US 8,010,189 B2Grant

SPG stimulation for treating complications of subarachnoid hemorrhage

Issue Date:2011-08-30

•10 Claims

•26 Drawing Sheets

Abstract

A method is provided including identifying that a subject has suffered a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and treating a complication of the SAH by stimulating at least one site of the subject in conjunction with treating the SAH, the site selected from the group consisting of: a sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG), a greater palatine nerve, a lesser palatine nerve, a sphenopalatine nerve, a communicating branch between a maxillary nerve and an SPG, an otic ganglion, an afferent fiber going into the otic ganglion, an efferent fiber going out of the otic ganglion, an infraorbital nerve, a vidian nerve, a greater superficial petrosal nerve, and a lesser deep petrosal nerve.

Metadata

Assignee

Brainsgate Ltd.

Inventor

Alon Shalev

Application Information

Application Number:US 11/928,024

Filing Date:2007-10-30

Priority Date:2004-02-20

Art Unit:3762

Classifications

IPC:

A61N1/00

Patent Drawings (26 sheets)

Description

Cross-References to Related Applications

[0001] The present application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/349,020, filed Feb. 7, 2006, entitled, “SPG stimulation via the greater palatine canal, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/783,113, filed Feb. 20, 2004, entitled, “Stimulation for acute conditions,” which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,117,033, and is assigned to the assignee of the present application and is incorporated herein by reference.

Field of the Invention

[0002] The present invention relates generally to medical procedures and electrical devices. More specifically, the invention relates to the use of electrical devices for implantation in the head, for example, in the nasal cavity.

Background of the Invention

[0003] PCT Publication WO 01/85094 to Shalev and Gross, which is assigned to the assignee of the present patent application and is incorporated herein by reference, describes apparatus for modifying a property of a brain of a patient, including electrodes applied to a sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) or a neural tract originating in or leading to the SPG. A control unit drives the electrodes to apply a current capable of inducing (a) an increase in permeability of a blood-brain barrier (BBB) of the patient, (b) a change in cerebral blood flow of the patient, and/or (c) an inhibition of parasympathetic activity of the SPG.

[0004] U.S. Pat. No. 6,853,858 to Shalev, which is assigned to the assignee of the present application and is incorporated herein by reference, describes apparatus for delivering a Non Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) supplied to a body of a subject for delivery to at least a portion of a central nervous system (CNS) of the subject via a systemic blood circulation of the subject. The apparatus includes a stimulator adapted to stimulate at least one site of the subject, so as to cause an increase in passage of the NSAID from the systemic blood circulation across a blood brain barrier (BBB) of the subject to the portion of the CNS, during at least a portion of the time that the NSAID is present in the blood, the site selected from the list consisting of: a sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG), an anterior ethmoidal nerve, a posterior ethmoidal nerve, a communicating branch between an anterior ethmoidal nerve and a retro-orbital branch of an SPG, a communicating branch between a posterior ethmoidal nerve and a retro-orbital branch of an SPG, a greater palatine nerve, a lesser palatine nerve, a sphenopalatine nerve, a communicating branch between a maxillary nerve and an SPG, a nasopalatine nerve, a posterior nasal nerve, an infraorbital nerve, an otic ganglion, an afferent fiber going into the otic ganglion, an efferent fiber going out of the otic ganglion, a vidian nerve, a greater superficial petrosal nerve, and a lesser deep petrosal nerve.

[0005] US Patent Application Publication 2004/0220644 to Shalev et al., which is assigned to the assignee of the present application and is incorporated herein by reference, describes a method for treating a subject, comprising positioning at least one electrode at at least one site of the subject for less than about 3 hours, applying an electrical current to the site of the subject, and configuring the current to increase cerebral blood flow (CBF) of the subject, so as to treat a condition of the subject. The site is selected from the list consisting of: a sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG), a greater palatine nerve, a lesser palatine nerve, a sphenopalatine nerve, a communicating branch between a maxillary nerve and an SPG, an otic ganglion, an afferent fiber going into the otic ganglion, an efferent fiber going out of the otic ganglion, an infraorbital nerve, a vidian nerve, a greater superficial petrosal nerve, and a lesser deep petrosal nerve. Also described is an apparatus comprising an elongated support element having a length of between about 1.8 cm and about 4 cm, and having a proximal end and a distal end; one or more electrodes fixed to the support element in a vicinity of the distal end thereof; a receiver, fixed to the support element in a vicinity of the proximal end thereof; and a control unit, adapted to be coupled to the receiver, and adapted to drive the electrodes to apply an electrical current to tissue of the subject, and configure the current to have a pulse frequency of between about 10 Hz and about 50 Hz, an amplitude of between about 0.2 V and about 10 V, a pulse width of between about 50 microseconds and about 5 milliseconds, and, in alternation, on periods of between about 1 second and about 2 minutes, and off periods of between about 1 second and about 2 minutes.

[0006] The following patent application publications, all of which are assigned to the assignee of the present application and are incorporated herein by reference, may be of interest: WO 03/090599, WO 03/105658, WO 04/010923, WO 04/043218, WO 04/044947, WO 04/045242, WO 04/043217, WO 04/043334, WO 05/030025, and WO 05/030118.

[0007] U.S. Pat. No. 6,526,318 to Ansarinia and related PCT Publication WO 01/97905 to Ansarinia, which are incorporated herein by reference, describe a method for the suppression or prevention of various medical conditions, including pain, movement disorders, autonomic disorders, and neuropsychiatric disorders. The method includes positioning an electrode on or proximate to at least one of the patient's SPG, sphenopalatine nerves, or vidian nerves, and activating the electrode to apply an electrical signal to such nerve. In a further embodiment for treating the same conditions, the electrode used is activated to dispense a medication solution or analgesic to such nerve.

[0008] U.S. Pat. No. 6,405,079 to Ansarinia, which is incorporated herein by reference, describes a method for the suppression or prevention of various medical conditions, including pain, movement disorders, autonomic disorders, and neuropsychiatric disorders. The method includes positioning an electrode adjacent to or around a sinus, the dura adjacent a sinus, or falx cerebri, and activating the electrode to apply an electrical signal to the site. In a further embodiment for treating the same conditions, the electrode dispenses a medication solution or analgesic to the site.

[0009] U.S. Pat. No. 6,788,975 to Whitehurst et al., which is incorporated herein by reference, describes an implantable stimulator with at least two electrodes that is small enough to have the electrodes located adjacent to a nerve structure at least partially responsible for epileptic seizures. The nerve structure may include a trigeminal ganglion or ganglia, a trigeminal nerve, or a branch of a trigeminal nerve, a greater occipital nerve, lesser occipital nerve, third occipital nerve, facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, or a branch of any of these neural structures. Electrical stimulation of such targets may provide significant therapeutic benefit in the management of epilepsy.

[0010] U.S. Pat. No. 5,716,377 to Rise et al., which is incorporated herein by reference, describes techniques for stimulating the brain to treat movement disorders resulting in abnormal motor behavior by means of an implantable signal generator and electrode. A sensor is used to detect the symptoms resulting from the motion disorder. A microprocessor algorithm analyzes the output from the sensor in order to regulate the stimulation delivered to the brain.

[0011] U.S. Pat. No. 6,415,184 to Ishikawa et al., which is incorporated herein by reference, describes a ball semiconductor for stimulating a mass of nervous system brain tissue for therapeutic purposes. The ball is embedded in a mass of nervous system tissue of a brain. Electrical pulses generated and transmitted to the ball by a remote electrical pulse generator system are picked up by a receiving antenna of the ball, and are applied to an electrode pair of the ball to cause the mass of nervous system tissue of the brain located between output pads of the electrode to become stimulated, as therapy for a pathological condition, such as epilepsy.

[0012] U.S. Pat. No. 6,606,521 to Paspa et al., which is incorporated herein by reference, describes an implantable medical lead having markings, which aid in the accurate localization of lead electrodes at a specific point of the brain for neurostimulation. Also described is an implantable medical lead having a removable extension that provides a minimal length of excess lead protruding from the lead insertion site. The lead and method of implantation facilitate use of a neurostimulator device that is implanted directly in a patient's cranium.

[0013] U.S. Pat. No. 6,591,138 to Fischell et al., which is incorporated herein by reference, describes a system for treating neurological conditions by low-frequency time varying electrical stimulation. The system includes an electrical device for applying such low-frequency energy, in a range below approximately 10 Hz, to the patient's brain tissue. An implantable embodiment applies direct electrical stimulation to electrodes implanted in or on the patient's brain, while a non-invasive embodiment causes a magnetic field to induce electrical currents in the patient's brain.

[0014] U.S. Pat. No. 6,343,226 to Sunde et al., which is incorporated herein by reference, describes a quadripolar deep brain stimulation electrode for treating symptoms of central and peripheral nervous system disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, psychiatric illness, and intractable pain. It is important to determine the optimal placement of an implanted electrode. An electrode device is described that allows stimulation of a large volume of neural tissue in combination with simultaneous microelectrode recording. The device is described as allowing for a less traumatic localization of the optimal neural stimulation area by microelectrode recording in combination with the placement of the permanent deep brain stimulation electrode.

[0015] US Patent Application Publication 2005/0065427 to Magill et al., which is incorporated herein by reference, describes a method for locating the position of a selected neural center in the central nervous system, including stimulating neurons at a first central nervous system position, measuring the field potential evoked at a second central nervous system position, and comparing the evoked field potential against a known evoked field potential from said neural center.

[0016] US Patent Application Publication 2005/0113877 to Spinelli et al., which is incorporated herein by reference, describes implantable devices and methods for treating various disorders of the pelvic floor by means of electrical stimulation of the pudendal or other nerves. Neurophysiological monitoring is utilized to assess the evoked responses of the pudendal nerve, and thereby to provide a method for determining the optimal stimulation site.

[0017] U.S. Pat. No. 5,314,495 to Kovacs, which is incorporated herein by reference, describes a microelectrode interface for localizing the stimulation and recording of action potentials at a portion of a nervous system. A circuit is described for applying current only to one or more selected pairs of microelectrodes in an array of microelectrodes. Row and column select lines, switches and multiplexes are used for passing current only between pairs of microelectrodes at selected locations in the array for stimulating a portion of a nervous system only at selected locations.

[0018] The following patents and patent publications, all of which are incorporated herein by reference, may be of interest: U.S. Pat. No. 5,756,071 to Mattem et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,752,515 to Jolesz et al., PCT Publications WO 03/084591, WO 03/020350, WO 03/000310, WO 02/068031, and WO 02/068029 to Djupesland, US Patent Application Publication 2003/0079742 to Giroux, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,725,471 and 6,086,525 to Davey et al., PCT Publication WO 02/32504 to Zanger et al., US Patent Application Publication 2003/0050527 to Fox et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,432,986 to Levin, PCT Publication WO 99/03473 to Levin, U.S. Pat. No. 6,491,940 to Levin, US Patent Application 2003/0133877 to Levin, and PCT Publication WO 00/44432 to Levin, US Patent Application 2001/0004644 to Levin, PCT Publication WO 01/43733 to Levin, U.S. Pat. No. 4,867,164 to Zabara, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,341,236 and 6,671,556 to Osorio et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,671,555 to Gielen et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,978,702 to Ward et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,205,359 to Boveja, U.S. Pat. No. 6,470,212 to Weijand et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,640,137 to MacDonald, U.S. Pat. No. 6,735,475 to Whitehurst et al., PCT Publication WO 01/97906 to Whitehurst, U.S. Pat. No. 6,922,590 to Whitehurst, PCT Publication WO 05/062829 to Whitehurst et al., and US Patent Application Publication 2005/0154419 to Whitehurst et al.

[0019] The following references, which are incorporated herein by reference, may be useful:

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Summary of the Invention

[0072] In some embodiments of the present invention, an acute and/or emergency medical condition of a subject is treated by stimulating at least one “modulation target site” (MTS), as defined hereinbelow, by applying electrical, magnetic, electromagnetic, chemical, and/or mechanical stimulation to the site. Such treatment is typically applied as soon as possible after diagnosis of the condition, such as in an emergency room or wherever the subject happens to be. For some conditions, such as acute brain injury (e.g., ischemic stroke, vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), traumatic brain injury (TBI), or seizure), the stimulation is configured so as to dilate cerebral vessels, thereby increasing blood flow to affected brain tissue and tissue in a vicinity thereof, and decreasing damage caused by the condition. For other conditions, such as occlusion within the retinal circulation, the stimulation is configured so as to dilate blood vessels, thereby increasing retinal blood flow and treating the condition. For treating complications of SAH, the stimulation is typically applied after surgery has been performed to treat an aneurysm that caused the SAH; the stimulation counteracts the reduced cerebral blood flow (CBF) sometimes caused by blood passage into the subarachnoid space.

[0073] In some embodiments of the present invention, a neural stimulation system comprises an implantable neural stimulator, an oral element, and an external control unit. The neural stimulator comprises an elongated support element, one or more electrodes fixed to the support element in a vicinity of a distal end thereof, and a wireless coupling element physically attached to the support element, e.g., in a vicinity of a proximal end thereof. The stimulator is adapted to be passed through a greater palatine foramen of a palate of an oral cavity of a subject into a greater palatine canal, such that the electrodes are brought into a vicinity of a sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG). For some applications, the stimulator comprises a locking element, which is adapted to hold the stimulator in place after implantation.

[0074] In some embodiments of the present invention, the distal end of the support element comprises a surgical punch, which enables the stimulator to be passed through the palate in a minimally-invasive procedure, without requiring a prior surgical incision in the mucosa. The wireless coupling element is sufficiently small so as to be able to pass through the punch incision without requiring the incision to be surgically enlarged. The use of the punch to insert the stimulator, rather than a more complicated surgical procedure, generally allows the stimulator to be quickly implanted in the subject.

[0075] The oral element of the system is adapted to be placed in the oral cavity, e.g., in a vicinity of or in contact with the roof of the oral cavity or the alveolar process of the maxilla, in a vicinity of the implanted wireless coupling element of the stimulator. The oral element comprises a power source, such as a rechargeable or disposable battery, and at least one wireless coupling element. The wireless coupling element of the oral element is adapted to wirelessly transmit energy to the wireless coupling element of the stimulator, for powering the stimulator. For some applications, the wireless coupling element of the oral element is additionally configured to transmit and/or receive data to/from the wireless coupling element of the stimulator. For some applications, the oral element transmits/receives data to/from the external control unit. Alternatively, the stimulator transmits/receives data directly to/from the external control unit.

[0076] In some embodiments of the present invention, a neural stimulation system comprises an implantable neural stimulator and an external control unit. The neural stimulator comprises an elongated support element, one or more electrodes fixed to the support element in a vicinity of a distal end thereof, and an implantable antenna coupled to the support element in a vicinity of a proximal end thereof. The support element is adapted to be passed through a palate of an oral cavity of a subject into a greater palatine canal, such that the electrodes are brought into a vicinity of a SPG. For some applications, the implantable antenna comprises a submucosal antenna comprising a thin, flexible sheet comprising at least one coil. The submucosal antenna is adapted to be implanted in the roof of the oral cavity between the oral mucosa and the palate, e.g., the hard palate, and to conform to the shape of the palate. For other applications, the implantable antenna comprises a coil antenna, which is coiled around at least a portion of the support element. In these embodiments, the system typically lacks an oral element. Instead, the external control unit is adapted to transmit power directly (typically as radiofrequency (RF) energy) to the submucosal antenna of the stimulator, and to transmit and/or receive data directly to/from the submucosal antenna. Typically, the external control unit is adapted to be placed in a vicinity of a head of the subject, such as in a vicinity of an ear of the subject, e.g., coupled to the ear.

[0077] In some embodiments of the present invention, the one or more electrodes of the stimulator comprise an array of electrodes, at least a portion of which are adapted to be separately activatable. After the stimulator has been implanted, the stimulation system uses a calibration algorithm to activate, during a plurality of calibration periods, respective different sets of one or more of the electrodes, in order to determine which set's activation causes a level of stimulation of the SPG closest to a desired level. Use of such an algorithm generally obviates the need to adjust the location of the stimulator after it has been implanted. For some applications, the level of stimulation of the SPG is determined by receiving feedback directly from the SPG, or from other neural tissue in a vicinity of the SPG, i.e., by using at least a portion of the electrodes to directly measure a level of stimulation of the SPG or the other neural tissue at or in a vicinity of the site(s) of the stimulation by the electrodes. Alternatively, the level of stimulation of the SPG is determined by assessing an indirect physiological parameter of the subject related to the level of SPG stimulation, such as cerebral blood flow (CBF).

[0078] In some embodiments of the present invention, the elongated support element of the stimulator has a length of between about 1.8 and about 4 cm, such as between about 1.8 cm and about 3 cm, e.g., between about 2.6 and about 3 cm, such as about 2.8 cm, and/or has a curvature that follows that of the greater palatine canal.

[0079] For some applications, treatment with the systems described herein is applied as soon as possible after diagnosis of the condition, such as in an emergency room or wherever the subject happens to be. For other applications, the system is appropriate for longer-term treatment, such as for modulating the permeability of the BBB, modulating cerebral blood flow (CBF), rehabilitation after brain events, or prevention and/or treatment of epilepsy. For some applications, the stimulator is adapted to be implanted for at least one week, e.g., at least one month, while for other applications, the stimulator is adapted to be implanted for less than one week, e.g., less than one day.

[0080] In some embodiments of the present invention, an electrical stimulator drives current into at least one “modulation target site” (MTS), as defined hereinbelow. Typically, the stimulator drives the current in order to control and/or modify SPG-related behavior, e.g., in order to induce changes in cerebral blood flow and/or to modulate permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Concurrently with or after placement of the stimulator near or in contact with an MTS, at least one physiological indicator of cerebral blood flow (CBF) is observed or measured. Optimization of placement of the stimulator onto the appropriate neural structure is performed by activating the stimulator, and generally simultaneously monitoring CBF while manipulating the placement of the stimulator so as to increase or decrease CBF, as appropriate. Alternatively or additionally, a similar optimization process is performed, either during or after implantation of the stimulator, to determine parameters of the applied current that achieve a desired effect, as indicated by CBF.

[0081] In the present patent application, a “modulation target site” (MTS) consists of:

- [0082] an SPG (also called a pterygopalatine ganglion);
- [0083] a nerve of the pterygoid canal (also called a vidian nerve), such as a greater superficial petrosal nerve (a preganglionic parasympathetic nerve) or a lesser deep petrosal nerve (a postganglionic sympathetic nerve);
- [0084] a greater palatine nerve;
- [0085] a lesser palatine nerve;
- [0086] a sphenopalatine nerve;
- [0087] a communicating branch between the maxillary nerve and the sphenopalatine ganglion;
- [0088] an otic ganglion;
- [0089] an afferent fiber going into the otic ganglion;
- [0090] an efferent fiber going out of the otic ganglion; or
- [0091] an infraorbital nerve.

[0092] It is to be appreciated that while some embodiments of the invention are generally described herein with respect to electrical transmission of power and electrical modulation of tissue, other modes of energy transport may be used as well. Such energy includes, but is not limited to, direct or induced electromagnetic energy, radiofrequency (RF) transmission, mechanical vibration, ultrasonic transmission, optical power, and low power laser energy (via, for example, a fiber optic cable).

[0093] It is further to be appreciated that whereas some embodiments of the present invention are described with respect to application of electrical currents to tissue, this is to be understood in the context of the present patent application and in the claims as being substantially equivalent to applying an electrical field, e.g., by creating a voltage drop between two electrodes.

[0094] There is therefore provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, apparatus for application to a subject, including:

[0095] an elongated support element having a length of between 1.8 cm and 4 cm, and having proximal and distal ends;

[0096] one or more electrodes fixed to the support element in a vicinity of the distal end thereof, and adapted to apply an electrical current to a sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) of the subject;

[0097] a receiver, fixed to the support element, and electrically coupled to the electrodes; and

[0098] a wireless transmitter, adapted to be placed in an oral cavity of the subject, and to be wirelessly coupled to the receiver.

[0099] For some applications, the wireless transmitter is adapted to be electromagnetically coupled to the receiver, or wirelessly coupled to the receiver via ultrasound. Alternatively, the receiver is adapted to be wireless coupled to the wireless transmitter by induction. For some applications, the electrodes are adapted to apply the current using only power received by the receiver from the wireless transmitter.

[0100] For some applications, the apparatus includes an oral appliance, adapted to be fixed to the transmitter, and shaped so as to define a surface that fits closely to a roof of the oral cavity. Alternatively, the apparatus includes an oral appliance, adapted to be fixed to the transmitter, and adapted to be coupled to a tooth of the subject, and/or adapted to be coupled to gingival covering an alveolar process of the subject.

[0101] For some applications, the apparatus includes an oral appliance, which includes: a capsule, which is configured to be placed and held between an alveolar process and an inner surface of a cheek of the subject; the transmitter; and an elongated coupling element, which couples the transmitter to the capsule. For some applications, the transmitter is adapted to be implanted in a tooth of the subject. For some applications, at least a portion of the receiver is adapted to be positioned between mucosa and a hard palate of the subject. Alternatively, at least a portion of the receiver is adapted to be positioned between mucosa and an alveolar process of a maxilla of the subject.

[0102] For some applications, the apparatus includes one or more electrode leads, which electrically couple the receiver to the electrodes, and which serve as the support element. For some applications, the distal end of the support element includes a surgical punch.

[0103] In an embodiment, the apparatus includes an external control unit, adapted to be placed outside of a head of the subject, which includes a control unit wireless coupling element, which is adapted to wirelessly transmit data from the control unit to the receiver.

[0104] For some applications, the electrodes include exactly one cathode and exactly one anode, and a closest distance between the cathode and the anode is greater than a closest distance between any portion of the cathode and any portion of the SPG when the electrodes are positioned in a vicinity of the SPG.

[0105] For some applications, the support element, electrodes, and receiver are adapted to be implanted in the subject for at least one week. Alternatively, the support element, electrodes, and receiver are adapted to be implanted in the subject for less than one day.

[0106] For some applications, the support element is sufficiently rigid to enable insertion of the support element into a body of the subject by pushing from a vicinity of the proximal end of the support element.

[0107] For some applications, the support element has a curvature that follows that of a greater palatine canal of the subject.

[0108] In an embodiment, the receiver is fixed to the support element in a vicinity of the proximal end of the support element. For some applications, the apparatus includes a circuit module, which is fixed to the proximal end of the support element, and which includes a printed circuit board and the receiver. For some applications, the circuit module includes one or more layers of coating applied thereto.

[0109] For some applications, the support element is folded in a vicinity of the proximal end of the support element, at an angle approximately equal to an angle between a greater palatine canal of the subject and a hard palate of the subject in a vicinity of a greater palatine foramen of a subject, and the circuit module is adapted to be placed submucosally against a lower surface of the hard palate.

[0110] Alternatively, the proximal end of the support element is fixed to the circuit module such that an angle between the support element and a surface of the circuit module is approximately equal to an angle between a greater palatine canal of the subject and a hard palate of the subject in a vicinity of a greater palatine foramen of a subject, and the circuit module is adapted to be placed submucosally against a lower surface of the hard palate. For some applications, the proximal end of the support element is fixed to the circuit module in a vicinity of a center of the surface of the circuit module, or in a vicinity of an edge of the surface of the circuit module.

[0111] For some applications, the proximal end of the support element is fixed to the circuit module in a vicinity of an edge of the circuit module, and the circuit module is adapted to be placed submucosally against an alveolar process of a maxilla of the subject.

[0112] In an embodiment, the apparatus includes: an external control unit, adapted to be placed outside of a head of the subject, the external control unit including a control unit wireless coupling element; a support element wireless coupling element, coupled to the support element; and circuitry, coupled to the support element, and adapted to drive the wireless coupling element to wirelessly transmit feedback information to the external control unit. For some applications, the support element wireless coupling element and the receiver include a common transducer element.

[0113] In an embodiment, the apparatus includes: an oral element, which includes the wireless transmitter; an external driver, which includes a power source and circuitry, and which is adapted to be placed outside a body of the subject; and one or more wires which electrically couple the external driver to the oral element. For some applications, the external driver is adapted to be physically coupled to the body of the subject. For some applications, the apparatus includes an external control unit, which is adapted to be placed outside the body of the subject, and which is coupled to the external driver.

[0114] In an embodiment, the apparatus includes an oral element, which includes the wireless transmitter and oral element circuitry coupled to the wireless transmitter; and a power source, adapted to provide power to the wireless transmitter and circuitry. For some applications, the oral element includes the power source. Alternatively, the power source is adapted to be placed outside a body of the subject, and to be coupled to the oral element. For some applications, the apparatus includes receiver circuitry, which is coupled to the support element and the receiver, and the oral element circuitry is adapted to drive the wireless transmitter to transmit energy that does not include a stimulation waveform for application by the electrodes, the receiver is adapted to receive the energy, and the receiver circuitry is adapted to generate the stimulation waveform using the energy, and to drive the electrodes to apply the stimulation waveform to the SPG.

[0115] For some applications, the apparatus includes receiver circuitry, which is coupled to the support element and the receiver, and the oral element circuitry is adapted to drive the wireless transmitter to transmit energy that includes a stimulation waveform for application by the electrodes, the receiver is adapted to receive the energy, and the receiver circuitry is adapted to drive the electrodes to apply the stimulation waveform to the SPG.

[0116] For some applications, the oral element is adapted to be fixed to a roof of the oral cavity. Alternatively, the oral element is adapted to temporarily placed against the roof of the oral cavity, without being fixed thereto.

[0117] For some applications, the apparatus includes an external control unit, adapted to be placed outside of a head of the subject, the external control unit including a control unit wireless coupling element, which is adapted to wirelessly transmit data from the control unit to the oral element, and the oral element is adapted to wirelessly transmit the received data to the receiver. For some applications, the oral element is adapted to wirelessly transmit feedback information to the external control unit.

[0118] In an embodiment, the support element has a length of between 1.8 and 3 cm, such as between 2.6 and 3 cm.

[0119] In an embodiment, at least a portion of the support element is adapted to be placed in a greater palatine canal of the subject. For some applications, the support element includes a lock, adapted to hold the support element in place after insertion thereof into the greater palatine canal. For some applications, the support element is adapted to be inserted into the greater palatine canal such that no portion of the support element protrudes into the oral cavity. For example, the receiver may be adapted to be contained entirely within the greater palatine canal when the support element is inserted into the greater palatine canal. For some applications, the receiver includes at least one coil that is coiled around at least a portion of the support element. For some applications, the at least one coil includes a plurality of coils which are oriented in a plurality of respective orientations.

[0120] For some applications, the apparatus includes circuitry adapted to measure, using at least one of the electrodes, a level of stimulation induced by the applied current, such as a level of stimulation of the SPG.

[0121] For some applications, the one or more electrodes include a plurality of electrodes, and the apparatus includes circuitry adapted to perform a calibration procedure by activating, during a plurality of calibration periods, respective different sets of one or more of the electrodes. For some applications, the circuitry is adapted to measure, during each of the calibration periods, using at least one of the electrodes, an indication of a level of stimulation induced by the activation of the respective set of electrodes, such as a level of stimulation of the SPG.

[0122] There is further provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, apparatus for application to a subject, including:

[0123] one or more electrodes adapted to apply an electrical current to tissue of the subject selected from the group consisting of: a sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG), a greater palatine nerve, a lesser palatine nerve, a sphenopalatine nerve, a communicating branch between a maxillary nerve and an SPG, an otic ganglion, an afferent fiber going into the otic ganglion, an efferent fiber going out of the otic ganglion, an infraorbital nerve, a vidian nerve, a greater superficial petrosal nerve, and a lesser deep petrosal nerve;

[0124] a receiver, electrically coupled to the one or more electrodes; and

[0125] a wireless transmitter, adapted to be placed in an oral cavity of the subject, and to be wirelessly coupled to the receiver.

[0126] In an embodiment, the tissue includes the SPG, and the one or more electrodes are adapted to apply the current to the SPG.

[0127] For some applications, the wireless transmitter is adapted to be electromagnetically coupled to the receiver, or wirelessly coupled to the receiver via ultrasound. Alternatively, the receiver is adapted to be wirelessly coupled to the wireless transmitter by induction.

[0128] For some applications, the apparatus includes an oral appliance, adapted to be fixed to the transmitter, and shaped so as to define a surface that fits closely to a roof of the oral cavity.

[0129] There is also provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, apparatus for application to a subject, including:

[0130] an elongated support element adapted to be placed within a greater palatine canal of the subject, sized to extend from a palate of the subject to a sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) of the subject, and having distal and proximal ends; and

[0131] one or more electrodes fixed to the support element in a vicinity of the distal end thereof; and

[0132] a control unit, coupled to the electrodes, and adapted to drive the electrodes to apply an electrical current to the SPG.

[0133] In an embodiment, the support element is adapted to have a length that is adjustable during an implantation procedure. For some applications, the support element includes at least two portions that are telescopically coupled to one another. For some applications, the apparatus includes a sleeve, which surrounds a portion of the support element. For some applications, a portion of the support element is shaped so as to define one or more accordion pleats. For some applications, the apparatus includes one or more electrode leads coupled to the electrodes, which leads serve as the support element and are accordion-pleated, a portion of which leads are helically wound so as to form a spring, or which leads are shaped so as to define at least one omega-shaped portion.

[0134] In an embodiment, the support element includes a support element electrical contact in a vicinity of the proximal end thereof, the control unit includes a control unit electrical contact, and the control unit is adapted to be placed in an oral cavity of the subject such that the control unit electrical contact is brought into physical contact with the support element electrical contact, thereby coupling the control unit to the electrodes. For some applications, the control unit is adapted to temporarily placed against a roof of the oral cavity, without being fixed thereto. For some applications, the control unit is adapted to be fixed to a roof of the oral cavity. For some applications, the support element electrical contact is adapted to be in sealed contact with mucosa of the subject. Alternatively or additionally, the support element electrical contact includes a matrix, which is adapted to promote mucosal tissue growth therein.

[0135] In an embodiment, the apparatus includes a receiver, which is fixed to the support element; and a wireless transmitter, which is coupled to the control unit, and which is adapted to be wirelessly coupled to the receiver, thereby coupling the control unit to the electrodes. For some applications, the wireless transmitter is adapted to be placed in an oral cavity of the subject. Alternatively, the wireless transmitter is adapted to be placed outside of a head of the subject. For some applications, the apparatus includes an autonomically-powered power supply physically coupled to the support element, which is adapted to provide power for the electrodes, and the control unit is adapted to wirelessly transmit data to the receiver.

[0136] There is additionally provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, apparatus including an implantable neural stimulator, which includes:

[0137] one or more electrodes adapted to be placed in a vicinity of a greater palatine foramen of a subject; and

[0138] a control unit, coupled to the electrodes, and adapted to drive the electrodes to apply an electrical current to a greater palatine nerve of the subject.

[0139] For some applications, the electrodes are adapted to be placed within 5 mm of the greater palatine foramen. For some applications, the electrodes are adapted to be contained entirely within a greater palatine canal of the subject. For some applications, at least a portion of the electrodes is adapted to be located between mucosa and a palate of the subject.

[0140] There is yet additionally provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, apparatus including an implantable neural stimulator, which includes:

[0141] one or more electrodes adapted to apply an electrical current to tissue of a subject selected from the group consisting of: a sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG), a greater palatine nerve, a lesser palatine nerve, a sphenopalatine nerve, a communicating branch between a maxillary nerve and an SPG, an otic ganglion, an afferent fiber going into the otic ganglion, an efferent fiber going out of the otic ganglion, an infraorbital nerve, a vidian nerve, a greater superficial petrosal nerve, and a lesser deep petrosal nerve;

[0142] an implantable submucosal antenna, which includes at least one coil, and is adapted to be implanted between oral mucosa and a palate of the subject; and

[0143] one or more electrode leads, which electrically couple the submucosal antenna to the electrodes.

[0144] In an embodiment, the tissue includes the SPG, and the one or more electrodes are adapted to apply the current to the SPG.

[0145] In an embodiment, the submucosal antenna includes a flexible sheet, which includes the at least one coil.

[0146] For some applications, the apparatus includes an external driver, which includes a power source and circuitry, which is adapted to be placed outside a body of the subject, and which is adapted to be wirelessly coupled to the submucosal antenna; and an external control unit, which is adapted to be placed outside the body of the subject, and which is coupled to the external driver.

[0147] In an embodiment, the stimulator includes an elongated support element having proximal and distal ends, which is adapted to be inserted into a greater palatine canal of the subject, and the one or more electrodes are coupled to the support element in a vicinity of the distal end, and the submucosal antenna is coupled to the support element in a vicinity of the proximal end. For some applications, the support element has a length of between 2.6 cm and 3 cm. For some applications, the support element is adapted to have a length that is adjustable during an implantation procedure.

[0148] In an embodiment, the apparatus includes a control unit, adapted to be wirelessly coupled to the submucosal antenna. For some applications, the control unit is adapted to transmit power and data to the submucosal antenna, and the stimulator is adapted to use the power to generate a stimulation waveform at least in part responsively to the received data, and to drive the one or more electrodes to apply the stimulation waveform. For some applications, the control unit is adapted to be placed externally to a body of the subject, such as in a vicinity of a head of the subject, e.g., in a vicinity of an ear of the subject.

[0149] There is still additionally provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, apparatus including an implantable neural stimulator, which includes:

[0150] a plurality of electrodes adapted to apply an electrical current to a site of a subject selected from the group consisting of: a sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG), a greater palatine nerve, a lesser palatine nerve, a sphenopalatine nerve, a communicating branch between a maxillary nerve and an SPG, an otic ganglion, an afferent fiber going into the otic ganglion, an efferent fiber going out of the otic ganglion, an infraorbital nerve, a vidian nerve, a greater superficial petrosal nerve, and a lesser deep petrosal nerve; and

[0151] a control unit, coupled to the electrodes, and adapted to perform a calibration procedure by activating, during a plurality of calibration periods, respective different sets of one or more of the electrodes.

[0152] For some applications, the control unit is adapted to be placed externally to a body of the subject, and to be wirelessly coupled to the electrodes.

[0153] In an embodiment, the control unit is adapted to receive, during each of the calibration periods, an indication of a level of stimulation induced by the activation of the respective set of electrodes, such as a level of stimulation of the site. For some applications, the control unit is adapted to select the set of electrodes the activation of which induced the level of stimulation nearest a desired level of stimulation.

[0154] For some applications, the control unit is adapted to receive the indication of the level of stimulation, e.g., of the site, by using at least a portion of the electrodes to measure the level of stimulation. For some applications, the control unit is adapted to measure, using the at least a portion of the electrodes, an electric field of nervous tissue, e.g., of the site, induced by the activation of the respective set of electrodes. For some applications, the at least a portion of the electrodes includes one or more of the electrodes of the respective set of electrodes. For some applications, the at least a portion of the electrodes includes one or more of the electrodes positioned in a vicinity of the electrodes of the respective set of electrodes.

[0155] For some applications, the indication includes an indirect physiological parameter of the subject related to the level of the stimulation, and the control unit is adapted to receive the indirect physiological parameter during each of the calibration periods. For some applications, the indirect physiological parameter includes an indication of cerebral blood flow (CBF) of the subject, and the control unit is adapted to receive the indication of CBF. For some applications, the indirect physiological parameter includes an indication of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability of the subject, and the control unit is adapted to receive the indication of BBB permeability. For some applications, the apparatus includes a device adapted to measure the indirect physiological parameter, and the control unit is adapted to receive the indirect physiological parameter measured by the device.

[0156] In an embodiment, the site includes the SPG, and the electrodes are adapted to apply the current to the SPG. For some applications, the stimulator includes an elongated support element having a distal end, and adapted to be inserted into a greater palatine canal of the subject via a palate of the subject, and the electrodes are coupled to the support element in a vicinity of the distal end.

[0157] There is still further provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, apparatus including an implantable neural stimulator, which includes:

[0158] a set of one or more electrodes adapted to be placed in a vicinity of a site of a subject selected from the group consisting of: a sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG), a greater palatine nerve, a lesser palatine nerve, a sphenopalatine nerve, a communicating branch between a maxillary nerve and an SPG, an otic ganglion, an afferent fiber going into the otic ganglion, an efferent fiber going out of the otic ganglion, an infraorbital nerve, a vidian nerve, a greater superficial petrosal nerve, and a lesser deep petrosal nerve; and

[0159] a control unit, coupled to the set of electrodes, and adapted to:

[0160] drive at least one of the electrodes to apply an electrical current to the site, and

[0161] using at least one of the electrodes, measure a level of stimulation induced by the applied current.

[0162] In an embodiment, the level of stimulation includes a level of stimulation of the site induced by the applied current, and the control unit is adapted to measure the level of stimulation of the site, using the at least one of the electrodes.

[0163] In an embodiment, the site includes the SPG, and the electrodes are adapted to be placed in the vicinity of the SPG.

[0164] For some applications, the control unit is adapted to measure the level of stimulation using at least one of the at least one of the electrodes that applies the current to the site. For some applications, the control unit is adapted to measure the level of stimulation using at least one of the electrodes positioned in a vicinity of the at least one of the electrodes that applies the current to the site. For some applications, the control unit is adapted to measure, using the at least one of the electrodes, an electric field of nervous tissue, e.g., of the site, induced by the applied current.

[0165] There is also provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, apparatus including an implantable neural stimulator, which includes:

[0166] an elongated support element having a length of between 2.6 cm and 3 cm, having a distal end, and including, at the distal end, a surgical punch adapted to facilitate insertion of the support element through mucosa of the subject into a greater palatine canal of a subject, via a greater palatine foramen of the subject; and

[0167] one or more electrodes fixed to the support element in a vicinity of the distal end thereof, and adapted to apply an electrical current to a sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) of the subject.

[0168] For some applications, the support element includes a lock, adapted to hold the support element in place after insertion thereof into the greater palatine canal.

[0169] There is further provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, apparatus including an implantable neural stimulator, which includes:

[0170] an elongated support element having a length of between 2.6 cm and 3 cm, having a distal end, and adapted to be placed in a greater palatine canal of a subject;

[0171] one or more electrodes fixed to the support element in a vicinity of the distal end thereof, and adapted to apply an electrical current to a sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) of the subject; and

[0172] a needle shaped so as to define a sharp distal end and a bore, which bore is adapted to hold the support element and the electrodes during insertion of the support element and the electrodes into the greater palatine canal, and to be withdrawn from the greater palatine canal thereafter, leaving the support element and electrodes in the greater palatine canal.

[0173] For some applications, the support element includes a lock, adapted to hold the support element in place after insertion thereof into the greater palatine canal.

[0174] There is still further provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, apparatus including an implantable neural stimulator, which includes:

[0175] one or more electrodes adapted to apply an electrical current to tissue of a subject selected from the group consisting of: a sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG), a greater palatine nerve, a lesser palatine nerve, a sphenopalatine nerve, a communicating branch between a maxillary nerve and an SPG, an otic ganglion, an afferent fiber going into the otic ganglion, an efferent fiber going out of the otic ganglion, an infraorbital nerve, a vidian nerve, a greater superficial petrosal nerve, and a lesser deep petrosal nerve;

[0176] a receiver, electrically coupled to the one or more electrodes;

[0177] an oral appliance, which includes:

- [0178] a capsule, which is configured to be placed and held between an alveolar process and an inner surface of a cheek of the subject;
- [0179] a wireless transmitter, adapted to be wirelessly coupled to the receiver; and
- [0180] an elongated coupling element, which couples the transmitter to the capsule; and

[0181] a power source, electrically coupled to the wireless transmitter.

[0182] In an embodiment, the capsule includes the power source. Alternatively, the apparatus includes a cable, and the power source is adapted to be placed outside of a body of the subject, and is physically and electrically coupled to the capsule via the cable.

[0183] For some applications, the capsule is generally cylindrical. For some applications, the capsule includes a soft coating.

[0184] In an embodiment, the coupling element is configured such that the transmitter is positioned on a lingual side of teeth of the subject when the capsule is held between the alveolar process and the inner surface of the cheek. For some applications, the coupling element is configured to pass over an occlusal surface of one or more teeth of the subject. Alternatively, the coupling element is configured to pass around a distal surface of a most distal molar of the subject.

[0185] There is additionally provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a method including:

[0186] inserting an elongated support element into a body of a subject, the element having a length of between about 1.8 cm and about 4 cm, and having proximal and distal ends;

[0187] wirelessly transmitting energy from within an oral cavity of the subject;

[0188] receiving the energy at the support element; and

[0189] using the received energy, applying, from a vicinity of the distal end of the support element, an electrical current to a sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) of the subject.

[0190] In an embodiment, inserting the support element includes:

[0191] preparing a submucosal surface on a hard palate of the subject;

[0192] inserting the support element into a greater palatine canal of the subject; and

[0193] placing a circuit module, which is fixed to the proximal end of the support element, against the prepared submucosal surface, and

[0194] receiving the energy at the support element includes receiving the energy at the circuit module.

[0195] In an embodiment, inserting the support element includes:

[0196] preparing a submucosal surface on an alveolar process of a maxilla of the subject;

[0197] inserting the support element into a greater palatine canal of the subject; and

[0198] placing a circuit module, which is fixed to the proximal end of the support element, against the prepared submucosal surface, and

[0199] receiving the energy at the support element includes receiving the energy at the circuit module.

[0200] There is yet additionally provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a method including:

[0201] wirelessly transmitting energy from within an oral cavity of a subject;

[0202] receiving the energy; and

[0203] using the received energy, applying an electrical current to tissue of the subject selected from the group consisting of: a sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG), a greater palatine nerve, a lesser palatine nerve, a sphenopalatine nerve, a communicating branch between a maxillary nerve and an SPG, an otic ganglion, an afferent fiber going into the otic ganglion, an efferent fiber going out of the otic ganglion, an infraorbital nerve, a vidian nerve, a greater superficial petrosal nerve, and a lesser deep petrosal nerve.

[0204] There is also provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a method including:

[0205] inserting an elongated support element into a greater palatine canal of the subject, such that the support element extends from a palate of the subject to a sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) of the subject, the support element having a distal end; and

[0206] applying, from a vicinity of the distal end, an electrical current to the SPG.

[0207] There is further provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a method including applying an electrical current to a greater palatine nerve of a subject from a site in a vicinity of a greater palatine foramen of a subject.

[0208] There is still further provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a method including:

[0209] implanting, between oral mucosa and a palate of the subject, a submucosal antenna that includes at least one coil;

[0210] wirelessly transmitting energy to the submucosal antenna;

[0211] receiving the energy at the submucosal antenna; and

[0212] using the energy, applying an electrical current to tissue of a subject selected from the group consisting of: a sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG), a greater palatine nerve, a lesser palatine nerve, a sphenopalatine nerve, a communicating branch between a maxillary nerve and an SPG, an otic ganglion, an afferent fiber going into the otic ganglion, an efferent fiber going out of the otic ganglion, an infraorbital nerve, a vidian nerve, a greater superficial petrosal nerve, and a lesser deep petrosal nerve.

[0213] There is additionally provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a method method including performing a calibration procedure by applying an electrical current to an anatomical site of a subject, during a plurality of calibration periods, from respective different sets of one or more stimulation sites in a vicinity of the anatomical site, the anatomical site selected from the group consisting of: a sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG), a greater palatine nerve, a lesser palatine nerve, a sphenopalatine nerve, a communicating branch between a maxillary nerve and an SPG, an otic ganglion, an afferent fiber going into the otic ganglion, an efferent fiber going out of the otic ganglion, an infraorbital nerve, a vidian nerve, a greater superficial petrosal nerve, and a lesser deep petrosal nerve.

[0214] There is yet additionally provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a method including:

[0215] placing a set of one or more electrodes in a vicinity of a site of a subject selected from the group consisting of: a sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG), a greater palatine nerve, a lesser palatine nerve, a sphenopalatine nerve, a communicating branch between a maxillary nerve and an SPG, an otic ganglion, an afferent fiber going into the otic ganglion, an efferent fiber going out of the otic ganglion, an infraorbital nerve, a vidian nerve, a greater superficial petrosal nerve, and a lesser deep petrosal nerve;

[0216] driving at least one of the electrodes to apply an electrical current to the site; and

[0217] using at least one of the electrodes, measuring a level of stimulation induced by the applied current.

[0218] There is also provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a method including:

[0219] inserting, into a greater palatine canal of a subject, via a greater palatine foramen of the subject, an elongated support element having a length of between 2.6 cm and 3 cm and having a distal end, by using the distal end of the support element to punch an incision in mucosa of the subject; and

[0220] applying, from a vicinity of the distal end of the support element, an electrical current to a sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) of the subject.

[0221] There is further provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a method including:

[0222] placing an elongated support element, having a length of between 2.6 cm and 3 cm and having a distal end, into a bore of a needle shaped so as to define a sharp distal end;

[0223] inserting, into a greater palatine canal of a subject, the needle holding the support element;

[0224] withdrawing the needle from the greater palatine canal thereafter, leaving the support element in the greater palatine canal; and

[0225] applying, from a vicinity of the distal end of the support element, an electrical current to a sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) of the subject.

[0226] There is still further provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a method including:

[0227] placing a capsule between an alveolar process and an inner surface of a cheek of a subject;

[0228] placing, in an oral cavity of the subject, a wireless transmitter coupled to the capsule by an elongated coupling element;

[0229] wirelessly transmitting energy from the wireless transmitter; and

[0230] receiving the energy, and, using the received energy, applying an electrical current to tissue of the subject selected from the group consisting of: a sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG), a greater palatine nerve, a lesser palatine nerve, a sphenopalatine nerve, a communicating branch between a maxillary nerve and an SPG, an otic ganglion, an afferent fiber going into the otic ganglion, an efferent fiber going out of the otic ganglion, an infraorbital nerve, a vidian nerve, a greater superficial petrosal nerve, and a lesser deep petrosal nerve.

[0231] There is additionally provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, apparatus including:

[0232] an instrument, adapted to detect an indication of cerebral blood flow (CBF) of a subject, and to generate a signal responsive thereto;

[0233] one or more electrodes, adapted to be placed in a vicinity of a site of the subject selected from a sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG), a greater palatine nerve, a lesser palatine nerve, a sphenopalatine nerve, a communicating branch between a maxillary nerve and an SPG, an otic ganglion, an afferent fiber going into the otic ganglion, an efferent fiber going out of the otic ganglion, an infraorbital nerve, a vidian nerve, a greater superficial petrosal nerve, and a lesser deep petrosal nerve; and

[0234] a control unit, adapted to:

[0235] receive the signal,

[0236] drive the one or more electrodes to apply a current to the site capable of inducing a change in the CBF, and

[0237] configure a parameter of the current responsively to the signal.

[0238] For some applications, the instrument includes a laser Doppler perfusion device, a transcranial Doppler ultrasonography device, a thermometer, or a near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) device. Alternatively, the instrument includes an image sensor, adapted to image an eye of the subject, and the indication of CBF includes an indication of vasodilation of blood vessels of the eye. For some applications, the indication of vasodilation of the blood vessels of the eye includes a ratio of red to white in a sclera of the eye, and the instrument is adapted to determine the ratio.

[0239] There is yet additionally provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a method including:

[0240] placing one or more electrodes in a vicinity of a site of a subject selected from a sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG), a greater palatine nerve, a lesser palatine nerve, a sphenopalatine nerve, a communicating branch between a maxillary nerve and an SPG, an otic ganglion, an afferent fiber going into the otic ganglion, an efferent fiber going out of the otic ganglion, an infraorbital nerve, a vidian nerve, a greater superficial petrosal nerve, and a lesser deep petrosal nerve;

[0241] applying a current to the site capable of inducing a change in cerebral blood flow (CBF) of the subject;

[0242] detecting an indication of the CBF; and

[0243] responsively to the indication, adjusting at least one of: a placement of the electrodes, and a parameter of the applied current.

[0244] There is therefore provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, apparatus for treating a subject, including:

[0245] an elongated generally rigid support element having a length of at least 1.8 cm, and having a distal end;

[0246] one or more electrodes fixed to the support element in a vicinity of the distal end thereof, and configured to be positioned in a vicinity of a site of the subject when the support element is inserted into a body of the subject, such that a portion of the support element remains outside of the body, the site selected from the list consisting of: a sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) of the subject, a greater palatine nerve of the subject, a lesser palatine nerve of the subject, a sphenopalatine nerve of the subject, a communicating branch between a maxillary nerve and an SPG of the subject, an otic ganglion of the subject, an afferent fiber going into the otic ganglion of the subject, an efferent fiber going out of the otic ganglion of the subject, an infraorbital nerve of the subject, a vidian nerve of the subject, a greater superficial petrosal nerve of the subject, and a lesser deep petrosal nerve of the subject; and

[0247] a control unit, coupled to the support element, and adapted to drive the electrodes to apply an electrical current to the site, and to configure the current to increase cerebral blood flow (CBF) of the subject, so as to treat a condition of the subject.

[0248] For some applications, the condition includes one or more of the following, and the control unit is adapted to configure the current to increase the CBF to a level sufficient to treat the condition:

[0249] an acute ischemic condition of a brain of the subject;

[0250] a complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) of the subject;

[0251] an acute brain injury of the subject;

[0252] vasospasm after stroke of the subject;

[0253] traumatic brain injury (TBI) of the subject;

[0254] a seizure of the subject;

[0255] occlusion within a retinal circulation of the subject;

[0256] retinal artery occlusion (RAO) of the subject; and/or

[0257] retinal venous occlusion (RVO) of the subject.

[0258] In an embodiment, the site includes the SPG of the subject, and the electrodes are configured to be positioned in the vicinity of the SPG.

[0259] For some applications, the support element is substantially straight. For some applications, the support element has a length between about 7 cm and about 13 cm. For some applications, a portion of the support element adapted for insertion into the body has a length of between about 2.5 cm and about 3 cm.

[0260] For some applications, the control unit is adapted to configure the current to have a pulse frequency of between about 10 Hz and about 50 Hz, an amplitude of between about 0.2 V and about 10 V, a pulse width of between about 50 microseconds and about 5 milliseconds, and, in alternation, on periods of between about 1 second and about 2 minutes, and off periods of between about 1 second and about 2 minutes.

[0261] In an embodiment, the support element is adapted to be positioned in the vicinity of the site by insertion through a roof of an oral cavity of the subject. For some applications, the support element is adapted to be positioned in the vicinity of the site by insertion through a greater palatine canal of the subject.

[0262] In an embodiment, the support element is adapted to be positioned in the vicinity of the site by insertion through a nose of the subject. For some applications, the support element is adapted to be positioned in the vicinity of the site by insertion through a sphenopalatine foramen of the subject.

[0263] For some applications, the support element includes at least one mark, adapted to indicate a depth of insertion of the support element in the body. For some applications, a distance of the mark from the distal end of the support element is between about 2.5 cm and about 3 cm.

[0264] For some applications, the support element includes a stopper, adapted to prevent insertion of the support element into the body beyond a certain depth. For some applications, a distance of the stopper from the distal end of the support element is between about 2.5 cm and about 3 cm.

[0265] For some applications, the support element is bent at one or more locations. For some applications, an angle of a bend of the support element is between about 20 and about 40 degrees. For some applications, a distance of a bend of the support element from the distal end of the support element is between about 2 cm and about 3 cm.

[0266] There is further provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, apparatus for treating a complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) of a subject, including:

[0267] a medical vehicle, adapted to directly treat the SAH; and

[0268] a stimulator adapted to stimulate at least one site of the subject, so as to treat a complication arising from use of the medical vehicle, the site selected from the list consisting of: a sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) of the subject, a greater palatine nerve of the subject, a lesser palatine nerve of the subject, a sphenopalatine nerve of the subject, a communicating branch between a maxillary nerve and an SPG of the subject, an otic ganglion of the subject, an afferent fiber going into the otic ganglion of the subject, an efferent fiber going out of the otic ganglion of the subject, an infraorbital nerve of the subject, a vidian nerve of the subject, a greater superficial petrosal nerve of the subject, and a lesser deep petrosal nerve of the subject.

[0269] In an embodiment, the site includes the SPG of the subject, and the stimulator is adapted to stimulate the SPG.

[0270] In an embodiment, the stimulator is adapted to configure the stimulation to increase cerebral blood flow (CBF) of the subject.

[0271] For some applications, the medical vehicle includes a tool for clipping an aneurysm that caused the SAH. Alternatively or additionally, the medical vehicle includes a pharmaceutical composition for treating an aneurysm that caused the SAH.

[0272] For some applications, the stimulator includes an electrical stimulator, adapted to apply an electrical current to the site. Alternatively or additionally, the stimulator includes a magnetic stimulator, adapted to apply a magnetic field to the site. Further alternatively or additionally, the stimulator includes a chemical stimulator, adapted to apply a chemical to the site. Still further alternatively or additionally, the stimulator includes a mechanical stimulator, adapted to apply mechanical energy to the site.

[0273] There is yet additionally provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a method for treating a complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) of a subject, including stimulating at least one site of the subject in conjunction with treating the SAH, the site selected from the list consisting of: a sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) of the subject, a greater palatine nerve of the subject, a lesser palatine nerve of the subject, a sphenopalatine nerve of the subject, a communicating branch between a maxillary nerve and an SPG of the subject, an otic ganglion of the subject, an afferent fiber going into the otic ganglion of the subject, an efferent fiber going out of the otic ganglion of the subject, an infraorbital nerve of the subject, a vidian nerve of the subject, a greater superficial petrosal nerve of the subject, and a lesser deep petrosal nerve of the subject.

[0274] For some applications, stimulating the site includes stimulating the site prior to treating the SAH. Alternatively or additionally, stimulating the site includes stimulating the site while treating the SAH. Further alternatively or additionally, stimulating the site includes stimulating the site after treating the SAH.

[0275] The present invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description of the embodiments thereof, taken together with the drawings, in which:

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0276] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a neural stimulation system, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0277] FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional illustration of a spring-loaded locking element engaging the greater palatine canal, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0278] FIGS. 3A and 3B are schematic illustrations of a laterally displaced configuration of a stimulator of the system of FIG. 1, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0279] FIGS. 4A and 4B are schematic illustrations of out-of-plane configurations of the stimulator of the system of FIG. 1, in accordance with respective embodiments of the present invention;

[0280] FIGS. 5A-D are schematic illustrations of a longitudinally-oriented configuration of the stimulator of the system of FIG. 1, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0281] FIGS. 6A-D are schematic illustrations of variable-length support elements of the system of FIG. 1, in accordance with respective embodiments of the present invention;

[0282] FIGS. 7A-B are schematic illustrations of an oral element of the system of FIG. 1, in accordance with respective embodiments of the present invention;

[0283] FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of an oral element of the system of FIG. 1 coupled to an oral appliance, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0284] FIG. 9 is a schematic illustration of a contact-based energy transmission configuration of the system of FIG. 1, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0285] FIG. 10 is a schematic illustration of a configuration of a contact of the configuration of FIG. 9, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0286] FIG. 11A-B are schematic illustrations of energy and data transmission paths between components of the system of FIG. 1, in accordance with respective embodiments of the present invention;

[0287] FIG. 12 is a schematic illustration of another neural stimulation system, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0288] FIG. 13 is a schematic illustration of an implantable submucosal antenna of the system of FIG. 12, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0289] FIGS. 14A-B are schematic illustrations of energy and data transmission paths between components of the system of FIG. 12, in accordance with respective embodiments of the present invention;

[0290] FIG. 15 is a schematic illustration of a configuration of the stimulator of the stimulation system of FIGS. 12-14, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0291] FIG. 16 is a schematic illustration of an electrode configuration, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0292] FIGS. 17A-C are schematic illustrations of an array of electrodes, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0293] FIG. 18 is a schematic pictorial view of a stimulation system for stimulation of a modulation target site, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0294] FIG. 19 is a schematic illustration of a vasodilation measurement instrument, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0295] FIG. 20 is a schematic illustration of a laser Doppler imaging (LDI) device, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0296] FIG. 21 is a schematic illustration of a thermometer, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0297] FIG. 22 is a schematic illustration of a transcranial Doppler ultrasonography device, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and

[0298] FIGS. 23A-D, 24A-D, and 25A-D are graphs showing in vivo experimental results, measured in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0299] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a neural stimulation system 20, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. System 20 typically comprises an implantable neural stimulator 30, an oral element 32, and an external control unit 34. Stimulator 30 comprises an elongated support element 36, one or more electrodes 38 fixed to the support element in a vicinity of a distal end thereof, and circuitry 40 coupled to the support element in a vicinity of a proximal end thereof. Circuitry 40 typically comprises a wireless coupling element (which typically comprises a coil), and additional elements, such as one or more rectifiers, capacitors, amplifiers, or filters. One or more leads (not shown in FIG. 1), which pass along, through, or around support element 36, couple electrodes 38 to circuitry 40. Alternatively, the leads function as the support element, i.e., the support element does not comprise any structural elements in addition to the leads. Further alternatively, the leads provide a substantial portion of the structural support of the support element, and the balance of the structural support is provided by other elements. For example, support element 36 may comprise the leads and a flexible sleeve surrounding the leads; the leads supply most of the structural support of the support element, while the sleeve allows smooth passage of the leads through the greater palatine canal. Circuitry 40 is shown schematically in FIG. 1; several more detailed configurations of the circuitry are described hereinbelow with reference to FIGS. 3A-B, 4A-B, and 5A-D.

[0300] Stimulator 30 is adapted to be passed through a greater palatine foramen 42 of a hard palate 50 of an oral cavity 52 of a subject into a greater palatine canal 54, such that electrodes 38 are brought into a vicinity of a sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) 56. For some applications, the entire stimulator is contained within greater palatine canal 54, while for other applications, at least a portion of the circuitry and/or the support element are positioned submucosally in the oral cavity. For clarity of illustration, the greater and lesser palatine nerves, and the greater and less palatine arteries are not shown in the figures. During an implantation procedure, stimulator 30 is typically passed through greater palatine foramen 42 posterior to the greater palatine nerve and artery, which are manipulated into an anterior position within the canal.

[0301] For some applications, electrodes 38 apply a monophasic waveform to SPG 56, while for other applications, electrodes 38 apply a biphasic waveform. Alternatively or additionally, waveforms and/or stimulation techniques may be used that are described in one or more of the patent applications incorporated by reference hereinbelow, or waveforms and/or stimulation techniques may be used that are known in the art of neural stimulation.

[0302] For some applications, the distal end of support element 36 comprises a surgical punch 60, which is adapted to be passed through mucosa 58 and greater palatine foramen 42 without requiring a prior surgical incision in the mucosa, i.e., without requiring the use of a surgical knife or other tool. Circuitry 40 is sufficiently small so as to be able to pass through the punch incision without requiring the incision to be surgically enlarged.

[0303] For some applications, stimulator 30 comprises a locking element, such as in a vicinity of the proximal end thereof, which is adapted to hold the stimulator in place after insertion. For some applications, the locking element comprises a screw, which is adapted to couple the stimulator to the palate or the alveolar process of the maxilla. Alternatively or additionally, the locking element comprises a bonding agent, which is adapted to bond the stimulator to the palate, the alveolar process of the maxilla, or an internal surface of greater palatine canal 54.

[0304] Reference is made to FIG. 2, which is a schematic cross-sectional illustration of a spring-loaded locking element 62 engaging greater palatine canal 54, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Locking element 62 applies lateral pressure on the interior surface of a portion of greater palatine canal 54 in a vicinity of foramen 42, thereby locking elongated support element 36 in place in the canal. Locking element 62 is configured so as to not interfere with a descending palatine artery 64 or a greater palatine nerve 66, both of which pass through greater palatine canal 54.

[0305] For some applications, support element 36 has a length of between about 1.8 and about 3 cm, such as between about 2.6 cm and about 3 cm, e.g., between about 2.6 and about 3 cm, such as about 2.8 cm, and has a curvature that follows that of the greater palatine canal. For some applications, support element 36 has a diameter at its widest portion of between about 1 and about 4 mm. For some applications, support element 36 comprises a tube. For some applications, support element 36 is semi-rigid (i.e., it generally keeps its original shape during a placement procedure). For example, support element 36 may be sufficiently rigid to enable insertion of the support element into a body of the subject by pushing from a vicinity of a proximal end of the support element. For some applications, support element 36 and electrodes 38 together are similar to conventional concentric needle electrodes, such as Medtronic, Inc. needle electrode model DCN50, or Oxford Instruments Plc. needle electrode models X53153, X53155, X53156, X53158, or X53159.

[0306] Each of electrodes 38 typically comprises a suitable conductive material, for example, a physiologically-acceptable material such as silver, iridium, platinum, a platinum iridium alloy, titanium, nitinol, or a nickel-chrome alloy. For some applications, each of the electrodes has a surface area of between about 1 and about 8 mm², such as about 2.653 or about 6.123 mm². For some applications, electrodes 38 are recessed within support element 36, while for other applications the electrodes are flush with the surface of the support element, or protrude therefrom. Electrodes 38 are insulated from one another with a physiologically-acceptable material such as polyethylene, polyurethane, or a co-polymer of either of these. For some applications, the electrodes are spiral in shape, for better contact, and may have a hook shaped distal end for hooking into or near the SPG. Alternatively or additionally, the electrodes may comprise simple wire electrodes, spring-loaded “crocodile” electrodes, or adhesive probes, as appropriate. For some applications, the electrodes are coated with a biocompatible material configured to enhance the surface area of the electrodes, thereby increasing the capacitance and reducing the resistance of the electrodes. For example, the material may comprise a platinum/iridium alloy, and/or may be applied with a sputtering process, such as commercially available from Johnson Matthey Plc, Advanced Metals Technology division (London, UK).

[0307] Optionally, support element 36 comprises one or more marks (not shown) that indicate the depth of insertion of stimulator 30 into greater palatine canal 54. Alternatively or additionally, for some applications support element 36 comprises a stopper (not shown) in a vicinity of the marks, that mechanically prevents insertion of the support element into the canal beyond a certain depth.

[0308] Reference is made to FIGS. 3A-B, 4A-B, and 5A-D, which are schematic illustrations of several configurations of stimulator 30, in accordance with respective embodiments of the present invention. In these embodiments, stimulator 30 comprises a circuit module 41, which comprises circuitry 40 coupled to a printed circuit board. Circuit module 41 has a generally flat shape, typically with a thickness of less than about 2 mm, such as less than about 1.2 mm, e.g., about 1.05 mm. For some applications, one or more layers of coating are applied to circuit module 41, such as in order to provide a conforming, thin, smooth, watertight, biocompatible, and/or mechanically-protective surface. For example, a first, innermost coating may comprise an inert biocompatible polymer, such as Parylene C, having a thickness of between about 10 and about 15 microns. A second watertight mineral-based sealant, such as Al₂O₃, SiO₂, or Si₂N₃, may be applied over the innermost coating by sputtering. The thickness of the watertight sealant is typically between about 1 and about 2 microns. A third, outermost coating of an inert biocompatible polymer, such as Parylene C, having a thickness of between about 10 and about 15 microns, may be applied over the watertight sealant.

[0309] FIGS. 3A and 3B are schematic illustrations of a laterally displaced configuration of stimulator 30, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 3A shows stimulator 30 in an unfolded position. Circuit module 41 has a generally flat shape, and may be generally elliptical, as shown in FIG. 3A, or may have another shape, such as rectangular. Prior to insertion in greater palatine canal 54, support element 36 is folded at a fold 44 at an angle α approximately equal to the angle between greater palatine canal 54 and hard palate 50 in a vicinity of foramen 42. During an implantation procedure, (a) a submucosal surface on the hard palate is prepared, such as by raising a mucosal flap, by creating a mucosal opening using a retractor, and/or by preparing a submucosal pocket using a tool which has generally the same shape and dimensions as circuit module 41, (b) support element 36 is inserted into greater palatine canal 54, (c) circuit module 41 is placed against the exposed lower surface of hard palate 50, and (d) mucosa 58 is closed over circuit module 41 and the portion of support element that protrudes from greater palatine canal 54. For implantation procedures during which a mucosal flap is raised, an approximately 3 cm incision is typically required to raise the mucosal flap. For some applications, the circuit module is coupled to the hard palate, such as by using at least one nail or screw (coupling not shown). Typically, the distal portion of support element 36 beyond fold 44 has a length L1 of between about 26 and about 30 mm, e.g., about 28 mm, and the entire stimulator 30 in an unfolded position, including circuit module 41, has a length L2 of between about 40 and about 44 mm, e.g., about 42 mm.

[0310] FIGS. 4A and 4B are schematic illustrations of out-of-plane configurations of stimulator 30, in accordance with respective embodiments of the present invention. In these configurations, a proximal end 46 of support element 36 is coupled directly to circuit module 41, such that an angle β between support element 36 and the surface of circuit module 41 is approximately equal to the angle between greater palatine canal 54 and hard palate 50 in a vicinity of foramen 42. As in the configuration shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, circuit module 41 has a generally flat shape, and may be generally elliptical, or may have another shape, such as rectangular. In the configuration shown in FIG. 4A, proximal end 46 of support element 36 is coupled to circuit module 41 in a vicinity of a center of the surface of the circuit module. For some applications, the circuit module is coupled to the support element such that the longer axis or side of the circuit module is oriented in an anterior-posterior direction. Alternatively, the longer axis or side of the circuit module is oriented in a left-right direction, or in another direction. Typically, support element 36 has a length of between about 26 and about 30 mm, e.g., about 28 mm.

[0311] In the configuration shown in FIG. 4B, proximal end 46 is coupled to circuit module in a vicinity of an edge of the surface of the circuit module. The support element may be coupled to any point on the edge, e.g., in a vicinity of an end of a major axis or a minor axis of the circuit module. For some applications, proximal end 46 of support element 36 is coupled to circuit module 41 at a location between the center of the circuit module and the edge of the circuit module. For some applications, the circuit module is coupled to the support element such that the circuit module extends in an anterior direction, in a posterior direction, towards the center of the mouth, or towards the maxillary bone. For example, when the circuit module extends in a posterior direction or towards the center of the mouth, the circuit module is less likely to interfere with branches of the greater palatine nerve or greater palatine artery that extend in an anterior direction from greater palatine foramen 42. For some applications, circuit module 41 is generally kidney-shaped.

[0312] During an implantation procedure, (a) a submucosal surface on the hard palate is prepared, such as by raising a mucosal flap, by creating a mucosal opening using a retractor, and/or by preparing a submucosal pocket using a tool which has generally the same shape and dimensions as circuit module 41, (b) support element 36 is inserted into greater palatine canal 54, (c) circuit module 41 is placed against the exposed lower surface of hard palate 50, and (d) mucosa 58 is closed over circuit module 41. For implantation procedures during which a mucosal flap is raised, an approximately 7 mm incision is typically required to raise the mucosal flap. For some applications, the circuit module is coupled to the hard palate, such as by using at least one nail or screw (coupling not shown).

[0313] FIGS. 5A-D are schematic illustrations of a longitudinally-oriented configuration of stimulator 30, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In this configuration, a proximal end 46 of support element 36 is coupled to circuit module 41. Circuit module 41 has a generally flat shape, and may be generally elliptical, as shown in FIG. 5A, or may have another shape, such as rectangular. As shown in FIGS. 5B-D, a proximal portion 48 of support element 36 which protrudes from greater palatine canal 54 is sufficiently flexible to follow the contour of the palate and alveolar process.

[0314] During an implantation procedure, (a) a submucosal surface on the hard palate is prepared, such as by raising a mucosal flap, by creating a mucosal opening using a retractor, and/or by preparing a submucosal pocket using a tool which has generally the same shape and dimensions as circuit module 41, (b) support element 36 is inserted into greater palatine canal 54, (c) circuit module 41 is placed against an alveolar process 68 of the maxilla, and (d) mucosa 58 is closed over circuit module 41. For implantation procedures during which a mucosal flap is raised, an approximately 5 mm incision is typically required to raise the mucosal flap. For some applications, the circuit module is coupled to the alveolar process, such as by using at least one nail or screw (coupling not shown).

[0315] Reference is made to FIGS. 6A-D, which are schematic illustrations of variable-length support elements 36, in accordance with respective embodiments of the present invention. In these embodiments, the length of support element 36 is adjustable during the implantation procedure, in order to accommodate differing lengths of greater palatine canal 54. It is noted that the variation in the length of the greater palatine canal in adults is generally less than +/−2 mm, so the length of support elements 36 in these embodiment need only vary by a relatively small percentage.

[0316] In the configuration shown in FIG. 6A, support element 36 is configured to allow telescopic coupling of a portion 80 of the support element. Electrode leads 84 pass through support element 36, including portion 80. The leads have sufficient slack so as to not interfere with the expansion and contraction of telescopic portion 80.

[0317] In the configuration shown in FIG. 6B, a portion of support element 36 is shaped so as to define one or more accordion pleats 82. Accordion pleats 82 are typically biased such that they are generally extended when in a relaxed position. Electrode leads 84 pass through support element 36, including the accordion portion. The leads have sufficient slack so as to not interfere with the expansion and contraction of accordion pleats 82. For some applications, support element 36 comprises a sleeve 88, which surrounds accordion pleats 82. The sleeve typically has a length no greater than the length of support element 36 when the support element is in its most contracted position, i.e., the sleeve surrounds only a portion of the non-accordion-pleated portion of the electrode leads. Such a length allows the total length of the support element to vary without being constrained by the length of the sleeve. Sleeve 88 typically comprises a flexible, biocompatible material, such as silicone. Sleeve 88 typically has a length less than 28 mm, e.g., less than 26 mm. Alternatively, for some applications, electrode leads 84 are accordion-pleated, in which case the electrode leads serve as support element 36.

[0318] In the configuration shown in FIG. 6C, electrode leads 84 are helically wound, so as to form a spring 86. The spring is typically biased so as to have an expanded resting position. For some applications, support element 36 comprises sleeve 88, which surrounds spring 86. The sleeve typically has a length no greater than the length of support element 36 when the support element is in its most contracted position, i.e., the sleeve surrounds only a portion of the non-helically-wound portion of the electrode leads. Such a length allows the total length of the support element to vary without being constrained by the length of the sleeve.

[0319] In the configuration in FIG. 6D, electrode leads 84 are shaped to as to define at least one omega-shaped portion 90. Portion 90 is typically biased so as to have extended resting positions. For some applications, support element 36 comprises sleeve 88, as described above with reference to FIGS. 6B and 6C.

[0320] Reference is made to FIGS. 7A-B, which are schematic illustration of oral element 32, in accordance with respective embodiments of the present invention. Oral element 32 is adapted to be placed in oral cavity 52 in a vicinity of implanted circuitry 40 of stimulator 30, e.g., in a vicinity of or in contact with the roof of the oral cavity. Oral element 32 typically comprises a power source 72, such as a rechargeable or disposable battery, circuitry 73, and at least one wireless coupling element 74. Depending on the specific application, wireless coupling element 74 transmits energy and/or data to circuitry 40, as described hereinbelow. For some applications, wireless coupling element 74 comprises a relatively large coil or a plurality of smaller coils, which may increase the likelihood that at least some portion of the generated magnetic field achieves good wireless coupling with implanted circuitry 40 of stimulator 30, even if oral element 32 is not precisely positioned or aligned with respect to stimulator 30, or if oral element 32 moves slightly after it has been placed against the roof of the oral cavity. For some applications in which wireless coupling element 74 comprises a plurality of coils, the coils are oriented with respect to one another such that the respective axes of the coils are not parallel with one another. For example, the coils may be oriented such that two or three of the axes are approximately orthogonal with one another.

[0321] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 7A, oral element 32 is adapted to be temporarily placed in oral cavity 52, without mechanically coupling the oral element to a surface of the oral cavity. For some applications, oral element 32 is coupled to an oral appliance, as described hereinbelow with reference to FIG. 8. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 7B, oral element 32 is adapted to be fixed to the roof of oral cavity 52, such as by using one or more screws 70, nails, or other surgical fastening devices.

[0322] FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of oral element 32 coupled to an oral appliance 92, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Oral appliance 92, which is typically shaped generally similarly to an orthodontic retainer, is configured to hold the oral element in a vicinity of or in contact with the roof of the oral cavity in a vicinity of implanted circuitry 40 of stimulator 30. The use of oral appliance 92, rather than mechanical coupling of oral element 32 to the roof of the oral cavity, generally reduces the likelihood of contamination. For some applications, oral appliance 92 is generally soft or semi-flexible, while for other applications, the oral appliance is generally rigid.

[0323] For some applications, oral element 32 does not comprise power source 72. Instead, power is provided by a power source located outside of the oral cavity. For example, the oral appliance may be coupled by a cable to an external driver comprising a power source. For some applications, the driver is coupled to a headset or necklace worn by the subject. The driver or a separate external control unit, instead of oral element 32, comprises all or a portion of circuitry 73. For some applications, the driver is coupled to external control unit 34, while for other applications, the driver comprises external control unit 34. Alternatively, oral element 32 is wirelessly coupled to external control unit 34, which may or may not be coupled to the external driver.

[0324] Reference is again made to FIGS. 5B-D. In the embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. 5B, oral element 32 is configured to be coupled to a molar 98 or other tooth of the subject. For example, the oral element may comprise a clip or adhesive. Typically, the oral element is configured to be removably coupled to the tooth. For example, the oral element may be coupled to the tooth only during applications of stimulation by stimulator 30, and removed between applications of stimulation.

[0325] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 5C, oral element 32 is configured to be coupled to gingiva 99 covering alveolar process 68, and, optionally, to one or more teeth. For some applications, the oral element 32 is coupled to gingival 99 using a clamp 101. Alternatively or additionally, the oral element is adapted to be held in place by the subject biting down on the element.

[0326] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 5D, oral element 32 comprises a capsule 200, which, for some applications, comprises power source 72 and circuitry 73. Oral element 32 further comprises an elongated connecting element 202, which couples capsule 200 to wireless coupling element 74. Capsule 200 is configured to be placed and held between alveolar process 68 and the inner surface of a cheek 204. For some applications, capsule 200 is generally cylindrical, similar in shape and size to a conventional dental cotton roll. Optionally, the capsule comprises a soft coating. Oral element 32 is configured such that wireless coupling element 74 is positioned on the lingual side of the teeth. For some applications, connecting element 202 passes over the occlusal surface of one or more teeth, as shown in FIG. 5D, while for other applications, connecting element 202 passes around the distal surface of the most distal molar (configuration not shown). Alternatively, connecting element 202 serves as wireless coupling element 74.

[0327] For some applications, capsule 200 does not comprise power source 72. Instead, power is provided by a power source located outside of the oral cavity. For example, the capsule may be coupled by a cable to an external driver comprising a power source. For some applications, the driver is coupled to a headset or necklace worn by the subject. The driver or a separate external control unit, instead of capsule 200, comprises all or a portion of circuitry 73. For some applications, the driver is coupled to external control unit 34, while for other applications, the driver comprises external control unit 34.

[0328] In an embodiment of the present invention, system 20 comprises a nasal element instead of or in addition to oral element 32 (configuration not shown). The nasal element is adapted to be inserted into a nostril of the subject, e.g., into the nasal vestibule. The nasal element comprises at least one wireless coupling element 74 that is wirelessly coupled to transmit/receiver 40 of stimulator 30, for transmitting/receiving power and/or data to/from the stimulator. In this embodiment, circuitry 40 of stimulator 30 is not necessarily positioned at the proximal end of the stimulator.

[0329] For some applications, circuitry 40 of stimulator 30 comprises a wireless coupling element. Wireless coupling element 74 of oral element 32 is adapted to wirelessly transmit energy and/or data to the wireless coupling element of circuitry 40, and/or to wirelessly receive data form the wireless coupling element of circuitry 40. For these applications, each of the wireless coupling elements typically comprises at least one coil. For some applications, the wireless coupling elements are wirelessly coupled to one another using induction, such as when the wireless coupling elements are positioned in close proximity to one another. Alternatively, the wireless coupling elements are wirelessly coupled to one another using RF energy, such as when the wireless coupling elements are positioned at a greater distance from each other. Further alternatively, the wireless coupling elements are wirelessly coupled to one another using another form of energy, such as ultrasound energy, in which case the wireless coupling elements comprises ultrasound transducers, e.g., piezoelectric transducers. “Transducer element,” as used in the present application including the claims, means an element adapted to wirelessly transmit and/or receive energy and/or data, including a coil, a piezoelectric transducer, and other wireless transducers known in the art.

[0330] In an embodiment of the present invention, oral element 32 does not comprise wireless coupling element 74. Instead, power source 72 of the oral element is coupled to circuitry 40 using a wire that passes through mucosa 58. The techniques of this embodiment are generally more energy-efficient than wireless energy/data transfer techniques. As a result, the battery of power source 72 of oral element 32 may need to be replaced or recharged less frequently, or not at all. For some applications, oral element 32 is adapted to be implanted in a tooth of the subject. For some applications, the implanted oral element comprises a wireless communication element for external wireless communication, such as of data. For some applications, power source 72 comprises a rechargeable or a replaceable battery.

[0331] Reference is made to FIG. 9, which is a schematic illustration of a contact-based energy transmission configuration of stimulation system 20, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, a proximal end of support element 36 of stimulator 30 comprises a contact 94 that protrudes slightly from mucosa 58. Oral element 32 comprises a contact 96, which is brought into physical contact with contact 94 for transmitting power and/or data to/from circuitry 40. Contact 94 of stimulator 30 is typically in sealed contact with mucosa 58, in a similar manner to pacemaker leads. For some applications, contact 94 is typically semi-spherical in shape, as shown in FIG. 9. Alternatively, contact 94 is generally flat or concave in shape. The use of the contact-based techniques of this embodiment does not require alignment of oral element 32 with circuitry 40. In addition, the contact-based techniques of this embodiment result in a uniform, predictable transfer of energy, and are generally more energy-efficient than wireless energy/data transfer techniques. As a result, the battery of power source 72 of oral element 32 may need to be replaced or recharged less frequently, or not at all.

[0332] FIG. 10 is a schematic illustration of a configuration of contact 94, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, contact 94 comprises positive and negative terminals 95 and 96, each of which is coupled to a respective lead 84. For some applications, support element 36, at a portion thereof which passes through mucosa 58, comprises a matrix 97, which is adapted to promote mucosal tissue growth therein. The growth of mucosal tissue in the matrix generally reduces the likelihood of infection, and helps hold contact 94 in place. For some applications, contact 94 and/or matrix 97 is coated with an antiseptic substance, such as an antibacterial substance, to reduce the likelihood of infection passing from the oral cavity through the mucosa.

[0333] Reference is made to FIG. 11A, which is a schematic illustration of energy and data transmission paths between components of system 20, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Typically, wireless coupling element 74 of oral element 32 is adapted to wirelessly transmit energy to circuitry 40 of stimulator 30, for powering the stimulator, as symbolically indicated by an arrow 100. The close proximity of the wireless coupling elements of oral element 32 and stimulator 30 generally allows the use of relatively low energy levels and/or a small receiving element in circuitry 40, e.g., a small coil or piezoelectric transducer.

[0334] In an embodiment of the present invention, the energy transmitted to circuitry 40 of stimulator 30 does not include the stimulation waveform to be applied using electrodes 38. Instead, energy is typically transferred using a continuous wave (i.e., electromagnetic energy of constant amplitude and frequency). Circuitry 40 of stimulator 30 is configured to generate the stimulation waveform applied by electrodes 38. Alternatively, the energy is transferred using a quasi-continuous wave, which encodes data, which data is used by circuitry to generate the stimulation waveform applied by electrodes 38. The techniques of this embodiment may be employed, for example, with the configurations of stimulation system 20 described hereinabove with reference to FIGS. 1 and/or 8, and/or hereinbelow with reference to FIGS. 12-14 and/or 15. The transfer of energy only, in accordance with this embodiment, generally allows complete control of the waveform delivered by electrodes 38, because the generation of the waveform is independent of the wireless coupling of oral element 32 and circuitry 40 of stimulator 30. Furthermore, for some applications, circuitry 40 generates a bipolar waveform, which typically reduces the total accumulated charge in the tissue, thus improving safety and electrode life span.

[0335] For some applications, wireless coupling element 74 of oral element 32 is additionally configured to transmit and/or receive data to/from circuitry 40 of stimulator 30, as indicated by an arrow 102. Such data typically includes stimulation control signals, parameters, and/or feedback information. Such data is typically transmitted only periodically, rather than constantly during stimulation. Circuitry 40 of stimulator 30 configures at least a portion of the stimulation parameters based on the received information. For these applications, circuitry 40 of stimulator 30 is configured to generate the stimulation waveform applied by electrodes 38, based on the configured parameters.

[0336] For some applications, wireless coupling element 74 of oral element 32 (either the same wireless coupling element used for transmitting and receiving data to and from circuitry 40 of stimulator 30, or a separate wireless coupling element) is adapted to wirelessly relay the data to and receive data from external control unit 34 (as indicated by an arrow 104), which also comprises a wireless coupling element 106. Typically, but not necessarily, substantive processing and generation of the data is performed exclusively by external control unit 34, rather than by oral element 32. For some applications, wireless coupling element 74 combines the data and the energy transmitted to circuitry 40 of stimulator 30 into a single signal, such as by modulating the data onto the carrier frequency of the transmitted energy, in which case circuitry 40 demodulates the received signal to obtain the data. Alternatively, wireless coupling element 74 transmits the data and the energy in separate signals. Alternatively, for some applications, circuitry 40 of stimulator 30 is configured to transmit and/or receive all or a portion of the data directly to/from external control unit 34 (as indicated by an arrow 108), bypassing oral element 32, such as by using a VHF signal.

[0337] For some applications in which the energy is transferred using a continuous wave, the energy is transferred from outside the body of the subject, e.g., from a vicinity of the cheek or ear of the subject, rather than from oral element 32. This is possible because the continuous wave generally has low peak power levels. For these applications, system 20 typically does not comprise oral element 32.

[0338] In an embodiment of the present invention, circuitry 73 of oral element 32 generates the stimulation waveform, and wirelessly transmits the waveform to circuitry 40 of stimulator 30. For these applications, circuitry 40 of stimulator 30 is generally passive, and simply relays the received waveform to electrodes 38 with minimal or no processing. Circuitry 40 typically comprises a simple circuit, including one or more rectifiers and capacitors. The techniques of this embodiment may be employed, for example, with the configurations of stimulation system 20 described hereinabove with reference to FIGS. 1, 8, and/or 9.

[0339] For some applications, system 20 is configured to perform a calibration procedure in which the absolute energy level of the applied waveform is determined, and adjusted appropriately to achieve a desired stimulation level. Such calibration compensates for the patient-to-patient variability in energy transfer, caused, for example, by differences in placement and/or orientation of oral element 32 or circuitry 40 of stimulator 40, and/or inter-patient anatomical differences, e.g., thickness of the mucosa.

[0340] Reference is made to FIG. 11B, which is a schematic illustration of energy and data transmission paths between components of system 20, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Except as described hereinbelow, this embodiment is similar to the embodiment described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 11A. In this embodiment, system 20 additionally comprises an external driver 110, which comprises power source 72 and circuitry 73. Oral element 32 comprises wireless coupling element 74, but typically does not comprise power source 72 or circuitry 73 (the oral element and/or the wireless coupling element may comprise minimal circuitry, such as one or more rectifiers or capacitors). Oral element 32 is electrically coupled to external driver 110 by an elongated flexible coupling element 112, which comprises one or more wires. Driver 110 is typically adapted to be physically coupled to a body of the subject, such as by being coupled to headset or a necklace.

[0341] Driver 110 typically comprises a wireless coupling element 114, which the driver uses to wirelessly relay data to and receive data from external control unit 34 (as indicated by an arrow 116). For example, the data may be transmitted using the Bluetooth protocol or another wireless communication protocol, or using an infrared signal. Alternatively, driver 110 is coupled to external control unit 34 by one or more wires (configuration not shown).

[0342] Reference is made to FIG. 12, which is a schematic illustration of a neural stimulation system 120, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Except as noted hereinbelow, elements of system 120 are the same as corresponding elements of system 20 having the same reference numerals. System 120 comprises implantable neural stimulator 30 and external control unit 34. Stimulator 30 comprises elongated support element 36, one or more electrodes 38 fixed to the support element in the vicinity of the distal end thereof, and an implantable submucosal antenna 122 coupled to the support element in a vicinity of the proximal end thereof. Submucosal antenna 122 is adapted to be implanted in the roof of oral cavity 52 between oral mucosa 58 and a palate, e.g., hard palate 50 and/or a soft palate 134, and to generally conform to the shape of the palate.

[0343] FIG. 13 is a schematic illustration of implantable submucosal antenna 122, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Submucosal antenna 122 comprises a thin, flexible sheet 124, which comprises at least one coil 126. Sheet 124 comprises a flexible biocompatible material, such as silicone.

[0344] Reference is made to FIG. 14A, which is a schematic illustration of energy and data transmission paths between components of system 120, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. System 120 typically lacks oral element 32 of system 20. Instead, external control 34 unit is adapted to transmit power, typically using RF energy, directly to submucosal antenna 122, for powering stimulator 30, as indicated by an arrow 140, and to transmit and/or receive data directly to/from the submucosal antenna, as indicated by an arrow 142. Such data typically includes stimulation control signals, parameters, and/or feedback information. Such data is typically transmitted only periodically, rather than constantly during stimulation. Circuitry 40 of stimulator 30 is configured to generate the stimulation waveform applied by electrodes 38, based on the configured parameters.

[0345] For some applications, wireless coupling element 106 combines the data and the energy into a single signal, such as by modulating the data onto the carrier frequency of the transmitted energy, in which case submucosal antenna 122 demodulates the received signal to obtain the data. Alternatively, wireless coupling element 106 transmits the data and the energy in separate signals. Alternatively, for some applications, stimulator 30 additionally comprises a wireless coupling element 144, to/from which external control unit 34 transmits and/or receives data, such as by using a VHF signal. Typically, external control unit 34 is adapted to be placed in a vicinity of a head of the subject, such as in a vicinity of an ear of the subject. For some applications, external control unit 34 is adapted to be coupled to the ear. For example, the control unit may comprise or be integrated into a wired or wireless headset, such as a cellular phone headset.

[0346] Reference is made to FIG. 14B, which is a schematic illustration of energy and data transmission paths between components of system 120, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Except as described hereinbelow, this embodiment is similar to the embodiment described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 14A. In this embodiment, system 120 additionally comprises external driver 110, which comprises power source 72, circuitry 73, and at least one wireless coupling element 128. Driver 110 is typically adapted to be worn by the subject, such as by being coupled to headset or a necklace. Driver 110 is adapted to use wireless coupling element 128 to transmit power, typically using RF energy, directly to submucosal antenna 122, for powering stimulator 30, as indicated by an arrow 140, and to transmit and/or receive data directly to/from the submucosal antenna, as indicated by an arrow 142.

[0347] Driver 110 typically uses wireless coupling element 128, or a separate wireless coupling element (not shown), to wirelessly relay data to and receive data from external control unit 34 (as indicated by an arrow 130). For example, the data may be transmitted using the Bluetooth protocol or another wireless communication protocol, or using an infrared signal. Alternatively, driver 110 is coupled to external control unit 34 by one or more wires (configuration not shown).

[0348] Reference is made to FIG. 15, which is a schematic illustration of a configuration of stimulator 30 for use in stimulation system 120, described hereinabove with reference to FIGS. 12-14, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, instead of submucosal antenna 122, system 120 comprises a coil antenna 160, at least a portion of which is coiled around at least a portion 162 of support element 36. Alternatively, coil antenna 160 is an integral part of portion 162. For some applications, coil antenna 160 comprises ferrite. For some applications, a sleeve is placed around all or a portion of coil antenna 160 and/or support element 36 (configuration not shown). Typically, the distal end of support element 36 comprises surgical punch 60, described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 1. For some applications, coil antenna 160 comprises a plurality of coils arranged in various orientations, which generally improves wireless coupling with wireless coupling element 106 of external control unit 34. For example, the plurality of coils may comprise two or three coils oriented approximately orthogonally to one another. In the configuration shown in FIG. 15, support element 36 and coil antenna 160 are typically adapted to be contained entirely within greater palatine canal 54.

[0349] Reference is made to FIG. 16, which is a schematic illustration of a configuration of electrodes 38, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, electrodes 38 comprise at least one (e.g., exactly one) cathode 150, and at least one (e.g., exactly one) anode 152. Cathode 150 is typically located closer to a distal tip 154 of support element 36 than is anode 152. Typically, a length L1 of anode 152 is greater than a length L2 of cathode 150, such as at least 200% of length L2. A closest distance D1 between cathode 150 and anode 152 is typically greater than a closest distance D2 between any portion of cathode 150 and any portion of SPG 56.

[0350] In an embodiment of the present invention, a method for implanting stimulator 30 in greater palatine canal 54 comprises placing the stimulator in a bore of a needle having a sharp distal tip, passing the needle through mucosa 58 and greater palatine foramen 42, into canal 54, and withdrawing the needle, thereby leaving the stimulator implanted in the canal. Alternatively, the needle is first passed into canal 54, and stimulator 30 is subsequently introduced into the bore of the needle. The needle is typically passed through mucosa 58 without requiring a prior surgical incision in the mucosa, i.e., without requiring the use of a surgical knife or other tool. Alternatively, prior to insertion of the needle into the canal, a submucosal surface on the hard palate is prepared, such as by raising a mucosal flap, and/or by creating a mucosal opening using a retractor.

[0351] Reference is made to FIGS. 17A-C, which are schematic illustrations of an array 190 of electrodes 38, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, stimulator 30 of system 20 or 120 comprises array 190, which typically comprises between about 8 and about 32 electrodes 38, such as about 32 electrodes. FIG. 17A shows array 190 in a flat, unrolled position. Typically, the array is organized in rows and columns, for example, between about 2 and about 8 rows, e.g., 8 rows, and between about 2 and about 4 columns, e.g., 4 columns. FIG. 17B shows array 190 encircling support element 36 (only a single column of electrodes 38 is visible in the figure). (For the sake of illustration, support element 36 is visible between electrodes 38 in FIG. 17B; in actual applications, a portion of the support element may be concealed by structural elements of array 190.) FIG. 17C is a cross-sectional top-view of one row of electrodes 38. For some applications, array 190 is fabricated on a flat substrate 192 (FIG. 17A), which is wrapped around support element 36 (FIG. 17B). For some applications, substrate 192 extends longitudinally along all or a portion of the length of support element 36, electrodes 38 are positioned in a distal region of the substrate, and circuitry of stimulator 30, such as circuitry 40, amplifier, and/or filters, is affixed to the substrate, e.g., in a proximal region of the substrate. For other applications, stimulator 30 does not comprise substrate 192, and electrodes 38 are coupled directly to, or are integral with, support element 36. It is noted that although stimulator 30 is generally shown in the figures as comprising array 150 of electrodes 38, this is for the sake of illustration only; embodiments described and shown herein may use the electrode configuration described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 16; electrode configurations described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/783,113, such as with reference to FIG. 12, 13, or 14 thereof, electrode configurations described in the other patent applications incorporated by reference hereinbelow; or electrode configurations known in the art of neural stimulation.

[0352] In an embodiment of the present invention, stimulator 30 comprises a plurality of electrodes, at least a portion of which are adapted to be separately activatable. System 20 or 120 is adapted to use a calibration algorithm to activate, during a plurality of calibration periods, respective different sets of one or more of electrodes 38, in order to determine which set's activation causes a level of stimulation of the SPG closest to a desired level. For example, the desired level may be the maximum level that can be achieved for a given set of stimulation parameters. For some applications, the algorithm is alternatively or additionally used for setting a level of one or more stimulation parameters. System 20 or 120 typically uses the algorithm to determine the optimum set of electrodes after stimulator 30 has been implanted, so as to obviate the need to adjust the location of the stimulator after it has been implanted. Alternatively or additionally, the position of stimulator 30 is adjusted responsively to information derived using the algorithm. For some applications, during post-calibration (i.e., therapeutic) stimulation, the system activates different sets of electrodes at different times, such as in order to vary the level of stimulation applied to the SPG.

[0353] In an embodiment of the present invention, the level of stimulation of the SPG is determined by receiving feedback directly from the SPG, or from other neural tissue in a vicinity of the SPG, i.e., by using at least a portion of electrodes 38 to directly measure a level of stimulation of the SPG or the other neural tissue at or in a vicinity of the site(s) of the stimulation by the electrodes. For some applications, the at least a portion of electrodes 38 measure an electrical field of nervous tissue of the SPG or the other neural tissue induced by the electrical stimulation of the SPG. Typically, the signal generated by the sensed field is filtered to remove any artifacts in the signal generated by the stimulation applied by electrodes 38.

[0354] For some applications, the same set of one or more electrodes applies stimulation and measures the achieved stimulation of the SPG, by measuring the level of stimulation of the SPG or the other neural tissue. For other applications, a first set of one or more electrodes applies the stimulation, and a second set of one or more electrodes measures the achieved stimulation. Typically, the second set of electrodes is located in a vicinity of the first set of electrodes, and/or adjacent to the first set of electrodes in array 190.

[0355] Alternatively or additionally, for some applications, the level of stimulation of the SPG is determined by assessing an indirect physiological parameter of the subject related to the level of SPG stimulation, such as cerebral blood flow (CBF) and/or BBB permeability. For some applications, assessment techniques described hereinbelow are used. For some applications, a healthcare worker enters the values of the indirect physiological parameter into system 20, while for other applications, a device for measuring the indirect physiological parameters is coupled to system 20, and communicates the parameters to the system.

[0356] For some applications, system 20 is configured to select the desired set of electrodes 38. Alternatively or additionally, system 20 comprises an output unit, such as a display, which presents the results of the calibration algorithm to a healthcare worker, who selects the desired set of electrodes.

[0357] In an embodiment of the present invention, stimulator 30 is autonomically powered, such as by utilizing temperature differentials within the subject, e.g., using techniques described in the above-mentioned U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,470,212 to Weijand et al. and 6,640,137 to MacDonald, mutatis mutandis, or other techniques known in the art for generating energy from biological processes for powering an implanted medical device. For some applications, circuitry 40 of stimulator 30 does not comprise a wireless coupling element, or the wireless coupling element is used only for data transmission, rather than for wirelessly receiving energy. In the latter case, data is typically transmitted from and/or to external control unit 34.

[0358] In an embodiment of the present invention, electrodes 38 are located in a vicinity of a proximal end of support element 36, such that the electrodes apply electrical stimulation to greater palatine nerve 66 in a vicinity of the proximal opening of greater palatine foramen 42. For example, a closest distance between the electrodes and the proximal opening of the greater palatine foramen may be less than 10 mm, e.g., less than 5 mm. For some applications, upon implantation of stimulator 30, electrodes 38 are contained entirely within greater palatine canal 54, while for other applications, all or a portion of the electrodes are located submucosally outside of the canal and the foramen.

[0359] Although electrodes 38 have been described as being applied to an SPG of the subject, for some applications the electrodes are applied to another MTS of the subject, as defined hereinabove. For some of these applications, electrodes 38 are passed through the greater palatine canal to the MTS, while for other applications the electrodes are passed through only a portion of the greater palatine canal, or are advanced to the MTS by another route.

[0360] FIG. 18 a schematic pictorial view of a stimulation system 500, for stimulation of a sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) system, as defined hereinabove, and/or at least one other appropriate “modulation target site” (MTS), as defined hereinabove, such as SPG 56, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Stimulation system 500 comprises a support element 510, which typically, but not necessarily, is generally rigid (i.e., it generally keeps its original shape during a placement procedure). A distal end 512 of support element 510 comprises one or more electrodes 514. For some applications, electrodes 514 are recessed within support element 510, as shown in the figure, while for other applications the electrodes are flush with the surface of the support element, or protrude therefrom. Alternatively, the electrodes are configured as shown in FIGS. 13 and 14 of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/783,113.

[0361] Support element 510 is adapted to be inserted into a vicinity of an MTS or an SPG system of the subject, as defined hereinbelow, via a greater palatine canal in a roof of an oral cavity of the subject. Typically, support element 510 is substantially straight. Support element 510 typically comprises one or more marks 516 that indicate the point at which the support element has been sufficiently inserted into the greater palatine canal. Alternatively or additionally, support element 510 comprises a stopper (not shown) in a vicinity of marks 516, that mechanically prevents further insertion of the support element into the canal.

[0362] Stimulation system 500 further comprises a semi-flexible oral appliance 518, which is physically coupled to support element 510 by flexible leads 520. Oral appliance 518 comprises a neurostimulator 522, which is electrically coupled to electrodes 514 via leads 520. An upper surface 524 of oral appliance 518 is shaped to fit closely to the roof of the oral cavity, and is adapted to be coupled thereto. For example, oral appliance 518 may be shaped generally similarly to an orthodontic retainer. Neurostimulator 522 is typically battery-powered, and configurable to drive electrodes 514 to stimulate the MTS or SPG system. For some applications, the subject himself activates neurostimulator 522. Stimulation system 500 is typically adapted to remain in the oral cavity for between several hours and about two days.

[0363] In an embodiment of the present invention, a stimulation system for application to a subject comprises an elongated support element having a length of between about 1.8 cm and about 4 cm, such as a length of between about 1.8 cm and about 3 cm. The support element comprises one or more electrodes fixed thereto in a vicinity of a distal end thereof. The stimulation system further comprises a control unit, coupled to the support element in a vicinity of a proximal end thereof. The control unit typically comprises a battery, and is adapted to drive the electrodes to apply an electrical current to tissue of the subject, such as the SPG system and/or at least one MTS. The control unit typically configures the current to have a pulse frequency of between about 10 Hz and about 50 Hz, an amplitude of between about 0.2 V and about 10 V, a pulse width of between about 50 microseconds and about 5 milliseconds, and, in alternation, on periods of between about 1 second and about 2 minutes, and off periods of between about 1 second and about 2 minutes. (Together, the on and off periods define a duty cycle.) For example, the control unit may drive the electrodes to apply the current having on periods of between about 60 seconds and about 105 seconds, and off periods of between about 30 seconds and 90 seconds, e.g., on periods of about 90 seconds, and off periods of about 60 seconds.

[0364] For some applications, the support element is semi-rigid. For example, the support element and the electrodes together may be similar to conventional concentric needle electrodes, such as Medtronic, Inc. needle electrode model DCN50, or Oxford Instruments Plc. needle electrode models X53153, X53155, X53156, X53158, or X53159.

[0365] For some applications, the stimulation system comprises an oral appliance, coupled to the support element, and shaped so as to define a surface that fits closely to a roof of an oral cavity. For example, the oral appliance may be similar to oral appliance 518, described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 18. For some applications, the control unit has a volume, including the battery, of less than about 3 cm³.

[0366] In an embodiment of the present invention, a stimulation system for application to a subject comprises an elongated support element having a length of between about 1.8 cm and about 4 cm, such as a length of between about 1.8 cm and about 3 cm. The support element comprises one or more electrodes fixed thereto in a vicinity of a distal end thereof, and a receiver, fixed to the support element in a vicinity of the proximal end thereof. The stimulation system further comprises a control unit, adapted to be coupled to the receiver. The control unit is adapted to drive the electrodes via the receiver to apply an electrical current to tissue of the subject, such as the SPG system and/or at least one MTS. The control unit typically configures the current to have a pulse frequency of between about 10 Hz and about 50 Hz, an amplitude of between about 0.2 V and about 10 V, a pulse width of between about 50 microseconds and about 5 milliseconds, and, in alternation, on periods of between about 1 second and about 2 minutes, and off periods of between about 1 second and about 2 minutes. (Together, the on and off periods define a duty cycle.) For example, the control unit may drive the electrodes to apply the current having on periods of between about 60 seconds and about 105 seconds, and off periods of between about 30 seconds and 90 seconds, e.g., on periods of about 90 seconds, and off periods of about 60 seconds.

[0367] For some applications, the receiver comprises an electrical contact site, and the control unit is adapted to be coupled to the receiver by being brought into physical contact with the electrical contact site. For example, the control unit may be brought into physical contact by positioning the control unit inside an oral cavity of the subject. For some applications, the stimulation system comprises an oral appliance, adapted to be fixed to the control unit, and shaped so as to define a surface that fits closely to a roof of an oral cavity. For example, the oral appliance may be similar to oral appliance 518, described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 18.

[0368] Alternatively, the receiver comprises a transducer, and the control unit comprises a wireless transmitter, which is adapted to couple the control unit to the receiver via wireless electromagnetic communication with the transducer. Typically, the transducer comprises a coil. For some applications, the control unit is adapted to be positioned outside of a head of the subject. Alternatively, the control unit is adapted to be placed in the oral cavity, such as by being fixed to an oral appliance. For some applications, the receiver has a volume of less than about 0.8 cm³, such as less than about 0.15 cm³.

[0369] For some applications, stimulator 30 is implanted using techniques described in a U.S. patent application filed May 11, 2005, entitled, “Surgical tools and techniques for stimulation,” which is assigned to the assignee of the present application and is incorporated herein by reference.

[0370] In the present patent application, “SPG system” means the SPG and associated neuroanatomical structures, including neural tracts originating in or reaching the SPG, including outgoing and incoming parasympathetic and sympathetic tracts, which tracts include preganglionic fibers of the SPG (e.g., fibers contained within the vidian nerve) and postganglionic fibers of the SPG (fibers that travel anterogradely from the SPG toward the brain vascular bed, including the retro-orbital branches of the SPG, which are fibers that connect the SPG with orbital neural structures).

[0371] In an embodiment of the present invention, during placement of electrodes 38 at an MTS, as defined hereinabove, at least one physiological indicator of cerebral blood flow (CBF) is observed or measured concurrently with or after placement. For some applications, optimization of placement of electrodes 38 onto the appropriate neural structure is performed by activating the stimulator, and generally simultaneously monitoring CBF while manipulating the electrodes, and/or adjusting at least one parameter of the applied stimulation, so as to increase or decrease CBF, as appropriate. Alternatively or additionally, this technique is used to verify the placement of electrodes 38 after implantation, and/or to select which combination of electrodes to use, such as by using the feedback algorithm described hereinabove. Alternatively or additionally, a similar optimization process is performed, either during or after placement of electrodes 38, to determine parameters of the applied current so as to achieve a desired effect, e.g., on CBF or BBB permeability, as indicated by CBF.

[0372] Physiological indicators of CBF include, but are not limited to, the following:

- [0373] a measure of vasodilation of blood vessels of the eye, determined by unaided visual inspection or by using an instrument, e.g., an instrument comprising machine vision functionality;
- [0374] transcranial Doppler ultrasonography measurements;
- [0375] a measure of forehead perfusion, measured, for example, using laser Doppler perfusion imaging (LDI) and/or using a temperature sensor; and/or
- [0376] near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measurements.

[0377] Other appropriate measurements indicative of CBF for use with these embodiments of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art, having read the disclosure of the present patent application.

[0378] For some applications, one or more of the devices described hereinbelow with reference to FIGS. 18-21 are used for assessing a physiological indicator of CBF.

[0379] FIG. 19 is a schematic illustration of a vasodilation measurement instrument 230, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Instrument 230 comprises an image sensor 234 (e.g., a CCD or CMOS sensor, or another camera) and processing circuitry 238, in order to provide machine vision functionality. Image sensor 234 is directed towards an eye 232 of the subject. The instrument measures the ratio of red to white in the sclera of eye 232, or another indication of vasodilation.

[0380] FIG. 20 is a schematic illustration of a laser Doppler perfusion (LDI) device 270, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. LDI device 270 comprises a laser source 271, a scanner 272, and a computer 281. Scanner 272 is positioned near a forehead 241 of the subject for measuring forehead perfusion.

[0381] FIG. 21 is a schematic illustration of a thermometer 280, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Thermometer 280 is positioned touching a forehead 241 of the subject for measuring forehead perfusion.

[0382] FIG. 22 is a schematic illustration of a transcranial Doppler ultrasonography device 284, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography device 284 is positioned touching a head 288 of the subject for measuring CBF.

[0383] For some applications, the measurement device, such as those described hereinabove with reference to FIGS. 18-21, comprises an output unit 236, such as a numeric display, tone generator, color display, or other output device, for outputting a signal indicative of the measured physiological parameter. Alternatively or additionally, instrument 230 is coupled to an internal or external control unit of system 20 or 120, and communicates the signal directly to the control unit.

[0384] In an embodiment of the present invention, during placement of electrodes 38 at an MTS, as defined hereinabove, penetration of a systemically administered dye into an eye of the subject is observed or measured concurrently with or after placement, as an indication of a level of increased permeability of the BBB. For example, the dye may include fluorescein dye. For some applications, optimization of placement of electrodes 38 onto the appropriate neural structure is performed by activating the stimulator, and generally simultaneously monitoring the penetration of the dye while manipulating the electrodes, and/or adjusting at least one parameter of the applied stimulation, so as to increase or decrease permeability of the BBB, as appropriate. Alternatively or additionally, this technique is used to verify the placement of electrodes 38 after implantation, and/or to select which combination of electrodes to use, such as by using the feedback algorithm described hereinabove. Alternatively or additionally, a similar optimization process is performed, either during or after placement of electrodes 38, to determine parameters of the applied current so as to achieve a desired effect, e.g., on CBF or BBB permeability, as indicated by BBB permeability.

[0385] In an embodiment of the present invention, one or more of the above-described CBF-based assessment techniques are used by a healthcare worker after implantation to assess (a) whether electrodes 38 retain appropriate placement and contact with the MTS, and/or (b) whether parameters of the applied current (e.g., magnitude, frequency, duration, scheduling) continue to achieve the desired effect, e.g., on CBF or BBB permeability. For example, such an assessment may be performed periodically during post-implantation follow-up care.

[0386] In an embodiment of the present invention, the CBF-based assessment techniques described hereinabove are used to assist in determining the effective dosage and/or other parameters for presenting odorants to an air passage of the patient, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/512,780, filed Oct. 25, 2004, which is assigned to the assignee of the present application and is incorporated herein by reference.

[0387] In an embodiment of the present invention, chemical stimulation of at least one MTS is achieved by presenting chemicals, for example in a liquid or gaseous state, to an air passage of the subject, such as a nasal cavity or a throat, or in a vicinity thereof. The temporal profile and other quantitative characteristics of such chemical modulation are believed by the present inventors to have a mechanism of action that has a neuroanatomical basis overlapping with that of the electrical modulation of the MTS. For some applications, chemical-presentation techniques described herein are practiced in combination with techniques described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/512,780, filed Oct. 25, 2004, and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/952,536, filed Sep. 27, 2005, both of which are assigned to the assignee of the present patent application and are incorporated herein by reference. In these chemical-presentation applications, an extent to which the chemical has achieved the desired effect (e.g., increased permeability of the BBB, or increased or decreased CBF) is determined by monitoring real-time changes in CBF, and adjusting the dose of the chemical responsive thereto.

[0388] Chemicals that may increase or decrease cerebral blood flow and/or the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (e.g., via modulation of SPG-related fibers), include, but are not limited to, propionic acid, cyclohexanone, amyl acetate, acetic acid, citric acid, carbon dioxide, sodium chloride, ammonia, menthol, alcohol, nicotine, piperine, gingerol, zingerone, allyl isothiocyanate, cinnamaldehyde, cuminaldehyde, 2-propenyl/2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate, thymol, and eucalyptol. The chemicals reach the appropriate neural structures and induce vasodilatation, vasoconstriction and/or cerebrovascular permeability changes.

[0389] In an embodiments of the present invention, chemical stimulation is applied to at least one MTS, using (a) a nasal applicator adapted to deliver the stimulating chemical to an upper region of the nasal cavity, or (b) a transpalatine applicator inserted via the greater palatine canal.

[0390] In some embodiments of the present invention, stimulation of at least one MTS is achieved by applying a neuroexcitatory agent to the MTS. Suitable neuroexcitatory agents include, but are not limited to, acetylcholine and urocholine. For some applications, the MTS is stimulated by applying a neuroinhibitory agent, such as atropine, hexamethonium, or a local anesthetic (e.g., lidocaine). In these agent-application embodiments, an extent to which the agent has achieved the desired effect (e.g., increased permeability of the BBB, or increased or decreased CBF) is determined by monitoring real-time changes in CBF, and adjusting the dose of the agent responsive thereto.

[0391] In an embodiment of the present invention, stimulation of the MTS is achieved by applying mechanical stimulation to the MTS, e.g., vibration. An extent to which the mechanical stimulation has achieved the desired effect (e.g., increased permeability of the BBB, or increased or decreased CBF) is determined by monitoring real-time changes in CBF, and adjusting the extent of the mechanical stimulation (e.g., magnitude, frequency, or duration) responsive thereto.

[0392] In an embodiment of the present invention, an acute and/or emergency medical condition of a subject is treated by stimulating at least one MTS by applying electrical, magnetic, electromagnetic, chemical, and/or mechanical stimulation to the site. Such treatment is typically applied as soon as possible after diagnosis of the condition, such as in an emergency room or at the location of the subject. Such stimulation is typically applied using:

- [0393] one or more of the stimulation devices and/or methods described in above-mentioned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/783,113, filed Feb. 20, 2004;
- [0394] techniques described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/258,714, filed Oct. 25, 2002, entitled, “Method and apparatus for stimulating the sphenopalatine ganglion to modify properties of the BBB and cerebral blood flow,” or the above-referenced PCT Patent Publication WO 01/85094, which are assigned to the assignee of the present application and are incorporated herein by reference;
- [0395] techniques described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/426,180, filed Nov. 14, 2002, entitled, “Surgical tools and techniques for stimulation,” which is assigned to the assignee of the present application and is incorporated herein by reference;
- [0396] techniques described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/426,182, filed Nov. 14, 2002, entitled, “Stimulation circuitry and control of electronic medical device,” which is assigned to the assignee of the present application and is incorporated herein by reference; and/or
- [0397] techniques known in the art.

[0398] In an embodiment of the present invention, an acute brain injury of a subject is treated by applying electrical, magnetic, electromagnetic, chemical, and/or mechanical stimulation to at least one MTS, and configuring the stimulation so as to increase CBF. Such increased CBF increases blood flow to affected brain tissue, which generally causes increased survival of neurons, and thus decreased damage from the injury. Such acute brain injuries include, but are not limited to, ischemic stroke, vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), traumatic brain injury (TBI), and seizure.

[0399] In an embodiment of the present invention, a complication of SAH of a subject is treated by applying electrical, magnetic, electromagnetic, chemical, and/or mechanical stimulation to at least one MTS, and configuring the stimulation so as to dilate cerebral vessels of the subject. The currently-preferred conventional treatment for SAH includes a surgical procedure in which a medical vehicle is used to treat the SAH. The medical vehicle may comprise, for example: (a) a tool for treating the SAH such as by clipping the aneurysm that caused the SAH, and/or (b) a pharmaceutical treatment. However, the presence of blood in the subarachnoid space sometimes causes increased sensitization of large cerebral arteries, resulting at a later time in cerebral vasospasms. These late-onset vasospasms, in turn, cause brain ischemia and often irreversible damage (see the above-referenced article by Van Gijn J et al.). Therefore, the stimulation of the MTS of this embodiment of the present invention is typically applied in conjunction with such a treatment (e.g., before, during or after the treatment), typically to the SPG, in order to counteract the reduced CBF sometimes caused by blood passage into the subarachnoid space. For some applications, the stimulation of the MTS is initiated at a time after the treatment when the hemorrhage has already been substantially reduced (at which time, in the absence of MTS stimulation, CBF is frequently reduced below desired levels). Alternatively, the stimulation of the MTS is initiated prior to this point, but generally has its strongest elevating effect on CBF once the hemorrhage has been substantially reduced. In either case, the MTS is typically configured to generally improve the temporal profile of the cerebral blood flow.

[0400] Alternatively or additionally, the MTS stimulation is performed in conjunction with treatments for other medical conditions typically associated with a decrease in CBF, in order to minimize, eliminate, or even reverse the decrease. Such other treatments conditions include stroke and depression (it is believed by some researchers that some occurrences of depression are related to reduced CBF).

[0401] Reference is now made to FIGS. 23A-D, 24A-D, and 25A-D, which are graphs showing in vivo experimental results, measured in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Baseline angiography was performed on six dogs. Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was simulated in all six dogs by injection of autologous blood into the cisterna magna. Two days later, the subarachnoid blood injection was repeated. Seven days later, angiography was repeated and the left SPG was exposed microsurgically. Angiography was repeated 15 minutes after exposure of the SPG. A bipolar electrode was directly attached to the SPG. The left SPG was then electrically stimulated three times (labeled the first, second, and third stimulations in the figures), and angiography was repeated during each stimulation, 15 minutes after the third stimulation, and 30 minutes after the third stimulation. Forty minutes after cessation of the third stimulation, the left SPG was electrically stimulated three additional times (labeled the fourth, fifth, and sixth stimulations in the figures), and angiography was repeated during each stimulation, 15 minutes after the sixth stimulation, and 30 minutes after the sixth stimulation. All stimulation was performed using the following parameters: 6 V, 10 Hz, and, in alternation, on periods of 90 seconds and off periods of 60 seconds. Adequacy of stimulation was confirmed by the presence of immediate ipsilateral nasal mucous production. Qualitative assessment of the distal intracranial vasculature was also performed.

[0402] Comparisons of diameters on day 0, prior to induction of SAH, and on day 7 before SPG exposure (n=4-6 per measurement) showed significant reduction in diameter of the right and left middle cerebral arteries on day 7 compared to day 0 (22±11% and 18±14%, respectively, P<0.05, paired t-tests, all values are given as means±standard deviation). Comparisons before and after SPG exposure on day 7 showed that there were no significant effects of exposure of the SPG on arterial diameters. Sham stimulation produced no substantial changes in arterial diameters compared to the diameters before stimulation and after SPG exposure (n=2 per measure, paired t-tests).

[0403] Reference is again made to FIGS. 23A-D, which show the measured diameters of the left (stimulation side) external carotid artery, intracranial internal carotid artery, middle cerebral artery, and anterior cerebral artery, respectively, of five of the dogs at several measurement points in time. (The sixth dog was used for calibration.) These results demonstrate that for the first series of stimulations (first, second, and third stimulations) there were marked increases in the diameters of the intracranial internal carotid, middle cerebral, and anterior cerebral arteries on the stimulation side (left) during stimulation. However, these increases were not statistically significant (ANOVA). For the second series of stimulations (fourth, fifth, and sixth stimulations), there was significant variance in the diameter of the left extracranial and intracranial internal carotid arteries (P<0.05, ANOVA) with pairwise differences between the maximal dilations during stimulation and the value 30 minutes after stimulation.

[0404] Reference is again made to FIGS. 24A-D, which show the measured diameters of the right (non-stimulation side) external carotid artery, intracranial internal carotid artery, middle cerebral artery, and anterior cerebral artery, respectively, of five of the dogs at several measurement points in time. As can be seen, stimulation of the left SPG had no substantial effect on the diameters of any of these right cerebral arteries.

[0405] In a further analysis of the experimental data, the two series of stimulations were combined (i.e., the first together with the fourth stimulations, the second together with the fifth stimulations, the third together with the sixth stimulations, the 15 minutes after the third stimulation together with the 15 minutes after the sixth stimulation, and the 30 minutes after the third stimulation together with the 30 minutes after the sixth stimulation). The combined data were analyzed over time. There was significant variance in diameters for the left extracranial internal carotid artery (P<0.05, ANOVA) with a significant pairwise difference between the maximal dilation and the diameter 30 minutes after stimulation. This variance was due to dilation, as well as in part to a trend for the diameter to be smaller 30 minutes after stimulation than it was before stimulation. For the left intracranial internal carotid there was significant variance (P<0.001, ANOVA) with pairwise differences between two of the series of stimulations and the diameter before and 30 minutes after stimulation. There were no significant effects of stimulation on the diameters of the left (stimulation side) middle and anterior cerebral arteries, or on any of the right (non-stimulation side) arteries at any time.

[0406] Reference is again made to FIGS. 25A-D, which show percentage changes from baseline of the diameters of the left (stimulation side) and right (non-stimulation side) external carotid artery, intracranial internal carotid artery, middle cerebral artery, and anterior cerebral artery, respectively, of five of the dogs in combination, at several measurement points in time. Vertical lines on data points indicate standard deviation. Comparisons were made between the right and left arteries at each time by paired t-tests for each separate series of stimulations and for the combined series of stimulations. At baseline on day 0, prior to induction of SAH, and on day 7 after SPG exposure, there were no significant differences between the right and left arteries. There were significant differences between the right and left arteries during the third, fourth, fifth and sixth stimulations for the intracranial internal carotid artery (P=0.007, 0.039, 0.01, 0.01, respectively), during the fourth stimulation for the anterior cerebral artery (P=0.05), and during the sixth stimulation for the extracranial internal carotid artery (P=0.047).

[0407] In a further analysis of the experimental data, the two series of stimulations were combined, as described above. Significant differences were found for: (a) the anterior cerebral artery during the first combined stimulation (P=0.05); (b) the extracranial internal carotid (P=0.005), intracranial internal carotid (P<0.001), and middle cerebral arteries (P=0.043) during the second combined stimulation; and (c) the extra- and intracranial internal carotid during the third combined stimulation (P=0.009 and <0.001, respectively). Finally, qualitative comparison of the distal vasculature showed marked dilation of the distal vasculature in response to stimulation.

[0408] Taken as a whole, these experimental data indicate that SPG stimulation, using the techniques described herein, reverses mild to moderate vasospasm after SAH in dogs.

[0409] It is also to be appreciated that whereas some embodiments of the present invention are described with respect to implanting the electrical stimulator, for some applications the stimulator is temporarily inserted into the subject, and techniques described herein are used to optimize the temporary placement of the stimulator.

[0410] In an embodiment of the present invention, bilateral stimulation is applied, in which a first electrode is applied to a first MTS, and a second electrode is applied to a second MTS. Such bilateral stimulation may be applied using techniques described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/604,037, filed Aug. 23, 2004, which is assigned to the assignee of the present application and is incorporated herein by reference, and/or in PCT Patent Application PCT/IL2005/000912, filed Aug. 23, 2005,” entitled, “Concurrent bilateral SPG modulation,” which is assigned to the assignee of the present application and is incorporated herein by reference.

[0411] In some embodiments of the present invention, techniques described herein are practiced in combination with techniques described in one or more of the references cited in the Background of the Invention section hereinabove and/or in combination with techniques described in one or more of the patent applications cited hereinabove.

[0412] The scope of the present invention includes embodiments described in the following patent applications, which are assigned to the assignee of the present patent application and are incorporated herein by reference. In an embodiment of the present invention, techniques and apparatus described in one or more of the following applications are combined with techniques and apparatus described herein:

- [0413] U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/203,172, filed May 8, 2000, entitled, “Method and apparatus for stimulating the sphenopalatine ganglion to modify properties of the BBB and cerebral blood flow”
- [0414] U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/258,714, filed Oct. 25, 2002, entitled, “Method and apparatus for stimulating the sphenopalatine ganglion to modify properties of the BBB and cerebral blood flow,” or the above-referenced PCT Publication WO 01/85094
- [0415] U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/364,451, filed Mar. 15, 2002, entitled, “Applications of stimulating the sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG)”
- [0416] U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/368,657, filed Mar. 28, 2002, entitled, “SPG Stimulation”
- [0417] U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/376,048, filed Apr. 25, 2002, entitled, “Methods and apparatus for modifying properties of the BBB and cerebral circulation by using the neuroexcitatory and/or neuroinhibitory effects of odorants on nerves in the head”
- [0418] U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/388,931, filed Jun. 14, 2002, entitled “Methods and systems for management of Alzheimer's disease,” PCT Patent Application PCT/IL03/000508, filed Jun. 13, 2003, claiming priority therefrom, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/518,322, filed Dec. 14, 2004 in the national stage thereof
- [0419] U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/400,167, filed Jul. 31, 2002, entitled, “Delivering compounds to the brain by modifying properties of the BBB and cerebral circulation”
- [0420] U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/426,180, filed Nov. 14, 2002, entitled, “Surgical tools and techniques for sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation,” PCT Patent Application PCT/IL03/000966, filed Nov. 13, 2003, which claims priority therefrom, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/535,024, filed May 11, 2005, in the national stage thereof
- [0421] U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/426,182, filed Nov. 14, 2002, and corresponding PCT Patent Application PCT/IL03/000967, which claims priority therefrom, filed Nov. 13, 2003, entitled, “Stimulation circuitry and control of electronic medical device,” and a U.S. patent application filed May 11, 2005 in the national stage thereof
- [0422] U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/294,310, filed Nov. 14, 2002, entitled, “SPG stimulation for treating eye pathologies,” and PCT Patent Application PCT/IL03/000965, filed Nov. 13, 2003, claiming priority therefrom
- [0423] PCT Patent Application PCT/IL03/000631, filed Jul. 31, 2003, entitled, “Delivering compounds to the brain by modifying properties of the BBB and cerebral circulation,” and a U.S. patent application filed Jan. 31, 2005 in the national stage thereof
- [0424] U.S. Pat. No. 6,853,858 to Shalev
- [0425] U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/783,113, filed Feb. 20, 2004, entitled, “Stimulation for acute conditions”
- [0426] U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/426,181, filed Nov. 14, 2002, entitled, “Stimulation for treating ear pathologies,” PCT Patent Application PCT/IL03/000963, filed Nov. 13, 2003, which claims priority therefrom, and a U.S. patent application filed May 11, 2005 in the national stage thereof
- [0427] U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/448,807, filed Feb. 20, 2003, entitled, “Stimulation for treating autoimmune-related disorders of the CNS”
- [0428] U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/461,232 to Gross et al., filed Apr. 8, 2003, entitled, “Treating abnormal conditions of the mind and body by modifying properties of the blood-brain barrier and cephalic blood flow”
- [0429] PCT Patent Application PCT/IL03/00338 to Shalev, filed Apr. 25, 2003, entitled, “Methods and apparatus for modifying properties of the BBB and cerebral circulation by using the neuroexcitatory and/or neuroinhibitory effects of odorants on nerves in the head,” and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/512,780, filed Oct. 25, 2004 in the national stage thereof
- [0430] U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/506,165, filed Sep. 26, 2003, entitled, “Diagnostic applications of stimulation”
- [0431] U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/678,730, filed Oct. 2, 2003, entitled, “Targeted release of nitric oxide in the brain circulation for opening the BBB,” and PCT Patent Application PCT/IL04/000911, filed Oct. 3, 2004, claiming priority therefrom
- [0432] PCT Patent Application PCT/IL04/000897, filed Sep. 26, 2004, entitled, “Stimulation for treating and diagnosing conditions”
- [0433] U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/604,037, filed Aug. 23, 2004, entitled, “Concurrent bilateral SPG modulation”
- [0434] PCT Patent Application PCT/IL2005/000912, filed Aug. 23, 2005, entitled, “Concurrent bilateral SPG modulation”
- [0435] U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/952,536, filed Sep. 27, 2004, entitled, “Stimulation for treating and diagnosing conditions”
- [0436] U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/709,734, filed Aug. 19, 2005, entitled, “Stimulation for treating brain events and other conditions”

[0437] In an embodiment of the present invention, system 20 and/or 120 comprises circuitry described in one or more of the above-mentioned applications.

[0438] As used in the present application, the BBB comprises the tight junctions opposing the passage of most ions and large molecular weight compounds between the blood and brain tissue.

[0439] It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove. Rather, the scope of the present invention includes both combinations and subcombinations of the various features described hereinabove, as well as variations and modifications thereof that are not in the prior art, which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description. For example, elements which are shown in a figure to be housed within one integral unit may, for some applications, be disposed in a plurality of distinct units. Similarly, apparatus for communication and power transmission which are shown to be coupled in a wireless fashion may, alternatively, be coupled in a wired fashion, and apparatus for communication and power transmission which are shown to be coupled in a wired fashion may, alternatively, be coupled in a wireless fashion.

Claims

The invention claimed is:

1. A method comprising:

identifying that a subject has suffered a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH); and

treating vasospasm following the SAH by:

applying stimulation to at least one site of the subject, the stimulation selected from the group consisting of: application of an electrical current, and application of a magnetic field, and the site selected from the group consisting of: a sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG), a greater palatine nerve, a lesser palatine nerve, a sphenopalatine nerve, a communicating branch between a maxillary nerve and an SPG, an otic ganglion, an afferent fiber going into the otic ganglion, an efferent fiber going out of the otic ganglion, an infraorbital nerve, a vidian nerve, a greater superficial petrosal nerve, and a lesser deep petrosal nerve, and

configuring the stimulation to increase cerebral blood flow (CBF) of the subject.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the site includes the SPG of the subject, and wherein applying the stimulation to the site comprises stimulating the SPG.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein applying the stimulation comprises applying the stimulation in conjunction with treating the SAH.

4. The method according to claim 3, wherein treating the SAH includes clipping an aneurysm that caused the SAH, and wherein applying the stimulation to the site comprises applying the stimulation to the site in conjunction with clipping the aneurysm.

5. The method according to claim 3, wherein treating the SAH includes administering a pharmaceutical composition for treating an aneurysm that caused the SAH, and wherein applying the stimulation to the site comprises applying the stimulation to the site in conjunction with administering the pharmaceutical composition.

6. The method according to claim 3, wherein applying the stimulation to the site comprises applying the stimulation to the site prior to treating the SAH.

7. The method according to claim 3, wherein applying the stimulation to the site comprises applying the stimulation to the site while treating the SAH.

8. The method according to claim 3, wherein applying the stimulation to the site comprises applying the stimulation to the site after treating the SAH.

9. The method according to claim 1, wherein applying the stimulation to the site comprises applying the electrical current to the site.

10. The method according to claim 1, wherein applying the stimulation to the site comprises applying the magnetic field to the site.

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