US 7,995,078 B2Grant
Compound lenses for multi-source data presentation
Issue Date:2011-08-09
•28 Claims
•10 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A method in a computer system for generating a presentation of a region-of-interest in an original image for display on a display screen, the original image having one or more images relating to the region-of-interest, the method comprising: establishing a lens for the region-of-interest, the lens having a focal region with a magnification for the region-of-interest at least partially surrounded by a shoulder region across which the magnification varies to provide a continuous transition from the focal region to regions outside the lens; subdividing the focal region into one or more facets, each facet for displaying a respective image relating to the region-of-interest; and, applying the lens to the original image to produce the presentation.
Metadata
Assignee
- Noregin Assets, N.V., L.L.C.
Inventor
- David J. P. Baar
Application Information
Application Number:US 11/236,694
Filing Date:2005-09-28
Priority Date:2004-09-29
Art Unit:2628
Classifications
IPC:
G09G5/00
Patent Drawings (10 sheets)
Description
[0001] This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/613,730, filed Sep. 29, 2004, and incorporated herein by reference.
Field of the Invention
[0002] This invention relates to the field of computer graphics processing, and more specifically, to a method and system for displaying compound detail-in-context lenses for multi-source detail-in-context data presentations.
Background of the Invention
[0003] Modern computer graphics systems, including virtual environment systems, are used for numerous applications such as mapping, navigation, flight training, surveillance, and even playing computer games. In general, these applications are launched by the computer graphics system's operating system upon selection by a user from a menu or other graphical user interface (“GUI”). A GUI is used to convey information to and receive commands from users and generally includes a variety of GUI objects or controls, including icons, toolbars, drop-down menus, text, dialog boxes, buttons, and the like. A user typically interacts with a GUI by using a pointing device (e.g., a mouse) to position a pointer or cursor over an object and “clicking” on the object.
[0004] One problem with these computer graphics systems is their inability to effectively display detailed information for selected graphic objects when those objects are in the context of a larger image. A user may require access to detailed information with respect to an object in order to closely examine the object, to interact with the object, or to interface with an external application or network through the object. For example, the detailed information may be a close-up view of the object or a region of a digital map image.
[0005] While an application may provide a GUI for a user to access and view detailed information for a selected object in a larger image, in doing so, the relative location of the object in the larger image may be lost to the user. Thus, while the user may have gained access to the detailed information required to interact with the object, the user may lose sight of the context within which that object is positioned in the larger image. This is especially so when the user must interact with the GUI using a computer mouse or keyboard. The interaction may further distract the user from the context in which the detailed information is to be understood. This problem is an example of what is often referred to as the “screen real estate problem”.
[0006] A need therefore exists for an improved method and system for controlling detailed views of selected information within the context of surrounding information presented on the display of a computer graphics system. Accordingly, a solution that addresses, at least in part, the above and other shortcomings is desired.
Summary of the Invention
[0007] According to one aspect of the invention, there is provided a method in a computer system for generating a presentation of a region-of-interest in an original image for display on a display screen, the original image having one or more images relating to the region-of-interest, the method comprising: establishing a lens for the region-of-interest, the lens having a focal region with a magnification for the region-of-interest at least partially surrounded by a shoulder region across which the magnification varies to provide a continuous transition from the focal region to regions outside the lens; subdividing the focal region into one or more facets, each facet for displaying a respective image relating to the region-of-interest; and, applying the lens to the original image to produce the presentation.
[0008] In accordance with further aspects of the present invention there is provided an apparatus such as a data processing system, a method for adapting this system, as well as articles of manufacture such as a computer readable medium having program instructions recorded thereon for practising the method of the invention.
Brief Description of the Drawings
[0009] Further features and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in combination with the appended drawings, in which:
[0010] FIG. 1 is a graphical representation illustrating the geometry for constructing a three-dimensional perspective viewing frustum, relative to an x, y, z coordinate system, in accordance with elastic presentation space graphics technology;
[0011] FIG. 2 is a graphical representation illustrating the geometry of a presentation in accordance with elastic presentation space graphics technology;
[0012] FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating a data processing system adapted for implementing an embodiment of the invention;
[0013] FIG. 4 is a partial screen capture illustrating a GUI having lens control elements for user interaction with detail-in-context data presentations in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;
[0014] FIG. 5 is a screen capture illustrating a detail-in-context presentation for multi-source data, the presentation having a compound lens and associated GUI, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;
[0015] FIG. 6 is a detail view illustrating the compound lens of FIG. 5 ;
[0016] FIG. 7 is a screen capture illustrating an alternate detail-in-context presentation for multi-source data, the presentation having a compound lens and associated GUI, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;
[0017] FIG. 8 is a screen capture illustrating a detail-in-context presentation for multi-source data, the presentation having a simplex lens and associated GUI for a selected facet of the compound lens of FIG. 7 , in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;
[0018] FIG. 9 is a flow chart illustrating operations of software modules within the memory of a data processing system for generating a presentation of a region-of-interest in an original image for display on a display screen, the original image having one or more images relating to the region-of-interest, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
[0019] It will be noted that throughout the appended drawings, like features are identified by like reference numerals.
Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments
[0020] In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. However, it is understood that the invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known software, circuits, structures and techniques have not been described or shown in detail in order not to obscure the invention. The term “data processing system” is used herein to refer to any machine for processing data, including the computer systems and network arrangements described herein. The present invention may be implemented in any computer programming language provided that the operating system of the data processing system provides the facilities that may support the requirements of the present invention. Any limitations presented would be a result of a particular type of operating system or computer programming language and would not be a limitation of the present invention.
[0021] The “screen real estate problem” generally arises whenever large amounts of information are to be displayed on a display screen of limited size. Known tools to address this problem include panning and zooming. While these tools are suitable for a large number of visual display applications, they become less effective where sections of the visual information are spatially related, such as in layered maps and three-dimensional representations, for example. In this type of information display, panning and zooming are not as effective as much of the context of the panned or zoomed display may be hidden.
[0022] A recent solution to this problem is the application of “detail-in-context” presentation techniques. Detail-in-context is the magnification of a particular region-of-interest (the “focal region” or “detail”) in a data presentation while preserving visibility of the surrounding information (the “context”). This technique has applicability to the display of large surface area media (e.g. digital maps) on computer screens of variable size including graphics workstations, laptop computers, personal digital assistants (“PDAs”), and cell phones.
[0023] In the detail-in-context discourse, differentiation is often made between the terms “representation” and “presentation”. A representation is a formal system, or mapping, for specifying raw information or data that is stored in a computer or data processing system. For example, a digital map of a city is a representation of raw data including street names and the relative geographic location of streets and utilities. Such a representation may be displayed visually on a computer screen or printed on paper. On the other hand, a presentation is a spatial organization of a given representation that is appropriate for the task at hand. Thus, a presentation of a representation organizes such things as the point of view and the relative emphasis of different parts or regions of the representation. For example, a digital map of a city may be presented with a region magnified to reveal street names.
[0024] In general, a detail-in-context presentation may be considered as a distorted view (or distortion) of a portion of the original representation or image where the distortion is the result of the application of a “lens” like distortion function to the original representation. A detailed review of various detail-in-context presentation techniques such as “Elastic Presentation Space” (“EPS”) (or “Pliable Display Technology” (“PDT”)) may be found in a publication by Marianne S. T. Carpendale, entitled “A Framework for Elastic Presentation Space” (Carpendale, Marianne S. T., A Framework for Elastic Presentation Space (Burnaby, British Columbia: Simon Fraser University, 1999)), and incorporated herein by reference.
[0025] In general, detail-in-context data presentations are characterized by magnification of areas of an image where detail is desired, in combination with compression of a restricted range of areas of the remaining information (i.e. the context), the result typically giving the appearance of a lens having been applied to the display surface. Using the techniques described by Carpendale, points in a representation are displaced in three dimensions and a perspective projection is used to display the points on a two-dimensional presentation display. Thus, when a lens is applied to a two-dimensional continuous surface representation, for example, the resulting presentation appears to be three-dimensional. In other words, the lens transformation appears to have stretched the continuous surface in a third dimension. In EPS graphics technology, a two-dimensional visual representation is placed onto a surface; this surface is placed in three-dimensional space; the surface, containing the representation, is viewed through perspective projection; and the surface is manipulated to effect the reorganization of image details. The presentation transformation is separated into two steps: surface manipulation or distortion and perspective projection.
[0026] FIG. 1 is a graphical representation illustrating the geometry 100 for constructing a three-dimensional (“3D”) perspective viewing frustum 220, relative to an x, y, z coordinate system, in accordance with known elastic presentation space (EPS) graphics technology. In EPS technology, detail-in-context views of two-dimensional (“2D”) visual representations are created with sight-line aligned distortions of a 2D information presentation surface within a 3D perspective viewing frustum 220. In EPS, magnification of regions of interest and the accompanying compression of the contextual region to accommodate this change in scale are produced by the movement of regions of the surface towards the viewpoint (“VP”) 240 located at the apex of the pyramidal shape 220 containing the frustum. The process of projecting these transformed layouts via a perspective projection results in a new 2D layout which includes the zoomed and compressed regions. The use of the third dimension and perspective distortion to provide magnification in EPS provides a meaningful metaphor for the process of distorting the information presentation surface. The 3D manipulation of the information presentation surface in such a system is an intermediate step in the process of creating a new 2D layout of the information.
[0027] FIG. 2 is a graphical representation illustrating the geometry 200 of a presentation in accordance with known EPS graphics technology. EPS graphics technology employs viewer-aligned perspective projections to produce detail-in-context presentations in a reference view plane 201 which may be viewed on a display. Undistorted 2D data points are located in a basal plane 210 of a 3D perspective viewing volume or frustum 220 which is defined by extreme rays 221 and 222 and the basal plane 210. The VP 240 is generally located above the centre point of the basal plane 210 and reference view plane (“RVP”) 201. Points in the basal plane 210 are displaced upward onto a distorted surface 230 which is defined by a general 3D distortion function (i.e. a detail-in-context distortion basis function). The direction of the perspective projection corresponding to the distorted surface 230 is indicated by the line FPo-FP 231 drawn from a point FPo 232 in the basal plane 210 through the point FP 233 which corresponds to the focus or focal region or focal point of the distorted surface 230. Typically, the perspective projection has a direction 231 that is viewer-aligned (i.e., the points FPo 232, FP 233, and VP 240 are collinear).
[0028] EPS is applicable to multidimensional data and is well suited to implementation on a computer for dynamic detail-in-context display on an electronic display surface such as a monitor. In the case of two dimensional data, EPS is typically characterized by magnification of areas of an image where detail is desired 233, in combination with compression of a restricted range of areas of the remaining information (i.e. the context) 234, the end result typically giving the appearance of a lens 230 having been applied to the display surface. The areas of the lens 230 where compression occurs may be referred to as the “shoulder” 234 of the lens 230. The area of the representation transformed by the lens may be referred to as the “lensed area”. The lensed area thus includes the focal region and the shoulder. To reiterate, the source image or representation to be viewed is located in the basal plane 210. Magnification 233 and compression 234 are achieved through elevating elements of the source image relative to the basal plane 210, and then projecting the resultant distorted surface onto the reference view plane 201. EPS performs detail-in-context presentation of n-dimensional data through the use of a procedure wherein the data is mapped into a region in an (n+1) dimensional space, manipulated through perspective projections in the (n+1) dimensional space, and then finally transformed back into n-dimensional space for presentation. EPS has numerous advantages over conventional zoom, pan, and scroll technologies, including the capability of preserving the visibility of information outside 234 the local region of interest 233.
[0029] For example, and referring to FIGS. 1 and 2 , in two dimensions, EPS can be implemented through the projection of an image onto a reference plane 201 in the following manner. The source image or representation is located on a basal plane 210, and those regions of interest 233 of the image for which magnification is desired are elevated so as to move them closer to a reference plane situated between the reference viewpoint 240 and the reference view plane 201. Magnification of the focal region 233 closest to the RVP 201 varies inversely with distance from the RVP 201. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 , compression of regions 234 outside the focal region 233 is a function of both distance from the RVP 201, and the gradient of the function describing the vertical distance from the RVP 201 with respect to horizontal distance from the focal region 233. The resultant combination of magnification 233 and compression 234 of the image as seen from the reference viewpoint 240 results in a lens-like effect similar to that of a magnifying glass applied to the image. Hence, the various functions used to vary the magnification and compression of the source image via vertical displacement from the basal plane 210 are described as lenses, lens types, or lens functions. Lens functions that describe basic lens types with point and circular focal regions, as well as certain more complex lenses and advanced capabilities such as folding, have previously been described by Carpendale.
[0030] FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a data processing system 300 adapted to implement an embodiment of the invention. The data processing system 300 is suitable for implementing EPS technology, for displaying detail-in-context presentations of representations in conjunction with a detail-in-context graphical user interface (GUI) 400, as described below, and for controlling detail-in-context lenses in detail-in-context presentations. The data processing system 300 includes an input device 310, a central processing unit (“CPU”) 320, memory 330, a display 340, and an interface device 350. The input device 310 may include a keyboard, a mouse, a trackball, a position tracking device, an eye tracking device, or a similar device. The CPU 320 may include dedicated coprocessors and memory devices. The memory 330 may include RAM, ROM, databases, or disk devices. The display 340 may include a computer screen, terminal device, or a hardcopy producing output device such as a printer or plotter. And, the interface device 350 may include an interface to a network (not shown) such as the Internet. Thus, the data processing system 300 may be linked to other data processing systems (not shown) by a network (not shown). The data processing system 300 has stored therein data representing sequences of instructions which when executed cause the method described herein to be performed. Of course, the data processing system 300 may contain additional software and hardware a description of which is not necessary for understanding the invention.
[0031] Thus, the data processing system 300 includes computer executable programmed instructions for directing the system 300 to implement the embodiments of the present invention. The programmed instructions may be embodied in one or more software modules 331 resident in the memory 330 of the data processing system 300. Alternatively, the programmed instructions may be embodied on a computer readable medium (such as a CD disk or floppy disk) which may be used for transporting the programmed instructions to the memory 330 of the data processing system 300. Alternatively, the programmed instructions may be embedded in a computer-readable, signal-bearing medium that is uploaded to a network by a vendor or supplier of the programmed instructions, and this signal-bearing medium may be downloaded through an interface to the data processing system 300 from the network by end users or potential buyers.
[0032] As mentioned, detail-in-context presentations of data using techniques such as pliable surfaces, as described by Carpendale, are useful in presenting large amounts of information on limited-size display surfaces. Detail-in-context views allow magnification of a particular region-of-interest (the “focal region”) 233 in a data presentation while preserving visibility of the surrounding information 210. In the following, a GUI 400 is described having lens control elements that can be implemented in software and applied to the control of detail-in-context data presentations. The software can be loaded into and run by the data processing system 300 of FIG. 3 .
[0033] FIG. 4 is a partial screen capture illustrating a GUI 400 having lens control elements for user interaction with detail-in-context data presentations in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. Detail-in-context data presentations are characterized by magnification of areas of an image where detail is desired, in combination with compression of a restricted range of areas of the remaining information (i.e. the context), the end result typically giving the appearance of a lens having been applied to the display screen surface. This lens 410 includes a “focal region” 420 having high magnification, a surrounding “shoulder region” 430 where information is typically visibly compressed, and a “base” 412 surrounding the shoulder region 430 and defining the extent of the lens 410. In FIG. 4 , the lens 410 is shown with a circular shaped base 412 (or outline) and with a focal region 420 lying near the center of the lens 410. However, the lens 410 and focal region 420 may have any desired shape. As mentioned above, the base of the lens 412 may be coextensive with the focal region 420.
[0034] In general, the GUI 400 has lens control elements that, in combination, provide for the interactive control of the lens 410. The effective control of the characteristics of the lens 410 by a user (i.e., dynamic interaction with a detail-in-context lens) is advantageous. At any given time, one or more of these lens control elements may be made visible to the user on the display surface 340 by appearing as overlay icons on the lens 410. Interaction with each element is performed via the motion of an input or pointing device 310 (e.g., a mouse) with the motion resulting in an appropriate change in the corresponding lens characteristic. As will be described, selection of which lens control element is actively controlled by the motion of the pointing device 310 at any given time is determined by the proximity of the icon representing the pointing device 310 (e.g. cursor) on the display surface 340 to the appropriate component of the lens 410. For example, “dragging” of the pointing device at the periphery of the bounding rectangle of the lens base 412 causes a corresponding change in the size of the lens 410 (i.e. “resizing”). Thus, the GUI 400 provides the user with a visual representation of which lens control element is being adjusted through the display of one or more corresponding icons.
[0035] For ease of understanding, the following discussion will be in the context of using a two-dimensional pointing device 310 that is a mouse, but it will be understood that the invention may be practiced with other 2D or 3D (or even greater numbers of dimensions) input devices including a trackball, a keyboard, a position tracking device, an eye tracking device, an input from a navigation device, etc.
[0036] A mouse 310 controls the position of a cursor icon 401 that is displayed on the display screen 340. The cursor 401 is moved by moving the mouse 310 over a flat surface, such as the top of a desk, in the desired direction of movement of the cursor 401. Thus, the two-dimensional movement of the mouse 310 on the flat surface translates into a corresponding two-dimensional movement of the cursor 401 on the display screen 340.
[0037] A mouse 310 typically has one or more finger actuated control buttons (i.e. mouse buttons). While the mouse buttons can be used for different functions such as selecting a menu option pointed at by the cursor 401, the disclosed invention may use a single mouse button to “select” a lens 410 and to trace the movement of the cursor 401 along a desired path. Specifically, to select a lens 410, the cursor 401 is first located within the extent of the lens 410. In other words, the cursor 401 is “pointed” at the lens 410. Next, the mouse button is depressed and released. That is, the mouse button is “clicked”. Selection is thus a point and click operation. To trace the movement of the cursor 401, the cursor 401 is located at the desired starting location, the mouse button is depressed to signal the computer 320 to activate a lens control element, and the mouse 310 is moved while maintaining the button depressed. After the desired path has been traced, the mouse button is released. This procedure is often referred to as “clicking” and “dragging” (i.e. a click and drag operation). It will be understood that a predetermined key on a keyboard 310 could also be used to activate a mouse click or drag. In the following, the term “clicking” will refer to the depression of a mouse button indicating a selection by the user and the term “dragging” will refer to the subsequent motion of the mouse 310 and cursor 401 without the release of the mouse button.
[0038] The GUI 400 may include the following lens control elements: move, pickup, resize base, resize focus, fold, magnify, zoom, and scoop. Each of these lens control elements has at least one lens control icon or alternate cursor icon associated with it. In general, when a lens 410 is selected by a user through a point and click operation, the following lens control icons may be displayed over the lens 410: pickup icon 450, base outline icon 412, base bounding rectangle icon 411, focal region bounding rectangle icon 421, handle icons 481, 482, 491, 492 magnify slide bar icon 440, zoom icon 495, and scoop slide bar icon (not shown). Typically, these icons are displayed simultaneously after selection of the lens 410. In addition, when the cursor 401 is located within the extent of a selected lens 410, an alternate cursor icon 460, 470, 480, 490, 495 may be displayed over the lens 410 to replace the cursor 401 or may be displayed in combination with the cursor 401. These lens control elements, corresponding icons, and their effects on the characteristics of a lens 410 are described below with reference to FIG. 4 .
[0039] In general, when a lens 410 is selected by a point and click operation, bounding rectangle icons 411, 421 are displayed surrounding the base 412 and focal region 420 of the selected lens 410 to indicate that the lens 410 has been selected. With respect to the bounding rectangles 411, 421 one might view them as glass windows enclosing the lens base 412 and focal region 420, respectively. The bounding rectangles 411, 421 include handle icons 481, 482, 491, 492 allowing for direct manipulation of the enclosed base 412 and focal region 420 as will be explained below. Thus, the bounding rectangles 411, 421 not only inform the user that the lens 410 has been selected, but also provide the user with indications as to what manipulation operations might be possible for the selected lens 410 though use of the displayed handles 481, 482, 491, 492. Note that it is well within the scope of the present invention to provide a bounding region having a shape other than generally rectangular. Such a bounding region could be of any of a great number of shapes including oblong, oval, ovoid, conical, cubic, cylindrical, polyhedral, spherical, etc.
[0040] Moreover, the cursor 401 provides a visual cue indicating the nature of an available lens control element. As such, the cursor 401 will generally change in form by simply pointing to a different lens control icon 450, 412, 411, 421, 481, 482, 491, 492, 440. For example, when resizing the base 412 of a lens 410 using a corner handle 491, the cursor 401 will change form to a resize icon 490 once it is pointed at (i.e. positioned over) the corner handle 491. The cursor 401 will remain in the form of the resize icon 490 until the cursor 401 has been moved away from the corner handle 491.
[0041] Lateral movement of a lens 410 is provided by the move lens control element of the GUI 400. This functionality is accomplished by the user first selecting the lens 410 through a point and click operation. Then, the user points to a point within the lens 410 that is other than a point lying on a lens control icon 450, 412, 411, 421, 481, 482, 491, 492, 440. When the cursor 401 is so located, a move icon 460 is displayed over the lens 410 to replace the cursor 401 or may be displayed in combination with the cursor 401. The move icon 460 not only informs the user that the lens 410 may be moved, but also provides the user with indications as to what movement operations are possible for the selected lens 410. For example, the move icon 460 may include arrowheads indicating up, down, left, and right motion. Next, the lens 410 is moved by a click and drag operation in which the user clicks and drags the lens 410 to the desired position on the screen 340 and then releases the mouse button 310. The lens 410 is locked in its new position until a further pickup and move operation is performed.
[0042] Lateral movement of a lens 410 is also provided by the pickup lens control element of the GUI. This functionality is accomplished by the user first selecting the lens 410 through a point and click operation. As mentioned above, when the lens 410 is selected a pickup icon 450 is displayed over the lens 410 near the centre of the lens 410. Typically, the pickup icon 450 will be a crosshairs. In addition, a base outline 412 is displayed over the lens 410 representing the base 412 of the lens 410. The crosshairs 450 and lens outline 412 not only inform the user that the lens has been selected, but also provides the user with an indication as to the pickup operation that is possible for the selected lens 410. Next, the user points at the crosshairs 450 with the cursor 401. Then, the lens outline 412 is moved by a click and drag operation in which the user clicks and drags the crosshairs 450 to the desired position on the screen 340 and then releases the mouse button 310. The full lens 410 is then moved to the new position and is locked there until a further pickup operation is performed. In contrast to the move operation described above, with the pickup operation, it is the outline 412 of the lens 410 that the user repositions rather than the full lens 410.
[0043] Resizing of the base 412 (or outline) of a lens 410 is provided by the resize base lens control element of the GUI. After the lens 410 is selected, a bounding rectangle icon 411 is displayed surrounding the base 412. For a rectangular shaped base 412, the bounding rectangle icon 411 may be coextensive with the perimeter of the base 412. The bounding rectangle 411 includes handles 491, 492. These handles 491, 492 can be used to stretch the base 412 taller or shorter, wider or narrower, or proportionally larger or smaller. The corner handles 491 will keep the proportions the same while changing the size. The middle handles 492 (see FIG. 6 ) will make the base 412 taller or shorter, wider or narrower. Resizing the base 412 by the corner handles 491 will keep the base 412 in proportion. Resizing the base 412 by the middle handles 492 will change the proportions of the base 412. That is, the middle handles 492 change the aspect ratio of the base 412 (i.e. the ratio between the height and the width of the bounding rectangle 411 of the base 412). When a user points at a handle 491, 492 with the cursor 401 a resize icon 490 may be displayed over the handle 491, 492 to replace the cursor 401 or may be displayed in combination with the cursor 401. The resize icon 490 not only informs the user that the handle 491, 492 may be selected, but also provides the user with indications as to the resizing operations that are possible with the selected handle. For example, the resize icon 490 for a corner handle 491 may include arrows indicating proportional resizing. The resize icon (not shown) for a middle handle 492 may include arrows indicating width resizing or height resizing. After pointing at the desired handle 491, 492 the user would click and drag the handle 491, 492 until the desired shape and size for the base 412 is reached. Once the desired shape and size are reached, the user would release the mouse button 310. The base 412 of the lens 410 is then locked in its new size and shape until a further base resize operation is performed.
[0044] Resizing of the focal region 420 of a lens 410 is provided by the resize focus lens control element of the GUI. After the lens 410 is selected, a bounding rectangle icon 421 is displayed surrounding the focal region 420. For a rectangular shaped focal region 420, the bounding rectangle icon 421 may be coextensive with the perimeter of the focal region 420. The bounding rectangle 421 includes handles 481, 482. These handles 481, 482 can be used to stretch the focal region 420 taller or shorter, wider or narrower, or proportionally larger or smaller. The corner handles 481 will keep the proportions the same while changing the size. The middle handles 482 will make the focal region 420 taller or shorter, wider or narrower. Resizing the focal region 420 by the corner handles 481 will keep the focal region 420 in proportion. Resizing the focal region 420 by the middle handles 482 will change the proportions of the focal region 420. That is, the middle handles 482 change the aspect ratio of the focal region 420 (i.e. the ratio between the height and the width of the bounding rectangle 421 of the focal region 420). When a user points at a handle 481, 482 with the cursor 401 a resize icon 480 may be displayed over the handle 481, 482 to replace the cursor 401 or may be displayed in combination with the cursor 401. The resize icon 480 not only informs the user that a handle 481, 482 may be selected, but also provides the user with indications as to the resizing operations that are possible with the selected handle. For example, the resize icon 480 for a corner handle 481 may include arrows indicating proportional resizing. The resize icon 480 for a middle handle 482 may include arrows indicating width resizing or height resizing. After pointing at the desired handle 481, 482, the user would click and drag the handle 481, 482 until the desired shape and size for the focal region 420 is reached. Once the desired shape and size are reached, the user would release the mouse button 310. The focal region 420 is then locked in its new size and shape until a further focus resize operation is performed.
[0045] Folding of the focal region 420 of a lens 410 is provided by the fold control element of the GUI. In general, control of the degree and direction of folding (i.e. skewing of the viewer aligned vector 231 as described by Carpendale) is accomplished by a click and drag operation on a point 471, other than a handle 481, 482, on the bounding rectangle 421 surrounding the focal region 420. The direction of folding is determined by the direction in which the point 471 is dragged. The degree of folding is determined by the magnitude of the translation of the cursor 401 during the drag. In general, the direction and degree of folding corresponds to the relative displacement of the focus 420 with respect to the lens base 410. In other words, and referring to FIG. 2 , the direction and degree of folding corresponds to the displacement of the point FP 233 relative to the point FPo 232, where the vector joining the points FPo 232 and FP 233 defines the viewer aligned vector 231. In particular, after the lens 410 is selected, a bounding rectangle icon 421 is displayed surrounding the focal region 420. The bounding rectangle 421 includes handles 481, 482. When a user points at a point 471, other than a handle 481, 482, on the bounding rectangle 421 surrounding the focal region 420 with the cursor 401, a fold icon 470 may be displayed over the point 471 to replace the cursor 401 or may be displayed in combination with the cursor 401. The fold icon 470 not only informs the user that a point 471 on the bounding rectangle 421 may be selected, but also provides the user with indications as to what fold operations are possible. For example, the fold icon 470 may include arrowheads indicating up, down, left, and right motion. By choosing a point 471, other than a handle 481, 482, on the bounding rectangle 421 a user may control the degree and direction of folding. To control the direction of folding, the user would click on the point 471 and drag in the desired direction of folding. To control the degree of folding, the user would drag to a greater or lesser degree in the desired direction of folding. Once the desired direction and degree of folding is reached, the user would release the mouse button 310. The lens 410 is then locked with the selected fold until a further fold operation is performed.
[0046] Magnification of the lens 410 is provided by the magnify lens control element of the GUI. After the lens 410 is selected, the magnify control is presented to the user as a slide bar icon 440 near or adjacent to the lens 410 and typically to one side of the lens 410. Sliding the bar 441 of the slide bar 440 results in a proportional change in the magnification of the lens 410. The slide bar 440 not only informs the user that magnification of the lens 410 may be selected, but also provides the user with an indication as to what level of magnification is possible. The slide bar 440 includes a bar 441 that may be slid up and down, or left and right, to adjust and indicate the level of magnification. To control the level of magnification, the user would click on the bar 441 of the slide bar 440 and drag in the direction of desired magnification level. Once the desired level of magnification is reached, the user would release the mouse button 310. The lens 410 is then locked with the selected magnification until a further magnification operation is performed. In general, the focal region 420 is an area of the lens 410 having constant magnification (i.e. if the focal region is a plane). Again referring to FIGS. 1 and 2 , magnification of the focal region 420, 233 varies inversely with the distance from the focal region 420, 233 to the reference view plane (RVP) 201. Magnification of areas lying in the shoulder region 430 of the lens 410 also varies inversely with their distance from the RVP 201. Thus, magnification of areas lying in the shoulder region 430 will range from unity at the base 412 to the level of magnification of the focal region 420.
[0047] Zoom functionality is provided by the zoom lens control element of the GUI. Referring to FIG. 2 , the zoom lens control element, for example, allows a user to quickly navigate to a region of interest 233 within a continuous view of a larger presentation 210 and then zoom in to that region of interest 233 for detailed viewing or editing. Referring to FIG. 4 , the combined presentation area covered by the focal region 420 and shoulder region 430 and surrounded by the base 412 may be referred to as the “extent of the lens”. Similarly, the presentation area covered by the focal region 420 may be referred to as the “extent of the focal region”. The extent of the lens may be indicated to a user by a base bounding rectangle 411 when the lens 410 is selected. The extent of the lens may also be indicated by an arbitrarily shaped figure that bounds or is coincident with the perimeter of the base 412. Similarly, the extent of the focal region may be indicated by a second bounding rectangle 421 or arbitrarily shaped figure. The zoom lens control element allows a user to: (a) “zoom in” to the extent of the focal region such that the extent of the focal region fills the display screen 340 (i.e. “zoom to focal region extent”); (b) “zoom in” to the extent of the lens such that the extent of the lens fills the display screen 340 (i.e. “zoom to lens extent”); or, (c) “zoom in” to the area lying outside of the extent of the focal region such that the area without the focal region is magnified to the same level as the extent of the focal region (i.e. “zoom to scale”).
[0048] In particular, after the lens 410 is selected, a bounding rectangle icon 411 is displayed surrounding the base 412 and a bounding rectangle icon 421 is displayed surrounding the focal region 420. Zoom functionality is accomplished by the user first selecting the zoom icon 495 through a point and click operation When a user selects zoom functionality, a zoom cursor icon 496 may be displayed to replace the cursor 401 or may be displayed in combination with the cursor 401. The zoom cursor icon 496 provides the user with indications as to what zoom operations are possible. For example, the zoom cursor icon 496 may include a magnifying glass. By choosing a point within the extent of the focal region, within the extent of the lens, or without the extent of the lens, the user may control the zoom function. To zoom in to the extent of the focal region such that the extent of the focal region fills the display screen 340 (i.e. “zoom to focal region extent”), the user would point and click within the extent of the focal region. To zoom in to the extent of the lens such that the extent of the lens fills the display screen 340 (i.e. “zoom to lens extent”), the user would point and click within the extent of the lens. Or, to zoom in to the presentation area without the extent of the focal region, such that the area without the extent of the focal region is magnified to the same level as the extent of the focal region (i.e. “zoom to scale”), the user would point and click without the extent of the lens. After the point and click operation is complete, the presentation is locked with the selected zoom until a further zoom operation is performed.
[0049] Alternatively, rather than choosing a point within the extent of the focal region, within the extent of the lens, or without the extent of the lens to select the zoom function, a zoom function menu with multiple items (not shown) or multiple zoom function icons (not shown) may be used for zoom function selection. The zoom function menu may be presented as a pull-down menu. The zoom function icons may be presented in a toolbar or adjacent to the lens 410 when the lens is selected. Individual zoom function menu items or zoom function icons may be provided for each of the “zoom to focal region extent”, “zoom to lens extent”, and “zoom to scale” functions described above. In this alternative, after the lens 410 is selected, a bounding rectangle icon 411 may be displayed surrounding the base 412 and a bounding rectangle icon 421 may be displayed surrounding the focal region 420. Zoom functionality is accomplished by the user selecting a zoom function from the zoom function menu or via the zoom function icons using a point and click operation. In this way, a zoom function may be selected without considering the position of the cursor 401 within the lens 410.
[0050] The concavity or “scoop” of the shoulder region 430 of the lens 410 is provided by the scoop lens control element of the GUI. After the lens 410 is selected, the scoop control is presented to the user as a slide bar icon (not shown) near or adjacent to the lens 410 and typically below the lens 410. Sliding the bar (not shown) of the slide bar results in a proportional change in the concavity or scoop of the shoulder region 430 of the lens 410. The slide bar not only informs the user that the shape of the shoulder region 430 of the lens 410 may be selected, but also provides the user with an indication as to what degree of shaping is possible. The slide bar includes a bar that may be slid left and right, or up and down, to adjust and indicate the degree of scooping. To control the degree of scooping, the user would click on the bar of the slide bar and drag in the direction of desired scooping degree. Once the desired degree of scooping is reached, the user would release the mouse button 310. The lens 410 is then locked with the selected scoop until a further scooping operation is performed.
[0051] Advantageously, a user may choose to hide one or more lens control icons 450, 412, 411, 421, 481, 482, 491, 492, 440, 495 shown in FIG. 4 from view so as not to impede the user's view of the image within the lens 410. This may be helpful, for example, during an editing or move operation. A user may select this option through means such as a menu, toolbar, or lens property dialog box.
[0052] In addition, the GUI 400 maintains a record of control element operations such that the user may restore pre-operation presentations. This record of operations may be accessed by or presented to the user through “Undo” and “Redo” icons 497, 498, through a pull-down operation history menu (not shown), or through a toolbar.
[0053] Thus, detail-in-context data viewing techniques allow a user to view multiple levels of detail or resolution on one display 340. The appearance of the data display or presentation is that of one or more virtual lenses showing detail 233 within the context of a larger area view 210. Using multiple lenses in detail-in-context data presentations may be used to compare two regions of interest at the same time. Folding enhances this comparison by allowing the user to pull the regions of interest closer together. Moreover, using detail-in-context technology such as PDT, an area of interest can be magnified to pixel level resolution, or to any level of detail available from the source information, for in-depth review. The digital images may include graphic images, maps, photographic images, or text documents, and the source information may be in raster, vector, or text form.
[0054] For example, in order to view a selected object or area in detail, a user can define a lens 410 over the object using the GUI 400. The lens 410 may be introduced to the original image to form the a presentation through the use of a pull-down menu selection, tool bar icon, etc. Using lens control elements for the GUI 400, such as move, pickup, resize base, resize focus, fold, magnify, zoom, and scoop, as described above, the user adjusts the lens 410 for detailed viewing of the object or area. Using the magnify lens control element, for example, the user may magnify the focal region 420 of the lens 410 to pixel quality resolution revealing detailed information pertaining to the selected object or area. That is, a base image (i.e., the image outside the extent of the lens) is displayed at a low resolution while a lens image (i.e., the image within the extent of the lens) is displayed at a resolution based on a user selected magnification 440, 441.
[0055] In operation, the data processing system 300 employs EPS techniques with an input device 310 and GUI 400 for selecting objects or areas for detailed display to a user on a display screen 340. Data representing an original image or representation is received by the CPU 320 of the data processing system 300. Using EPS techniques, the CPU 320 processes the data in accordance with instructions received from the user via an input device 310 and GUI 400 to produce a detail-in-context presentation. The presentation is presented to the user on a display screen 340. It will be understood that the CPU 320 may apply a transformation to the shoulder region 430 surrounding the region-of-interest 420 to affect blending or folding in accordance with EPS technology. For example, the transformation may map the region-of-interest 420 and/or shoulder region 430 to a predefined lens surface, defined by a transformation or distortion function and having a variety of shapes, using EPS techniques. Or, the lens 410 may be simply coextensive with the region-of-interest 420.
[0056] The lens control elements of the GUI 400 are adjusted by the user via an input device 310 to control the characteristics of the lens 410 in the detail-in-context presentation. Using an input device 310 such as a mouse, a user adjusts parameters of the lens 410 using icons and scroll bars of the GUI 400 that are displayed over the lens 410 on the display screen 340. The user may also adjust parameters of the image of the full scene. Signals representing input device 310 movements and selections are transmitted to the CPU 320 of the data processing system 300 where they are translated into instructions for lens control.
[0057] Moreover, the lens 410 may be added to the presentation before or after the object or area is selected. That is, the user may first add a lens 410 to a presentation or the user may move a pre-existing lens into place over the selected object or area. The lens 410 may be introduced to the original image to form the presentation through the use of a pull-down menu selection, tool bar icon, etc.
[0058] Advantageously, by using a detail-in-context lens 410 to select an object or area for detailed information gathering, a user can view a large area (i.e., outside the extent of the lens 410) while focusing in on a smaller area (or within the focal region 420 of the lens 410) surrounding the selected object. This makes it possible for a user to accurately gather detailed information without losing visibility or context of the portion of the original image surrounding the selected object.
[0059] Now, current detail-in-context lenses (such as those described above and in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,768,497 and 6,798,412) generally function as “simplex” lenses in that only a single view or representation of data in a primary region-of-interest is presented through the lens (e.g., in the focal region 420 of the lens 410), albeit with a continuous transition (e.g., through the shoulder region 430) into the surrounding context. However, a user (e.g., an analyst or decision maker) may have the need to access and analyze a set of information from a variety of sources related to the region-of-interest. To satisfy this need, according to one aspect of the present invention, a method is provided for displaying data from multiple sources in a single compound detail-in-context lens presentation. According another aspect of the present invention, “compound” lenses with multifaceted surfaces are provided. FIGS. 5 and 6 shows such a compound lens with multiple imagery facets.
[0060] In particular, FIG. 5 is a screen capture illustrating a detail-in-context presentation 500 for multi-source data, the presentation 500 having a compound lens 510 and associated GUI 400, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. And, FIG. 6 is a detail view illustrating the compound lens 510 of FIG. 5 . The lens 510 shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 is much like the compound eyes of insects such as Strepsiptera, which are composed of a number of “eyelets”. The focal region 520 of the compound lens 510 is divided into a number of eyelets or facets 521, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526. According to one embodiment, the shoulder region 530 of the compound lens may also be divided into a number of eyelets or facets (e.g., 531, 532). Each facet (e.g., 525) of the compound lens 510 may be used to present a different aspect or layer of an original multi-source data set or image. For example, the compound lens 510 may present down-sampled raster images from different modalities or available image spectra, and/or simplified representations of data such as iconic or symbolic representations.
[0061] The compound lens 510 in FIG. 5 has been applied to an original digital map image 501 to produce the illustrated presentation 500. The original image 501 may have a number of layers associated with it (e.g., street names, underground plant, zoning, etc.). In addition, the original image 501 may have images, information, or data associated with it from other data sources. For example, the original map image 501 of FIG. 5 shows an area of a city located near a body of water. Associated with this map image 501 may be data sources related to travel, for example. Thus, as shown in FIG. 6 , each facet 521, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526 of the focal region 520 of the lens 510 may show a different means of travel or a travel related scene or aspect from the area that the map 501 covers (e.g., a bird in flight 521, a lighthouse 522, a bridge 523, a port scene 524, an aircraft in flight 525, a landscape scene 526). According to one embodiment, facets 531, 532 for displaying images and data from additional sources may also be included in the shoulder region 530 of the lens 510.
[0062] According to one embodiment, when a user selects a particular eyelet or facet (e.g., 525), the compound lens 510 transitions to a simplex lens (e.g., 410) in which the image or data in the facet of interest 525 subsumes or is displayed over the entire lensed area (e.g., the focal region 520, the shoulder region 530, or both). For example, if a user selects the aircraft facet 525, the simplex lens may display a larger or more detailed image of the aircraft alone.
[0063] As mentioned above, each facet (e.g., 525) of the compound lens 510 may include a down-sampled raster image and/or a simplified representation (e.g., an iconic or symbolic representation) of the original data source associated with the facet. For example, the image of the aircraft in flight 525 in the compound lens 510 may be a down-sampled raster image of an original image of the aircraft in flight. According to one embodiment, in such circumstances, the simplex lens for the selected facet (e.g., 525) may display the data source associated with the facet in its native, photorealistic, or original state rather than in down-sampled or simplified form. Thus, for example, the simplex lens may display the original, non-down-sampled, image of the aircraft in flight.
[0064] According to one embodiment, the transition from compound lens 510 to simplex lens by be reversible by the user on demand (e.g., by selection from a menu, tool bar, etc.). According to another embodiment, the transition between compound and simplex lens may be driven or triggered by incoming alert messages received by the data processing system 300 or from information messages received from collaborators (i.e., from external systems).
[0065] The above embodiments are illustrated in FIGS. 7 and 8 . FIG. 7 is a screen capture illustrating an alternate detail-in-context presentation 700 for multi-source data, the presentation 700 having a compound lens 710 and associated GUI 400, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. And, FIG. 8 is a screen capture illustrating a detail-in-context presentation 800 for multi-source data, the presentation 800 having a simplex lens 810 and associated GUI 400 for a selected facet 724 of the compound lens 710 of FIG. 7 , in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. In FIGS. 7 and 8 , the original image 701 is a mosaic of individual images 702 where each individual image may have its own data source. In FIG. 7 , the focal region 720 of the compound lens 710 has four facets 721, 722, 723, 724. One selected facet 724 presents an image of windsurfer in flight. In FIG. 8 , a simplex lens 810 is shown for the selected facet 724 of FIG. 7 . In FIG. 8 , the image of the windsurfer from the selected facet 724 of FIG. 7 covers the entirety of the focal and shoulder regions 820, 830 of the simplex lens 810.
[0066] The above described method may be summarized with the aid of a flowchart. FIG. 9 is a flow chart illustrating operations 900 of software modules 331 within the memory 330 of a data processing system 300 for generating a presentation 500 of a region-of-interest in an original image for display on a display screen 340, the original image having one or more images relating to the region-of-interest, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
[0067] At step 901, the operations 900 start.
[0068] At step 902, a lens 510 is established for the region-of-interest, the lens having a focal region 520 with a magnification for the region-of-interest at least partially surrounded by a shoulder region 530 across which the magnification varies to provide a continuous transition from the focal region 520 to regions (e.g., 210 in FIG. 2 ) outside the lens 510.
[0069] At step 903, the focal region 520 is subdivided into one or more facets 521, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, each facet (e.g., 525) for displaying a respective image relating to the region-of-interest.
[0070] At step 904, the lens 510 is applied to the original image to produce the presentation 500.
[0071] At step 905, the operations 900 end.
[0072] The method may further include subdividing the shoulder region 530 into one or more additional facets 531, 532 for one or more respective additional images relating to the region-of-interest. The method may further include simplifying for display in at least one facet (e.g., 525), the respective image relating to the region-of-interest. The simplifying may be at least one of down-sampling and symbolizing. The method may further include: receiving a signal indicating a selection of a facet (e.g., 525, 724); and, displaying the image relating to the region-of-interest for the facet 525, 724 over an entirety of at least one of the focal region 520, 820 and the shoulder region 530, 830. The signal may be at least one of an alarm signal received from an external system, an information signal received from an external collaborating system, and a user selection signal received from a pointing device 310 manipulated by a user. The method may further include displaying the presentation 500 on the display screen 340. The lens 510 may be a surface. The focal region 520 may have a size and a shape and the method may further include receiving one or more signals to adjust at least one of the size, shape, and magnification of the focal region 520. The method may further include receiving the one or more signals through a graphical user interface (“GUI”) 400 displayed over the lens 510. The GUI 400 may have means for adjusting at least one of the size, shape, and magnification of the focal region. At least some of the means may be icons 481, 482, 491, 492, 440, 441. The means for adjusting the size and shape may be at least one handle icon 481, 482 positioned on the perimeter 421 of the focal region 420, 520. The means for adjusting the magnification may be a slide bar icon 440, 441. The method may further include receiving the one or more signals from a pointing device 310 manipulated by a user. The pointing device 310 may be at least one of a mouse, a trackball, and a keyboard. The shoulder region 530 may have a size and a shape and the method may further include receiving one or more signals through a GUI 400 displayed over the lens to adjust at least one of the size and shape of the shoulder region 530, wherein the GUI 400 has one or more handle icons 491, 492 positioned on the perimeter 411 of the shoulder region 530 for adjusting at least one of the size and the shape of the shoulder region 530. And, the step of applying 904 the lens 510 to the original image to produce the presentation 500 may further include displacing the original image onto the lens 510 and perspectively projecting the displacing onto a plane 201 in a direction 231 aligned with a viewpoint 240 for the region-of-interest.
[0073] While this invention is primarily discussed as a method, a person of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the apparatus discussed above with reference to a data processing system 300, may be programmed to enable the practice of the method of the invention. Moreover, an article of manufacture for use with a data processing system 300, such as a pre-recorded storage device or other similar computer readable medium including program instructions recorded thereon, may direct the data processing system 300 to facilitate the practice of the method of the invention. It is understood that such apparatus and articles of manufacture also come within the scope of the invention.
[0074] In particular, the sequences of instructions which when executed cause the method described herein to be performed by the data processing system 300 of FIG. 3 can be contained in a data carrier product according to one embodiment of the invention. This data carrier product can be loaded into and run by the data processing system 300 of FIG. 3 . In addition, the sequences of instructions which when executed cause the method described herein to be performed by the data processing system 300 of FIG. 3 can be contained in a computer software product according to one embodiment of the invention. This computer software product can be loaded into and run by the data processing system 300 of FIG. 3 . Moreover, the sequences of instructions which when executed cause the method described herein to be performed by the data processing system 300 of FIG. 3 can be contained in an integrated circuit product including a coprocessor or memory according to one embodiment of the invention. This integrated circuit product can be installed in the data processing system 300 of FIG. 3 .
[0075] The embodiments of the invention described above are intended to be exemplary only. The scope of the invention is therefore intended to be limited solely by the scope of the appended claims.
Claims
Certificate of Correction present
The claims shown below may not include correction changes. Use the corrected PDF for authoritative text.
What is claimed is:
1. A method comprising:
displaying, by a data processing system, an image having an appearance of a compound lens that includes a focal region at least partially surrounded by a shoulder region across which magnification decreases from a magnification of the focal region to a magnification of a region of the image outside the appearance of the lens, the focal region including a plurality of facets, each facet having substantially similar magnifications, one to another; and
responsive to receipt of data indicating selection of one of the facets of the appearance of the conpound lens, transitioning from a display of the appearance of the compound lens having the plurality of facets to a display of an appearance of a simplex lens having a single facet having data from the selected facet of the appearance of the compound lens.
2. A method of claim 1, wherein the appearance of the simplex lens and the appearance of the compound lens have matching sizes.
3. A method of claim 1, wherein at least two of the facets of the appearance of the compound lens include different layers of the image, respectively.
4. A method of claim 3, wherein the image is a map and one of the layers describes street names.
5. A method of claim 3, wherein the image is a map and one of the layers describes zoning.
6. A method of claim 1, wherein the image is a map and at least two of the facets of the appearance of the compound lens describe different modes of travel.
7. A method of claim 1, wherein the shoulder region includes another plurality of facets.
8. A method of claim 7, wherein the other plurality of facets in the shoulder region includes data obtained from different sources, respectively.
9. A method of claim 1, wherein the display of the appearance of the simplex lens is displayed over the focal region of the appearance of the compound lens.
10. A method of claim 1, wherein the display of the appearance of the simplex lens is displayed over the focal region and the shoulder region of the appearance of the compound lens.
11. A method of claim 1, wherein the display of the data in the appearance of the simplex lens gives a more detailed view of the data than the display of the data in the appearance of the compound lens.
12. A method of claim 1, wherein the display of the data in the single facet in the appearance of the simplex lens is a simplified version of the display of the data in the selected facet of the appearance of the compound lens.
13. A method of claim 1, wherein the display of the data in the single facet in the appearance of the simplex lens is in a native state of the data and the display of the data in the selected facet of the appearance of the compound lens is a down-sampled raster image of the data in the native state.
14. A tangible computer-readable medium comprising instructions that are stored thereon and that are executable to cause a computing device to transition from a display of an image having an appearance of a compound lens that includes a plurality of facets with substantially similar magnifications in a focal region of the compound lens, to a display of the image that includes an appearance of a simplex lens that has a single facet which forms a focal region of the simplex lens and which includes data from a selected facet of the plurality of facets of the appearance of the compound lens, the focal region of the simpliest lens has a magnification and is at least partially surrounded by a shoulder region across which magnification continuously decreases from the magnification of the focal region of the simplex lens to a magnification of a region of the image outside the appearance of the simplex lens.
15. A tangible computer-readable medium of claim 14, wherein the appearance of the simplex lens and the appearance of the compound lens have matching sizes.
16. A tangible computer-readable medium of claim 14, wherein at least two of the facets of the appearance of the compound lens include different layers of the image, respectively.
17. A tangible computer-readable medium of claim 16, wherein the image is a map and one of the layers describes street names.
18. A tangible computer-readable medium of claim 16, wherein the image is a map and one of the layers describes zoning.
19. A tangible computer-readable medium of claim 14, wherein the image is a map and at least two of the facets of the appearance of the compound lens describe different modes of travel.
20. A tangible computer-readable medium of claim 14, wherein the plurality of facets in the appearance of the compound lens include data obtained from different sources, respectively.
21. A tangible computer-readable medium of claim 14, wherein the display of the data in the single facet in the appearance of the simplex lens is more detailed than the display of the data in the selected said facet of the compound lens.
22. A tangible computer-readable medium of claim 14, wherein the display of the data in the single facet in the appearance of the simplex lens is in a native state of the data and the display of the data in the selected said facet of the compound lens is a down-sampled raster image of the data in the native state.
23. A data processing system comprising a processor and memory having instructions that are executable by the processor to cause the data processing system to perform operations comprising:
applying an appearance of a compound lens having a plurality of facets with substantially similar magnifications in a focal region to an image, the appearance of the compound lens including the focal region at least partially surrounded by a shoulder region across which magnification decreases from the substantially similar magnifications of the plurality of facets of the focal region to a magnification of a region of the image outside the appearance of the compound lens; and
applying an appearance of a simplex lens having a single facet to the image to replace the appearance of the compound lens in response to receipt of an input that indicates selection of one of the plurality of facets of the appearance of the compound lens.
24. A data processing system of claim 23, wherein the appearance of the simplex lens and the appearance of the compound lens have matching sizes.
25. A data processing system of claim 23, wherein at least two of the facets of the appearance of the compound lens include different layers of the image, respectively.
26. A data processing system of claim 23, wherein the plurality of facets in the appearance of the compound lens include data obtained from different sources, respectively.
27. A data processing system of claim 23, wherein the display of the data in the single facet in the appearance of the simplex lens is more detailed than the display of the data in the selected facet of the appearance of the compound lens.
28. A data processing system of claim 23, wherein the display of the data in the single facet in the appearance of the simplex lens is in a native state of the data and the display of the data in the selected facet of the appearance of the compound lens is a down-sampled raster image of the data in the native state.
Patent Citations (315)
| Patent | Date | Inventor | Cited By |
|---|---|---|---|
| US3201546(A) | 1965-08-01 | Richardson | Applicant |
| US3704938(A) | 1972-12-01 | Fanselow | Applicant |
| US3739739(A) | 1973-06-01 | Brase | Applicant |
| US3762799(A) | 1973-10-01 | Shapiro | Applicant |
| US4581647(A) | 1986-04-01 | Vye | Applicant |
| US4630110(A) | 1986-12-01 | Cotton et al. | Applicant |
| US4688181(A) | 1987-08-01 | Cottrell et al. | Applicant |
| US4757616(A) | 1988-07-01 | Hills | Applicant |
| US4790028(A) | 1988-12-01 | Ramage | Examiner |
| US4800379(A) | 1989-01-01 | Yeomans | Applicant |
| US4885702(A) | 1989-12-01 | Ohba | Applicant |
| US4888713(A) | 1989-12-01 | Falk | Applicant |
| US4970028(A) | 1990-11-01 | Kenyon et al. | Examiner |
| US4985849(A) | 1991-01-01 | Hideaki | Applicant |
| US4992866(A) | 1991-02-01 | Morgan | Applicant |
| US5031918(A) | 1991-07-01 | Brill | Applicant |
| US5048077(A) | 1991-09-01 | Wells et al. | Applicant |
| US5175808(A) | 1992-12-01 | Sayre | Applicant |
| US5185599(A) | 1993-02-01 | Dorrnink et al. | Applicant |
| US5185667(A) | 1993-02-01 | Zimmermann | Applicant |
| US5200818(A) | 1993-04-01 | Neta et al. | Applicant |
| US5206721(A) | 1993-04-01 | Ashida et al. | Applicant |
| US5227771(A) | 1993-07-01 | Kerr et al. | Applicant |
| US5250934(A) | 1993-10-01 | Denber et al. | Applicant |
| US5258837(A) | 1993-11-01 | Gormley | Applicant |
| US5269687(A) | 1993-12-01 | Mott et al. | Applicant |
| US5275019(A) | 1994-01-01 | Pagani | Applicant |
| US5309279(A) | 1994-05-01 | Halstead | Applicant |
| US5321807(A) | 1994-06-01 | Mumford | Applicant |
| US5329310(A) | 1994-07-01 | Liljegren et al. | Applicant |
| US5341466(A) | 1994-08-01 | Perlin et al. | Applicant |
| US5369527(A) | 1994-11-01 | McCracken | Applicant |
| US5416900(A) | 1995-05-01 | Blanchard et al. | Applicant |
| US5432895(A) | 1995-07-01 | Myers | Applicant |
| US5451998(A) | 1995-09-01 | Hamrick | Applicant |
| US5459488(A) | 1995-10-01 | Geiser | Applicant |
| US5473740(A) | 1995-12-01 | Kasson | Applicant |
| US5521634(A) | 1996-05-01 | McGary | Applicant |
| US5523783(A) | 1996-06-01 | Cho | Applicant |
| US5528289(A) | 1996-06-01 | Cortjens et al. | Applicant |
| US5539534(A) | 1996-07-01 | Hino et al. | Applicant |
| US5581670(A) | 1996-12-01 | Bier et al. | Applicant |
| US5583977(A) | 1996-12-01 | Seidl | Applicant |
| US5588098(A) | 1996-12-01 | Chen et al. | Applicant |
| US5594859(A) | 1997-01-01 | Palmer et al. | Applicant |
| US5596690(A) | 1997-01-01 | Stone et al. | Applicant |
| US5598297(A) | 1997-01-01 | Yamanaka et al. | Applicant |
| US5610653(A) | 1997-03-01 | Abecassis | Applicant |
| US5613032(A) | 1997-03-01 | Cruz et al. | Applicant |
| US5638523(A) | 1997-06-01 | Mullet et al. | Applicant |
| US5644758(A) | 1997-07-01 | Patrick | Applicant |
| US5651107(A) | 1997-07-01 | Frank et al. | Applicant |
| US5652851(A) | 1997-07-01 | Stone et al. | Applicant |
| US5657246(A) | 1997-08-01 | Hogan et al. | Applicant |
| US5670984(A) | 1997-09-01 | Robertson et al. | Examiner |
| US5680524(A) | 1997-10-01 | Maples et al. | Applicant |
| US5682489(A) | 1997-10-01 | Harrow et al. | Applicant |
| US5689287(A) | 1997-11-01 | Mackinlay et al. | Applicant |
| US5689628(A) | 1997-11-01 | Robertson | Applicant |
| US5721853(A) | 1998-02-01 | Smith | Applicant |
| US5729673(A) | 1998-03-01 | Cooper et al. | Applicant |
| US5731805(A) | 1998-03-01 | Tognazzini et al. | Applicant |
| US5742272(A) | 1998-04-01 | Kitamura et al. | Applicant |
| US5745166(A) | 1998-04-01 | Rhodes et al. | Applicant |
| US5751289(A) | 1998-05-01 | Myers | Applicant |
| US5754348(A) | 1998-05-01 | Soohoo | Applicant |
| US5764139(A) | 1998-06-01 | Nojima et al. | Applicant |
| US5786814(A) | 1998-07-01 | Moran et al. | Applicant |
| US5798752(A) | 1998-08-01 | Buxton et al. | Applicant |
| US5808670(A) | 1998-09-01 | Oyashiki et al. | Applicant |
| US5812111(A) | 1998-09-01 | Fuji et al. | Applicant |
| US5818455(A) | 1998-10-01 | Stone et al. | Applicant |
| US5848231(A) | 1998-12-01 | Teitelbaum et al. | Applicant |
| US5852440(A) | 1998-12-01 | Grossman et al. | Applicant |
| US5872922(A) | 1999-02-01 | Hogan et al. | Applicant |
| US5909219(A) | 1999-06-01 | Dye | Applicant |
| US5923364(A) | 1999-07-01 | Rhodes et al. | Applicant |
| US5926209(A) | 1999-07-01 | Glatt | Applicant |
| US5949430(A) | 1999-09-01 | Robertson et al. | Applicant |
| US5950216(A) | 1999-09-01 | Amro et al. | Applicant |
| US5959605(A) | 1999-09-01 | Gilblom | Applicant |
| US5969706(A) | 1999-10-01 | Tanimoto et al. | Applicant |
| US5973694(A) | 1999-10-01 | Steele et al. | Applicant |
| US5991877(A) | 1999-11-01 | Luckenbaugh | Applicant |
| US5999879(A) | 1999-12-01 | Yano | Applicant |
| US6005611(A) | 1999-12-01 | Gullichsen et al. | Applicant |
| US6037939(A) | 2000-03-01 | Kashiwagi et al. | Applicant |
| US6052110(A) | 2000-04-01 | Sciammarella et al. | Applicant |
| US6057844(A) | 2000-05-01 | Strauss | Applicant |
| US6064401(A) | 2000-05-01 | Holzman et al. | Applicant |
| US6067372(A) | 2000-05-01 | Gur et al. | Applicant |
| US6072501(A) | 2000-06-01 | Bier | Examiner |
| US6073036(A) | 2000-06-01 | Heikkinen et al. | Applicant |
| US6075531(A) | 2000-06-01 | DeStefano | Applicant |
| US6081277(A) | 2000-06-01 | Kojima | Applicant |
| US6084598(A) | 2000-07-01 | Chekerylla | Applicant |
| US6091771(A) | 2000-07-01 | Seeley et al. | Applicant |
| US6108005(A) | 2000-08-01 | Starks et al. | Applicant |
| US6128024(A) | 2000-10-01 | Carver et al. | Applicant |
| US6133914(A) | 2000-10-01 | Rogers et al. | Applicant |
| US6147709(A) | 2000-11-01 | Martin et al. | Applicant |
| US6154840(A) | 2000-11-01 | Pebley et al. | Applicant |
| US6160553(A) | 2000-12-01 | Robertson et al. | Applicant |
| US6184859(B1) | 2001-02-01 | Kojima | Applicant |
| US6198484(B1) | 2001-03-01 | Kameyama | Applicant |
| US6201546(B1) | 2001-03-01 | Bodor et al. | Applicant |
| US6201548(B1) | 2001-03-01 | Cariffe et al. | Applicant |
| US6204845(B1) | 2001-03-01 | Bates et al. | Applicant |
| US6204850(B1) | 2001-03-01 | Green | Applicant |
| US6215491(B1) | 2001-04-01 | Gould | Applicant |
| US6219052(B1) | 2001-04-01 | Gould | Applicant |
| US6241609(B1) | 2001-06-01 | Rutgers | Applicant |
| US6246411(B1) | 2001-06-01 | Strauss | Applicant |
| US6249281(B1) | 2001-06-01 | Chen et al. | Applicant |
| US6256043(B1) | 2001-07-01 | Aho et al. | Applicant |
| US6256115(B1) | 2001-07-01 | Adler et al. | Applicant |
| US6256737(B1) | 2001-07-01 | Bianco et al. | Applicant |
| US6266082(B1) | 2001-07-01 | Yonezawa et al. | Applicant |
| US6271854(B1) | 2001-08-01 | Light | Applicant |
| US6278443(B1) | 2001-08-01 | Amro et al. | Applicant |
| US6278450(B1) | 2001-08-01 | Arcuri et al. | Applicant |
| US6288702(B1) | 2001-09-01 | Tachibana et al. | Applicant |
| US6304271(B1) | 2001-10-01 | Nehme | Applicant |
| US6307612(B1) | 2001-10-01 | Smith et al. | Applicant |
| US6320599(B1) | 2001-11-01 | Sciammarella et al. | Applicant |
| US6337709(B1) | 2002-01-01 | Yamaashi et al. | Applicant |
| US6346938(B1) | 2002-02-01 | Chan et al. | Applicant |
| US6346962(B1) | 2002-02-01 | Goodridge | Applicant |
| US6359615(B1) | 2002-03-01 | Singh | Applicant |
| US6381583(B1) | 2002-04-01 | Kenney | Applicant |
| US6384849(B1) | 2002-05-01 | Morcos et al. | Applicant |
| US6392661(B1) | 2002-05-01 | Tankersley | Examiner |
| US6396648(B1) | 2002-05-01 | Yamamoto et al. | Applicant |
| US6396962(B1) | 2002-05-01 | Haffey et al. | Applicant |
| US6400848(B1) | 2002-06-01 | Gallagher | Applicant |
| US6407747(B1) | 2002-06-01 | Chui et al. | Applicant |
| US6411274(B2) | 2002-06-01 | Watanabe et al. | Applicant |
| US6416186(B1) | 2002-07-01 | Nakamura | Applicant |
| US6417867(B1) | 2002-07-01 | Hallberg | Examiner |
| US6438576(B1) | 2002-08-01 | Huang et al. | Applicant |
| US6487497(B2) | 2002-11-01 | Khavakh et al. | Applicant |
| US6491585(B1) | 2002-12-01 | Miyamoto et al. | Applicant |
| US6504535(B1) | 2003-01-01 | Edmark | Applicant |
| US6515663(B1) | 2003-02-01 | Hung et al. | Applicant |
| US6515678(B1) | 2003-02-01 | Boger | Applicant |
| US6522341(B1) | 2003-02-01 | Nagata | Applicant |
| US6523024(B1) | 2003-02-01 | Yajima et al. | Applicant |
| US6542191(B1) | 2003-04-01 | Yonezawa | Applicant |
| US6552737(B1) | 2003-04-01 | Tanaka et al. | Applicant |
| US6559813(B1) | 2003-05-01 | DeLuca et al. | Applicant |
| US6577311(B1) | 2003-06-01 | Crosby et al. | Applicant |
| US6577319(B1) | 2003-06-01 | Kashiwagi et al. | Applicant |
| US6584237(B1) | 2003-06-01 | Abe | Applicant |
| US6590568(B1) | 2003-07-01 | Astala et al. | Applicant |
| US6590583(B2) | 2003-07-01 | Soohoo | Applicant |
| US6608631(B1) | 2003-08-01 | Milliron | Applicant |
| US6612930(B2) | 2003-09-01 | Kawagoe et al. | Applicant |
| US6631205(B1) | 2003-10-01 | Melen et al. | Applicant |
| US6633305(B1) | 2003-10-01 | Sarfeld | Applicant |
| US6690387(B2) | 2004-02-01 | Zimmerman et al. | Applicant |
| US6704034(B1) | 2004-03-01 | Rodriguez et al. | Applicant |
| US6720971(B1) | 2004-04-01 | Yamamoto et al. | Applicant |
| US6721655(B1) | 2004-04-01 | Utsumi | Applicant |
| US6727910(B2) | 2004-04-01 | Tigges | Applicant |
| US6731285(B2) | 2004-05-01 | Matchen | Applicant |
| US6731315(B1) | 2004-05-01 | Ma et al. | Applicant |
| US6744430(B1) | 2004-06-01 | Shimizu | Applicant |
| US6747610(B1) | 2004-06-01 | Taima et al. | Applicant |
| US6747611(B1) | 2004-06-01 | Budd et al. | Applicant |
| US6760020(B1) | 2004-07-01 | Uchiyama et al. | Applicant |
| US6768497(B2) | 2004-07-01 | Baar et al. | Applicant |
| US6798412(B2) | 2004-09-01 | Cowperthwaite | Applicant |
| US6833843(B2) | 2004-12-01 | Mojaver et al. | Applicant |
| US6842175(B1) | 2005-01-01 | Schmalstieg et al. | Applicant |
| US6874126(B1) | 2005-03-01 | Lapidous | Applicant |
| US6882755(B2) | 2005-04-01 | Silverstein et al. | Applicant |
| US6906643(B2) | 2005-06-01 | Samadani et al. | Applicant |
| US6911975(B2) | 2005-06-01 | Iizuka et al. | Applicant |
| US6919921(B1) | 2005-07-01 | Morota et al. | Applicant |
| US6924822(B2) | 2005-08-01 | Card et al. | Applicant |
| US6938218(B1) | 2005-08-01 | Rosen | Examiner |
| US6956590(B1) | 2005-10-01 | Barton et al. | Applicant |
| US6961071(B2) | 2005-11-01 | Montagnese et al. | Applicant |
| US6975335(B2) | 2005-12-01 | Watanabe | Examiner |
| US6985865(B1) | 2006-01-01 | Packingham et al. | Applicant |
| US7038680(B2) | 2006-05-01 | Pitkow | Applicant |
| US7055095(B1) | 2006-05-01 | Anwar | Applicant |
| US7071971(B2) | 2006-07-01 | Elberbaum | Applicant |
| US7084886(B2) | 2006-08-01 | Jetha et al. | Applicant |
| US7088364(B2) | 2006-08-01 | Lantin | Applicant |
| US7106349(B2) | 2006-09-01 | Baar et al. | Applicant |
| US7133054(B2) | 2006-11-01 | Aguera y Arcas | Applicant |
| US7134092(B2) | 2006-11-01 | Fung et al. | Examiner |
| US7158878(B2) | 2007-01-01 | Rasmussen et al. | Applicant |
| US7173633(B2) | 2007-02-01 | Tigges | Applicant |
| US7173636(B2) | 2007-02-01 | Montagnese | Applicant |
| US7194697(B2) | 2007-03-01 | Sinclair, II et al. | Applicant |
| US7197718(B1) | 2007-03-01 | Westerman et al. | Applicant |
| US7197719(B2) | 2007-03-01 | Doyle et al. | Applicant |
| US7213214(B2) | 2007-05-01 | Baar et al | Applicant |
| US7233942(B2) | 2007-06-01 | Nye | Applicant |
| US7246109(B1) | 2007-07-01 | Ramaswamy | Applicant |
| US7256801(B2) | 2007-08-01 | Baar et al. | Applicant |
| US7274381(B2) | 2007-09-01 | Mojaver et al. | Applicant |
| US7275219(B2) | 2007-09-01 | Shoemaker | Applicant |
| US7280105(B2) | 2007-10-01 | Cowperthwaite | Applicant |
| US7283141(B2) | 2007-10-01 | Baar et al. | Applicant |
| US7310619(B2) | 2007-12-01 | Baar et al. | Applicant |
| US7312806(B2) | 2007-12-01 | Tigges | Applicant |
| US7321824(B1) | 2008-01-01 | Nesbitt | Applicant |
| US7411610(B2) | 2008-08-01 | Doyle | Applicant |
| US7423660(B2) | 2008-09-01 | Ouchi et al. | Applicant |
| US7443396(B2) | 2008-10-01 | Ilic | Applicant |
| US7450114(B2) | 2008-11-01 | Anwar | Applicant |
| US7472354(B2) | 2008-12-01 | Jetha et al. | Applicant |
| US7486302(B2) | 2009-02-01 | Shoemaker | Applicant |
| US7489321(B2) | 2009-02-01 | Jetha et al. | Applicant |
| US7493572(B2) | 2009-02-01 | Card et al. | Examiner |
| US7495678(B2) | 2009-02-01 | Doyle et al. | Applicant |
| US7580036(B2) | 2009-08-01 | Montagnese | Applicant |
| US7667699(B2) | 2010-02-01 | Komar | Applicant |
| US7698653(B2) | 2010-04-01 | Roman et al. | Applicant |
| US7714859(B2) | 2010-05-01 | Shoemaker et al. | Applicant |
| US7737976(B2) | 2010-06-01 | Lantin | Applicant |
| US7761713(B2) | 2010-07-01 | Baar | Applicant |
| US7773101(B2) | 2010-08-01 | Shoemaker | Applicant |
| US2001/0040585(A1) | 2001-11-01 | Hartford et al. | Applicant |
| US2001/0040636(A1) | 2001-11-01 | Kato et al. | Applicant |
| US2001/0048447(A1) | 2001-12-01 | Jogo | Applicant |
| US2001/0055030(A1) | 2001-12-01 | Han | Applicant |
| US2002/0033837(A1) | 2002-03-01 | Munro | Applicant |
| US2002/0038257(A1) | 2002-03-01 | Joseph et al. | Applicant |
| US2002/0044154(A1) | 2002-04-01 | Baar et al. | Applicant |
| US2002/0062245(A1) | 2002-05-01 | Niu et al. | Applicant |
| US2002/0075280(A1) | 2002-06-01 | Tigges | Applicant |
| US2002/0087894(A1) | 2002-07-01 | Foley et al. | Applicant |
| US2002/0089520(A1) | 2002-07-01 | Baar | Applicant |
| US2002/0093567(A1) | 2002-07-01 | Cromer et al. | Applicant |
| US2002/0101396(A1) | 2002-08-01 | Huston et al. | Applicant |
| US2002/0122038(A1) | 2002-09-01 | Cowperthwaite | Applicant |
| US2002/0135601(A1) | 2002-09-01 | Watanabe et al. | Applicant |
| US2002/0143826(A1) | 2002-10-01 | Day et al. | Applicant |
| US2002/0171644(A1) | 2002-11-01 | Reshetov et al. | Applicant |
| US2002/0180801(A1) | 2002-12-01 | Doyle et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0006995(A1) | 2003-01-01 | Smith et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0007006(A1) | 2003-01-01 | Baar et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0048447(A1) | 2003-03-01 | Harju et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0052896(A1) | 2003-03-01 | Higgins et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0052900(A1) | 2003-03-01 | Card et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0061211(A1) | 2003-03-01 | Shultz et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0076363(A1) | 2003-04-01 | Murphy | Applicant |
| US2003/0100326(A1) | 2003-05-01 | Grube et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0103063(A1) | 2003-06-01 | Mojaver et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0105795(A1) | 2003-06-01 | Anderson et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0112503(A1) | 2003-06-01 | Lantin | Applicant |
| US2003/0118223(A1) | 2003-06-01 | Rahn et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0137525(A1) | 2003-07-01 | Smith | Applicant |
| US2003/0151625(A1) | 2003-08-01 | Shoemaker | Applicant |
| US2003/0151626(A1) | 2003-08-01 | Komar et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0174146(A1) | 2003-09-01 | Kenoyer | Applicant |
| US2003/0179198(A1) | 2003-09-01 | Uchiyama | Applicant |
| US2003/0179219(A1) | 2003-09-01 | Nakano et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0179237(A1) | 2003-09-01 | Nelson et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0196114(A1) | 2003-10-01 | Brew et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0210281(A1) | 2003-11-01 | Ellis et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0227556(A1) | 2003-12-01 | Doyle | Applicant |
| US2003/0231177(A1) | 2003-12-01 | Montagnese et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0026521(A1) | 2004-02-01 | Colas et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0056869(A1) | 2004-03-01 | Jetha et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0056898(A1) | 2004-03-01 | Jetha et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0111332(A1) | 2004-06-01 | Baar et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0125138(A1) | 2004-07-01 | Jetha et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0150664(A1) | 2004-08-01 | Baudisch | Applicant |
| US2004/0194014(A1) | 2004-09-01 | Anwar | Applicant |
| US2004/0217979(A1) | 2004-11-01 | Baar et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0240709(A1) | 2004-12-01 | Shoemaker | Applicant |
| US2004/0257375(A1) | 2004-12-01 | Cowperthwaite | Applicant |
| US2004/0257380(A1) | 2004-12-01 | Herbert et al. | Applicant |
| US2005/0041046(A1) | 2005-02-01 | Baar et al. | Applicant |
| US2005/0134610(A1) | 2005-06-01 | Doyle et al. | Applicant |
| US2005/0259118(A1) | 2005-11-01 | Mojaver et al. | Applicant |
| US2005/0278378(A1) | 2005-12-01 | Frank | Applicant |
| US2005/0285861(A1) | 2005-12-01 | Fraser | Applicant |
| US2006/0022955(A1) | 2006-02-01 | Kennedy | Applicant |
| US2006/0026521(A1) | 2006-02-01 | Hotelling et al. | Applicant |
| US2006/0033762(A1) | 2006-02-01 | Card et al. | Applicant |
| US2006/0036629(A1) | 2006-02-01 | Gray | Applicant |
| US2006/0059432(A1) | 2006-03-01 | Bells | Applicant |
| US2006/0082901(A1) | 2006-04-01 | Shoemaker | Applicant |
| US2006/0098028(A1) | 2006-05-01 | Baar | Applicant |
| US2006/0139375(A1) | 2006-06-01 | Rasmussen et al. | Applicant |
| US2006/0192780(A1) | 2006-08-01 | Lantin | Applicant |
| US2006/0214951(A1) | 2006-09-01 | Baar et al. | Applicant |
| US2007/0033543(A1) | 2007-02-01 | Ngari et al. | Applicant |
| US2007/0064018(A1) | 2007-03-01 | Shoemaker et al. | Applicant |
| US2007/0097109(A1) | 2007-05-01 | Shoemaker et al. | Applicant |
| US2009/0141044(A1) | 2009-06-01 | Shoemaker | Applicant |
| US2009/0147023(A1) | 2009-06-01 | Jetha et al. | Applicant |
| US2009/0172587(A1) | 2009-07-01 | Carlisle | Applicant |
| US2009/0265656(A1) | 2009-10-01 | Jetha | Applicant |
| US2009/0284542(A1) | 2009-11-01 | Baar | Applicant |
| US2010/0026718(A1) | 2010-02-01 | Jetha | Applicant |
| US2010/0033503(A1) | 2010-02-01 | Baar | Applicant |
| US2010/0045702(A1) | 2010-02-01 | Doyle | Applicant |
| US2010/0201785(A1) | 2010-08-01 | Lantin | Applicant |
| US2010/0208968(A1) | 2010-08-01 | Shoemaker et al. | Applicant |
| US2010/0262907(A1) | 2010-10-01 | Shoemaker et al. | Applicant |
| CA2350342 | 2002-11-01 | Applicant | |
| CA2386560 | 2003-11-01 | Applicant | |
| CA2393708 | 2004-01-01 | Applicant | |
| CA2394119 | 2004-01-01 | Applicant | |
| EP635779 | 1995-01-01 | Applicant | |
| EP650144 | 1995-04-01 | Applicant | |
| EP816983 | 1998-07-01 | Applicant | |
| JP4410465 | 2010-02-01 | Applicant |
Non-Patent Literature (103)
- Carpendale, Marianne S.T., “A Framework for Elastic Presentation Space” (Burnaby, British Columbia: Simon Fraser University, 1999).Applicant
- “Notice of Allowance”, U.S. Appl. No. 11/214,886, (Dec. 15, 2009),16 pages.Applicant
- “BPAI Decision”, U.S. Appl. No. 10/682,298, (Dec. 30, 2009),14 pages.Applicant
- “Notice of Allowance”, U.S. Appl. No. 11/410,024, (Jan. 4, 2010), 7 pages.Applicant
- “Final Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 11/673,038, (Jan. 8, 2010), 33 pages.Applicant
- “Advisory Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 11/541,778, (Feb. 1, 2010), 3 pages.Applicant
- “Advisory Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 11/935,222, (Feb. 4, 2010), 3 pages.Applicant
- “Restriction Requirement”, U.S. Appl. No. 12/368,263, (Mar. 9, 2010), 7 pages.Applicant
- “Notice of Allowance”, U.S. Appl. No. 10/705,199, (Mar. 10, 2010),18 pages.Applicant
- “Advisory Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 11/249,493, (Sep. 14, 2009),4 pages.Applicant
- “Final Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 11/935,222, (Nov. 24, 2009),8 pages.Applicant
- “Final Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 11/541,778, (Dec. 4, 2009),12 pages.Applicant
- “Non Final Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 11/935,222, (Feb. 2, 2009), 8 pages.Applicant
- Carpendale, M. Sheelagh T., et al., “A Framework for Unifying Presentation Space”, Proceedings of UIST '01: ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, Orlando, FL, USA; XP002249323 2001, New York, NY, USA, ISBN: 1-58113-438-X, (Nov. 14, 2001), pp. 61-70, 64.Applicant
- Ikedo, T “A Realtime Video-Image Mapping User Polygon Rendering Techniques”, IEEE Intl. conf on Ottawa, ONT, Canada Jun. 3-6, 1997, Los Alamitos, CA, USA; IEEE Conput. Soc, US, XP010239181, ISBN: 0-8186-7819-4 Sections 2, 4.4; Multimedia Computing and Systems '97 Proceedings, (Jun. 3, 1997), pp. 127-134.Applicant
- Bouju, Alain et al., “Client-Server Architecture for Accessing Multimedia and Geographic Databases within Embedded Systems”, Database and Expert Systems Applications, 1999 Proceedings. Tenth International Workshop on Florence, Italy Sep. 1-3, 1999, Los Alamitos, CA, USA, IEEE Comput. Soc. US, XP010352370; ISBN:0-7695-0281-4, abstract, figure 2,(Sep. 1-3, 1999), pp. 760-764.Applicant
- Robertson, G et al., “The Document Lens”, UIST. Proceedings of the Annual ACM Symposium on user Interface Software and Technology, abstract figures 3,4, (Nov. 3, 1993), pp. 101-108.Applicant
- Dursteler, Juan C., “The digital magazine of InfoVis.net”, Retrieved from: http://www.infovis.net/printMag.php?num=85&lang=2; (Apr. 22, 2002), 2 pages.Applicant
- “Presentation for CGDI Workshop”, Retrieved from: http://www.geoconnections.org/developersCorner/devCorner—devNetwork/meetings/2002.05.30/IDELIX—CGDI—20020530—dist.pdf, (May 2002), 19 pages.Applicant
- Kuederle, Oliver “Presentation of Image Sequences: A Detail-In-Context Approach”, Thesis, Simon Fraser University; (Aug. 2000), pp. 1-3, 5-10, 29-31.Applicant
- Microsoft Corp., “Microsoft Paint”, Microsoft Corp.,(1981-1998),Paint 1-14.Applicant
- “Electronic Magnifying Glasses”, IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, IBM Corp., New York, US, vol. 37, No. 3; XP000441501, ISSN: 0018-8689 the whole document; (Mar. 1, 1994), pp. 353-354.Applicant
- Keahey, T. A., “The Generalized Detail-In-Context Problem”, Information Visualization 1998, Proceedings; IEEE Symposium on Research Triangle, CA, USA; Los Alamitos, CA, USA, IEEE Comput. Soc, US; XP010313304; ISBN: 0-8186-9093;(Oct. 19-20, 1998), pp. 44-51, 152.Applicant
- Carpendale, M. Sheelagh T., et al., “3-Dimensional Pliable Surfaces: For the Effective Presentation of Visual Information”, Proceedings of the 8th annual ACM symposium on User interface and software technology; (Nov. 14-17, 1995), pp. 217-226.Applicant
- Carpendale, M. Sheelagh T., et al., “Extending Distortion Viewing from 2D to 3D”, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, IEEE Inc. New York, US, vol. 17, No. 4; XP000927815. ISSN: 0272-1716. (Jul. 1997), pp. 42-51.Applicant
- Viega, J et al., “3D magic lenses”, Proceedings of the 9th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology; Pub 1996 ACM Press New York, NY, USA; (1996), 51-58.Applicant
- Cowperthwaite, David J., “Occlusion Resolution Operators for Three-Dimensional Detail-In-Context”, Burnaby, British Columbia: Simon Fraser University; (2000), 166 pages.Applicant
- Carpendale, M. Sheelagh T., “A Framework for Elastic Presentation Space”, Thesis Simon Fraser University, XP001051168; Chapter 3-5; appendix A,B; (Mar. 1999), pp. 1-271.Applicant
- Carpendale, M. Sheelagh T., et al., “Exploring Distinct Aspects of the Distortion Viewing Paradigm”, Technical Report TR 97-08, School of Computer Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada; (Sep. 1997), 14 pages.Applicant
- Cowperthwaite, David J., et al., “Visual Access for 3D Data”, Proceedings of ACM CHI 96 Conference on Human Factors in Computer Systems, vol. 2 of Short Papers: Alternative Methods of Interaction; (1996), 5 pages.Applicant
- Keahey, T. A., “Visualization of High-Dimensional Clusters Using NonLinear Magnification”, Technical Report LA-UR-98-2776, Los Alamos National Laboratory; (1998), 8 pages.Applicant
- Tigges, M. et al., “Generalized Distance Metrics for Implicit Surface Modeling”, Proceedings of the Tenth Western Computer Graphics Symposium; (Mar. 1999), 5 pages.Applicant
- Bossen, Frank “Anisotropic Mesh Generation With Particles”, Technical Report CMU-CS-96-134, CS Dept. Carnegie Mellon University; (May 13, 1996), pp. 1-59.Applicant
- Bossen, Frank J., et al., “A Pliant Method for Anisotropic Mesh Generation”, 5th Intl. Meshing Roundtable; (Oct. 1996), pp. 63-74.Applicant
- Baudisch, P. et al., “Drag-and-Pop: Techniques for Accessing Remote Screen Content on Touch-and-Pen-Operated Systems”, Interact '03, (2003), pp. 57-64.Applicant
- Carpendale, M. Sheelagh T., et al., “Making Distortions Comprehensible”, Visual Languages, Proceedings, 1997 IEEE Symposium on Isle of Capri, Italy, Los Alamitos, CA, USA, IEEE Comput. Soc., US Sep. 23, 1997; XP010250566, ISBN: 0-8186-8144-6, (Sep. 23-26, 1997), pp. 36-45.Applicant
- Ito, Minoru et al., “A Three-Level Checkerboard Pattern (TCP) Projection Method for Curved Surface Measurement”, Pattern Recognition, Pergamon Press Inc., Elmsford, N.Y., US vol. 28, No. 1; XP004014030, ISSN 0031-3203,(1995), pp. 27-40.Applicant
- Keahey, T A., et al., “Nonlinear Magnification Fields”, Information Visualization, 1997, Proceedings, IEEE Symposium on Phoenix, AZ, USA, Los Alamitos, CA, USA, IEEE Comput. Soc., US; XP010257169; ISBN: 0-8186-8189-6,(Oct. 20-21, 1997), pp. 51-58 and 121.Applicant
- Rauschenbach, U. “The Rectangular Fish Eye View as an Efficient Method for the Transmission and Display of Large Images”, Image Processing, ICIP 99, Proceedings, 1999 International Conference on, Kobe, Japan, Oct. 24-28, 1999, Piscataway, NJ, USA, IEEE, US, XP010368852, ISBN 0-7803-5467-2 p. 115, left-hand column—p. 116, paragraph 3, p. 118, paragraph 7.1; (1999), pp. 115-119.Applicant
- Keahey, T. A., “Nonlinear Magnification”, (Indiana University Computer Science), (1997), 196 pages.Applicant
- Watt, et al., “Advanced Animation and Rendering Techniques”, (Addison-Wesley Publishing), (1992), p. 106-108.Applicant
- Boots, B. N., “Delaunay Triangles: An Alternative Approach to Point Pattern Analysis”, Proc. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 6, (1974), p. 26-29.Applicant
- Sheelagh, M. et al., “Distortion Viewing Techniques for 3-Dimensional Data”, Information Visualization '96, Proceedings IEEE Symposium on San Francisco, CA, USA, Los Alamitos, CA, USA, IEEE Comput. Soc. US Oct. 28, 1996; XP010201944; ISBN: 0-8186-7668-X, pp. 46-53, 119.Applicant
- Leung, Y. K., et al., “A Review and Taxonomy of Distortion-Orientation Presentation Techniques”, ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, ′Online! vol. 1, No. 2, XP002252314; Retrieved from the Internet: <URL:http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/ leung94review.html> retrieved on Aug. 21, 2003! the whole document, (Jun. 1994), pp. 126-160.Applicant
- “Non Final Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 10/358,394, (Mar. 13, 2009), 36 pages.Applicant
- Sarkar, et al., “Stretching the Rubber Sheet: A Metaphor for Viewing Large Layouts on Small Screens”, Proc. of the 6th annual ACM symp. on User interface software an technology, Atlanta, GA, (Dec. 1993), p. 81-91.Applicant
- Carpendale, M. Sheelagh T., et al., “Graph Folding: Extending Detail and Context Viewing into a Tool for Subgraph Comparisons”, In Proceedings of Graph Drawing 1995, Passau, Germany, 13 pages.Applicant
- Carpendale, M. Sheelagh T., “A Framework for Elastic Presentation Space”, Retrieved from: <http://pages.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/˜sheelagh/personal/thesis/>, (Nov. 19, 1999), 1 page.Applicant
- “Non Final Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 11/542,120, (Jan. 22, 2009), 12 pages.Applicant
- “Final Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 11/410,024, (Mar. 11, 2009), 20 pages.Applicant
- “Foriegn Office Action”, Application Serial No. 2002-536993, (Mar. 11, 2009), 2 pages.Applicant
- “Notice of Allowance & Examiner's Amendment”, U.S. Appl. No. 11/401,349, (Apr. 17, 2009), 10 pages.Applicant
- Schmalstieg, Dieter et al., “Using transparent props for interaction with the virtual table”, Proceedings of the 1999 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics.,(Apr. 26, 1999), 8 pages.Applicant
- “Final Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 10/705,199, (May 12, 2009), 13 pages.Applicant
- “Non Final Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 11/541,778, (Jun. 19, 2009), 11 pages.Applicant
- “Non Final Office Action”,U.S. Appl. No. 11/673,038, (Jul. 13, 2009), 30 pages.Applicant
- “Non Final Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 11/410,024, (Jul. 20, 2009), 12 pages.Applicant
- Smith, et al., “Efficient techniques for wide-angle stereo vision using surface projection models”, Retrieved from <http://ieee.org/stamp.jsp?arnumber=17045, (1999), 6 pages.Applicant
- “Non Final Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 11/159,205, (Jul. 27, 2009), 13 pages.Applicant
- “Advisory Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 11/249,493, (Aug. 11, 2009), 5 pages.Applicant
- “Advisory Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 10/705,199, (Aug. 18, 2009), 3 pages.Applicant
- “Restriction Requirement”, U.S. Appl. No. 11/935,222, (Aug. 20, 2009), 6 pages.Applicant
- “Advisory Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 11/249,493, (Sep. 14, 2009), 4 pages.Applicant
- “Non-Final Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 12/364,450, (Sep. 30, 2009), 10 pages.Applicant
- “Notice of Allowance”, U.S. Appl. No. 10/358,394, (Oct. 8, 2009), 7 pages.Applicant
- “Non Final Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 11/691,686, (Mar. 18, 2010), 17 pages.Applicant
- “Advisory Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 11/673,038, (Mar. 25, 2010), 3 pages.Applicant
- “Final Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 11/159,205, (Mar. 25, 2010), 16 pages.Applicant
- “Notice of Allowance”, U.S. Appl. No. 12/364,450, (Apr. 19, 2010), 4 pages.Applicant
- “Non Final Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 12/368,263, (Apr. 30, 2010), 8 pages.Applicant
- “Non Final Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 12/368,267, (Jun. 11, 2010), 12 pages.Applicant
- “Notice of Allowability”, U.S. Appl. No. 12/364,450, (Jun. 18, 2010), 2 pages.Applicant
- “Non Final Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 12/388,437, (Jun. 23, 2010), 7 pages.Applicant
- “Non Final Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 12/764,724, (Jul. 1, 2010), 20 pages.Applicant
- “Non Final Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 11/673,038, (Jul. 22, 2010), 39 pages.Applicant
- “Final Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 11/691,686, (Sep. 1, 2010), 16 pages.Applicant
- “Non Final Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 11/138,979, (Sep. 17, 2010), 11 pages.Applicant
- “Non Final Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 11/541,778, (Sep. 29, 2010), 10 pages.Applicant
- “Non Final Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 11/695,104, (Oct. 1, 2010), 9 pages.Applicant
- “Final Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 11/159,205, (Oct. 6, 2010), 16 pages.Applicant
- Lieberman, Henry “Power of Ten Thousand—Navigating in Large Information Spaces”, Proceedings of the 7th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology, Marina del Rey, California, United States, (Nov. 1994), pp. 15-16.Applicant
- Mills, Michael et al., “A Magnifier Tool for Video Data”, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, (1992), pp. 93-96.Applicant
- Kline, Richard L., et al., “Improving GUI Accessibility for People with Low Vision”, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, (1995), p. 114-121.Applicant
- Perlin, Ken et al., “Pad—an alternative approach to the computer interface”, International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. Proceedings of the 20th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques., (1993), pp. 57-64.Applicant
- Bier, Eric A., et al., “The Movable Filter as a User Interface Tool—The Video”, Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference companion on Human factors in computing systems, (1995), pp. 413-414.Applicant
- Bier, Eric A., et al., “Toolglass and Magic Lenses—The See-Through Interface”, International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques Proceedings of the 20th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, (1993), pp. 73-80.Applicant
- Bier, Eric A., et al., “Toolglass and Magic Lenses—The See-Through Interface”, Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference companion on Human factors in computing systems, (1994), pp. 445-446.Applicant
- Kamba, Tomonari et al., “Using Small Screen Space More Efficiently”, CHI 96 Vancouver, BC Canada, (1996), pp. 383-390.Applicant
- “Final Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 12/368,263, (Nov. 5, 2010), 7 pages.Applicant
- “Final Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 12/764,724, (Nov. 9, 2010), 21 pages.Applicant
- “Final Office Action”, U.S. Appl. No. 11/691,686, (Nov. 22, 2010), 16 pages.Applicant
- Wilson, et al., “Direct Volume Rendering Via 3D Textures”, Technical Report UCSC-CRL-94-19, University of California, Santa Cruz, Jack Baskin School of Engineering; (Jun. 1994), 11 pages.Applicant
- Carpendale, M. Sheelagh T., “A Framework for Elastic Presentation Space”, Retrieved from: <http://pages.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/˜sheelagh/wiki/uploads/Main/Thesis/pre.pdf>, PhD thesis, Simon Fraser University; (Mar. 1999), pp. 69, 72, 78-83, 98-100, 240, 241.Applicant
- Keahey, T. A., et al., “Techniques for Non-Linear Magnification Transformations”, Information Visualization '96, Proceedings IEEE Symposium on, San Francisco, CA, Los Alamitos, CA, USA, IEEE Comput. Soc. US: XP010201943; ISBN: 0-8186-7668-X the whole document,(Oct. 28, 1996), pp. 38-45.Applicant
- Tominski, Christian et al., “Fisheye Tree Views and Lenses for Graph Visualization”, pp. 1-8.Applicant
- Keahey, T. A., “Getting Along: Composition of Visualization Paradigms”, Visual Insights, Inc., (2001), 4 pages.Applicant
- Sakamoto, Chikara et al., “Design and Implementation of a Parallel Pthread Library (PPL) with Parallelism and Portability”, Systems and Computers in Japan, New York, US, vol. 29, No. 2; XP000752780, ISSN:0882-1666 abstract, (Feb. 1, 1998), pp. 28-35.Applicant
- Deng, K. et al., “Texture Mapping with a Jacobian-Based Spatially-Variant Filter”, Proceedings 10th Pacific Conference on Computer Graphics and Applications, Beijing, China, 2002 Los Alamitos, CA, USA, IEEE Comput. Soc. USA; XP00224932, ISBN; 0-7695-1784-6 the whole document,(Oct. 9-11, 2002), pp. 460-461.Applicant
- Welsh, Michelle “Futurewave Software”, Business Wire; (Nov. 15, 1993), 2 Pages.Applicant
- Lamar, et al., “A Magnification Lens for Interactive Volume Visualization”, ACM; pp. 1-10.Applicant
- Fitzmaurice, G. et al., “Tracking Menus”, UIST; (2003), pp. 71-79.Applicant
- Stone, et al., “The movable filter as a user interface tool”, Proceedings of CHI ACM; (1992), 18 pages.Applicant
- Baudisch, P. et al., “Halo: a Technique for Visualizing Off-Screen Locations”, CHI; Retrieved from: <www.patrickbaudisch.com/.../2003-Baudisch-CHI03-Halo.pdf<, (Apr. 5-10, 2003), 8 pages.Applicant