence 218, iterating the steps described above for a second sign.

[0021] When the method queries whether there are more signs, if the answer is “no,” the method determines if there are any “no-sign” rules 240 that have not yet been applied to the sentence. If so, then the next “no-sign” rule is selected 242, and the method determines if the rule applies 222. In this case, the steps used for applying sign rules can be followed, asking for writer approval, as illustrated at steps 222 through 230, iterating as needed. Although the illustrated iteration of the application of “no-sign” rules includes queries about further sign rules and/or signs, in some embodiments, the method can skip (or otherwise expedite the processing of) these redundant questions, having already determined that the selected sentence has no more sign rules and/or signs.

[0022] When the method queries whether there are more “no-sign” rules, if the answer is “no” and it has been determined that there are no remaining signs or sign rules for that sentence, the method queries whether there are more sentences 244, selects the next sentence 246, and iterates by selecting the first sign 216 again and processing the second sentence in the same way as the first sentence, following the steps and iterations outlined above. When there are no more sentences, the method can finish 248.

[0023] This rule, and all rules and methods disclosed herein, can be applied not only to sentences, but also to other text portions, including paragraphs, clauses, chapters, blurbs, etc. Furthermore, the steps can be performed in different orders. For example, a system can scan all sentences for one sign, and apply the rules for that sign to each of those sentences before going on to a different sign. This is an alternative approach to scanning each sentence for the various signs and sign rules and then moving on to the next sentence to repeat the process. Similarly, the entire text can be scanned and the “no-sign” rules applied to the various sentences in the text. In some embodiments, the writer or user is not asked for approval before changes are made to the document or sentence according to the rule. In some embodiments, each sign rule is not grouped underneath a sign, but instead the text is independently searched according to any signs or other indicators for each sign rule and/or “no-sign” rule. Any of the steps described above in connection with FIG. 1 can include sub-routines and/or underlying method steps. For example, application of any given rule 124 can involve method steps of looking up information in a computer memory, comparing information, altering the appearance or other properties of the text as displayed or communicated, etc. Some of the rules, including sub-routines, are described further below.

[0024] As depicted in FIGS. 1 and 3-4, the text analysis program 220 can include a user interface (UI) that enables users to interactively accept and reject specific edits suggested by the system. In the particular example shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, the user interface includes three text boxes. The main text box 328 shows the document, or a portion of the document, currently being analyzed, with the currently selected sentence highlighted in blue (shown in the italics to account for lack of color in patent drawings). The “before” and “after” text boxes 330, 332 show how the text analysis program suggests modifying the currently selected sentence. Any words or phrases to be deleted are shown in red in the “before” box 330 (shown in strikethrough in the drawings). Any words or phrases to be added are shown in green in the “after” box 332 (shown underlined in the drawings).

[0025] The user can accept or reject each suggested edit using the “accept” and “reject” buttons. Selecting “accept” causes the suggested edit to be made in the input text, and selecting “reject” causes the suggestion to be ignored. Whenever a user selects either “accept” or “reject,” the system records the user's selection together with, or in association with, event metadata. The event metadata preferably include an identifier of the rule, and at least some of the words in the vicinity of the associated sign or signs. In some embodiments, the identity of the user is also logged or taken into consideration, as discussed below. The accept and reject actions of users are a form of implicit feedback that is highly relevant to whether particular editing suggestions represent false positives.

[0026] The interface shown in the drawings is just one example of an interface that can be used for accepting and rejecting suggested edits, and the invention is not limited to any particular interface. For example, the interface may alternatively enable the user to view and select from multiple alternative rewrites (revised versions) of the selected sentence, with each such rewrite corresponding to a respective rule. In such embodiments, the selection of a particular rewrite may be treated as an acceptance of the corresponding rule's suggestion and a rejection of the other rule's suggestions. Further, a voice interface may be provided for accepting and rejecting the suggested edits.

[0027] The system 110 can analyze text according to rules, each one of which can comprise an independent algorithm for improving the readability of text. The system can perform steps of a method as shown in FIG. 2, determining whether a rule applies 222 and applying the rule 224. Alternatively, a system can determine whether a rule applies and apply the rule without performing the other steps outlined in FIG. 2. Various rules are described further below, each one of which may be the subject of a separate patentable claim. A computer system such as that illustrated in FIG. 1 can implement rules independently, or be used by a user to perform the steps of the rules and methods described below.

I. Passive Voice

[0028] A rule for recognizing and improving problems of passive voice in a text can comprise sub-rules such as the following:

[0029] A. “to be” verb—“required to” (True Positive);

[0030] B. “to be” verb—“involved” (False Positive);

[0031] C. “to be” verb—infinitive (False Positive);

[0032] D. “to be”—past participle—“by”

[0033] E. “to be” verb—past participle “by” “time noun” (False Positive);

[0034] F. Determining the object noun unit preceding the “to be” verb;

[0035] G. Object “to be” verb, past participle “by” actor;

[0036] H. “to be” verb—past participle—“by”—“transport noun” (False Positive);

[0037] I. “to be” verb—past participle—“and” or “or”—past participle

[0038] J. object—“to be” verb—past participle—no “by”

[0039] K. “to be” verb—“being”—past participle

[0040] These rules are described in more detail below.

[0041] A. “to be” Verb—“required to” (True Positive)

[0042] The “to be” verb “required to” rule identifies words that are extraneous and can be appropriately removed. Thus, this rule is a “True Positive” rule. FIG. 5 illustrates a logical flow that can be implemented by a computer to accomplish this rule. The method as illustrated can fit into the flow illustrated in FIG. 1, as indicated by the reference numerals 112, 114, 122, and 124, which correspond to those same reference numerals used in FIG. 1.

[0043] The system can first determine that a “to be” verb is present 518. Then, the “to be” verb—“required to” rule can be selected 520. To implement “to be” verb—“required to” rule, the system queries: “is the ‘to be’ verb followed immediately by ‘required’?” 521. If not, the rule does not apply 523 (the fact that a “no” answer to this question is associated with the rule not applying makes it a “True Positive” rule. If the “to be” verb is followed immediately by “required,” then the system determines if the word “to” is found within the next two words after “required” 522. If not, the rule does not apply 523. If so, then the system deletes the “to be” verb, “required” and “to,” but does not delete any adverbs 524. The system then replaces “required” with “must” at the same position as “required” 525.

[0044] The “to be” verb “required to” rule can be applied to sample sentences as illustrated in Example 1 below.

[0045]

The Big Stone II partners will argue that the Minnesota PUC will be
required to give full faith and credit to an order of the South Dakota PUC
finding if the State of Minnesota has notice of and an opportunity to
participate in the South Dakota proceeding.
. . . will someday be required to . . .
. . . will be required someday to . . .
The Big Stone II partners will argue that the Minnesota PUC will be
required to give full faith and credit to an order of the South Dakota PUC
finding if the State of Minnesota has notice of and an opportunity to
participate in the South Dakota proceeding.
. . . will someday be required to . . .
. . . will be required someday to . . .
The Big Stone II partners will argue that the Minnesota PUC will be
required to give full faith and credit to an order of the South Dakota PUC
finding if the State of Minnesota has notice of and an opportunity to
participate in the South Dakota proceeding.
. . . will someday be required to . . .
. . . will be required someday to . . .
The Big Stone II partners will argue that the Minnesota PUC will be
required to give full faith and credit to an order of the South Dakota PUC
finding if the State of Minnesota has notice of and an opportunity to
participate in the South Dakota proceeding.
. . . will someday be required to . . .
. . . will be required someday to . . . .
The Big Stone II partners will argue that the Minnesota PUC required
to give full faith and credit to an order of the South Dakota PUC finding
if the State of Minnesota has notice of and an opportunity to participate
in the South Dakota proceeding.
. . . someday required to . . .
. . . required someday to . . .
The Big Stone II partners will argue that the Minnesota PUC to give
full faith and credit to an order of the South Dakota PUC finding if the
State of Minnesota has notice of and an opportunity to participate in
the South Dakota proceeding.
. . . someday to . . . .
. . . someday to . . . .
The Big Stone II partners will argue that the Minnesota PUC must give
full faith and credit to an order of the South Dakota PUC finding if the
State of Minnesota has notice of and an opportunity to participate in the
South Dakota proceeding.”
. . . someday must . . .
. . . must someday . . .

[0046] B. “to be” Verb—“involved” (False Positive)

[0047] The “to be” verb “involved” rule identifies words that are not extraneous and thus cannot be appropriately removed. It identifies constructions that are not improper passive voice. Thus, this rule is a “False Positive” rule.

[0048] To implement this rule, the system searches for a “to be” verb. The system then determines if the “to be” verb is followed by the word “involved,” the word “dedicated,” or the word “engaged.” If the “to be” verb is followed by the word “involved,” the word “dedicated,” or the word “engaged,” then the system will ignore the “to be” verb. (Note that the words “involved,” “dedicated,” and “engaged” are included in this list, but that the list can include additional words that play the same role as a false positive. Indeed, other idiomatic usages that have no stylistically preferable alternative can also be included in this step.) An example of how the “to be” verb “involved” rule can be implemented is illustrated in Example 2 below.

[0049] Because the first portion of the “to be” verb “involved” rule is identical to the first portion of the “to be” verb “required to” rule, the two rules can be implemented automatically in series one after another. For example, if a “to be” verb has already been identified, but “required to” is not present, the method can subsequently search for the terms “involved,” “dedicated,” etc. as described in this rule.

[0050]

The evidence also proves that Google is involved in speech and natural
language technologies.
Dr. Lee was deeply involved in all aspects of Microsoft's China
operations and business strategies, including its R&D facilities.
On Jun. 26, 2004, a bus being leased by Transportes from ABC was
involved in an accident in Phoenix, Arizona.
It is rather for us to be dedicated to the great task remaining before us.
Now we are engaged in a great Civil War, testing whether that nation,
or any nation, so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure.
Not only is the village process working there, but the national
government is very deeply engaged so even though it's a village program,
it's also a national program.

[0051] The “to be” verb “involved” rule searches for a “to be” verb:

[0052]

The evidence also proves that Google is involved in speech and natural
language technologies.
Dr. Lee was deeply involved in all aspects of Microsoft's China
operations and business strategies, including its R&D facilities.
On Jun. 26, 2004, a bus being leased by Transportes from ABC was
involved in an accident in Phoenix, Arizona.
It is rather for us to be dedicated to the great task remaining before us.
Now we are engaged in a great Civil War, testing whether that nation,
or any nation, so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure.
Not only is the village process working there, but the national
government is very deeply engaged so even though it's a village program,
it's also a national program.

[0053] The system then determines if the “to be” verb is followed by the word “involved,” the word “dedicated,” or the word “engaged”:

[0054]

The evidence also proves that Google is involved in speech and natural
language technologies.
Dr. Lee was deeply involved in all aspects of Microsoft's China
operations and business strategies, including its R&D facilities.
On Jun. 26, 2004, a bus being leased by Transportes from ABC was
involved in an accident in Phoenix, Arizona.
It is rather for us to be dedicated to the great task remaining before us.
Now we are engaged in a great Civil War, testing whether that nation,
or any nation, so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure.
Not only is the village process working there, but the national
government is very deeply engaged so even though it's a village program,
it's also a national program.

[0055] Where the “to be” verb is followed by one of these three words, the system has identified a place where passive voice has not been used incorrectly. Thus, these are “False Positives.” If the “to be” verb is followed by the word “involved,” the word “dedicated,” or the word “engaged,” then the system will ignore the “to be” verb. If the “to be” verb is removed and treated as a “True Positive,” the sentences no longer make sense:

[0056]

The evidence also proves that Google involved in speech and natural
language technologies.
Dr. Lee deeply involved in all aspects of Microsoft's China operations
and business strategies, including its R&D facilities.
On Jun. 26, 2004, a bus being leased by Transportes from ABC
involved in an accident in Phoenix, Arizona.
It rather for us to be dedicated to the great task remaining before us.
Now we engaged in a great Civil War, testing whether that nation, or
any nation, so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure.
Not only is the village process working there, but the national
government very deeply engaged so even though it's a village program, it's
also a national program.

[0057] C. “to be” Verb=Infinitive

[0058] In some embodiments, the system searches for a “to be” verb. If the “to be” verb is the phrase “to be,” then the system moves to the “to be”—past participle—“by” rule below. If, however, the “to be” verb is not the specific phrase “to be,” then the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed soon thereafter by the word “involved.” If it is not, the system then determines if the “to be” verb is followed by an infinitive. If it is, then the system ignores the “to be” verb. As with other rules that search for a “to be” verb as a first step, this rule can be iterated in a series with those rules, so that the first step of searching for a “to be” verb is not performed redundantly. The “to be” verb=infinitive rule is illustrated in Example 3 below.

[0059]

The smart move, the seaman's move, would have been to allow them to
run for their lives.
The Hull's job was to screen for enemy submarines, as Halsley's
fighting task forces rendezvoused and refueled, mid-ocean, from the
bunkers of the lumbering oiler groups.
Although he was never to speak of it for the rest of his life, this could
well have been the moment Admiral Housey determined his need for legal
counsel.
Nimitz was not about to repeat the error.

[0060] The method searches for a “to be” verb:

[0061]

The smart move, the seaman's move, would have been to allow them to
run for their lives.
The Hull's job was to screen for enemy submarines, as Halsley's
fighting task forces rendezvoused and refueled, mid-ocean, from the
bunkers of the lumbering oiler groups.
Although he was never to speak of it for the rest of his life, this could
well have been the moment Admiral Housey determined his need for legal
counsel.
Nimitz was not about to repeat the error.

[0062] The system determines if the “to be” verb is followed by an infinitive:

[0063]

The smart move, the seaman's move, would have been to allow them to
run for their lives.
The Hull's job was to screen for enemy submarines, as Halsley's
fighting task forces rendezvoused and refueled, mid-ocean, from the
bunkers of the lumbering oiler groups.
Although he was never to speak of it for the rest of his life, this could
well have been the moment Admiral Housey determined his need for legal
counsel.
Nimitz was not about to repeat the error.

[0064] If it is, then the system ignores the “to be” verb:

[0065]

The smart move, the seaman's move, would have been to allow them to
run for their lives.
The Hull's job was to screen for enemy submarines, as Halsley's
fighting task forces rendezvoused and refueled, mid-ocean, from the
bunkers of the lumbering oiler groups.
Although he was never to speak of it for the rest of his life, this could
well have been the moment Admiral Housey determined his need for legal
counsel.
Nimitz was not about to repeat the error.

[0066] D. “to be”—Past Participle—“by”

[0067] An exception to the “to be” verb—infinitive rule described above arises if the “to be” verb is the actual infinitive “to be.” Thus, in some embodiments, the system searches for a “to be” verb and determines if the “to be” verb is the actual phrase “to be.” If the “to be” verb is the phrase “to be,” then the system determines if the phrase “to be” is followed by a past participle followed by the word “by.” If the “to be” verb is followed by a past participle followed by the word “by,” then the system deletes the “be” from the “to be” verb, and the word “by” (but does not delete the helping verb). The system also deletes the letter “d” or the letters “ed” from the past participle. The system moves the object of the preposition “by” to a position immediately before the past participle and its helping verb. The system also moves the preceding object noun unit to follow immediately after the past participle. The system matches the number of “to be” verb to the actor. The “to be”—past participle—“by” rule is illustrated in Example 4 below.

[0068]

This is essential if a program is to be upgraded on a regular basis by
different programmers.

[0069] The system searches for a “to be” verb and determines if the “to be” verb is the actual phrase “to be”:

[0070]

This is essential if a program is to be upgraded on a regular basis by
different programmers.

[0071] If the “to be” verb is the phrase “to be,” then the system determines if the phrase “to be” is followed by a past participle followed by the word “by”:

[0072]

This is essential if a program is to be upgraded on a regular basis by
different programmers.

[0073] If the “to be” verb is followed by a past participle followed by the word “by,” then the system deletes the “be” from the “to be” verb, and the word “by” (but does not delete the helping verb). The system also deletes the letter “d” or the letters “ed” from the past participle:

[0074]

This is essential if a program is to upgrade on a regular basis different
programmers.

[0075] The system moves the object of the preposition “by” to a position immediately before the past participle and its helping verb. The system also moves the preceding object noun unit to follow immediately after the past participle:

[0076]

This is essential if different programmers is to upgrade a program on a
regular basis.

[0077] The system matches the number of “to be” verb to the actor:

[0078]

This is essential if different programmers are to upgrade a program on a
regular basis.

[0079] E. “to be” Verb, Past Participle “by,” “time noun”

[0080] In some embodiments, the system searches for a “to be” verb. Then the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed by an infinitive. If it is not, the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed by a past participle. If it is, the system determines if the past participle is followed by the word “by.” If the past participle is followed by the word “by,” then the system determines if the object of “by” is a noun expressing “time” from the “time noun” pool and their plurals (see Table 1 below for examples). If the object of “by” is followed by a noun expressing time from the time noun pool, then the system determines if the particular “time noun” is followed by the word “of” If it is not, then the system proceeds as though it is another preposition (see, e.g., section H, Example 8 below). If the “time noun” is followed by the word “of,” then the system proceeds as though the phrase is a preposition “by” following a “to be” verb (see section G, Example 7 below). If the “time noun” is not followed by “of,” the system determines whether the object of “by” is followed by “of.” If it is, the system asks “Is the object of ‘of’ a ‘time noun’”? If it is, the system then proceeds as though it is another preposition. In some embodiments, a time noun pool can comprise the following words and/or words similar thereto, as wells as their plurals:

[0081]

TABLE 1
Example Time Noun Pool
	Monday	one	January	minute
	Tuesday	two	February	moment
	Wednesday	three	March	afternoon
	Thursday	four	April	morning
	Friday	five	May	night
	Saturday	six	June	nighttime
	Sunday	seven	July	tomorrow
	yesterday	eight	August	next week
	tomorrow	nine	September	day
	week	ten	October	daytime
	year	eleven	November	hour
	decade	twelve	December	second
	century	season	year	date
	millennium	age	era	epoch
	eon	period	instant	cycle
	quarter	semester	trimester	fortnight

[0082] The “to be” verb, past participle “by,” “time noun” rule is illustrated in Example 5 below:

[0083]

		It has to be picked up by tomorrow afternoon.
		The corn has been parched by days of hot weather.
		Our inventory will be counted by the end of the year.
		All wounds can be healed by time.
		You can be moved to action by an idea.

[0084] In some embodiments, the system searches for a “to be” verb.

[0085]

		It has to be picked up by tomorrow afternoon.
		The corn has been parched by days of hot weather.
		Our inventory will be counted by the end of the year.
		All wounds can be healed by time.
		You can be moved to action by an idea.

[0086] Then the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed by an infinitive. If it is not, the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed by a past participle.

[0087]

		It has to be picked up by tomorrow afternoon.
		The corn has been parched by days of hot weather.
		Our inventory will be counted by the end of the year.
		All wounds can be healed by time.
		You can be moved to action by an idea.

[0088] If it is, the system determines if the past participle is followed by the word “by.”

[0089]

		It has to be picked up by tomorrow afternoon.
		The corn has been parched by days of hot weather.
		Our inventory will be counted by the end of the year.
		All wounds can be healed by time.
		You can be moved to action by an idea.

[0090] If the past participle is followed by the word “by,” then the system determines if the object of “by” is a noun expressing “time” from the time noun pool and their plurals.

[0091]

		It has to be picked up by tomorrow afternoon.
		The corn has been parched by days of hot weather.
		Our inventory will be counted by the end of the year.
		All wounds can be healed by time.
		You can be moved to action by an idea.

[0092] If the object of “by” is followed by a noun expressing time from the “time noun” pool, then the system determines if the particular “time noun” is followed by the word “of.”

[0093]

		It has to be picked up by tomorrow afternoon.
		The corn has been parched by days of hot weather.
		Our inventory will be counted by the end of the year.
		All wounds can be healed by time.
		You can be moved to action by an idea.

[0094] If it is not, then the system can proceed to other sub-routines, examining the text under other sub-rules that assume there is no “by.” (See, e.g., the subrule discussed below in section J: object—“to be” verb—past participle—no “by”). If the “time noun” is followed by the word “of,” then the system can proceed to other sub-routines, as though the phrase is the preposition “by” following a “to be” verb (see, e.g., the subrule discussed below in section G).

[0095]

		It has to be picked up by tomorrow afternoon.
		The corn has been parched by days of hot weather.
		Our inventory will be counted by the end of the year.
		All wounds can be healed by time.
		You can be moved to action by an idea.
		The corn has been parched by days of hot weather.
		Our inventory will be counted by the end of the year.
		All wounds can be healed by time.
		You can be moved to action by an idea.

[0096] If the “time noun” is not followed by “of,” the system determines whether the object of “by” is followed by “of.” If it is, the system determines if the object of “of” is a “time noun”? If it is, the system then proceeds as though it is another preposition.

[0097]

		Our inventory will be counted by the end of the year.
		All wounds can be healed by time.
		You can be moved to action by an idea.
		Our inventory will be counted by the end of the year.
		All wounds can be healed by time.
		You can be moved to action by an idea.

[0098] F. Determining the “object” Noun Unit Preceding the “to be” Verb

[0099] In the example sequence described here, an “object” noun unit can be identified after the sub-rule described in the section immediately above (“to be” verb, past participle “by,” “time noun”). However, the identification of an “object” noun unit also applies to other situations and can occur with other rules and in other sequences. Indeed, as described below, each rule, sub-rule, sequence, and sub-sequence described herein can be considered a distinct and separately novel invention in its own right. The method described here for determining the “object” noun unit can apply to any situation where “by” follows a past participle and an exception or false positive is not identified, not just those where a “time noun” is followed by “of” not followed by a “time noun.” Thus, even though this rule is described in this context, this rule can be appropriately applied anytime a “to be” verb is followed by a past participle followed by “by.”

[0100] In some embodiments, after completing the “to be” verb, past participle “by,” “time noun” rule, the system then determines if the object of “of” is a “time noun.” If the object of the word “of” is not a “time noun,” then the system proceeds to the “object” noun unit. More generally stated, after completing all “to be” verb rules and determining the presence of passive voice, the system searches all noun units preceding the “to be” verb for an object. To determine the object, the system asks “Does ‘that,’ ‘who,’ ‘if,’ ‘when,’ ‘where,’ ‘whether,’ ‘as,’ ‘which,’ ‘while,’ ‘after,’ ‘before,’ or ‘, and’ precede the ‘to be’ verb?” If one does, the system ignores the noun units preceding the closest of those words. The system then determines whether more than one noun unit still precedes the “to be” verb. If more than one noun unit does precede the “to be” verb, then the system asks “Is a preceding noun: the object of a preposition, or part of a clause set off by commas, or preceding another ‘to be’ verb followed by a past participle?” If the answer to that question is yes, then the system ignores the identified noun units. If the answer is no, the system then asks “Is the core ‘to be’ verb ‘am’ or ‘is’ or ‘was’?” If the answer to that question is yes, then the system ignores all of the preceding plural noun units. If the answer is no, the system ignores all preceding singular noun units. The system then queries: “Does more than one noun unit still remain?” The system then determines whether the answer to that question is yes. If the answer is yes, the system asks “Does ‘and’ appear between two noun units or in a series of noun units?” If the answer to that question is yes, the system will select both or all. If the answer is no, the system will highlight the remaining noun units and will form a question by placing the words “who” or “what” before the “to be” verb and past participle. For example, the phrase “Who or what was rocked?” Or “Who” or “what” are required?” At this point, the system prompts the user to select the correct object from the question presented to the user. Determining the “object” noun unit preceding the “to be” verb rule is illustrated in Example 6 below.

[0101]

The evidence demonstrates that Dr. Lee's group at Microsoft
developed technologies that would be used by Microsoft for Chinese
language search.
It includes services delivered over the Internet, and “accelerators” that
can be used by Microsoft partners and customers to speed their development
of office-based solutions.
In the pilot house, beneath the starboard portal, DeRyckere watched as
Joe Jambor was knocked to his knees as the hull was rocked by another
mountainous surge.
The lawyer said that consideration and mutual assent, the modern
expression for a meeting of the minds, are required by the statute.

[0102] The system can apply one or various “to be” verb rules and determine the presence of passive voice. In the process, “to be” verbs, past participles, etc. can be identified.

[0103]

The evidence demonstrates that Dr. Lee's group at Microsoft
developed technologies that would be used by Microsoft for Chinese
language search.
It includes services delivered over the Internet, and “accelerators” that
can be used by Microsoft partners and customers to speed their
development of office-based solutions.
In the pilot house, beneath the starboard portal, DeRyckere watched as
Joe Jambor was knocked to his knees as the hull was rocked by another
mountainous surge.
The lawyer said that consideration and mutual assent, the modern
expression for a meeting of the minds, are required by the statute.

[0104] After completing all “to be” verb rules and determining the presence of passive voice, the system searches all noun units preceding the “to be” verb for objects:

[0105]

The evidence demonstrates that Dr. Lee's group at Microsoft
developed technologies that would be used by Microsoft for Chinese
language search.
It includes services delivered over the Internet, and “accelerators” that
can be used by Microsoft partners and customers to speed their
development of office-based solutions.
In the pilot house, beneath the starboard portal, DeRyckere watched as
Joe Jambor was knocked to his knees as the Hull was rocked by another
mountainous surge.
The lawyer said that consideration and mutual assent, the modern
expression for a meeting of the minds, are required by the statute.

[0106] The system can then determine if ‘that,’ ‘who,’ “if” ‘when,’ ‘where,’ ‘whether,’ ‘as,’ ‘which,’ ‘while,’ ‘after,’ ‘before,’ or ‘, and’ precede the ‘to be’ verb:

[0107]

The evidence demonstrates that Dr. Lee's group at Microsoft
developed technologies  would be used by Microsoft for Chinese
language search.
It includes services delivered over the Internet, and “accelerators”
can be used by Microsoft partners and customers to speed their
development of office-based solutions.
In the pilot house, beneath the starboard portal, DeRyckere watched as
Joe Jambor was knocked to his knees as the Hull was rocked by another
mountainous surge.
The lawyer said  consideration and mutual assent, the modern
expression for a meeting of the minds, are required by the statute.

[0108] If one of these words does precede the “to be” verb, the system ignores the noun units preceding the closest of those words. Note that under this analysis, in the first two examples, there is no object.

[0109]

The evidence demonstrates that Dr. Lee's group at Microsoft
developed technologies  would be used by Microsoft for Chinese
language search.
It includes services delivered over the Internet, and “accelerators”
can be used by Microsoft partners and customers to speed their
development of office-based solutions.
In the pilot house, beneath the starboard portal, DeRyckere watched as
Joe Jambor was knocked to his knees  the Hull was rocked by another
mountainous surge.
The lawyer said  consideration and mutual assent, the modern
expression for a meeting of the minds, are required by the statute.

[0110] The system determines whether there is still more than one noun unit preceding the “to be” verb (aside from those already ignored by the method). If there is still more than one noun unit preceding the “to be” verb, the system asks: “Is a preceding noun unit: the object of a preposition, or part of a clause set off by commas, or preceding another ‘to be’ verb followed by a past participle?”

[0111]

In the pilot house, beneath the starboard portal, DeRyckere watched as
Joe Jambor was knocked to his knees  the Hull was rocked by another
mountainous surge.
The lawyer said  consideration and mutual assent, the modern
expression for , are required by the statute.

[0112] If the answer to that question is yes, then the system ignores the identified noun units:

[0113]

In the pilot house, beneath the starboard portal, DeRyckere watched as
Joe Jambor was knocked to his knees  the Hull was rocked by another
mountainous surge.
The lawyer said  consideration and mutual assent, the modern
expression for a meeting of the minds, are required by the statute.

[0114] If the answer is no, the system then asks “Is the core ‘to be’ verb ‘am,’ ‘is,’ or ‘was’?” If the answer to that question is yes, then the system ignores all of the preceding plural noun units. If the answer is no, the system ignores all preceding singular noun units. (Although not illustrated here, in some embodiments, the core “to be” verb is ‘am,’ ‘is,’ or ‘was’ and the “object” noun unit cannot otherwise be identified.) The system then queries: “Does more than one noun unit still remain?”

[0115]

In the pilot house, beneath the starboard portal, DeRyckere watched as
Joe Jambor was knocked to his knees as the Hull was rocked by another
mountainous surge.
The lawyer said that consideration and mutual assent, the modern
expression for a meeting of the minds, are required by the statute.

[0116] If the answer is yes, the system asks “Does ‘and’ appear between two noun units or in a series of noun units?”

[0117]

In the pilot house, beneath the starboard portal, DeRyckere watched as
Joe Jambor was knocked to his knees as the Hull was rocked by another
mountainous surge.
The lawyer said that consideration and mutual assent, the modern
expression for a meeting of the minds, are required by the statute.

[0118] If the answer to that question is yes, the system will select both or all (e.g., treating “consideration and mutual assent” as one compound noun unit):

[0119]

In the pilot house, beneath the starboard portal, DeRyckere watched as
Joe Jambor was knocked to his knees as the Hull was rocked by another
mountainous surge.
The lawyer said that consideration and mutual assent, the modern
expression for a meeting of the minds, are required by the statute.

[0120] If the answer is no, the system will highlight the remaining noun units and form a question by placing the words “Who or what” before the “to be” verb and past participle. For example, the phrase “Who or what was rocked?” Or “Who or what are required?” At this point, the system prompts the user to select the correct object from the question presented to the user. Because the “object” noun units have already been identified here, these examples do not illustrate where this is necessary.

[0121] G. Object “to be” Verb, Past Participle “by” Actor

[0122] In some embodiments, after completing the “to be” verb, past participle “by,” “time noun” rule, (see section E, including Example 5 above) if the object of the word “of” is not a “time noun,” then the system can search for an “object” noun unit preceding the “to be” verb. When the system identifies the “object” noun unit, it then deletes the “to be” verb and “by,” but does not delete the helping verb. The system then moves the object of the preposition “by” noun unit to a position immediately before the past participle and its helping verb. The system then moves the preceding “object” noun unit to follow immediately after the past participle and asks the question “Was the deleted ‘to be’ verb ‘be’?” If the answer is yes, then the system removes “d” or “ed” from the past participle.

[0123] The system then asks “Was the preceding object noun unit ‘I,’ ‘he,’ ‘she,’ ‘we,’ or ‘they’?” If the answer is yes, the system converts the noun unit to its objective form. For example, “I” becomes “me,” “he” becomes “him,” “she” becomes “her,” “we” becomes “us,” and “they” becomes “them.” The system then asks “Was the object of the preposition ‘by’ noun unit ‘me,’ ‘him,’ ‘her,’ ‘us,’ or ‘them.’?” If the answer is yes, the system converts the object noun unit to its subjective form, for example, “I,” “he,” “she,” “we,” or “they.”

[0124] The system then asks “Does ‘not’ appear in the middle of the ‘to be’ verb?” If it does, then the system removes “d” or “ed” from the past participle. The system then asks “Was the deleted ‘to be’ verb in the past tense?” If it was, then the system places “did” in front of “not.” If the deleted verb was not in the past tense, then the system asks “Is the new noun unit ‘not’ the third person singular, e.g., ‘he,’ ‘she,’ ‘it,’ or almost anything not ending in ‘s’?” If yes, the system places “does” in front of “not.” If it does not, the system places “do” in front of “not.” The system then will recapitalize as needed. The object “to be” verb, past participle “by” actor rule is illustrated in Example 7 below.

[0125]

	All wounds can be healed by time.
	You can be moved to action by an idea.
	The evidence demonstrates that Dr. Lee's group at Microsoft
	developed technologies that would be used by Microsoft for Chinese
	language search.
	A local scientist, a wonderful young Ethiopian, was selected by the
	local government to head the project for us and get the community
	together.
	Secondly, I was not advised by your office until Jun. 15, 2006, that
	Mr. Kelly had recently been diagnosed with lung cancer.
	Current Windows users are not impacted by this Court ruling.

[0126] Applying the steps of the “to be” verb, past participle “by,” “time noun” rule, (see section E, including Example 5 above), including searching for “to be” verbs, determining if the “to be” verbs are followed by infinitives or past participles, and determining if the past participles are followed by the word “by”:

[0127]

	All wounds can be healed by time.
	You can be moved to action by an idea.
	The evidence demonstrates that Dr. Lee's group at Microsoft
	developed technologies that would be used by Microsoft for Chinese
	language search.
	A local scientist, a wonderful young Ethiopian, was selected by the
	local government to head the project for us and get the community
	together.
	Secondly, I was not advised by your office until Jun. 15, 2006, that
	Mr. Kelly had recently been diagnosed with lung cancer.
	Current Windows users are not impacted by this Court ruling.

[0128] If the past participle is followed by the word “by,” then the system determines if the object of “by” is a noun expressing “time” from the “time noun” pool and their plurals.

[0129]

	All wounds can be healed by time.
	You can be moved to action by an idea.
	The evidence demonstrates that Dr. Lee's group at Microsoft
	developed technologies that would be used by Microsoft for Chinese
	language search.
	A local scientist, a wonderful young Ethiopian, was selected by the
	local government to head the project for us and get the community
	together.
	Secondly, I was not advised by your office until Jun. 15, 2006, that
	Mr. Kelly had recently been diagnosed with lung cancer.
	Current Windows users are not impacted by this Court ruling.

[0130] If the object of “by” is not from the “time noun” pool, or if the object of “by” is not followed by “of,” the system searches for an object noun unit preceding the “to be” verb. Alternatively stated, after completing all “to be” verb rules and determining the presence of passive voice, the system searches all noun units preceding the “to be” verb for objects:

[0131]

	All wounds can be healed by time.
	You can be moved to action by an idea.
	The evidence demonstrates that Dr. Lee's group at Microsoft
	developed technologies that would be used by Microsoft for Chinese
	language search.
	A local scientist, a wonderful young Ethiopian, was selected by the
	local government to head the project for us and get the community
	together.
	Secondly, I was not advised by your office until Jun. 15, 2006, that
	Mr. Kelly had recently been diagnosed with lung cancer.
	Current Windows users are not impacted by this Court ruling.

[0132] The system deletes the “to be” verb, but not the help verb, and also deletes the word “by”:

[0133]

All wounds can healed time.
You can moved to action an idea.
The evidence demonstrates that Dr. Lee's group at Microsoft
developed technologies that would used Microsoft for Chinese
language search.
A local scientist, a wonderful young Ethiopian, was selected the local
government to head the project for us and get the community together.
Secondly, I not advised your office until Jun. 15, 2006, that Mr. Kelly
had recently been diagnosed with lung cancer.
Current Windows users not impacted this Court ruling.

[0134] The system moves the object of the preposition “by” noun units to a position immediately before the past participle and its help verb (and negative, if applicable):

[0135]

All wounds time can healed.
You an idea can moved to action.
The evidence demonstrates that Dr. Lee's group at Microsoft
developed technologies that Microsoft would used for Chinese
language search.
A local scientist, a wonderful young Ethiopian, the local government
selected to head the project for us and get the community together.
Secondly, I your office not advised until Jun. 15, 2006, that Mr. Kelly
had recently been diagnosed with lung cancer.
Current Windows users this court ruling not impacted.

[0136] The system then moves the preceding object noun unit to follow immediately after the past participle:

[0137]

time can healed All wounds
an idea can moved You to action.
The evidence demonstrates that Dr. Lee's group at Microsoft
developed technologies that Microsoft would used for Chinese
language search.
the local government selected A local scientist, a wonderful young
Ethiopian, to head the project for us and get the community together.
Secondly, your office not advised I until Jun. 15, 2006, that Mr. Kelly
had recently been diagnosed with lung cancer.
this court ruling not impacted Current Windows users.

[0138] The system then asks “Was the deleted ‘to be’ verb ‘be?’” If yes, the system removes the “-d” or “-ed” from the past participle (as with each of the first three examples here):

[0139]

time can heal All wounds
an idea can move You to action.
The evidence demonstrates that Dr. Lee's group at Microsoft
developed technologies that Microsoft would use for Chinese
language search.
the local government selected A local scientist, a wonderful young
Ethiopian, to head the project for us and get the community together.
Secondly, your office not advised I until Jun. 15, 2006, that Mr. Kelly
had recently been diagnosed with lung cancer.
this court ruling not impacted Current Windows users.

[0140] The system then determines if the preceding object noun unit “I,” “he,” “she,” “we,” or “they.” If so, the system converts the noun unit to its object form: “me,” “him,” “her,” “us,” or “them.” (Similarly, the system also determines if the object of the preposition “by” noun unit was “me,” “him,” “her,” “us,” or “them”; if so, the system converts the object noun unit into its subject form: “I,” “he,” “she,” “we,” or “they.” This is not illustrated in these examples).

[0141]

	Secondly, your office not advised me until Jun. 15, 2006, that
	Mr. Kelly had recently been diagnosed with lung cancer.

[0142] Does “not” appear in the middle of a “to be” verb unit? If so, the system removes the “d” or “-ed” from the past participle:

[0143]

Secondly, your office not adviseme until Jun. 15, 2006, that Mr. Kelly
had recently been diagnosed with lung cancer.
this court ruling not impact Current Windows users.

[0144] The system then determines if the deleted “to be” verb was past tense. If so, the system places “did” in front of “not”:

[0145]

	Secondly, your office did not advise me until Jun. 15, 2006, that
	Mr. Kelly had recently been diagnosed with lung cancer.

[0146] If the deleted “to be” verb was not past tense, on the other hand, the system determines if the new noun unit preceding “not” is the third person singular (e.g., he, she, it, or almost anything not ending in “s.”) If so, the system places “does” in front of “not.” (If not, the system places “do” in front of “not.”)

[0147]

		this court ruling does not impact Current Windows users.

[0148] The system then fixes capitalization:

[0149]

Time can heal all wounds.
An idea can move you to action.
The evidence demonstrates that Dr. Lee's group at Microsoft
developed technologies that Microsoft would use for Chinese language
search.
The local government selected a local scientist, a wonderful young
Ethiopian, to head the project for us and get the community together.
Secondly, your office did not advise me until June 15, 2006, that
Mr. Kelly had recently been diagnosed with lung cancer.
This court ruling does not impact current Windows users.

[0150] H. “to be” Verb—Past Participle—“by”—“transport noun”—False Positive

[0151] This rule can be implemented in connection with other rules that search for “to be” verbs. Thus, the “to be” verb can be considered a sign for this rule. This rule can begin at the step numbered, “51” below, after other rules have been considered and rejected or considered and applied. Thus, steps 1-3, and 6-13 can be pre-cursor steps to this rule, in some embodiments.

[0152] (1) system searches for “to be” verb

[0153] (2) is “to be” verb followed immediately by “required”?

[0154] (3) if yes, is “to” found in the next two words?

[0155] 6. [referring to the question posed in Step 2] if no, is “to be” verb followed by “involved,” “engaged,” or “dedicated?”

[0156] 7. if yes, system ignores

[0157] 8. [referring to the question posed in Step 6], if no, is “to be” verb followed by infinitive?

[0158] 9. if yes, system ignores

[0159] 10. [referring to the question posed in Step 8] if no, is “to be” verb followed by past participle?

[0160] 11. if yes, is past participle followed by “by”?

[0161] 12. if yes, is the object of “by” a noun expressing “time” from the “time noun” pool (and their plurals): minute, moment, afternoon, morning, night, nighttime, tomorrow, next week, yesterday, day, daytime, hour, second, season, year, date, decade, age, era, epoch, eon, period, instant, cycle, quarter, semester, trimester, century (other time nouns can also be included) (The word “time” is not a “time noun.”)

[0162] 13. if yes, is “time noun” followed by “of”?

[0163] 51. [referring to the question posed in Step 12] if no, is the object of “by” a noun representing something that transports people or things (and their plurals): car, automobile, truck, van, motorcycle, plane, jet, airplane, boat, ship, scooter, wagon, covered wagon, train, bus, cart, carriage, sled, sleigh, wheelbarrow, ambulance, ski, skate, roller skate, snowshoe, bike, bicycle, coach, chariot, cab, hansom, stagecoach, motor home, subway, trolley, horse, pony, colt)

[0164] 52. if yes, does an article appear between “by” and the “transport noun”?

[0165] 53. if no, system examines under Sub Rule 9 (as though there is no “by”)

[0166] 54. if yes, system examines under Sub Rule 6

[0167] In some embodiments, the system searches for a “to be” verb and determines if the “to be” verb is followed immediately by the word “required.” If the “to be” verb is followed immediately by the word “required,” then the system determines if the word “to” is found within the next two words. If, however, the “to be” verb is not immediately followed by the word “required,” then the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed by the word “involved.” If the “to be” verb is followed by the word “involved,” the word “engaged,” or the word “dedicated,” then the system ignores the phrase. If, however, the “to be” verb is not followed by the word “involved,” then the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed by an infinitive. If the “to be” verb is followed by an infinitive, then the system ignores the phrase. If, however, the “to be” verb is not followed by an infinitive, then the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed by a past participle. If the “to be” verb is followed by a past participle, then the system determines if the past participle is followed by the word “by.” If the past participle is followed by the word “by,” then the system determines if the object of the word “by” is a noun expressing “time” from the “time noun” pool (and their plurals) including words like “minute,” “moment,” “afternoon,” “morning,” “night,” “night time,” “tomorrow,” “next week,” “yesterday,” “day,” “daytime,” “hour,” “second,” “season,” “year,” “date,” “decade,” “age,” “era,” “epic,” “eon,” “period,” “instant,” “cycle,” “quarter,” “semester,” “trimester,” and “century.” If the object of “by” is a noun expressing “time” from the “time noun” pool, then the system determines if the “time noun” is followed by the word “of” (The word “time” is not a “time noun.”)

[0168] If, however, the object of the word “by” is not a noun expressing “time” from the “time noun” pool, then the system determines if the object of “by” is a noun representing something that transports people or things (and their plurals), for example, “car,” “automobile,” “truck,” “van,” “motorcycle,” “plane,” “jet,” “airplane,” “boat,” “ship,” “skooter,” “wagon,” “covered wagon,” “train,” “bus,” “cart,” “carriage,” “sled,” “sleigh,” wheelbarrow,” “ambulance,” “ski,” “skate,” “roller-skate,” “snowshoe,” “bike,” “bicycle,” “coach,” “chariot,” “cab,” “Hanson,” “stage coach,” “motor home,” “subway,” “trolley,” “horse,” “pony,” and “colt.” If the object of “by” is a noun representing something that transports people, then the system determines if an article appears between the word “by” and the “transport noun.” If an article does not appear between the word “by” and the “transport noun,” then the system examines the phrase as though there is no word “by.” If, however, an article does appear between the word “by” and the “transport noun,” then the system examines the phrase under the object “to be” verb, past participle, “by” actor rule. The “to be” verb—past participle—“by”—“transport noun”—FALSE POSITIVE rule is illustrated in Example 8 below.

[0169]

		Creole was flown back to the Hailey shelter by private jet.
		The Queen was almost hit by a runaway carriage.
		Creole was flown back to the Hailey shelter by private jet.
		The Queen was almost hit by a runaway carriage.
		Creole was flown back to the Hailey shelter by private jet.
		The Queen was almost hit by a runaway carriage.
		Creole was flown back to the Hailey shelter by private jet.
		The Queen was almost hit by a runaway carriage.

[0170] I. “to be” Verb—Past Participle—“and” or “or”—Past Participle

[0171] This rule can be implemented in connection with other rules that search for “to be” verbs. Thus, the “to be” verb can be considered a sign for this rule. This rule can begin at the step numbered, “55” below, after other rules have been considered and rejected or considered and applied. Thus, steps 1-3, and 6-12 can be pre-cursor steps to this rule, in some embodiments.

[0172] (1) system searches for “to be” verb

[0173] (2) is “to be” verb followed immediately by “required”?

[0174] (3) if yes, is “to” found in the next two words?

[0175] 6. [referring to the question posed in Step 2] if no, is “to be” verb followed by “involved,” “engaged,” or “dedicated?”

[0176] 7. if yes, system ignores

[0177] 8. [referring to the question posed in Step 6], if no, is “to be” verb followed by infinitive?

[0178] 9. if yes, system ignores

[0179] 10. [referring to the question posed in Step 8] if no, is “to be” verb followed by past participle?

[0180] 11. if yes, is past participle followed by “by”?

[0181] 12. if yes, is the object of “by” a noun expressing “time” from the “time noun” pool (and their plurals): minute, moment, afternoon, morning, night, nighttime, tomorrow, next week, yesterday, day, daytime, hour, second, season, year, date, decade, age, era, epoch, eon, period, instant, cycle, quarter, semester, trimester, century

[0182] 55. is past participle followed by “and” or “or”?

[0183] 56. if yes, is “and” or “or” followed by another past participle?

[0184] 57. if no, system ignores

[0185] 58. if yes, system treats “and” or “or” and second past participle as part of the first participle

[0186] In some embodiments, the system searches for a “to be” verb and determines if the “to be” verb is followed immediately by the word “required.” If the “to be” verb is followed immediately by the word “required,” then the system determines if the word “to” is found within the next two words. If the “to be” verb is not followed immediately by the word “required,” then the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed by the word “involved.” If the “to be” verb is followed by the word “involved,” “engaged,” or “dedicated,” then the system ignores the phrase. If, however, the “to be” verb is not followed by the word “involved,” then the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed by an infinitive. If the “to be” verb is followed by an infinitive, then the system ignores the phrase.

[0187] If the “to be” verb is not followed by an infinitive, then the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed by a past participle. If the “to be” verb is followed by a past participle, then the system determines if the past participle is followed by the word “by.” If the past participle is followed by the word “by,” then the system determines if the object of the word “by” is a noun expressing “time” from the “time noun” pool or a “transport noun.” If, however, the past participle is not followed by the word “by,” then the system determines if the past participle is followed by the word “and” or the word “or.” If the past participle is followed by the word “and” or the word “or,” then the system determines if either the word “and” or the word “or” is followed by another past participle. If not, then the system ignores the phrase. If, however, the word “and” or the word “or” is followed by another past participle, then the system treats the word “and” or the word “or” and the second past participle as if it were part of the first participle in the phrase. The “to be” verb—past participle—“and” or “or”—past participle rule is illustrated in Example 9 below.

[0188]

	Instead, we're using SharePoint workspaces, intranet sites where
	documents and other data can be centrally located and accessed.

[0189] J. Object—“to be” Verb—Past Participle—No “by”

[0190] This rule can be implemented in connection with other rules that search for “to be” verbs. Thus, the “to be” verb can be considered a sign for this rule. This rule can begin at the step numbered, “59” below, after other rules have been considered and rejected or considered and applied. Thus, other steps can be pre-cursor steps to this rule, in some embodiments, as indicated. For example, the system can delete certain words under the “There Rule” before it applies the “Passive Rule.” (See, e.g., section V, in the “third there” rule).

[0191] 59. [referring to the question posed in Step 11] if no, system highlights sentence

[0192] 60. System asks user: “This sentence is passive; would you like to make it active?”

[0193] 61. User selects “Yes” or “No”

[0194] 62. if User selects “No”, system ignores

[0195] 63. if User selects “Yes”, system forms a question

[0196] 64. system begins question “Who or what”

[0197] 65. system follows those words with the help verbs and adverbs in “to be” verb unit (but not “to be” verb)

[0198] 66. is “to be” verb “am” “is” “are” or “be”?

[0199] 67. if yes, system forms the question by converting the past participle to its present tense form

[0200] 68. if no, system forms the question by converting the past participle to its past tense form

[0201] 69. using the noun unit that forms the object, system finishes question

[0202] 70. User answers question by typing the actor

[0203] 71. system replaces “Who or what” with the typed in actor

[0204] 72. system removes question mark

[0205] 73. system deletes words that form passive part of sentence

[0206] 74. system places new active version where system deleted passive part of sentence

[0207] 75. system matches number and capitalizes

[0208] In some embodiments, the system, following pairing down of sentences and phrases using other rules disclosed herein, will search for the “to be” verb. The system will determine if the “to be” verb is followed immediately by the word “required.” If the “to be” verb is followed immediately by the word “required,” the system will determine if the word “to” is found within the next two words. If, however, the “to be” verb is not immediately followed by the word “required,” then the system will determine if the “to be” verb is followed by the word “involved.” If the “to be” verb is followed by the word “involved,” then the system will ignore the phrase.

[0209] If, however, the “to be” verb is not followed by the word “involved,” “engaged,” or “dedicated,” then the system will determine if the “to be” verb is followed by an infinitive. If the “to be” verb is followed by an infinitive, then the system will ignore the phrase. If, however, the “to be” verb is not followed by an infinitive, then the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed by a past participle. If the “to be” verb is followed by a past participle, then the system will determine if the past participle is followed by the word “by.” If the past participle is followed by the word “by,” then the system will determine if the object of the word “by” is a noun expressing “time” from the “time noun” pool, or a “transport noun.” If, however, the past participle is not followed by the word “by,” then the system will highlight the sentence and prompt the user: “This sentence is passive; would you like to make it active?”

[0210] The user will then select the word “Yes” or the word “No.” If the user selects the word “No,” then the system will ignore the phrase. If the user selects the word “Yes,” then the system will form a question, beginning the question “Who or what.” The system will follow the words “Who or what” with helping verbs and adverbs in the “to be” verb unit without using the “to be” verb. The system determines if the “to be” verb is “am,” “is,” “are,” or “be.” If the “to be” verb is one of those verbs from the list, the system forms the question by converting the past participle to its present tense form. If, however, the “to be” verb is not from the above list, then the system forms the question by converting the past participle to its past tense form.

[0211] Using the noun unit that forms the object, the system finishes the question. The user answers the question by typing the appropriate actor. The system then replaces “Who or what” with the typed actor. The system removes the question mark, deletes words that form the passive part of the sentence, places a new active version where the system deleted the passive part of the sentence, and matches the verb number and capitalizes or recapitalizes as appropriate. The object—“to be” verb—past participle—no “by” rule is illustrated in Example 10 below.

[0212]

A distinction must also be made between conflicts and hassles.
He had borne the Allied cause on his shoulders during the war's first,
flickering hours, and this would not soon be forgotten.
That is the kind of scrutiny each gift received before it was approved.
Instead, we're using SharePoint workspaces, intranet sites where
documents and other data can be centrally located and accessed.
There is a tremendous amount of local research that has been done on
African agriculture.
A distinction must also be made between conflicts and hassles.
He had borne the Allied cause on his shoulders during the war's first,
flickering hours, and this would not soon be forgotten.
That is the kind of scrutiny each gift received before it was approved.
Instead, we're using SharePoint workspaces, intranet sites where
documents and other data can be centrally located and accessed.
There is a tremendous amount of local research that has been done on
African agriculture.
A distinction must also be made between conflicts and hassles.
He had borne the Allied cause on his shoulders during the war's first,
flickering hours, and this would not soon be forgotten.
That is the kind of scrutiny each gift received before it was approved.
Instead, we're using SharePoint workspaces, intranet sites where
documents and other data can be centrally located and accessed.
a tremendous amount of local research has been done on African
agriculture.
A distinction must also be made between conflicts and hassles.
He had borne the Allied cause on his shoulders during the war's first,
flickering hours, and this would not soon be forgotten.
That is the kind of scrutiny each gift received before it was approved.
Instead, we're using SharePoint workspaces, intranet sites where
documents and other data can be centrally located and accessed.
a tremendous amount of local research has been done on African
agriculture.
A distinction must also be made between conflicts and hassles.
He had borne the Allied cause on his shoulders during the war's first,
flickering hours, and this would not soon be forgotten.
That is the kind of scrutiny each gift received before it was approved.
Instead, we're using SharePoint workspaces, intranet sites where
documents and other data can be centrally located and accessed.
a tremendous amount of local research has been done on African
agriculture.
A distinction must also be made between conflicts and hassles.
[Who or what must also?]
He had borne the Allied cause on his shoulders during the war's first,
flickering hours, and this would not soon be forgotten.
[Who or what would not soon?]
That is the kind of scrutiny each gift received before it was approved.
[Who or what?]
Instead, we're using SharePoint workspaces, intranet sites where
documents and other data can be centrally located and accessed.
[Who or what can centrally?]
a tremendous amount of local research has been done on African
agriculture.
[Who or what has?]
A distinction must also be made between conflicts and hassles.
[Who or what must also?]
He had borne the Allied cause on his shoulders during the war's first,
flickering hours, and this would not soon be forgotten.
[Who or what would not soon?]
That is the kind of scrutiny each gift received before it was approved.
[Who or what?]
Instead, we're using SharePoint workspaces, intranet sites where
documents and other data can be centrally located and accessed.
[Who or what can centrally?]
a tremendous amount of local research has been done on African
agriculture.
[Who or what has?]
A distinction must also be made between conflicts and hassles.
[Who or what must also make?]
He had borne the Allied cause on his shoulders during the war's first,
flickering hours, and this would not soon be forgotten.
[Who or what would not soon forget?]
That is the kind of scrutiny each gift received before it was approved.
[Who or what?]
Instead, we're using SharePoint workspaces, intranet sites where
documents and other data canbe centrally located and accessed.
[Who or what can centrally locate and access?]
a tremendous amount of local research has been done on African
agriculture.
[Who or what has?]
A distinction must also be made between conflicts and hassles.
[Who or what must also make?]
He had borne the Allied cause on his shoulders during the war's first,
flickering hours, and this would not soon be forgotten.
[Who or what would not soon forget?]
That is the kind of scrutiny each gift received before it was approved.
[Who or what approved?]
Instead, we're using SharePoint workspaces, intranet sites where
documents and other data can be centrally located and accessed.
[Who or what can centrally locate and access?]
a tremendous amount of local research has been done on African
agriculture.
[Who or what has done?]
A distinction must also be made between conflicts and hassles.
[Who or what must also make a distinction?]
He had borne the Allied cause on his shoulders during the war's first,
flickering hours, and this would not soon be forgotten.
[Who or what would not soon forget this?]
That is the kind of scrutiny each gift received before it was approved.
[Who or what approved it?]
Instead, we're using SharePoint workspaces, intranet sites where
documents and other data can be centrally located and accessed.
[Who or what can centrally locate and access documents and other
data?]
a tremendous amount of local research has been done on African
agriculture.
[Who or what has done a tremendous amount of local research?]
A distinction must also be made between conflicts and hassles.
[Who or what must also make a distinction?] [[politicians]]
He had borne the Allied cause on his shoulders during the war's first,
flickering hours, and this would not soon be forgotten.
[Who or what would not soon forget this?] [[his men]]
That is the kind of scrutiny each gift received before it was approved.
[Who or what approved it?] [[our shipper]]
Instead, we're using SharePoint workspaces, intranet sites where
documents and other data can be centrally located and accessed.
[Who or what can centrally locate and access documents and other
data?] [[we]]
a tremendous amount of local research has been done on African
agriculture.
[Who or what has done a tremendous amount of local research?]
[[high school students]]
A distinction must also be made between conflicts and hassles.
[politicians must also make a distinction?]
He had borne the Allied cause on his shoulders during the war's first,
flickering hours, and this would not soon be forgotten.
[his men would not soon forget this?]
That is the kind of scrutiny each gift received before it was approved.
[our shipper approved it?]
Instead, we're using SharePoint workspaces, intranet sites where
documents and other data can be centrally located and accessed.
[we can centrally locate and access documents and other data?]
a tremendous amount of local research has been done on African
agriculture.
[high school students has done a tremendous amount of local
research?]
A distinction must also be made between conflicts and hassles.
[politicians must also make a distinction]
He had borne the Allied cause on his shoulders during the war's first,
flickering hours, and this would not soon be forgotten.
[his men would not soon forget this]
That is the kind of scrutiny each gift received before it was approved.
[our shipper approved it]
Instead, we're using SharePoint workspaces, intranet sites where
documents and other data can be centrally located and accessed.
[we can centrally locate and access documents and other data]
a tremendous amount of local research has been done on African
agriculture.
[high school students has done a tremendous amount of local research]
between conflicts and hassles.
[politicians must also make a distinction]
He had borne the Allied cause on his shoulders during the war's first,
flickering hours, and.
[his men would not soon forget this]
That is the kind of scrutiny each gift received before
[our shipper approved it]
Instead, we're using SharePoint workspaces, intranet sites where.
[we can centrally locate and access documents and other data]
on African agriculture.
[high school students has done a tremendous amount of local research]
politicians must also make a distinction between conflicts and hassles.
He had borne the Allied cause on his shoulders during the war's first,
flickering hours, and his men would not soon forget this.
That is the kind of scrutiny each gift received before our shipper
approved it.
Instead, we're using SharePoint workspaces, intranet sites where we
can centrally locate and access documents and other data.
high school students has done a tremendous amount of local research
on African agriculture.
politicians must also make a distinction between conflicts and hassles.
He had borne the Allied cause on his shoulders during the war's first,
flickering hours, and his men would not soon forget this.
That is the kind of scrutiny each gift received before our shipper
approved it.
Instead, we're using SharePoint workspaces, intranet sites where we
can centrally locate and access documents and other data.
high school students have done a tremendous amount of local research
on African agriculture.
Politicians must also make a distinction between conflicts and hassles.
He had borne the Allied cause on his shoulders during the war's first,
flickering hours, and his men would not soon forget this.
That is the kind of scrutiny each gift received before our shipper
approved it.
Instead, we're using SharePoint workspaces, intranet sites where we
can centrally locate and access documents and other data.
High school students have done a tremendous amount of local research
on African agriculture.

[0213] K. “to be” Verb—“being”—Past Participle

[0214] This rule can be implemented in connection with other rules that search for “to be” verbs. Thus, the “to be” verb can be considered a sign for this rule. This rule can begin at the step numbered, “76” below, after other rules have been considered and rejected or considered and applied. Thus, other steps can be pre-cursor steps to this rule (e.g., 1-3, 6-11), in some embodiments, as indicated.

[0215] (1) system searches for “to be” verb

[0216] (2) is “to be” verb followed immediately by “required”?

[0217] (3) if yes, is “to” found in the next two words?

[0218] 6. [referring to the question posed in Step 2] if no, is “to be” verb followed by “involved,” “engaged,” or “dedicated?”

[0219] 7. if yes, system ignores

[0220] 8. [referring to the question posed in Step 6], if no, is “to be” verb followed by infinitive?

[0221] 9. if yes, system ignores

[0222] 10. [referring to the question posed in Step 8] if no, is “to be” verb followed by past participle?

[0223] 11. if yes, is past participle followed by “by”?

[0224] 76. [referring to the question posed in Step 10], if no, is “to be” verb followed by “being”?

[0225] 77. if yes, is “being” followed by past participle?

[0226] 78. if yes, system continues with Steps 60 through 64

[0227] 79. system adds the “to be” verb

[0228] 80. system adds the adverbs in “to be” verb unit

[0229] 81. system adds present participle form of past participle

[0230] 82. system continues with Steps 69 through 75

[0231] In some embodiments, the system searches for a “to be” verb and determines if the “to be” verb is followed immediately by the word “required.” If the “to be” verb is followed immediately by the word “required,” then the system determines if the word “to” is found within the next two words. If, however, the “to be” verb is not followed immediately by the word “required,” then the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed by the word “involved.” If the “to be” verb is followed by the word “involved,” the word “engaged,” or the word “dedicated,” then the system ignores the phrase. If, however, the “to be” verb is not followed by the word “involved,” then the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed by an infinitive. If the “to be” verb is followed by an infinitive, then the system ignores the phrase. If the “to be” verb is not followed by an infinitive, then the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed by a past participle. If the “to be” verb is followed by a past participle, the system determines if the past participle is followed by the word “by.” If, however, the “to be” verb is not followed by a past participle, then the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed by the word “being.” If the “to be” verb is followed by the word “being,” then the system determines if the word “being” is followed by a past participle. If the word “being” is followed by a past participle, then the system highlights the sentence and prompts the user: “This sentence is passive; would you like to make it active?” The user will select “Yes” or “No.” If the user selects “No,” then the system will ignore the phrase. If the user selects “Yes,” then the system forms a question, beginning “Who or what.” Then the system adds the “to be” verb, adds the adverbs in the “to be” verb unit, adds the present participle form of the past participle, and, using the noun that forms the object, the system finishes the question. The user answers the question by typing the actor, and the system responds by replacing “Who or what” with the typed actor, removing the question mark, deleting words that form the passive part of the sentence, and placing a new active version where the system deleted the passive part of the sentence. At this juncture, the system matches the verb number with the number of noun or nouns and capitalizes or recapitalizes as appropriate. The “to be” verb—“being”—past participle rule is illustrated in Example 11 below.

[0232]

In the meantime, the clinic is being built and the school is being
expanded.
After the G8, on to Ghana, where much of the interesting work is being
done.
As Kohn was being interviewed, the newly adopted dog sat loyally next
to her new owner.
In the meantime, the clinic is being built and the school is being
expanded.
After the G8, on to Ghana, where much of the interesting work is being
done.
As Kohn was being interviewed, the newly adopted dog sat loyally next
to her new owner.
In the meantime, the clinic is being built and the school is being
expanded.
After the G8, on to Ghana, where much of the interesting work is being
done.
As Kohn is being interviewed, the newly adopted dog sat loyally next
to her new owner.
In the meantime, the clinic is being built and the school is being
expanded.
[Who or what?]
[Who or what?]
After the G8, on to Ghana, where much of the interesting work is being
done.
[Who or what?]
As Kohn was being interviewed, the newly adopted dog sat loyally next
to her new owner.
[Who or what?]
In the meantime, the clinic is being built and the school is being
expanded.
[Who or what is?]
[Who or what is?]
After the G8, on to Ghana, where much of the interesting work is being
done.
[Who or what is?]
As Kohn was being interviewed, the newly adopted dog sat loyally next
to her new owner.
[Who or what was?]
In the meantime, the clinic is being built and the school is being
expanded.
[Who or what is building the clinic?]
[Who or what is expanding the school?]
After the G8, on to Ghana, where much of the interesting work is being
done.
[Who or what is doing much of the interesting work?]
As Kohn was being interviewed, the newly adopted dog sat loyally next
to her new owner.
[Who or what was interviewing Kohn?]
In the meantime, the clinic is being built and the school is being
expanded.
[Who or what is building the clinic?] [[the locals]]
[Who or what is expanding the school?] [[the locals]]
After the G8, on to Ghana, where much of the interesting work is being
done.
[Who or what is doing much of the interesting work?] [[the UN]]
As Kohn was being interviewed, the newly adopted dog sat loyally next
to her new owner.
[Who or what was interviewing Kohn?] [[I]]
In the meantime, the clinic is being built and the school is being
expanded.
[the locals is building the clinic?]
[the locals is expanding the school?]
After the G8, on to Ghana, where much of the interesting work is being
done.
[the UN is doing much of the interesting work?]
As Kohn was being interviewed, the newly adopted dog sat loyally next
to her new owner.
[I was interviewing Kohn?]
In the meantime, the clinic is being built and the school is being
expanded.
[the locals is building the clinic]
[the locals is expanding the school]
After the G8, on to Ghana, where much of the interesting work is being
done.
[the UN is doing much of the interesting work]
As Kohn was being interviewed, the newly adopted dog sat loyally next
to her new owner.
[I was interviewing Kohn]
In the meantime, and.
[the locals is building the clinic]
[the locals is expanding the school]
After the G8, on to Ghana, where.
[the UN is doing much of the interesting work]
As, the newly adopted dog sat loyally next to her new owner.
[I was interviewing Kohn]
In the meantime, the locals is building the clinic and the locals is
expanding the school.
After the G8, on to Ghana, where the UN is doing much of the
interesting work.
As I was interviewing Kohn, the newly adopted dog sat loyally next to
her new owner.
In the meantime, the locals is building the clinic and the locals is
expanding the school.
After the G8, on to Ghana, where the UN is doing much of the
interesting work.
As I was interviewing Kohn, the newly adopted dog sat loyally next to
her new owner.
In the meantime, the locals are building the clinic and the locals are
expanding the school.
After the G8, on to Ghana, where the UN is doing much of the
interesting work.
As I was interviewing Kohn, the newly adopted dog sat loyally next to
her new owner.

II. Passive Voice

[0233] A. First Passive Voice

[0234] In some embodiments, the system searches for signs such as “am,” “is,” “was,” “were,” “are,” “been,” or “be.” Next, the system determines whether the word following the sign is a past participle (from a pool of past participles.) If the word is not a past participle from the pool, the system queries if the word is an adverb from the pool of adverbs or a negative from the pool of negatives. If the answer is yes, the system then determines whether the adverb or negative is followed by a past participle from the pool. If it is, then the adverb or the negative becomes part of the past participle as the system turns the sentence active (see, e.g., sub-rules A-E of section I regarding passive voice, above). Thereafter, the system determines if the deleted “to be” verb is a present tense verb. If it is, then the past participle is changed to the present tense. The first passive voice rule is illustrated in Example 12 below.

[0235]

		The issue of fraud is rarely raised by the defendant.
		The issue of fraud is rarely raised by the defendant.
		The issue of fraud is rarely raised by the defendant.
		The issue of fraud is never raised by the defendant.
		The issue of fraud is never raised by the defendant.
		The defendant never raised the issue of fraud.
		The defendant rarely raised the issue of fraud.
		The defendant rarely raises the issue of fraud.

[0236] B. Second Passive Voice

[0237] In some embodiments, the system searches for signs, such as “am,” “is,” “was,” “were,” “are,” “been,” or “be.” Then the system determines if the word following the “to be” verb is a past participle from the pool. If it is not, the system queries: “Is the following word an adverb from the pool or negative from the pool followed by a past participle from the pool?” If the word following the “to be” verb is a negative followed by a past participle, then the system turns the sentence active (see, e.g., sub-rules A-E of section I regarding passive voice, above). Then, the system determines if the deleted “to be” verb is present tense or past tense. If the deleted verb was in the present tense, then the system determines if the actor is a third person singular.

[0238] If the actor is a third person singular, then the system adds the word “does” just before the word “not” and changes the past participle to present tense, usually by dropping “ed” or “ded.” If the deleted verb was in the present tense, however, but the actor is not third person singular, the system will add “do” just before “not” and will change the past participle to present tense. If the deleted verb was in the past tense with an actor who was singular or plural, the system adds the word “did” in front of “not” and changes the past participle to present tense. The second passive voice rule is illustrated in Example 13 below.

[0239]

		The issue of fraud is not raised by the defendant.
		The defendant not raised the issue of fraud.
		The defendant not raised the issue of fraud.
		The defendant does not raise the issue of fraud.
		The defendants do not raise the issue of fraud.
		The defendants did not raise the issue of fraud.
		The defendant did not raise the issue of fraud.
		The defendant did not raise the issue of fraud.

[0240] C. Third Passive Voice

[0241] In some embodiments, the system searches for the “to be” verb sign, such as “am,” “is,” “was,” “were,” “are,” “been,” or “be.” Second, the system determines if the word following that “to be” verb is a past participle (e.g., from a pool of past participles). If it is not, then the system determines if the following word is an adverb from an adverb pool (see Appendix C in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/825,218, filed Sep. 11, 2006, which is hereby incorporated by reference for all disclosure relating to Appendix C thereof) or a negative from a pool. If it is not, the system determines if the following word is “being.” If the word is “being,” then the system queries if “being” is followed by a past participle from the pool of past participles. If the system determines that the word following “being” is a past participle from the pool, then the system turns the sentence active (see, e.g., sub-rules A-E of section I regarding passive voice, above). Then, with “to be” verb, word “being,” past participle and object and actor units identified, the system deletes the word “being” and the preposition, but keeps the “to be” verb.

[0242] At this point, the system turns the past participle into an “ing” word. Then the system moves the object noun unit to follow immediately after the new “ing” word. The system then moves the actor noun unit to precede the new “ing” word. Then, the system determines if the actor noun unit is singular or plural and changes the “number” of the corresponding “to be” verbs to agree with the actor noun unit. Finally, the system punctuates appropriately. The third passive voice rule is illustrated in Example 14 below.

[0243]

		The pyramid was being designed by Egyptian architects.
		The pyramid was being designed by Egyptian architects.
		The pyramid was being designed by Egyptian architects.
		The pyramid was being designed by Egyptian architects.
		The pyramid was designed Egyptian architects.
		The pyramid was designing Egyptian architects.
		was designing The pyramid Egyptian architects.
		Egyptian architects was designing The pyramid.
		Egyptian architects were designing the pyramid.
		Egyptian architects were designing the pyramid.

[0244] D. “this” or “these”

[0245] In some embodiments, the system searches for a “to be” verb, and upon finding one, determines if the “to be” verb is preceded by “this” or “these.” If so, the system determines whether the “to be” verb is followed by a noun unit. If so, the system determines whether the noun unit is followed immediately by another noun unit. If so, the system determines whether the second noun unit is followed immediately by a verb unit. If so, the system deletes “to be” verb and any article preceding the first noun unit. The system then moves the second noun unit and verb unit to a position immediately before “[T]hese” or “[T]his”. The system then capitalizes. This rule is illustrated below:

[0246]

		These are words no good writer would use.
		This is an employee we can't do without.
		These are words no good writer would use.
		This is an employee we can't do without.
		These are words [no good writer] would use.
		This is an employee [we] can't do without.
		These are words [no good writer] {would use}.
		This is an employee [we] {can't do without}.
		These words [no good writer] {would use}.
		This employee [we] {can't do without}.
		[no good writer] {would use} These words.
		[we] {can't do without} This employee.
		No good writer would use these words.
		We can't do without this employee.

III. Nominalization Rule

[0247] A. First Nominalization

[0248] In some embodiments, the system searches for words ending in “ion,” “ions,” “al,” “ant,” “ance,” “ancy,” “ent,” “enc,” “ency,” “ity,” “ing,” “sis,” “ise,” and “ure.” After finding one of those words, the system tries to match the word to the pool of false positive nominalizations. False positive nominalizations are illustrated below in Table 2. If the system finds a match in the false positive pool, it will ignore the word. If, however, the system finds no match in the false positive pool, it determines if the word preceding the nominalization is an adjective from an adjective pool. (See Appendix D in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/825,218, filed Sep. 11, 2006, which is hereby incorporated by reference for all disclosure relating to Appendix D thereof). If the system finds a match, it then tries to match the nominalization and the adjective to the second false positive pool, something that would be akin to “like an important decision.” If the system finds a match, then it ignores the two words. If the system finds no match, however, it returns to the step later.

[0249]

TABLE 2
Example Nominalization False Positives
	sophistication	nation
	ammunition	potion
	foundation	vision
	notion	premonition
	lotion	reputation
	section	privation
	commotion	tension
	excursion	circumstance
	locomotion	defence
	fence	defense
	proposal	flagrant

If the system finds a match in the false positive pool, it will ignore the words.

[0250] If the system finds no match, it searches the first four words preceding the nominalization for a “to be” verb or verb from a verb pool (which will often be “make,” “take,” “cause,” “reach,” “have,” “effect,” and “engage” and their past tense and third person forms). For additional verbs in a verb pool, see Appendix A in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/825,218, filed Sep. 11, 2006, which is hereby incorporated by reference for all disclosure relating to Appendix A thereof. If more than one of these verbs precedes the nominalization, the system chooses the verb closest to the nominalization. If the system finds the verb, then the system will delete the verb plus any article between the verb and the nominalization, or prompt the user to do so. If the system additionally finds the word “in” between the verb and the nominalization that it has just deleted, it will also delete the word “in.” If the system finds the word “of” immediately following the nominalization it has just deleted, it will also delete the word “of”

[0251] At this point, the system will determine the tense of the deleted verb. The system will then match the tense of the deleted verb and turn a nominalization not modified by an adjective into its verb form. If the nominalization is modified by an adjective and there was no match found in the second false positive pool, the system then tries to match the nominalization and the adjective to the true positive pool (like immediate termination). If the system finds a match, it turns the nominalization into its verb form and the adjective into an adverb form (like immediately terminated). If the system, however, finds no match, the system will still turn the nominalization into its verb form and the adjective into the adverb form, then highlight both the adverb and the verb, prompting the user, “Does this make sense, or would you like to leave it in the original wording?”

[0252] While an exhaustive list would be very long, an example nominalization word pool can comprise words such as the following:

[0253]

TABLE 3
Example Nominalization True Positives
	Nominalization	Corresponding Verb
	agreement	agree
	circumvention	circumvent
	contention	contend
	intention	intend
	pertinence	pertain
	requirement	require
	suspicion	suspect

[0254] The first nominalization sub-rule is illustrated in Example 15 below.

[0255]

We should reject the proposal because it is a flagrant circumvention of
established rules.
We stand in agreement that this section has pertinence to any contract.
We should reject the proposal because it is a flagrant circumvention of
established rules.
We stand in agreement that this section has pertinence to any contract.
We should reject the proposal because it is a flagrant circumvention of
established rules.
We stand in agreement that this section has pertinence to any contract.
We should reject the proposal because it is a flagrant circumvention of
established rules.
We stand in agreement that this section has pertinence to any contract.
We should reject the proposal because it is a flagrant circumvention of
established rules.
We stand in agreement that this section has pertinence to any contract.
We should reject the proposal because it a flagrant circumvention of
established rules.
We in agreement that this section pertinence to any contract.
We should reject the proposal because it a flagrant circumvention of
established rules.
We in agreement that this section pertinence to any contract.
We should reject the proposal because it flagrant circumvention
established rules.
We agreement that this section pertinence to any contract.
We should reject the proposal because it flagrant circumvention
established rules.
We agree that this section pertains to any contract.
We should reject the proposal because it flagrant circumvents
established rules.
We agree that this section pertains to any contract.
We should reject the proposal because it flagrantly circumvents
established rules.
We agree that this section pertains to any contract.
We should reject the proposal because it flagrantly circumvents
established rules.
We agree that this section pertains to any contract.

[0256] B. Second Nominalization Sub-Rule

[0257] In some embodiments, when the system has completed steps to convert a nominalization to a verb, the system then searches for any word remaining between the deleted verb and the nominalization. If the system finds a word between the deleted verb and nominalization, it deletes or diminishes that word (e.g., by reducing the brightness of the word on the screen, changing it to a relatively smaller font, changing its color, reducing its loudness, etc.). If the system diminishes the word, a user can be prompted to decide if the word should be deleted. The second verb unit rule is illustrated in Example 16 below.

[0258]

The manager may have some suspicion with respect to the customer's
honesty.
Downstream water quality has as a requirement that we treat the
sewage first.
The manager may have some suspicion with respect to the customer's
honesty.
Downstream water quality has as a requirement that we treat the
sewage first.
The manager may some suspect the customer's honesty.
Downstream water quality as requires that we treat the sewage first.
The manager may some suspect the customer's honesty.
Downstream water quality as requires we treat the sewage first.
The manager may suspect the customer's honesty.
Downstream water quality requires that we treat the sewage first.

[0259] C. Third Nominalization Sub-Rule

[0260] In some embodiments, after the system has completed the first nominalization rule, the system then determines if the word “it” appears within the first six words preceding the nominalization and if the nominalization is modified by a possessive pronoun or possessive noun. The system then replaces the word “it” with the subjective form of the possessive pronoun or possessive noun. If the word “it” appears within a certain number of (e.g., the first six) words preceding the nominalization and the nominalization is immediately followed by a prepositional phrase, the system preferably replaces the word “it” with the object of the preposition and its article and adjectives. The system can then delete the prepositional phrase. At this point the system capitalizes and uncapitalizes the sentence appropriately. The system then determines if the possessive noun or pronoun is in the third person and the system will match the verb form of the nominalization. The third verb unit rule is illustrated in Example 17 below.

[0261]

If it is your intention to cause delay, we will oppose you.
It was the contention of the weaker players that the owners were being
unfair.
If it is your intention to cause delay, we will oppose you.
It was the contention of the weaker players that the owners were being
unfair.
If it is your intention to cause delay, we will oppose you.
It was the contention of the weaker players that the owners were being
unfair.
If it is your intend to cause delay, we will oppose you.
It contended of the weaker players that the owners were being unfair.
If it your intend to cause delay, we will oppose you.
It contended of the weaker players that the owners were being unfair.
If it your intend to cause delay, we will oppose you.
It contended of the weaker players that the owners were being unfair.
If you intend to cause delay, we will oppose you.
It contended of the weaker players that the owners were being unfair.
If you intend to cause delay, we will oppose you.
It contended of the weaker players that the owners were being unfair.
If you intend to cause delay, we will oppose you.
the weaker players contended of that the owners were being unfair.
If you intend to cause delay, we will oppose you.
the weaker players contended that the owners were being unfair.
If you intend to cause delay, we will oppose you.
The weaker players contended that the owners were being unfair.
If it is his intention to cause delay, we will oppose him.
The weaker players contended that the owners were being unfair.
If it is his intention to cause delay, we will oppose him.
The weaker players contended that the owners were being unfair.
If he intends to cause delay, we will oppose him.
The weaker players contended that the owners were being unfair.
If he intends to cause delay, we will oppose him.
The weaker players contended that the owners were being unfair.

IV. The Noun Unit and Verb Unit Rules

[0262] A. First Noun Unit Sub-Rule

[0263] In some embodiments, a noun unit is defined as a noun plus the preceding article and adjectives and adverbs modifying the adjectives and immediately following the words “of,” “with,” or “in,” and the object noun unit.

[0264] The first noun unit sub-rule is illustrated in Example 18:

[0265]

There was no explanation beyond the highly-rumored, unproved
possibility of cold drafts in the gallery over the weekend.
There are a lot of men who feel that our personal value is defined by
our net worth.
There is an abundance of interesting facts relating to all our major
diseases.
If nothing was done by political leaders in the Middle East, things
would get worse.
There was no explanation beyond the highly-rumored, unproved
possibility of cold drafts in the gallery over the weekend.
There are a lot of men who feel that our personal value is defined by
our net worth.
There is an abundance of interesting facts relating to all our major
diseases.
If nothing was done by political leaders in the Middle East, things
would get worse.
There was no explanation beyond the highly-rumored, unproved
possibility of cold drafts in the gallery over the weekend.
There are a lot of men who feel that our personal value is defined by
our net worth.
There is an abundance of interesting facts relating to all our major
diseases.
If nothing was done by political leaders in the Middle East, things
would get worse.
There was no explanation beyond the highly-rumored, unproved
possibility of cold drafts in the gallery over the weekend.
There are a lot of men who feel that our personal value is defined by
our net worth.
There is an abundance of interesting facts relating to all our major
diseases.
If nothing was done by political leaders in the Middle East, things
would get worse.
There was no explanation beyond the highly-rumored, unproved
possibility of cold drafts in the gallery over the weekend.
There are a lot of men who feel that our personal value is defined by
our net worth.
There is an abundance of interesting facts relating to all our major
diseases.
If nothing was done by political leadersin the Middle East, things
would get worse.
There was no explanation beyond the highly-rumored, unproved
possibility of cold drafts in the gallery over the weekend.
There are a lot of men who feel that our personal value is defined by
our net worth.
There is an abundance of interesting facts relating to all our major
diseases.
If nothing was done by political leaders in the Middle East, things
would get worse.

[0266] Thus, the noun units are as indicated:

[0267]

There was no explanation beyond the highly-rumored, unproved
possibility of cold drafts in the gallery over the weekend.
There are a lot of men who feel that our personal value is defined by
our net worth.
There is an abundance of interesting facts relating to all our major
diseases.
If nothing was done by political leaders in the Middle East, things
would get worse.

[0268] B. Second Noun Unit Sub-Rule

[0269] In some embodiments, a noun unit may also be a string of noun units in a series. This string of noun units in a series may be separated by commas and the word “and” or the word “or”. Furthermore, a “noun unit” may be a group of more than one noun unit. Thus, a noun unit may further comprise: 1) any word or group of words immediately following a “noun unit” (as defined above); 2) set off by commas; and 3) composed entirely of another “noun unit” (as defined above).

[0270] The second noun unit rule is illustrated in Example 19:

[0271]

There were toxic levels of mercury found in the lakes, the rivers, the
sound, and the ocean.
Seattle, Portland, or San Francisco will have openings.
There were toxic levels of mercury found in the lakes, the rivers, the
sound, and the ocean.
Seattle, Portland, or San Francisco will have openings.
There were toxic levels of mercury found in the lakes, the rivers, the
sound, and the ocean.
Seattle, Portland, or San Francisco will have openings.
There were toxic levels of mercury found in the lakes, the rivers, the
sound, and the ocean.
Seattle, Portland, or San Francisco will have openings.

[0272] C. Verb Unit Sub-Rule

[0273] As defined herein, a verb unit includes the verb plus preceding helping verbs including words like “be,” “do,” “may,” “have,” “will,” “have,” “shall,” and all of their tenses and combination for example, “will have been.” The verb unit also includes all preceding adverbs and their following adverbs. Under the “there” rule, all helping verbs and adverbs remain after the system deletes “there,” “to be” verbs, the word “that” and prepositions. Under the “there” rule, if a user is asked to insert a verb in a blank, the helping verbs and the adverbs will immediately precede the blank. The fourth verb unit rule is illustrated in Examples 20 and 21 below.

[0274]

Two men so alike in their features, they might have been twins swiftly
rode through the night.
He settled comfortably against the wood and the fish swam steadily and
the boat moved slowly through the dark water.
Two men so alike in their features, they might have been twins swiftly
rode through the night.
He settled comfortably against the wood and the fish swam steadily and
the boat moved slowly through the dark water.
Two men so alike in their features, they might have been twins swiftly
rode through the night.
He settled comfortably against the wood and the fish swam steadily and
the boat moved slowly through the dark water.
Two men so alike in their features, they might have been twins swiftly
rode through the night.
He settled comfortably against the wood and the fish swam steadily and
the boat moved slowly through the dark water.
Two men so alike in their features, they might have been twins swiftly
rode through the night.
He settled comfortably against the wood and the fish swam steadily and
the boat moved slowly through the dark water.

[0275]

There rarely have been so many banks that let you manage your own
account.
There has already been a string of hopeful political events in the last
year.
There rarely have been so many banks that let you manage your own
account.
There has already been a string of hopeful political events in the last
year.
There rarely have been so many banks that let you manage your own
account.
There has already been a string of hopeful political events in the last
year.
rarely have been so many banks that let you manage your own account.
has already been a string of hopeful political events in the past year.
rarely have so many banks that let you manage your own account.
has already a string of hopeful political events in the past year.
rarely have been so many banks let you manage your own account.
has already been a string of hopeful political events the past year.
rarely have been so many banks let you manage your own account.
has already a string of hopeful political events the past year.
rarely have so many banks that let you manage your own account.
the past year has already     a string of hopeful political events.
Rarely have so many banks let you manage your own account.
The past year has already brought a string of hopeful political events.

V. “There” Rule

[0276] A. First “there” Sub-Rule

[0277] In some embodiments, the system searches for the word “there.” The system then determines if the word following “there” is a “to be” verb. If it is not, then the system determines if the word following “there” is a preposition. If it is a preposition, then the system will delete “[T]here.” The first “there” rule is illustrated in Example 22 below.

[0278]

		There in the woods stood a fawn.
		There beside the cookie jar sat two brownies.
		He was just standing there in the doorway.
		There in the woods stood a fawn.
		There beside the cookie jar sat two brownies.
		He was just standing there in the doorway.
		There in the woods stood a fawn.
		There beside the cookie jar sat two brownies.
		He was just standing there in the doorway.
		in the woods stood a fawn.
		beside the cookie jar sat two brownies.
		He was just standing in the doorway.
		In the woods stood a fawn.
		Beside the cookie jar sat two brownies.
		He was just standing in the doorway.

[0279] B. Second “there” Sub-Rule

[0280] If the word following “[T]here” is a “to be” verb, then the system will identify the noun unit immediately following the “to be” verb. At this point the system will determine if the word “that” (or “who” or “which”) follows immediately after the noun unit. If it does, then the system queries if the word following “that” (or “who” or “which”) is a noun from the noun pool (see Appendix B in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/825,218, filed Sep. 11, 2006, which is hereby incorporated by reference for all disclosure relating to Appendix B thereof). If the answer is yes, then the system deletes “there” and the “to be” verb. The system then inserts an underlying space in front of “that” and the system prompts the user: “What verb would you like to insert here?” The user then types in the verb. The system can then apply a “that” rule. For example, the “that” rule can be applied to determine if the word “that” automatically remains or automatically is deleted, or the system can prompt the user: “Do you want to keep ‘that’?” The user at this point indicates a “yes” or a “no” and the system capitalizes accordingly.

[0281] If the word following “that” is not a noun from the noun pool, the system queries whether it is a verb from the verb pool. If it is a verb from the verb pool (See Appendix A in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/825,218, filed Sep. 11, 2006, which is hereby incorporated by reference for all disclosure relating to Appendix A thereof), then the system deletes “there,” the “to be” verb, and the word “that.” At this point, the system will capitalize and prompt the user: “Do you like this better?” If the user at this point says, “No,” the system will replace the edited sentence with the original. The second “there” rule is illustrated in Example 23 below.

[0282]

There are several syntactic devices that let you manage where you
locate new units.
There are three principles that help to resolve this issue.
There are pieces of evidence that we have had it the wrong way round.
There are several syntactic devices that let you manage where you
locate new units.
There are three principles that help to resolve this issue.
There are pieces of evidence that we have had it the wrong way round.
There are several syntactic devices that let you manage where you
locate new units.
There are three principles that help to resolve this issue.
There are pieces of evidence that we have had it the wrong way round.
There are several syntactic devices that let you manage where you
locate new units.
There are three principles that help to resolve this issue.
There are pieces of evidence that we have had it the wrong way round.
There are several syntactic devices that let you manage where you
locate new units.
There are three principles that help to resolve this issue.
There are pieces of evidence that we have had it the wrong way round.
There are several syntactic devices that let you manage where you
locate new units.
There are three principles that help to resolve this issue.
There are pieces of evidence that we have had it the wrong way round.
There are several syntactic devices that let you manage where you
locate new units.
There are three principles that help to resolve this issue.
pieces of evidence that we have had it the wrong way round.
There are several syntactic devices that let you manage where you
locate new units.
There are three principles that help to resolve this issue.
pieces of evidence     that we have had it the wrong way
round.
There are several syntactic devices that let you manage where you
locate new units.
There are three principles that help to resolve this issue.
pieces of evidence suggest that we have had it the wrong way round.
There are several syntactic devices that let you manage where you
locate new units.
There are three principles that help to resolve this issue.
Pieces of evidence suggest we have had it the wrong way round.
There are several syntactic devices that let you manage where you
locate new units.
There are three principles that help to resolve this issue.
Pieces of evidence suggest that we have had it the wrong way round.
several syntactic devices let you manage where you locate new units.
three principles help to resolve this issue.
Pieces of evidence suggest that we have had it the wrong way round.
Several syntactic devices let you manage where you locate new units.
Three principles help to resolve this issue.
Pieces of evidence suggest we have had it the wrong way round.
There are several syntactic devices that let you manage where you
locate new units.
There are three principles that help to resolve this issue.
Pieces of evidence suggest we have had it the wrong way round.

[0283] C. Third “there” Sub-Rule

[0284] In some embodiments, the system searches for the word “there” and determines if the following word is a “to be” verb. If it is, then the system identifies the noun unit immediately following the “to be” verb and queries: “Does the word ‘that’ (or ‘who’ or ‘which’) follow immediately after the noun unit. If it does not, then the system determines if the following word is a past participle. If it is, then the system determines if the word following the preposition is “by,” “in,” “from,” “for,” or “through?” If it is not, then the system deletes the word “there” and moves the “to be” verb to a position between the first noun unit and the past participle. At this point, the system will capitalize appropriately and prompt the user: “Do you like this better?” If the user says no, the system replaces the edited sentence with the original. If the user says yes, the system dims the “to be” verb and prompts the user: “Can you think of a better verb to go here?” If the user says no, the system “un-dims” the “to be” verb. If the user types a preferred verb, the system inserts that preferred verb.

[0285] If the word following the past participle is a preposition “by,” “in,” “from,” “for,” or “through,” then the system identifies the noun unit that forms the object of the preposition. At this point, the system deletes “there,” the “to be” verb, and the preposition. The system then will move the first noun unit to a position immediately after the participle, and the system will move the object noun unit to a position immediately before the participle and recapitalize appropriately. At this point, the system will prompt the user: “Do you like this better?” If the user says no, the system will replace the new sentence with the original.

[0286] The third “there” rule is illustrated in Example 24 below.

[0287]

There were a few good reasons offered by the court for denying
punitive damages.
There were four grounds stated in the Perault case for ordering the
involuntary partition.
There are balloons stapled to every post.
There were a few good reasons offered by the court for denying
punitive damages.
There were four grounds stated in the Perault case for ordering the
involuntary partition.
There are balloons stapled to every post.
There were a few good reasons offered by the court for denying
punitive damages.
There were four grounds stated in the Perault case for ordering the
involuntary partition.
There are balloons stapled to every post.
There were a few good reasons offered by the court for denying
punitive damages.
There were four grounds stated in the Perault case for ordering the
involuntary partition.
There are balloons stapled to every post.
There were a few good reasons offered by the court for denying
punitive damages.
There were four grounds stated in the Perault case for ordering the
involuntary partition.
Balloons are stapled to every post.
There were a few good reasons offered by the court for denying
punitive damages.
There were four grounds stated in the Perault case for ordering the
involuntary partition.
Balloons are stapled to every post.
There were a few good reasons offered by the court for denying
punitive damages.
There were four grounds stated in the Perault case for ordering the
involuntary partition.
Balloons are stapled to every post.
There were a few good reasons offered by the court for denying
punitive damages.
There were four grounds stated in the Perault case for ordering the
involuntary partition.
Balloons hang stapled to every post.
There were a few good reasons offered by the court for denying
punitive damages.
There were four grounds stated in the Perault case for ordering the
involuntary partition.
Balloons hang stapled to every post.
There were a few good reasons offered by the court for denying
punitive damages.
There were four grounds stated in the Perault case for ordering the
involuntary petition.
Balloons hang stapled to every post.
were a few good reasons offered by the court for denying
punitive damages.
were four grounds stated in the Perault case for ordering the
involuntary partition.
Balloons hang stapled to every post.
a few good reasons offered by the court for denying punitive
damages.
four grounds stated in the Perault case for ordering the
involuntary partition.
Balloons hang stapled to every post.
a few good reasons offered the court for denying punitive damages.
four grounds stated the Perault case for ordering the involuntary
partition.
Balloons hang stapled to every post.
offered a few good reasons the court for denying punitive damages.
stated four grounds the Perault case for ordering the involuntary
partition.
Balloons hang stapled to every post.
the court offered a few good reasons for denying punitive damages.
the Perault case stated four grounds for ordering the involuntary
partition.
Balloons hang stapled to every post.
The court offered a few good reasons for denying punitive .
damages
The Perault case stated four grounds for ordering the involuntary
partition.
Balloons hang stapled to every post.

[0288] D. Fourth “there” Sub-Rule

[0289] In some embodiments, the system searches for the word “there.” Second, the system determines if the word following “there” is a “to be” verb. If it is, then the system identifies a noun unit immediately following the “to be” verb, and queries: “Does the word ‘that’ (or ‘who,’ or ‘which’ or ‘where’) follow immediately after the noun unit?” If it does not, then the system determines if the following word is a past participle.

[0290] If the following word is not a past participle, then the system will determine if the following word is a preposition. If it is, then the system will identify the object noun unit of that preposition. At this point, the system will delete the words “there,” the “to be” verb, and the preposition. The system moves the first noun unit to a position immediately following the object noun unit. The system will then insert an underlined space between the two units and prompt the user: “What verb would you like to insert here?” After the user types in a verb, the user has the opportunity to make additional changes. The system will then recapitalize accordingly. The fourth “there” rule is illustrated further in Example 25 below.

[0291]

There is no factual basis for the second cause of action.
Absent fraud, there is no way for plaintiff to avoid the plain language of
the statute.
There are two errors in this report.
There are three misstatements of fact in appellant's brief.
There is no factual basis for the second cause of action.
Absent fraud, there is no way for plaintiff to avoid the plain language of
the statute.
There are two errors in this report.
There are three misstatements of fact in appellant's brief.
There is no factual basis for the second cause of action.
Absent fraud, there is no way for plaintiff to avoid the plain language of
the statute.
There are two errors in this report.
There are three misstatements of fact in appellant's brief.
There is no factual basis for the second cause of action.
Absent fraud, there is no way for plaintiff to avoid the plain language of
the statute.
There are two errors in this report.
There are three misstatements of fact in appellant's brief.
is no factual basis for the second cause of action.
Absent fraud, is no way for plaintiff to avoid the plain language of the
statute.
are two errors in this report.
are three misstatements of fact in appellant's brief
no factual basis the second cause of action.
Absent fraud, no way plaintiff to avoid the plain language of the
statute.
two errors this report.
three misstatements of fact appellant's brief.
the second cause of action no factual basis.
Absent fraud, plaintiff no way to avoid the plain language of the
statute.
this report two errors.
appellant's brief three misstatements of fact.
the second cause of action     no factual basis.
Absent fraud, plaintiff     no way to avoid the plain language of
the statute.
this report     two errors.
appellant's brief     three misstatements of fact.
the second cause of action has no factual basis.
Absent fraud, plaintiff has no way to avoid the plain language of the
statute.
this report contains two errors.
appellant's brief contains three misstatements of fact.
the second cause of action has no factual basis.
Absent fraud, plaintiff has no way to avoid the plain language of the
statute.
this report contains two errors.
appellant's brief contains three misstatements of fact.
the second cause of action has no factual basis.
Absent fraud, plaintiff cannot avoid the plain language of the statute.
this report contains two errors.
appellant's brief contains three misstatements of fact.
The second cause of action has no factual basis.
Absent fraud, plaintiff cannot avoid the plain language of the statute.
This report contains two errors.
Appellant's brief contains three misstatements of fact.

[0292] E. Fifth “there” Sub-Rule

[0293] After the system searches for the word “there” and determines that the following word is a “to be” verb, the system then will identify a noun unit immediately following the “to be” verb and determine if the word immediately following the noun unit is “that,” “who,” “which,” or “where.” If the word immediately following the noun unit is “who-” or “where,” then the same rules applying to “that” as outlined in the subrules above will apply to the words “who” and “where.” If that word is “which,” then the system determines if a comma appears immediately before the “which.” If it does, then the same rules applying to the word “that” apply to the word “which.” The fifth “there” rule is illustrated in Example 26 below.

[0294]

There are a lot of men who feel that our personal value is defined by
our net worth.
There is, for sure, not a lack of websites which inadvertently contain
serious mistakes.
There are a lot of men who feel that our personal value is defined by
our net worth.
There is, for sure, not a lack of websites which inadvertently contain
serious mistakes.
There are a lot of men who feel that our personal value is defined by
our net worth.
There is, for sure, not a lack of websites which inadvertently contain
serious mistakes.
There are a lot of men who feel that our personal value is defined by
our net worth.
There is, for sure, not a lack of websites which inadvertently contain
serious mistakes.
a lot of men feel that our personal value is defined by our net worth.
for sure, not a lack of websites inadvertently contain serious mistakes.
a lot of men feel that our personal value is defined by our net worth.
for sure, not a lack of websites inadvertently contain serious mistakes.
a lot of men feel that our personal value is defined by our net worth.
not a lack of websites inadvertently contain serious mistakes.
a lot of men feel that our personal value is defined by our net worth.
many websites inadvertently contain serious mistakes.
A lot of men feel that our personal value is defined by our net worth.
Many websites inadvertently contain serious mistakes.

[0295] F. Sixth “there” Sub-Rule

[0296] In some embodiments, the system searches for the word “there” and determines if the word following “there” is a “to be” verb. If it is, then the system identifies a noun unit immediately following the “to be” verb and determines if the word “that” (or “who” or “which” or “where”) follows immediately after the noun unit. If no word follows the noun unit, the system deletes the word “there” and the “to be” verb. After the noun unit, the system adds the word “exist,” matching the number of the word “exist” to the noun. The system recapitalizes accordingly and prompts the user: “Do you like this better?” If the user says “No,” then the system replaces the provisional new sentence with the original. If the user says “Yes,” then the provisional new sentence permanently replaces the original sentence. The sixth “there” rule is illustrated in Example 27 below.

[0297]

		There is no other source.
		There is no other source.
		There is no other source.
		no other source.
		no other source exist.
		no other source exists.
		No other source exists.
		There is no other source.

VI. It Rule

[0298] A. First “it” Sub-Rule

[0299] In some embodiments, the system searches for the word “it.” The system then determines if the word “it” is part of a contraction or if a “to be” verb appears within the next five words. If yes, then the system determines if the word “that” (or who or which, etc.) follows the “to be” verb. If the word “that” follows the “to be” verb, then the system matches the phrase from “it” through “that” with the phrase in the “it” pool listed in Table 4 below, which includes many examples, but is not meant to be exhaustive.

[0300]

TABLE 4
Example “it” Pool
It is said that	It is argued that
It was said that	It was argued that
It may be said that	It may be argued that
It must be said that	It must be argued that
It might be said that	It might be argued that
It should be said that	It should be argued that
It could be said that	It could be argued that
It will be said that	It will be argued that
It has been said that	It has been argued that
It bears saying that	It is remembered that
It bore saying that	It was remembered that
It is stated that	It may be remembered that
It was stated that	It must be remembered that
It may be stated that	It might be remembered that
It must be stated that	It should be remembered that
It might be stated that	It could be remembered that
It should be stated that	It will be remembered that
It could be stated that	It bears remembering that
It will be stated that	It bore remembering that
It has been stated that	It is appreciated that
It bears stating that	It was appreciated that
It bore stating that	It may be appreciated that
It is noted that	It must be appreciated that
It was noted that	It might be appreciated that
It may be noted that	It should be appreciated that
It must be noted that	It could be appreciated that
It might be noted that	It will be appreciated that
It should be noted that	It is likely that
It could be noted that	It was likely that
It will be noted that	It is most likely that
It has been noted that	It is more likely that
It bears noting that	It was most likely that
It bore noting that	It was more likely that
It is no secret that	It is recognized that
It was no secret that	It was recognized that
It may be no secret that	It may be recognized that
It might be no secret that	It must be recognized that
It must be no secret that	It might be recognized that
It should be no secret that	It should be recognized that
It could be no secret that	It could be recognized that
It will be no secret that	It will be recognized that
It has been no secret that	It has been recognized that
It comes as no secret that	It is axiomatic that
It came as no secret that	It was axiomatic that
It may come as no secret that	It should be axiomatic that
It might come as no secret that	It may be axiomatic that
It must come as no secret that	It is fair to say that
It could be that	It was fair to say that
It should be that	It is a must that
It may be that	It was a must that
It might be that	It is imperative that
It must be that	It is true that
It could have been that	It became apparent to me that
It should have been that	It was well-settled that
It may have been that	It is well-settled that
It might have been that	It must have been that
It seemed to me that	It would seem to me that

[0301] If the system finds a match in the “it” pool, the system deletes all words from “it” through “that.” If the system finds no match in the “it” pool, the system determines if all words between the “to be” verb and the word “that” are any combination of verbs (including participles, help verbs, and infinitives); adverbs; and adjectives. If the system determines that this condition is met, then the system deletes all words from “[I]t” through “that.” The system then recapitalizes appropriately. The first “it” rule is illustrated in Example 28 below.

[0302]

It is known that Churchill often used photographs to help him compose
his paintings.
It should be noted that the protagonists do not acknowledge the
inevitability of failure until that failure stares them in the face.
It's entirely possible that we are on the verge of developing a proper
applied science, but it has to be said that we don't have one yet.
It is known that Churchill often used photographs to help him compose
his paintings.
It should be noted that the protagonists do not acknowledge the
inevitability of failure until that failure stares them in the face.
It's entirely possible that we are on the verge of developing a proper
applied science, but it has to be said that we don't have one yet.
It is known that Churchill often used photographs to help him compose
his paintings.
It should be noted that the protagonists do not acknowledge the
inevitability of failure until that failure stares them in the face.
It's entirely possible that we are on the verge of developing a proper
applied science, but it has to be said that we don't have one yet.
It is known that Churchill often used photographs to help him compose
his paintings.
It should be noted that the protagonists do not acknowledge the
inevitability of failure until that failure stares them in the face.
It's entirely possible that we are on the verge of developing a proper
applied science, but it has to be said that we don't have one yet.
It is known that Churchill often used photographs to help him compose
his paintings.
It should be noted that the protagonists do not acknowledge the
inevitability of failure until that failure stares them in the face.
It's entirely possible that we are on the verge of developing a proper
applied science, but it has to be said that we don't have one yet.
It is known that Churchill often used photographs to help him compose
his paintings.
It should be noted that the protagonists do not acknowledge the
inevitability of failure until that failure stares them in the face.
It's entirely possible that we are on the verge of developing a proper
applied science, but it has to be said that we don't have one yet.
It is known that Churchill used photographs to help him compose his
paintings.
the protagonists do not acknowledge the inevitability of failure until
that failure stares them in the face.
It's entirely possible that we are on the verge of developing a proper
applied science, but it has to be said that we don't have one yet.
It is known that Churchill used photographs to help him compose his
paintings.
the protagonists do not acknowledge the inevitability of failure until
that failure stares them in the face.
It's entirely possible that we are on the verge of developing a proper
applied science, but it has to be said that we don't have one yet.
It is known that Churchill used photographs to help him compose his
paintings.
the protagonists do not acknowledge the inevitability of failure until
that failure stares them in the face.
It's entirely possible that we are on the verge of developing a proper
applied science, but it has to be said that we don't have one yet.
Churchill often used photographs to help him compose his paintings.
the protagonists do not acknowledge the inevitability of failure until
that failure stares them in the face.
we are on the verge of developing a proper applied science, but we
don't have one yet.
Churchill often used photographs to help him compose his paintings.
The protagonists do not acknowledge the inevitability of failure until
that failure stares them in the face.
We are on the verge of developing a proper applied science, but we
don't have one yet.

[0303] B. Second “it” Sub-Rule

[0304] If the system determines that all words between the “to be” verb and the word “that” are verbs, adverbs, and adjectives, the verbs including past participles, helping verbs, and infinitives, the system then determines if two commas appear between the “to be” verb and the word “that.” If two commas do appear, then the system deletes all the words from “it” through “that,” except for the words between the two commas. At this point, the system capitalizes appropriately, keeping only the second comma. The second “it” rule is illustrated in Example 29 below.

[0305]

It is clear, even then, that Webster had an abundant capacity for
leadership.
It is clear, even then, that Webster had an abundant capacity for
leadership.
It is clear, even then, that Webster had an abundant capacity for
leadership.
, even then, Webster had an abundant capacity for leadership.
Even then, Webster had an abundant capacity for leadership.

[0306] C. Third “it” Sub-Rule

[0307] In some embodiments, the system searches for the word “it” and determines if the word “it” is part of a contraction or if a “to be” verb appears within the next five words after the word “it.” If it does, then the system determines if the word “who” follows the “to be” verb. If it does, then the system deletes “it” and the “to be” verb and determines if the “who” appears immediately after a pronoun. If it does, then the system will ignore it. If the “who” does not appear immediately after a pronoun, then the system deletes “who” and recapitalizes accordingly. The third “it” rule is illustrated in Example 30 below.

[0308]

It was Frank Daniel who first formulated a deceptively simple
delineation of the basic dramatic circumstance.
It is their son who is reading for the first time.
It's those who strive to honor the indigenous who get our readers'
acclaim.
It was Frank Daniel who first formulated a deceptively simple
delineation of the basic dramatic circumstance.
It is their son who is reading for the first time.
It's those who strive to honor the indigenous who get our readers'
acclaim.
It was Frank Daniel who first formulated a deceptively simple
delineation of the basic dramatic circumstance.
It is their son who is reading for the first time.
It's those who strive to honor the indigenous who get our readers'
acclaim.
Frank Daniel who first formulated a deceptively simple delineation of
the basic dramatic circumstance.
their son who is reading for the first time.
those who strive to honor the indigenous who get our readers' acclaim.
Frank Daniel who first formulated a deceptively simple delineation of
the basic dramatic circumstance.
their son who is reading for the first time.
those who strive to honor the indigenous who get our readers' acclaim.
Frank Daniel who first formulated a deceptively simple delineation of
the basic dramatic circumstance.
their son who is reading for the first time.
those who strive to honor the indigenous who get our readers' acclaim.
Frank Daniel first formulated a deceptively simple delineation of the
basic dramatic circumstance.
their son is reading for the first time.
those who strive to honor the indigenous get our readers' acclaim.
Frank Daniel first formulated a deceptively simple delineation of the
basic dramatic circumstance.
Their son is reading for the first time.
Those who strive to honor the indigenous get our readers' acclaim.

[0309] D. Fourth “it” Sub-Rule

[0310] In some embodiments, the system searches for “it” and determines if “it” is part of a contraction or if a “to be” verb appears within the next five words after the word “it.” If “Yes,” then the system determines if the word “that” (or “who” or “which”) follows the “to be” verb. If it does not, then the system determines if the word “who” follows the “to be” verb. If it does not, then the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed immediately by “not until” or “n′t until.” If “Yes,” then the system determines if the word “that” appears between “until” and the end of the sentence. If it does, then the system deletes “it,” the “to be” verb and converts “n′t” to “not,” if necessary.

[0311] The system ignores the word “that” if it appears between commas, in a prepositional phrase or after the first “that.” The system will identify the past tense verb within three words following the word “that” and will convert the past tense verb to a first person present tense. At this point, the system has two options, both of which can be presented to the user. The first option it offers is to replace “that” with the word “did” and capitalize, creating a first provisional sentence to show to the user. In the second option, the system deletes the word “not” and the word “that” and inserts “did not” in front of the new present tense verb, and will present this second provisional sentence option to the user. Following either the first option or the second option, the system will move all the words following the position of “that” to a position immediately before the word “until” and will recapitalize accordingly. The fourth “it” rule is illustrated in Example 31 below.

[0312]

Groves had Du Pont make Teflon for the bomb, but it was not until
1960 that it coated pans and muffin tins.
It wasn't until later, when the show was absolutely blowing up and
Evangeline was on the covers of all kinds of magazines, that I realized
that I'd gotten my foot in the door.
Groves had Du Pont make Teflon for the bomb, but it was not until
1960 that it coated pans and muffin tins.
It wasn't until later, when the show was absolutely blowing up and
Evangeline was on the covers of all kinds of magazines, that I realized
that I'd gotten my foot in the door.
Groves had Du Pont make Teflon for the bomb, but it was not until
1960 that it coated pans and muffin tins.
It wasn't until later, when the show was absolutely blowing up and
Evangeline was on the covers of all kinds of magazines, that I realized
that I'd gotten my foot in the door.
Groves had Du Pont make Teflon for the bomb, but not until 1960 that
it coated pans and muffin tins.
not until later, when the show was absolutely blowing up and
Evangeline was on the covers of all kinds of magazines, that I realized
that I'd gotten my foot in the door.
Groves had Du Pont make Teflon for the bomb, but not until 1960 that
it coated pans and muffin tins.
not until later, when the show was absolutely blowing up and
Evangeline was on the covers of all kinds of magazines, that I realized
that I'd gotten my foot in the door.
Groves had Du Pont make Teflon for the bomb, but not until 1960 that
it coat pans and muffin tins.
not until later, when the show was absolutely blowing up and
Evangeline was on the covers of all kinds of magazines, that I realize
that I'd gotten my foot in the door.
Groves had Du Pont make Teflon for the bomb, but not until 1960 did
it coat pans and muffin tins.
Not until later, when the show was absolutely blowing up and
Evangeline was on the covers of all kinds of magazines, did I realize
that I'd gotten my foot in the door.
Groves had Du Pont make Teflon for the bomb, but until 1960 it did
not coat pans and muffin tins.
until later, when the show was absolutely blowing up and Evangeline
was on the covers of all kinds of magazines, I did not realize that I'd
gotten my foot in the door.
Groves had Du Pont make Teflon for the bomb, but until 1960 it did
not coat pans and muffin tins.
until later, when the show was absolutely blowing up and Evangeline
was on the covers of all kinds of magazines, I did not realize that I'd
gotten my foot in the door.
Groves had Du Pont make Teflon for the bomb, but it did not coat pans
and muffin tins until 1960.
I did not realize that I'd gotten my foot in the door until later, when the
show was absolutely blowing up and Evangeline was on the covers of
all kinds of magazines,.
Groves had Du Pont make Teflon for the bomb, but it did not coat pans
and muffin tins until 1960.
I did not realize that I'd gotten my foot in the door until later, when the
show was absolutely blowing up and Evangeline was on the covers of
all kinds of magazines.

[0313] E. Fifth “it” Sub-Rule

[0314] Referring to the first “it” sub-rule, if the system determines that not all words between the “to be” verb and the word “that” are verbs, adverbs and adjectives, then the system determines if the word immediately following the “to be” verb is a preposition or is an adverb followed by a preposition. If it is, then the system determines if the word “that” follows immediately after the preposition. If it does, then the system will ignore it. At this juncture, the system will delete the words “it,” the “to be” verb and any “that” not following immediately after the preposition. The system will then recapitalize in the sentence accordingly. The fifth “it” rule is illustrated in Example 32 below.

[0315]

It was at that moment that I knew he could really see me.
It was during those penitential laps that my attitude hardened.
It's in that context of skepticism toward science that some reasonable
questions have been raised.
It was shortly after the British Red Cross arrived that a large quantity
of lip stick arrived.
It was at that moment that I knew he could really see me.
It was during those penitential laps that my attitude hardened.
It's in that context of skepticism toward science that some reasonable
questions have been raised.
It was shortly after the British Red Cross arrived that a large quantity
of lipstick arrived.
It was at that moment that I knew he could really see me.
It was during those penitential laps that my attitude hardened.
It's in that context of skepticism toward science that some reasonable
questions have been raised.
It was shortly after the British Red Cross arrived that a large quantity
of lipstick arrived.
It was at that moment that I knew he could really see me.
It was during those penitential laps that my attitude hardened.
It's in that context of skepticism toward science that some reasonable
questions have been raised.
It was shortly after the British Red Cross arrived that a large quantity
of lip stick arrived.
It was at that moment that I knew he could really see me.
It was during those penitential laps that my attitude hardened.
It's in that context of skepticism toward science that some reasonable
questions have been raised.
It was shortly after the British Red Cross arrived that a large quantity
of lipstick arrived.
was at that moment that I knew he could really see me.
was during those penitential laps that my attitude hardened.
's in that context of skepticism toward science that some reasonable
questions have been raised.
was shortly after the British Red Cross arrived that a large quantity of
lipstick arrived.
at that moment that I knew he could really see me.
during those penitential laps that my attitude hardened.
in that context of skepticism toward science that some reasonable
questions have been raised.
shortly after the British Red Cross arrived that a large quantity of
lipstick arrived.
at that moment I knew he could really see me.
during those penitential laps my attitude hardened.
in that context of skepticism toward science some reasonable questions
have been raised.
shortly after the British Red Cross arrived a large quantity of lipstick
arrived.
At that moment I knew he could really see me.
During those penitential laps my attitude hardened.
In that context of skepticism toward science some reasonable questions
have been raised.
Shortly after the British Red Cross arrived a large quantity of lipstick
arrived.

[0316] F. Sixth “it” Sub-Rule

[0317] This rule can be implemented in connection with other rules that search for “it.” Thus, the term “it” can be considered a sign for this rule. This rule can begin at the step numbered, “29” below, after other rules have been considered and rejected or considered and applied. Thus, other steps can be pre-cursor steps to this rule (e.g., 1-5, 6-7), in some embodiments, as indicated.

[0318] (1) System searches for “[I]t”

[0319] (2) is “[I]t” part of contraction, or does “to be” verb appear within next five words?

[0320] (3) if yes, does word “that” [or “who”—see Step 12] follow “to be” verb

[0321] (4) if yes, system tries to match phrase from “[I]t” through “that” with phrase in “it” pool

[0322] (5) if system finds match, it deletes all words from “[I]t” through “that”

[0323] 6. if system finds no match in “it” pool, are all words between “to be” verb and “that” verbs (including participles, help verbs, and infinitives), adverbs, and adjectives?

[0324] 7. if yes, system deletes all words from “[I]t” through “that”

[0325] 29. [referring to the question posed in Step 6], if no, is word following “to be” verb a preposition, or an adverb followed by a preposition?

[0326] 30. if yes, does a “that” follow immediately after the preposition?

[0327] 34. [referring to the question posed in Step 29], if no, is word or words following immediately after “to be” verb a noun unit?

[0328] 35. if yes, does the “that” follow immediately after noun unit, or a prepositional phrase attached to noun unit?

[0329] 36. if yes, system deletes “[I]t” “to be” verb and “that”

[0330] 37. does another “that” appear later in sentence?

[0331] 38. if yes, does a verb follow “that”?

[0332] 39. if yes, system also deletes that “that”, and replaces it with a comma

[0333] 40. System capitalizes

[0334] In some embodiments, the system searches for the word “it” and determines if “it” is part of a contraction or if a “to be” verb appears within the next five words following the word “it.” If it does, then the system determines if the word “that” (or “who” or “which”) follows the “to be” verb. If it does, then the system tries to match the phrase from “it” through “that” with a phrase in the “it” pool above. If the system finds a match, then it finds a match in the “it” pool. It deletes all of the words from “it” through “that.”

[0335] If the system finds no match in the “it” pool, the system determines if all of the words between the “to be” verb and the word “that” are verbs (including participles, helping verbs and infinitives), adverbs and adjectives. If they are, then the system will delete all of the words from “it” through “that.” If they are not, however, the system will determine if the word following the “to be” verb is a preposition or an adverb followed by a preposition. If it is, the system determines if the word “that” follows immediately after the preposition. If it does not, the system determines if a word or words following immediately after the “to be” verb is a noun unit. If it is, then the system determines if the word “that” follows immediately after the noun unit or a prepositional phrase attached to the noun unit. If so, then the system will delete the word “it,” the “to be” verb and the word “that” (except in the case of the idiomatic phrase “it is a shame that,” which the system can ignore as a false positive). At this point, the system determines if another word “that” appears later in the sentence. And if so, does a verb follow the word “that?” If so, then the system will delete the word “that” and will replace it with a comma. At this point, the system will recapitalize accordingly. The sixth “it” rule is illustrated in Example 33 below.

[0336]

It is their decisions that determine both characters' actions, and it is
their desire that overwhelms the partner's desire.
It is the character's belief that keeps the story alive that gives us the
needed shred of hope that the goal might still be achieved.
It is the protagonist's pursuit of his objective that we follow as the
story unfolds, and it is this pursuit that draws us into the story.
It is their decisions that determine both characters' actions, and it is
their desire that overwhelms the partner's desire.
It is the character's belief that keeps the story alive that gives us the
needed shred of hope that the goal might still be achieved.
It is the protagonist's pursuit of his objective that we follow as the
story unfolds, and it is this pursuit that draws us into the story.
It is their decisions that determine both characters' actions, and it is
their desire that overwhelms the partner's desire.
It is the character's belief that keeps the story alive that gives us the
needed shred of hope that the goal might still be achieved.
It is the protagonist's pursuit of his objective that we follow as the
story unfolds, and it is this pursuit that draws us into the story.
It is their decisions that determine both characters' actions, and it is
their desire that overwhelms the partner's desire.
It is the character's belief that keeps the story alive that gives us the
needed shred of hope that the goal might still be achieved.
It is the protagonist's pursuit of his objective that we follow as the
story unfolds, and it is this pursuit that draws us into the story.
It is their decisions that determine both characters' actions, and it is
their desire that overwhelms the partner's desire.
It is the character's belief that keeps the story alive that gives us the
needed shred of hope that the goal might still be achieved.
It is the protagonist's pursuit of his objective that we follow as the
story unfolds, and it is this pursuit that draws us into the story.
their decisions determine both characters' actions, and their desire
overwhelms the partner's desire.
the character's belief keeps the story alive that gives us the needed
shred of hope that the goal might still be achieved.
the protagonist's pursuit of his objective we follow as the story
unfolds, and this pursuit draws us into the story.
their decisions determine both characters' actions, and their desire
overwhelms the partner's desire.
the character's belief keeps the story alive that gives us the needed
shred of hope that the goal might still be achieved.
the protagonist's pursuit of his objective we follow as the story
unfolds, and this pursuit draws us into the story.
their decisions determine both characters' actions, and their desire
overwhelms the partner's desire.
the character's belief keeps the story alive, gives us the needed shred of
hope that the goal might still be achieved.
the protagonist's pursuit of his objective we follow as the story
unfolds, and this pursuit draws us into the story.
Their decisions determine both characters' actions, and their desire
overwhelms the partner's desire.
The character's belief keeps the story alive, gives us the needed shred
of hope that the goal might still be achieved.
The protagonist's pursuit of his objective we follow as the story
unfolds, and this pursuit draws us into the story.

[0337] G. Seventh “it” Sub-Rule

[0338] This rule can be implemented in connection with other rules that search for “it.” Thus, the term “it” can be considered a sign for this rule. This rule can begin at the step numbered, “41” below, after other rules have been considered and rejected or considered and applied. Thus, other steps can be pre-cursor steps to this rule (e.g., 1-4), in some embodiments, as indicated.

[0339] (1) System searches for “[I]t”

[0340] (2) is “[I]t” part of contraction, or does “to be” verb appear within next five words?

[0341] (3) if yes, does word “that” [or “who”—see Step 12] follow “to be” verb

[0342] (4) if yes, system tries to match phrase from “[I]t” through “that” with phrase in “it” pool

[0343] 41. [referring to the question posed in Step 3], if no, is “it” preceded by conjunction from conjunction pool?

[0344] 42. If yes, system deletes “it” and “to be” verb

[0345] In some embodiments, the system searches for the word “it” and determines if “it” is part of a contraction or if a “to be” verb appears within the next five words following the word “it.” If so, the system determines if the word “that” (or “who or “which”) follows the “to be” verb. If so, then the system tries to match the phrase “it” through “that” with a phrase in the “it” pool above. If not, however, the system determines if “it” is preceded by a conjunction from a conjunction pool (see section XVIII, Table 12). If so, then the system deletes the word “it” and the “to be” verb. The seventh “it” rule is illustrated by Example 34 below.

[0346]

Making the movie meant spending nine months of my life suffering -
whether it was real or imagined.
This can be a very effective tool, but it is not the tool of first choice
under most circumstances.
Exposition can usually be made more engrossing if it is revealed in
conflict.
Making the movie meant spending nine months of my life suffering -
whether it was real or imagined.
This can be a very effective tool, but it is not the tool of first choice
under most circumstances.
Exposition can usually be made more engrossing if it is revealed in
conflict.
Making the movie meant spending nine months of my life suffering -
whether it was real or imagined.
This can be a very effective tool, but it is not the tool of first choice
under most circumstances.
Exposition can usually be made more engrossing if it is revealed in
conflict.
Making the movie meant spending nine months of my life suffering -
whether real or imagined.
This can be a very effective tool, but not the tool of first choice under
most circumstances.
Exposition can usually be made more engrossing if revealed in conflict.
Making the movie meant spending nine months of my life suffering -
whether real or imagined.
This can be a very effective tool, but not the tool of first choice under
most circumstances.
Exposition can usually be made more engrossing if revealed in conflict.

[0347] H. Eighth “it” Sub-Rule

[0348] This rule can be implemented in connection with other rules that search for “it.” Thus, the term “it” can be considered a sign for this rule. This rule can begin at the step numbered, “43” below, after other rules have been considered and rejected or considered and applied. Thus, other steps can be pre-cursor steps to this rule (e.g., 1-4), in some embodiments, as indicated.

[0349] (1) System searches for “[I]t”

[0350] (2) is “[I]t” part of contraction, or does “to be” verb appear within next five words?

[0351] (3) if yes, does word “that” [or “who”—see Step 12] follow “to be” verb

[0352] (4) if yes, system tries to match phrase from “[I]t” through “that” with phrase in “it” pool

[0353] 43. [referring to the question posed in Step 3], if yes, or no, is “to be” verb followed by noun unit, followed by infinitive?

[0354] 44. If yes, system deletes “it”, “to be” verb, noun unit, and “to”

[0355] 45. System capitalizes

[0356] In some embodiments, the system searches for the word “it” and determines if the word “it” is part of a contraction or if a “to be” verb appears within the next five words following the word “it.” If “Yes,” then the system determines if the word “that” (or “who” or “which” or “where”) follows the “to be” verb. If “Yes,” then the system tries to match the phrase from “it” through “that” with a phrase in the “it” pool. As discussed above, the “it” pool contains various “it” phrases.

[0357] If the system is able to match the word “it” through “that” with a phrase in the “it” pool, or if it is not, the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed by a noun unit followed by an infinitive. If “Yes,” then the system deletes the word “it,” the “to be” verb, the noun unit and the word “to.” At this point, the system recapitalizes as appropriate. The eighth “it” rule is illustrated in Example 35 below.

[0358]

It is a good idea to remember that the characters don't know who the
protagonist is, who the antagonist is, and who the supporting players are.
It is a good idea to think of the three acts as a set of landmarks an
explorer tries to keep sight of when traveling through new and dangerous
territory.
It is a good idea to remember that the characters don't know who the
protagonist is, who the antagonist is, and who the supporting players are.
It is a good idea to think of the three acts as a set of landmarks an
explorer tries to keep sight of when traveling through new and dangerous
territory.
It is a good idea to remember that the characters don't know who the
protagonist is, who the antagonist is, and who the supporting players are.
It is a good idea to think of the three acts as a set of landmarks an
explorer tries to keep sight of when traveling through new and dangerous
territory.
It is a good idea to remember that the characters
don't know who the protagonist is, who the antagonist is,
and who the supporting players are.
It is a good idea to think of the three acts as a set of landmarks an
explorer tries to keep sight of when traveling through new and dangerous
territory.
It is a good idea to remember that the characters don't know who the
protagonist is, who the antagonist is, and who the supporting players are.
It is a good idea to think of the three acts as a set of landmarks an
explorer tries to keep sight of when traveling through new and dangerous
territory.
remember that the characters don't know who the protagonist is, who
the antagonist is, and who the supporting players are.
think of the three acts as a set of landmarks an explorer tries to keep
sight of when traveling through new and dangerous territory.
Remember that the characters don't know who the protagonist is, who
the antagonist is, and who the supporting players are.
Think of the three acts as a set of landmarks an explorer tries to keep
sight of when traveling through new and dangerous territory.

[0359] I. Ninth “it” Sub-Rule

[0360] This rule can be implemented in connection with other rules that search for “it.” Thus, the term “it” can be considered a sign for this rule. This rule can begin at the step numbered, “46” below, after other rules have been considered and rejected or considered and applied. Thus, other steps can be pre-cursor steps to this rule (e.g., 1-3), in some embodiments, as indicated.

[0361] (1) System searches for “[I]t”

[0362] (2) is “[I]t” part of contraction, or does “to be” verb appear within next five words?

[0363] (3) if yes, does word “that” [or “who”—see Step 12] follow “to be” verb

[0364] 46. [referring to the question posed in Step 2], if no, is “it” followed immediately by any other verb?

[0365] 47. If yes, does any infinitive follow?

[0366] 48. If yes, system deletes “it”, and moves all words beginning with infinitive to position “it” occupied

[0367] 49. System capitalizes

[0368] In some embodiments, the system searches for the word “it” and determines if the word “it” is part of a contraction or if a “to be” verb appears within the next five words following the word “it.” If it does, then the system determines if the word “that” (or “who” or “which”) follows the “to be” verb. If the word “it” is not part of a contraction or a “to be” verb does not appear within the next five words following the word “it,” then the system determines if the word “it” is followed immediately by any other verb. If it is, then the system queries: “Does any infinitive follows the word ‘it’?” If “Yes,” then the system deletes the word “it” and moves all words beginning with the infinitive to the position that the word “it” occupied. At this point, the system recapitalizes as appropriate. The ninth “it” rule is illustrated in Example 36 below.

[0369]

It overlooks a staggering amount of basic research to say that modern
medicine began with the era of antibiotics.
It overlooks a staggering amount of basic research to say that modern
medicine began with the era of antibiotics.
It overlooks a staggering amount of basic research to say that modern
medicine began with the era of antibiotics.
It overlooks a staggering amount of basic research to say that modern
medicine began with the era of antibiotics.
overlooks a staggering amount of basic research to say that modern
medicine began with the era of antibiotics.
overlooks a staggering amount of basic research to say that modern
medicine began with the era of antibiotics.
to say that modern medicine began with the era of antibiotics
overlooks a staggering amount of basic research.
To say that modern medicine began with the era of antibiotics
overlooks a staggering amount of basic research.

VII. What Rule

[0370] The What Rule has seven sub-rules. They are: (A) “[W]hat”—verb unit—“to be” verb—“that” (or no “that”); (B) “[W]hat”—verb unit—no “to be” verb=FALSE POSITIVE; (C) “[W]hat”—noun or pronoun—verb unit—“to do”—“to be” verb—verb; (D) “[W]hat”—noun or pronoun—“to do” verb—“to be” verb—verb; (E) “[W]hat”—noun or pronoun—verb unit—“to be” verb; (F) “[W]hat”—noun unit—“to be” verb; (G) “[W]hat”—noun or pronoun—no “to be” verb=FALSE POSITIVE. Each is discussed in greater detail below.

[0371] A. “[W]hat”—Verb Unit—“to be” Verb—“that” (or No “that”)

[0372] 1. System searches for “[W]hat”

[0373] 2. is “[W]hat” followed by a verb unit?

[0374] 3. if yes, is verb unit followed by a “to be” verb?

[0375] 4. if yes, is “to be” verb followed by “that”

[0376] 5. if yes, system deletes “[W]hat”, verb unit, “to be” verb, and “that”

[0377] 6. if no, is “to be” verb followed by noun unit?

[0378] 7. if yes, system deletes “[W]hat”, verb unit, and “to be” verb

[0379] 8. System capitalizes

[0380] In some embodiments, the system searches for the word “what” and determines if the word “what” is followed by a verb unit. If it is, then the system determines if the verb unit is followed by a “to be” verb. If it is, then the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed by the word “that.” If the word “that” does follow a “to be” verb, then the system deletes the word “what,” the verb unit, the “to be” verb, and the word “that.” If it does not, however, the system determines if the “to be” verb is followed by a noun unit. If the “to be” verb is followed by a noun unit, then the system deletes the word “what,” the verb unit, and the “to be” verb. At this juncture, the system recapitalizes as appropriate. The “[W]hat”—verb unit—“to be” verb—“that” (or no “that”) rule is illustrated in Example 37 below.

[0381]

A lot of the time what happens is that the little impulse that gets me
started on a story leads to something that's more interesting.
A lot of the time what happens is that the little impulse that gets me
started on a story leads to something that's more interesting.
A lot of the time what happens is that the little impulse that gets me
started on a story leads to something that's more interesting.
A lot of the time what happens is that the little impulse that gets me
started on a story leads to something that's more interesting.
A lot of the time what happens is that the little impulse that gets me
started on a story leads to something that's more interesting.
A lot of the time the little impulse that gets me started on a story leads
to something that's more interesting.
A lot of the time what happens is the little impulse that gets me started
on a story leads to something that's more interesting.
A lot of the time the little impulse that gets me started on a story leads
to something that's more interesting.
A lot of the time the little impulse that gets me started on a story leads
to something that's more interesting.

[0382] B. “[W]hat”—Verb Unit—No “to be” Verb=False Positive

[0383] (1) System searches for “[W]hat”

[0384] (2) is “[W]hat” followed by a verb unit?

[0385] 3. if yes, is verb unit followed by a “to be” verb?

[0386] 4. if yes, is “to be” verb followed by “that”

[0387] 9. [referring to the question posed in Step 3] if no, system ignores as FALSE POSITIVE

[0388] In some embodiments, the system detects the word “what” followed by a verb unit that is not followed by a “to be” verb. When the system determines that no “to be” verb follows the verb unit, the system ignores the phrase as a FALSE POSITIVE. The “[W]hat”—verb unit—no “to be” verb=FALSE POSITIVE rule is illustrated in Example 38 below.

[0389]

If the user panders to the audience, what determines the action is the
user's guess at what the audience wants a priori of the story at hand.
What makes it so surpassingly strange is the fact that it's so
resolutely ordinary.
What are your smallest particles?
What was being said late last summer, however, was hard for him to
take.
If the user panders to the audience, what determines the action is the
user's guess at what the audience wants a priori of the story at hand.
What makes it so surpassingly strange is the fact that it's so
resolutely ordinary.
What are your smallest particles?
What was being said late last summer, however, was hard for him to
take.
If the user panders to the audience, what determines the action is the
user's guess at what the audience wants a priori of the story at hand.
What makes it so surpassingly strange is the fact that it's so
resolutely ordinary.
What are your smallest particles?
What was being said late last summer, however, was hard for him to
take.
If the user panders to the audience, what determines the action is the
user's guess at what the audience wants a priori of the story at hand.
What makes it so surpassingly strange is the fact that it's so
resolutely ordinary.
What are your smallest particles?
What was being said late last summer, however,
was hard for him to take.