TGF-beta binding antibodies

[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/366,664, filed Feb. 6, 2009, now abandoned, which is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/096,383, filed Dec. 20, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,494,651, which is a §371 application International Application No. PCT/US06/62397, filed Dec. 20, 2006, which claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/753,956, filed Dec. 23, 2005.

[0002] The invention relates to treatment of cell proliferative diseases, disorders, and conditions associated with TGF-β. In particular, the invention provides antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof that neutralize mature, human TGF-β1, -β2, and -β3.

[0003] The TGF-β protein family consists of three distinct isoforms (TGF-β1, -β2, and -β3) whose pathways activate and regulate multiple gene responses that influence disease states such as, e.g., cell proliferative, inflammatory, and cardiovascular conditions. TGF-β isoform expression in cancer is complex and variable with different combinations of TGF-β isoforms having different roles in particular cancers. For example, TGF-β1 and -β3 play a greater role in ovarian cancer and its progression than TGF-β2; while TGF-β1 and -β2 expression is greater in higher grade chondrosarcoma tumors than -β3. In human breast cancer, TGF-β1 and -β3 are highly expressed, with -β3 expression correlating with overall survival—patients with node metastasis and positive TGF-β3 expression have poor prognostic outcomes. However, in colon cancer, TGF-β1 and -β2 are more highly expressed than -β3 and are present at greater circulating levels than in cancer-free individuals. In glioma cancer, TGF-β2 is pivotal for cell migration. Consequently, there is a need to modulate multiple TGF-β isoform expression in cell proliferation conditions such as cancer.

[0004] U.S. Pat. No. 5,571,714 discloses the use of anti-TGF antibodies in treating malignancies and metastatic cancer, and in particular, discloses a murine antibody designated 1D11.16 (ATCC® No. HB9849) that is said to bind both TGF-β1 and -β2. This document states that antibody 1D11.16 binds TGF-β2 with a Ka of merely 3.4×10⁸ L/mol (Kd=1/Ka).

[0005] The treatment of cell proliferative disorders, such as malignancies and cancers, may be improved by use of antibodies that neutralize mature, human, TGF-β1, -β2, and -β3 with improved binding kinetics and affinity. Substantial physical and chemical stability, adequate pharmacokinetics, and good solubility are also desirable for a pharmaceutical product. Consequently, an unmet need remains for antibodies having characteristics suitable for the pharmaceutical treatment of cell proliferative disorders.

[0006] The present invention provides monoclonal antibody compositions that neutralize mature human TGF-β1, -β2 and -β3 with a K_d less than 4 pM for mature human TGF-β1, and a K_d less than 8 pM for mature human TGF-β2, and a K_d less than 4 pM for mature human TGF-β3. The invention also provides antibodies having the following combinations of light chain-(LCVR) and heavy chain-variable region (HCVR) sequences: SEQ ID NO: 27 and 51, 27 and 59, 27 and 60, 27 and 61, 27 and 62, 27 and 63, 27 and 64, 28 and 52, 29 and 51, 30 and 53, 31 and 54, 32 and 55, 33 and 56, 34 and 51, 34 and 57, 35 and 58, 36 and 51, 36 and 69, 36 and 75, 37 and 51, 38 and 51, 39 and 51, 40 and 51, 41 and 64, 41 and 67, 42 and 66, 43 and 68, 44 and 66, 45 and 51, 45 and 69, 46 and 70, 46 and 71, 47 and 71, 48 and 72, 49 and 73, 50 and 65, or 50 and 74. The invention also includes antigen-binding fragments of such antibodies, as well as antibodies and fragments having human or humanized frameworks and constant regions. The antibodies and fragments of the invention are useful to treat cell proliferative diseases, disorders, and conditions.

[0007] In one embodiment, antibodies of the present invention neutralize mature human TGF-β1, mature human TGF-β2, and mature human TGF-β3, and have an IC₅₀ of less than or equal to about 100 pM for mature human TGF-β1, and an IC₅₀ of less than or equal to about 400 pM for mature human TGF-β2, and an IC₅₀ of less than or equal to about 200 pM for mature human TGF-β3 in an in vitro HT-2 Cell neutralization assay.

[0008] In one embodiment, antibodies of the present invention comprises a heavy chain variable region (HCVR) and a light chain variable region (LCVR), wherein said HCVR comprises a peptide at CDRH1 with a sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 96 or SEQ ID NO: 100, a peptide at CDRH2 with a sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 97, SEQ ID NO: 99, SEQ ID NO: 101, or SEQ ID NO: 102, and a peptide at CDRH3 with a sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 98, and wherein said LCVR comprises a peptide at CDRL1 with a sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 88, SEQ ID NO: 91, SEQ ID NO: 92, or SEQ ID NO: 93, a peptide at CDRL2 with a sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 89 or SEQ ID NO: 94, and a peptide at CDRL3 with a sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 90, or SEQ ID NO: 95.

[0009] In one embodiment, antibodies of the present invention further comprise a human framework region.

[0010] In another embodiment, antibodies of the present invention comprise a HCVR with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 64, 68, 69, 70, and 74, and a LCVR with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 41, 43, 45, 46, and 50.

[0011] In another embodiment, antibodies of the present invention comprise a HCVR with a sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 69, and a LCVR with a sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 45.

[0012] In one embodiment, antibodies of the present invention comprise a heavy chain with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 77, 79, 81, 83 and 85, and a light chain with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 76, 78, 80, 82, and 84.

[0013] In one embodiment, antibodies of the present invention comprise a heavy chain with a sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 81 and a light chain with a sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 80.

[0014] The invention provides a method of treating cell proliferatvie disorders in a mammal, preferably a primate, and more preferably a human, comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment an effective amount of an antibody of the invention or a fragment thereof.

[0015] The invention provides a method of treating a disease or condition in which fibrogenesis and/or angiogenesis mediated by TGF-β are implicated in a mammal, preferably a primate, and more preferably a human, including myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)/myeloproliferative disorder (MPD), breast cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, multiple myeloma, colorectal cancer, other hematological malignancies (hairy cell leukemia, CML, AML, etc.), comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment an effective amount of an antibody of the invention or a fragment thereof. This may further comprise administering to the mammal an effective amount of a therapeutic agent other than anti-TGF-β antibodies, such as a chemotherapeutic agent, anti-angiogenic agent, or cytotoxic chemotherapy.

[0016] In another embodiment, this invention provides a method of treating a patient with HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer, comprising administering to the patent an effective amount of an antibody of the invention and an antibody that blocks signaling through the HER-2 receptor, i.e. trastuzumab.

[0017] The present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an antibody of the invention in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient.

[0018] This invention also provides the use of an antibody of the invention for the manufacture of a medicament for treating cell proliferatvie disorders in mammals. Additionally, this invention provides a pharmaceutical composition adapted for treating cell proliferatvie disorders comprising an antibody of the invention in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, carriers, or diluents thereof. The invention also provides the use of an antibody of the invention for the manufacture of a medicament for treating a disease or condition capable of being improved or prevented by neutralizing TGF-β activities.

[0019] This invention also provides the use of an antibody of the invention for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disease or condition in which fibrogenesis and/or angiogenesis mediated by TGF-β are implicated in a mammal, preferably a primate, and more preferably a human, including MDS/MPD, breast cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, multiple myeloma, colorectal cancer, other hematological malignancies (hairy cell leukemia, CML, AML, etc.), comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment an effective amount of an antibody of the invention or a fragment thereof. This may further comprise administering to the mammal an effective amount of a therapeutic agent other than anti-TGF-β antibodies, such as a chemotherapeutic, anti-angiogenic, or cytotoxic agent, or a cytokine. Furthermore, this invention provides a pharmaceutical composition adapted for the treatment of conditions in which neutralization or reduction of TGF-β activities would be beneficial in a mammal, including MDS/MPD, breast cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, multiple myeloma, colorectal cancer, other hematological malignancies (hairy cell leukemia, CML, AML, etc.), comprising an antibody of the invention in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, carriers, or diluents. The invention also provides the use of an antibody of the invention for the manufacture of a medicament for treating a disease or condition capable of being improved or prevented by neutralizing or reducing TGF-β activities.

[0023] The term a “monoclonal antibody” refers to a composition with a homogeneous antibody population, comprising of four peptide chains, two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains interconnected by disulfide bonds. The amino terminal portion of each chain includes a variable region of about 100-110 or more amino acids. This variable region of each chain includes three complementary determining regions (CDRs) that recognizes and binds a particular antigen. A “monoclonal antibody” can be an intact antibody (comprising a complete light chain and a complete heavy chain), a substantially intact antibody, or a portion or fragment of an antibody comprising an antigen-binding portion, e.g., a Fab fragment, or F(ab′)₂ fragment of an antibody. Moreover, a “monoclonal antibody” can be a single-chain variable fragment (scFv), consisting of the variable heavy chain region (VH) and the variable light chain region (VL) of an antibody joined together by a flexible peptide linker.

[0024] A “homogeneous antibody population” refers to a homogeneous or substantially homogeneous antibody population (i.e., at least about 85%, 87%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, more preferably at least about 97% or 98% or most preferably at least 99% of the antibodies in the population would compete in an ELISA assay for the same antigen or epitope). Antibodies may or may not be glycosylated and still fall within the bounds of the invention. Monoclonal antibodies may be homogeneous if they have identical amino acid sequence although they may differ in a post-translational modification, e.g., glycosylation pattern.

[0025] The term “effective amount” is taken to mean a dose of a compound of Formula I necessary to achieve the desired pharmacological effect.

[0026] The term “epitope” refers to that portion of a molecule capable of being recognized by and bound by an antibody at one or more of the antibody's antigen-binding regions. Epitopes often consist of a chemically active surface grouping of molecules such as amino acids or sugar side chains and have specific three-dimensional structural characteristics as well as specific charge characteristics.

[0027] The term “Kd” refers to the dissociation constant of a particular antibody-antigen interaction. It is calculated by the formula: k_off/k_on=Kd. The term “k_on” refers to the association or on rate constant, or specific reaction rate, of the forward, or complex-forming, reaction, measured in units: M⁻¹sec⁻¹. The term “k_off” refers to the dissociation or off rate constant, or specific reaction rate, for dissociation of an antibody from the antibody/antigen complex, measured in units: 1/second. The affinity of a monoclonal antibody of the present invention is often correlated with a lower k_off more so than a higher k_on, however, not being bound by theory, both improved k_off and k_on, embodiments are encompassed. In a more preferred embodiment, monoclonal antibodies of the present invention are high potency antibodies or fragments thereof, generally exhibiting low k_off values.

[0028] The term “neutralize” as used herein with respect to an activity of a monoclonal antibody of the invention means the ability to substantially antagonize, prohibit, prevent, restrain, slow, disrupt, eliminate, stop, reduce or reverse e.g., progression or severity of that which is being inhibited including, but not limited to, a biological activity or property, a disease or a condition. The inhibition or neutralization is preferably at least about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or higher.

[0029] With respect to the binding and neutralization capabilities of antibodies of the invention, the TGF-β referred to herein is the mature, human, biologically active form of TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3 (SEQ ID NOS: 1, 2, and 3). See also, e.g., NCBI accession No: P01137, NP_—003229, and NP_—003230 describing DNA and amino acid sequences of, respectively, human TGF-β1, -β2, and -β3 (including their precursor domains and mature portions). A mature disulfide-linked homodimeric human TGF-β1, -β2, or -β3 contains two 112 amino acid residue polypeptides and has a predicted molecular mass of approximately 25 kDa. Antibodies of the invention bind and neutralize such mature TGF-β isoforms but do not show significant binding of latent TGF-β1, -β2, and -β3 isoforms under similar conditions.

[0030] Affinity and binding kinetic improvements solve antibody problems, for example, by helping to increase pharmacokinetic and safety profiles; by reducing dosing, toxicity, and cost of therapy; and by improving biological efficacy. The dissociation constant (K_d) of an antibody may be found using art methods, for example, Kinexa® (see, e.g., Darling, et al., 2004 ASSAY and Drug Development Technologies 2:647-57) or BIAcore® AB (Upsala, Sweden), or adapting Karlsson et al., 1991 J. Immunol. Methods 145, 299-340. The term “k_on” herein refers to the association or on-rate constant, or specific reaction rate, of the forward, or antibody:antigen complex-forming reaction, M⁻¹sec⁻¹. The term “k_off” herein, refers to the dissociation or “off-rate” constant, or specific reaction rate, for dissociation of an antibody from an antibody:antigen complex, (sec⁻¹). The term “K_d” herein, refers to the dissociation constant of a particular antibody:antigen complex—calculated as K_d=k_off/k_on. K_a is the inverse of K_d.

[0031] The K_d of an invention antibody for mature human TGF-β1 is in the range of about 0.0001 pM to about 5.0 pM. More preferably, it is in the range of about 0.001 pM to about 3.0 pM. Most preferably, it is in the range of about 0.01 pM to about 0.5 pM. The Kd of an invention antibody for mature human TGF-β2 is in the range of about 0.01 pM to about 5.0 pM. More preferably, in the range of about 0.05 pM to about 2.0 pM, and most preferably, it is in the range of about 0.1 pM to about 1.5 pM. The K_d of an invention antibody for mature human TGF-β3 is in the range of about 0.005 pM to about 3 pM. More preferably, it is in the range of about 0.05 pM to about 2.8 pM. Most preferably, it is in the range of about 0.2 pM to about 2 pM. Preferably the antibodies of the invention are characterized by a K_d of 4.0×10⁻¹²M or less for mature human TGF-β1, a K_d of 8.0×10⁻¹²M or less for mature human TGF-β2, and a K_d of 4.0×10⁻¹²M or less for mature human TGF-β3.

[0032] The K_d of an invention antibody for TGF-β1 is at least 2 fold greater than the K_d of 1D11.16 for TGF-β1, more preferably is at least 25 fold greater, and most preferably is at least 50 fold greater. To be clear, greater affinity would mean a smaller Kd value. The K_d of an invention antibody for TGF-β2 is at least 1.5 fold greater than the K_d of 1D11.16 for TGF-β2, more preferably is at least 10 fold greater, and most preferably is at least 20 fold greater. The K_d of an invention antibody for TGF-β3 is at least 4 fold greater than the K_d of 1D11.16 for TGF-β3, more preferably is at least 6 fold greater, and most preferably is at least 10 fold greater.

[0033] The K_d of an invention Fab for mature human TGF-β1 is in the range of about 0.009 pM to about 75.0 pM, is more preferably in the range of about 0.018 pM to about 50 pM, and is most preferably in the range of about 0.02 pM to about 25 pM. The K_d of an invention Fab for mature human TGF-β2 is in the range of about 0.0045 pM to about 60 pM, is more preferably in the range of about 0.002 pM to about 45 pM, and is most preferably in the range of about 0.02 pM to about 35 pM. The K_d of an invention Fab for TGF-β1 is at least 30 fold greater than the K_d of 1D11.16 for TGF-β1, more preferably is at least 300 fold greater, and most preferably is at least 1500 fold greater. The K_d of an invention Fab for TGF-β2 is at least 10 fold greater than the K_d of 1D11.16 for TGF-β2, more preferably is at least 100 fold greater, and most preferably is at least 500 fold greater.

[0034] Invention antibodies exhibit k_off for mature human TGF-β1 preferably in the range of about 110 to about 1 (all values for k_off are x 10⁻⁶s⁻¹), more preferably in the range of about 50 to about 6, and even more preferably in the range of about 15 to about 4; for mature human TGF-β2 preferably in the range of about 240 to about 1, more preferably in the range of about 50 to about 2, and even more preferably in the range of about 20 to about 4; and for mature human TGF-β3 preferably in the range of about 90 to about 1, more preferably in the range of about 50 to about 4, and even more preferably in the range of about 35 to about 6. Invention antibodies exhibit k_off improvement over 1D11.16 for TGF-β1, -β2, and -β3 in the range of about 2 to about 50 fold, more preferably in the range of about 2.5 to about 25 fold, and even more preferably in the range of about 3 to about 15 fold.

[0035] In another embodiment, an invention antibody has a k_on greater than 5 for mature human TGF-β1, greater than 2.8 for mature human TGF-β2, and greater than 1.56 for mature human TGF-β3 (all values for k_on are x 10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹). The k_on for mature human TGF-β1 is preferably in the range of about 1.5 to about 60, more preferably in the range of about 2 to about 45, and even more preferably in the range of about 3 to about 30; for mature human TGF-β2 is preferably in the range of about 1 to about 40, more preferably in the range of about 1 to about 25, and even more preferably in the range of about 1 to about 15; and for mature human TGF-β3 is preferably in the range of about 1.2 to about 20, more preferably in the range of about 1.2 to about 10, and even more preferably in the range of about 1.2 to about 5. Invention antibodies exhibit an average k_on improvement over 1D11.16 for TGF-β1, -β2, and -β3 preferably in the range of about 1.5 to about 40 fold, more preferably in the range of about 2 to about 15 fold, and even more preferably in the range of about 2 to about 10 fold. In a preferred embodiment, an invention antibody binds TGF-β1 over TGF-β2 and β3.

[0036] An antibody is said to “neutralize” its antigen if antibody binding to the antigen results in complete or partial, inhibition or reduction, of a biological function of the antigen. Neutralization of a TGF-β isoform's biological activity is assessed by measuring the complete or partial, inhibition or reduction, of one or more in vitro or in vivo indicators of TGF-β activity such as, receptor binding, an inhibitory effect on cell growth; chemotaxis, apoptosis, intracellular protein phosphorylation, or signal transduction. Most preferably, the ability to neutralize TGF-β activity is assessed, as described herein, by an HT-2 cell proliferation assay or by measuring the inhibition of Smad2 phosphorylation.

[0037] Antibodies of the invention neutralize mature human TGF-β1, mature human TGF-β2, and mature human TGF-β3, and have an IC₅₀ of less than or equal to about 100 pM, 75 pM, 50 pM, 25 pM, 17.5 pM, 10 pM, 4 pM, or 3 pM for mature human TGF-β1, an IC₅₀ of less than or equal to about 400 pM, 345 pM, 200 pM, 100 pM, 77.5 pM, 50 pM, 40 pM, or 23 pM for mature human TGF-β2, and an IC₅₀ of less than or equal to about 200 pM, 115 pM, 105 pM, 75 pM, 50 pM, 45 pM, or 35 pM for mature human TGF-β3 in an in vitro HT-2 Cell neutralization assay.

[0038] Improved neutralizing activity increases pharmacokinetic and safety profiles; reduces dosing, toxicity, and cost of therapy; and improves biological efficacy. In a preferred embodiment, the IC₅₀ of an invention antibody in the HT-2 cell proliferation/neutralization assay as described herein is less than about 20 pM for TGF-β1, less than about 325 pM for TGF-β2, and less than about 125 pM for TGF-β3. Against TGF-β1, an invention antibody preferably has an IC₅₀ in the range of about 0.1 to about 50 pM, more preferably in the range of about 0.1 to about 30 pM, and most preferably in the range of about 0.1 to about 20 pM. Against TGF-β2, an invention antibody preferably has an IC₅₀ in the range of about 1 to about 400 pM, more preferably in the range of about 10 to about 350 pM, and most preferably in the range of about 15 to about 325 pM. Against TGF-β3, an invention antibody preferably has an IC₅₀ in the range of about 0.1 to about 200 pM, more preferably in the range of about 1 to about 150 pM, and most preferably in the range of about 10 to about 125 pM.

[0039] In another embodiment, invention antibodies exhibit on average an improvement of IC₅₀ over 1D11.16 in an HT-2 cell proliferation assay for TGF-β1 in the range of about 100 to about 600 fold, more preferably in the range of about 200 to about 500 fold, and even more preferably in the range of about 300 to about 400 fold; for TGF-β2 in the range of about 10 to about 400 fold, more preferably in the range of about 25 to about 300 fold, and even more preferably in the range of about 50 to about 200; and for TGF-β3 in the range of about 2 to about 200 fold, more preferably in the range of about 4 to about 50 fold, and even more preferably in the range of about 6 to about 25.

[0040] The concentration of an antibody required to neutralize a TGF-β activity is dependent on various parameters, such as, e.g., cytokine concentration, cell type, growth conditions, and type of activity studied. The neutralization character of an invention antibody is assessed by measuring the degree of inhibition of the phosphorylation of Smad2 protein in an U87MG human tumor xenograft model assay, as described herein. In another preferred embodiment, an invention antibody has a TED₅₀ (therapeutic effective dose) in such an assay in the range of about 100 to about 200 mg/kg, more preferably in the range of about 50 to about 80 mg/kg; and even more preferably in the range of about 5 to about 25 mg/kg.

[0041] Certain antibodies and fragments of the invention have specific CDRs: VHCDR1 X₁X₂WMN [SEQ ID NO:10, where X₁ is either T or S; and X₂ is either E, or Y]; VHCDR2 QIFPX₁X₂GSTNYX₃EMX₄EG [SEQ ID NO:11, where X₁ is either A, or F; X₂ is either S, T, or L; X₃ is either N, G, S, D, or A; X₄ is either F, or Y]; VHCDR3 GX₁GNYALDAMDY [SEQ ID NO:12, where X₁ is either D, I, M, Y, L, V, Q, or F]; VLCDR1 RASESVDX₁X₂GNSFMH [SEQ ID NO:13, where X₁ is either S, Y, F, or L; X₂ is either Y or W]; VLCDR2 X₁ASNLES [SEQ ID NO:14, where X₁ is either L, or Y]; and VLCDR3 X₁QX₂X₃EDPLT [SEQ ID NO:15, where X₁ is either Q, T, or C; X₂ is either N, or H; X₃ is either N, I, M, D, T, or A].

[0042] Further encompassed are antibodies created with CDRs from such formulae after engineering the CDRs (in appropriate orientation) in human or humanized antibody framework sequences to produce invention compositions that neutralize mature, human TGF-β1, -β2, and -β3. Any art-known method may be used to incorporate specific CDRs within framework sequences. As described, variable human or humanized framework sequences can be derived from any germline or rearranged human variable domain, or, e.g., synthetic variable domain based on consensus sequences of known human variable domains. Preferred variable domain framework sequences are those that do not significantly affect the biological properties of an anti-TGF-β1, -β2, and -β3 antibody embodiment—that is, the ability to bind with high affinity and neutralize mature human TGF-β1, -β2, and -β3. Preferably, such frameworks additionally do not elicit significant immunogenic reactions when administered to a human. Framework sequences can be sequences of naturally occurring human antibodies or consensus sequences of several human antibodies.

[0043] Non-limiting examples of framework sequences for the heavy chain variable region of antibody embodiments of the invention include the VH segment DP-5 (Tomlinson, et al. 1992 J. Mol. Biol. 227:776-98) and the J segment JH4, JH1 or JH5 (Ravetch, et al. 1981 Cell 27:583-91). The Vk segment L1 (Cox, et al. 1994 Eur. J. Immunol. 24:827-36) and the J segment Jk4 (Hieter, et al. 1982 J. Biol. Chem. 10:1516-22) are non-limiting example framework sequences for the light chain variable region.

[0044] In a preferred embodiment, the HCVR FR1 framework comprises [SEQ ID NO: 16]; the HCVR FR2 framework comprises [SEQ ID NO:17]; the HCVR FR3 framework comprises [SEQ ID NO:18]; and the HCVR FR4 framework comprises [SEQ ID NO:19]. In another preferred embodiment, the LCVR FR1 framework comprises [SEQ ID NO:20]; the LCVR FR2 framework comprises [SEQ ID NO:21], the LCVR FR3 framework comprises [SEQ ID NO:22]; and the LCVR FR4 framework comprises [SEQ ID NO:23]. In another preferred embodiment, a HCVR framework comprises [SEQ ID NO: 86] wherein X₁ is either S, Y, F, or L; X₂ is either Y or W; X₃ is either A, or F; X₄ is either S, T, or L; X₅ is either N, G, S, D, or A; X₆ is either F, or Y; and X₇ is either D, I, M, Y, L, V, Q, or F. In another preferred embodiment, a LCVR framework comprises [SEQ ID NO: 87] wherein X₁ is either T or S; X₂ is either E, or Y; X₃ is either is either L, or Y; X₄ is either Q, T, or C; X₅ is either N, or H; and X₆ is either N, I, M, D, T, or A.

[0045] In another preferred embodiment, framework and constant regions may contain alterations, deletions, additions, substitutions, or any combination thereof as compared with human sequences. Frameworks and constant regions in which 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acids are substituted, deleted, or added in any combination are preferred. In another embodiment, the framework has 85-99% sequence identity to a disclosed framework herein.

[0046] In one embodiment, a preferred heavy chain constant region for use with an antibody binding composition of the invention is an IgG constant region. In a more preferred embodiment, the IgG constant region is an IgG1 constant region or an IgG4 constant region (even more preferably are constant regions of [SEQ ID NO:24]; or [SEQ ID NO:25]). A preferred light chain constant region sequence of the invention is [SEQ ID NO:26]. In another preferred embodiment, antibody, binding compositions contain the IgG1 Heavy chain constant region or the IgG4 Heavy chain constant region and the kappa Light chain constant region.

[0047] Also encompassed are polynucleotide sequences encoding invention antibodies. When engineering antibodies using invention CDRs, identification of residues within antibody frameworks likely to influence antigen binding donor and acceptor sequences may be determined by aligning to sequence templates derived from antibody repertoires. “Invariant residues” (Kabat et al., 1991) and “key residues” (Chothia et al., 1989) may be identified, and canonical-class assignments of the donor antigen binding loops L1-L3, H1 and H2, respectively, may be determined by screening a proposed sequence against sequence templates (see, e.g., Martin & Thornton, 1996 Mol. Biol. 263:800-15). Residues at the VH/VL interface (Chothia et al., 1985) and residues known to be structurally conserved at core sites (Chothia et al., 1998) are compared with corresponding donor and acceptor residues. Non-matching donor and acceptor framework residues at these sites are analyzed based on information from other antibodies of known structure (Berman, et al., 2000 Nucl. Acids Res. 28(1):235-42). Selection of human frameworks as templates for humanization of non-human V regions can define subsequent decisions regarding which residues to humanize. Choosing homologous templates from antibodies with known crystal structure, from germline, non-germline, or consensus sequences derived from available data bases can be employed (see, e.g., Routledge et al., 1993 in Protein Engineering of Antibody Molecules for Prophylactic and Therapeutic Applications in Man (Clark, M., ed) pp 14-44, Academic Titles, Nottingham, UK; and B. Lo, 2004 Antibody Engineering: Methods and Protocols, Humana Press)). Another way to engineer antibodies is to choose the closest human germline sequence as the framework to receive donor CDRs (Tomlinson et al., 1992) using a best-fit strategy to search germline sequences in databases. The germline framework method is useful because human germline sequence does not present somatic hypermutations, which are potentially immunogenic. Nucleic acid molecules encoding variant invention antibodies of a combination of framework regions and invention CDRs embedded into modified human frameworks can be engineered using a consensus human germline strategy where a human subgroup is used as the framework (see, e.g., Presta et al., 1993 J. Immunol 151:2623-32; Couto et al., 1994 Hybridoma, 13:215-9; Couto et al., 1995 Cancer Res. (Suppl.), 55, 5973s-7s; Werther et al., 1996 J. Immunol., 157:4986-95; O'Connor et al., 1998 Protein Engng 11:321-8).

[0048] Antibody fragments (as described), or part of a sequence or SEQ ID NO. herein, are also encompassed. Such protein and/or polypeptide fragments can be “free-standing,” or comprise part of a larger polypeptide or protein, of which the fragment forms a portion or region, e.g., a single continuous region of a SEQ ID NO: herein such as, e.g., connected in a fusion protein. Polynucleotides encoding such fragments are also encompassed.

[0049] Invention antibodies are engineered by any art-known method, such as, e.g., chemical synthesis; or recombinant, genetic, or molecular engineering and are not restricted by method of creation. Typically, nucleic acids encoding invention antibodies include an expression control polynucleotide sequence operably-linked to the encoding sequences, including naturally-associated or heterologous promoter regions. Preferably, expression control sequences are eukaryotic promoter systems in vectors that transform or transfect eukaryotic host cells, but control sequences for prokaryotic hosts can also be used. Once the vector is incorporated into an appropriate host cell, it is propagated under conditions suitable for expressing sequences, and, as desired, for the collection and purification of the light chains, heavy chains, light/heavy chain dimers, or intact antibodies, binding fragments or other immunoglobulin forms. Human constant region DNA sequences are isolated by art-known methods from a variety of human cells, but preferably from immortalized B-cells. Suitable source cells for the polynucleotide sequences and host cells for immunoglobulin expression and secretion are obtained from art-known sources.

[0050] The invention encompasses functional polypeptide sequences with substantial sequence similarity or identity to a sequence herein (e.g., at least: 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to an invention sequence (or fragment)) using art-known methods such as, e.g., optimizing residue matches. Such sequences include any with a functional characteristic of an invention antibody (e.g., binding and neutralizing mature human TGF-β1, -β2, and -β3 in a described assay herein). Such functionally related embodiments include additions, substitutions, and/or deletions of amino acid residues of an invention sequence in a CDR or a constant region. Amino acid substitutions and/or additions may be based on similarity in polarity, charge, solubility, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, and/or the amphiphatic nature of the residues involved. Also, non-classical amino acids or chemical amino acid analogs may be substituted or added into the polypeptide sequence. All such variants are in the scope of those skilled in the art of molecular biology given the teachings here specifying unique formulae or polypeptide sequences and the functional limitations of the invention.

[0051] Preferred embodiments of the invention composition have one or more of the following characteristics: K_d less than 2×10⁻¹³ M for TGF-β1, less than 5×10⁻¹³ M for TGF-β2, less than 8×10⁻¹³ M for TGF-β3; k_off less than 8×10⁻⁶ s⁻¹ for for TGF-β1, less than 11×10⁻⁶ s⁻¹ for TGF-β2, less than 13×10⁻⁶ s⁻¹ for TGF-β3; k_on greater than 5×10⁷ M⁻¹ s⁻¹ for TGF-β1, greater than 2×10⁷ M⁻¹ s⁻¹ for TGF-β2, and greater than 1.5×10⁷ M⁻¹ s⁻¹ for TGF-β3; K_d improvement of a Fab composition for TGF-β1 with respect to a 1D11.16 Fab for TGF-β1 of at least 6000-fold; K_d improvement of a antibody composition with respect to 1D11.16 greater than about 34-fold for TGF-β1, greater than about 13-fold for TGF-β2, and greater than about 9-fold for TGF-β3; IC₅₀ greater than about 300-fold higher than of an IC₅₀ value of a 1D11.16 in an HT-2 assay; a ED₅₀ value in the range of about 11 to about 17 mg/kg in a U87MG human tumor xenograft model for the inhibition of Smad2 phosphorylation of (as described herein); less than 5.0% aggregation of an invention composition as determined by size exclusion chromatography after storage for 30 days at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, 40° C., in standard buffer (such as, e.g., citrate (20 mM); phosphate (10 mM); or PBS (10 mM phosphate, containing 150 mM NaCl)), and at pH (5.0, 6.5, or 7.4); less than 1% degradation products or no acidic forms—as determined by cation-exchange chromatography (CEX)—after storage for 30 days at 1 mg/mL, less than 35° C., in standard buffer (such as, e.g., citrate (20 mM); phosphate (10 mM) or PBS (10 mM phosphate, containing 150 mM NaCl)), and <pH 7.0; and greater than 80% protein recovery of an invention composition using art-known methods after storage at a concentration of 2 mg/mL at 4° C. for two weeks, and dialysis recovery at pH 6.0.

[0052] Invention compositions are useful as therapeutics to modulate, treat, inhibit, ameliorate, or prevent a disease, disorder, state, syndrome, or condition associated with one or more of TGF-β1, and -β2, and -β3. Antibodies can be administered using any art-known method and may be combined for use with conventional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents, stabilizers, and excipients. These combinations can be placed into dosage forms such as by lyophilization in sealed dosage vials or under storage in stabilized aqueous preparations. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents, stabilizers, and excipients are art-known or described, e.g., in the Merck Index, Merck & Co., Rahway, N.J.

[0053] In particular, antibodies (or fragments) of the invention are useful for treating cell proliferative disorders, including any disease, syndrome, disorder, condition, or state, affecting any cell, tissue, any site or any combination of organs, tissues, or body parts that is characterized by a single or multiple local abnormal proliferation of cells, groups of cells, or tissues, whether benign or malignant. As defined herein, a cell proliferative disorder encompasses, e.g., hematological malignancies (such as, e.g., MDS or MPD, such as, e.g., with megakaryocyte involvement (see, e.g., Sakamaki, et al., 1999 Blood 94(6):1961-70), hairy cell leukemia and other hematological malignancies, such as, e.g., chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), etc.); non-small cell lung cancer; breast cancer; prostate cancer (including hormone refractory); ovarian cancer; hepatocellular cancer; pancreatic cancer; multiple myeloma; colorectal cancer; a neoplasm of the colon, abdomen, bone, breast, digestive system, liver, pancreas, peritoneum, endocrine system (e.g., an adrenal gland, a parathyroid gland, the pituitary, the testicles, the ovary, the thymus, or the thyroid), eye, head, neck, nervous system (central or peripheral), the lymphatic system, pelvis, skin, spleen, thorax, and urogenital system. Additionally, an invention antibody is useful for skeletal muscle disease—such as, e.g., treatment of muscle wasting (e.g., cachexia); promotion of muscle growth (e.g., after disease, trauma, reconstruction, replacement).

[0054] A “chemotherapeutic agent” is a chemical compound useful in the treatment of cancer. Examples of chemotherapeutic agents include alkylating agents, such as cyclophosphamide and fluorouracil; antimetabolites, such as fluorouracil and gemcitabine; antibiotics, such as adriamycin; and antimiotic agents, such as vincristine and vinorelbine.

[0055] An “anti-angiogenic agent” refers to a compound that blocks, or interferes with, to some degree, the development of blood vessels. The anti-angiogenic agent may be, e.g., a small molecule or antibody that binds a growth factor or growth factor receptor involved in promoting angiogenesis.

[0056] The term “cytotoxic chemotherapy” as used herein refers to a substance that inhibits or prevents the function of cells and/or causes destruction of cells, including radioactive isotopes (e.g. At.²¹¹, I¹³¹, I¹²⁵, Y⁹⁰, Re¹⁸⁶, Re¹⁸⁸, Sm¹⁵³, Bi²¹², P³² and radio active isotopes of Lu), and toxins such as small-molecule toxins or enzymatically active toxins of bacterial, fungal, plant or animal origin, including fragments and/or variants thereof.

[0057] A polynucleotide is “operably linked” when it is placed into a functional relationship with another polynucleotide. For example, a promoter or enhancer is operably linked to a coding sequence if it affects the transcription of the sequence. A peptide is “operably linked” to another peptide when the polynucleotides encoding them are operably linked, preferably they are in the same open reading frame.

[0058] The term “vector” includes a nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it has been linked including, but not limited to, plasmids and viral vectors. Certain vectors are capable of autonomous replication in a host cell into which they are introduced while other vectors can be integrated into the genome of a host cell upon introduction into the host cell, and thereby, are replicated along with the host genome. Moreover, certain vectors are capable of directing the expression of genes to which they are operably linked. Such vectors are referred to herein as “recombinant expression vectors” (or simply “expression vectors”) and exemplary vectors are well known in the art.

[0059] As used herein, the expressions “cell,” “host cell,” “cell line,” and “cell culture” are used interchangeably and include an individual cell or cell culture that is a recipient of any isolated polynucleotide of the invention or any recombinant vector(s) comprising a sequence encoding a HCVR, LCVR or monoclonal antibody of the invention. Host cells include progeny of a single host cell, and the progeny may not necessarily be completely identical (in morphology or in total DNA complement) to the original parent cell due to natural, accidental, or deliberate mutation and/or change. A host cell includes cells transformed, transduced or infected in vivo or in vitro with one or more a recombinant vectors or a polynucleotide expressing a monoclonal antibody of the invention or a light chain or heavy chain thereof. A host cell which comprises a recombinant vector of the invention (either stably incorporated into the host chromosome or not) may also be referred to as a “recombinant host cell”. Preferred host cells for use in the invention are CHO cells (e.g., ATCC® CRL-9096), NS0 cells, SP2/0 cells and COS cells (ATCC® e.g., CRL-1650, CRL-1651), HeLa (ATCC® CCL-2). Additional host cells for use in the invention include plant cells, yeast cells, other mammalian cells and prokaryotic cells.

Antibody Expression and Purification

[0060] To express an antibody of the invention, a DNA encoding a partial or full-length light and/or heavy chain are inserted into an expression vector such that the gene is operably linked to transcriptional and translational control sequences. The expression vector and expression control sequences are chosen to be compatible with the expression host cell used. The antibody light chain gene and the antibody heavy chain gene can be inserted into separate vectors or, more typically, both genes are inserted into the same expression vector. The antibody genes are inserted into the expression vector by standard methods. Additionally, the recombinant expression vector can encode a signal peptide that facilitates secretion of the anti-TGF-β monoclonal antibody light and/or heavy chain from a host cell. The anti-TGF-β monoclonal antibody light and/or heavy chain gene can be cloned into the vector such that the signal peptide is operably linked in-frame to the amino terminus of the antibody chain gene. The signal peptide can be an immunoglobulin signal peptide or a heterologous signal peptide.

[0061] In addition to the antibody heavy and/or light chain gene(s), a recombinant expression vector of the invention carries regulatory sequences that control the expression of the antibody chain gene(s) in a host cell. The term “regulatory sequence” is intended to include promoters, enhancers and other expression control elements (e.g., polyadenylation signals), as needed, that control the transcription or translation of the antibody chain gene(s). The design of the expression vector, including the selection of regulatory sequences may depend on such factors as the choice of the host cell to be transformed, the level of expression of protein desired. Preferred regulatory sequences for mammalian host cell expression include viral elements that direct high levels of protein expression in mammalian cells, such as promoters and/or enhancers derived from cytomegalovirus (CMV), Simian Virus 40 (SV40), adenovirus, (e.g., the adenovirus major late promoter (AdMLP)) and polyoma virus.

[0062] In addition to the antibody heavy and/or light chain genes and regulatory sequences, the recombinant expression vectors of the invention may carry additional sequences, such as sequences that regulate replication of the vector in host cells (e.g., origins of replication) and one or more selectable marker genes. The selectable marker gene facilitates selection of host cells into which the vector has been introduced. For example, typically the selectable marker gene confers resistance to drugs, such as G418, hygromycin, or methotrexate, on a host cell into which the vector has been introduced. Preferred selectable marker genes include the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene (for use in DHFR-minus host cells with methotrexate selection/amplification), the neo gene (for G418 selection), and glutamine synthetase (GS) in a GS-negative cell line (such as NS0) for selection/amplification.

[0063] For expression of the light and/or heavy chains, the expression vector(s) encoding the heavy and/or light chains is introduced into a host cell by standard techniques e.g., electroporation, calcium phosphate precipitation, DEAE-dextran transfection, transduction, infection and the like. Although it is theoretically possible to express the antibodies of the invention in either prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cells, eukaryotic cells are preferred, and most preferably mammalian host cells, because such cells, are more likely to assemble and secrete a properly folded and immunologically active antibody. Preferred mammalian host cells for expressing the recombinant antibodies of the invention include Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells (including DHFR-CHO cells, described in Urlaub and Chasin, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:4216-20, 1980, used with a DHFR selectable marker, e.g., as described in Kaufman and Sharp, J. Mol. Biol. 159:601-21, 1982, and GS-CHO cells, described in Enosawa, et al., Cell Transplantation 6: 537-540, 1997, used with a glutamine synthetase (GS) selectable marker), NS0 myeloma cells, COS cells, and SP2/0 cells. When recombinant expression vectors encoding antibody genes are introduced into mammalian host cells, the antibodies are produced by culturing the host cells for a period of time sufficient to allow for expression of the antibody in the host cells or, more preferably, secretion of the antibody into the culture medium in which the host cells are grown. Antibodies can be recovered from the host cell and/or the culture medium using standard purification methods.

[0064] Host cells can also be used to produce portions, or fragments, of intact antibodies, e.g., Fab fragments or scFv molecules by techniques that are conventional. It will be understood by a skilled artisan that variations on the above procedure are within the scope of the present invention. For example, it may be desirable to transfect a host cell with DNA encoding either the light chain or the heavy chain of an antibody of this invention. Recombinant DNA technology may also be used to remove some or all the DNA encoding either or both of the light and heavy chains that is not necessary for binding to TGF-β. The molecules expressed from such truncated DNA molecules are also encompassed by the antibodies of the invention.

[0065] In a preferred system for recombinant expression of an antibody of the invention, a recombinant expression vector encoding both the antibody heavy chain and the antibody light chain is introduced into GS-CHO cells by electroporation. Within the recombinant expression vector, the antibody heavy and light chain genes are each operably linked to enhancer/promoter regulatory elements (e.g., derived from SV40, CMV, adenovirus and the like, such as a CMV enhancer/AdMLP promoter regulatory element or an SV40 enhancer/AdMLP promoter regulatory element) to drive high levels of transcription of the genes. The recombinant expression vector also carries a DHFR gene, which allows for selection of CHO cells that have been transfected with the vector using methotrexate selection/amplification. The selected transformant host cells are cultured to allow for expression of the antibody heavy and light chains and intact antibody is recovered from the culture medium. Standard molecular biology techniques are used to prepare the recombinant expression vector, transfect the host cells, select for transformants, culture the host cells and recover the antibody from the culture medium. Antibodies, or antigen-binding portions thereof, of the invention can be expressed in an animal (e.g., a mouse) that is transgenic for human immunoglobulin genes (see, e.g., Taylor, et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 20:6287-95, 1992).

[0066] Once expressed, the intact antibodies, their dimers, individual light and heavy chains, or other immunoglobulin forms of the present invention can be purified according to standard procedures of the art, including ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion exchange, affinity, reverse phase, hydrophobic interaction column chromatography, gel electrophoresis and the like. Substantially pure immunoglobulins of at least about 90%, 92%, 94% or 96% homogeneity are preferred, and 98 to 99% or more homogeneity most preferred, for pharmaceutical uses. Once purified, partially or to homogeneity as desired, the peptides may then be used therapeutically or prophylactically, as directed herein.

Composition

[0067] An antibody of the invention can be incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration to a subject. The compounds of the invention may be administered alone or in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, and/or excipients, in single or multiple doses. The compositions for administration are designed to be appropriate for the selected mode of administration, and pharmaceutically acceptable diluents, carrier, and/or excipients such as dispersing agents, buffers, surfactants, preservatives, solubilizing agents, isotonicity agents, stabilizing agents and the like are used as appropriate. Said compositions are designed in accordance with conventional techniques as in e.g., Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19^th Edition, Gennaro, Ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. 1995 which provides a compendium of formulation techniques as are generally known to practitioners.

[0068] A composition comprising an antibody of the invention may be administered to a subject exhibiting pathologies or disorders as described herein using standard administration techniques including intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, pulmonary, transdermal, intramuscular, intranasal, buccal, sublingual, or suppository administration.

[0069] The route of administration of an antibody of the invention may be parenteral. Preferably, antibodies of the invention can be incorporated into a pharmaceutical composition suitable for parenteral administration. The term parenteral as used herein includes intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, rectal, vaginal, or intraperitoneal administration. Peripheral systemic delivery by intravenous or intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection is preferred.

[0070] The composition typically must be sterile and stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage in the container provided, including e.g., a sealed vial or syringe. Therefore, compositions may be sterile filtered after making the formulation, or otherwise made microbiologically acceptable. A typical composition for intravenous infusion could have a volume as much as 250-1000 ml of fluid, such as sterile Ringer's solution, physiological saline, dextrose solution and Hank's solution and a therapeutically effective dose, (e.g., 1 to 100 mg/mL, or more) of antibody concentration. Dose may vary depending on the type and severity of the disease. As is well known in the medical arts, dosages for any one subject depends upon many factors, including the patient's size, body surface area, age, the particular compound to be administered, sex, time and route of administration, general health, and other drugs being administered concurrently. A typical dose can be, for example, in the range of 0.001 to 1000 μg; however, doses below or above this exemplary range are envisioned, especially considering the aforementioned factors. The daily parenteral dosage regimen can be about 0.1 μg/kg to about 100 mg/kg of total body weight, preferably from about 10 μg/kg to about 5 mg/kg and more preferably from about 10 μg/kg to 3 mg/kg body weight per day. Progress may be monitored by periodic assessment. For repeated administrations over several days or longer, depending on the condition, the treatment is repeated until a desired suppression of disease symptoms occurs. However, other dosage regimens may be useful and are not excluded herefrom. The desired dosage can be delivered by a single bolus administration, by multiple bolus administrations, or by continuous infusion administration of antibody, depending on the pattern of pharmacokinetic decay that the practitioner wishes to achieve.

[0071] These suggested amounts of antibody are subject to a great deal of therapeutic discretion. The key factor in selecting an appropriate dose and scheduling is the result obtained. Factors for consideration in this context include the particular disorder being treated, the particular mammal being treated, the clinical condition of the individual patient, the cause of the disorder, the site of delivery of the antibody, the particular type of antibody, the method of administration, the scheduling of administration, and other factors known to medical practitioners.

[0072] Therapeutic agents of the invention may be frozen or lyophilized for storage and reconstituted in a suitable sterile carrier prior to use. Lyophilization and reconstitution can lead to varying degrees of antibody activity loss. Dosages may have to be adjusted to compensate. Generally, pH between 6 and 8 is preferred.

Articles of Manufacture.

[0073] In another embodiment of the invention, an article of manufacture containing materials useful for the treatment of the disorders or conditions described above is provided. The article of manufacture comprises a container and a label. Suitable containers include, for example, bottles, vials, syringes, and test tubes. The containers may be formed from a variety of materials such as glass or plastic. The container holds a composition of the invention which is effective for treating the disorder or condition and may have a sterile access port (for example the container may be an intravenous solution bag or a vial having a stopper pierceable by a hypodermic injection needle). The active agent in the composition is an anti-TGF-β antibody of the invention. The label on, or associated with, the container indicates that the composition is used for treating the condition of choice. The article of manufacture may further comprise a second container comprising a pharmaceutically-acceptable buffer, such as phosphate-buffered saline, Ringer's solution and dextrose solution. It may further include other materials desirable from a commercial and user standpoint, including other buffers, diluents, filters, needles, syringes, and package inserts with instructions for use.

[0074] The following examples are offered for illustrative purposes only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention in any way.

[0075] For the simultaneous expression of the light chain and heavy chain of antibodies of the invention, both the genes encoding the heavy chain and light chain are cloned to form a double gene vector with each gene under the control of a separate hCMV-MIE promoter. The correct coding sequences are confirmed by DNA sequencing of both the light and heavy chain coding sequences.

[0076] The expression plasmid for the simultaneous expression of the light chain and heavy chain of an antibody of the invention is linearized by the single-cutting enzyme Sal I, precipitated with sodium acetate and ethanol, washed with ice-cold 70% ethanol, and air-dried in a sterile biosafety cabinet. The DNA pellet is then re-dissolved with the transfection medium and used to transfect CHO cells. Transfection is performed by electroporating the cell-DNA mixture using the GenePulsar® (BioRad, Hercules, Calif.) set at 300 V and 1120 uFd. Clones of expressing an antibody of the invention are then generated by limiting dilution and further expanded for antibody production and purification. Antibodies of the invention are purified according to standard procedures of the art, including ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion exchange, affinity, reverse phase, hydrophobic interaction column chromatography, gel electrophoresis and the like.

[0077] ELISA is run using Costar® 3366 coated microtiter plates (overnight 4° C. with 0.4 ug/ml TGF-β1, TGF-β2, or TGF-β3). The plate is then washed (2×) before adding (100 uL) blocking solution (10 mg/ml BSA in wash buffer) per well. Fab dilutions are incubated in coated wells (1.5 hr, 22° C.). After washing, anti-human kappa-alkaline phosphatase conjugate is added and incubated (1 hr, 22° C.). A colometric substrate is added after extensive washing and absorbance measured (A560).

[0078] In another example, binding compositions are tested in a competitive ELISA assay. Typically, a solution phase assay is performed in which a compound that might compete with an antigen for binding to an antibody, such as an antibody, is combined first with the antibody in solution phase, then the degree of binding of the antibody with the antigen is subsequently measured. Materials: Carbonate coating buffer (50 mM sodium carbonate pH 9.6). Antigens: TGF-β1 (R&D Systems®, Cat # 240-B/CF, 239 ug/ml), TGF-β2 (RDI, Cat #RDI-1035, 50 ug/ml), and TGF-β3 (RDI, Cat # RDI-1036/CF, 50 ug/ml) diluted to 0.4 ug/mL in coating buffer. Wash buffer (0.02 M Tris pH 7.4, 0.15 M NaCl, 0.1% Tween 20 and blocking solution of 10 mg/ml BSA (Sigma A-4503) dissolved in wash buffer). Proteins used as positive controls are mouse-anti-human TGF-β1, -β2, or -β3 (R&D Systems®, cat# 1D11), mouse-anti-human TGF-β2 (R&D Systems®, cat# BAF302) and mouse-anti-human TGF-β3 (R&D Systems®, cat# BAF243), which are diluted to 1 ug/ml in block buffer. The detection antibody conjugate is anti-mouse kappa—peroxidase conjugate (Southern Biotech, cat# 1050-05), at a working concentration of 1:2000 in blocking solution. The color reaction substrate is O-phenylenediamine (OPD) tablets (Sigma cat# P-6912) dissolved in substrate buffer: 0.1 M Na₂HPO₄, pH to 5.0 with 0.05 M citric acid. The OPD working solution (i.e., the volume for one 96-well-plate) is freshly made prior to each plate development by dissolving 1×5 mg OPD tablet in 12.5 mL of substrate buffer then by 5 ul of 30% H₂O₂. Protocol: A single 96 well plate is coated with antigen (TGF-β1, -β2, or -β3 at 0.4 ug/ml and dispensed 50 uL per well) tape-sealed and stored (16-20 h, 4° C.). The plate is washed (2×) in wash buffer before adding blocking solution (100 uL per well of 10 mg/ml BSA in wash buffer). After incubation (˜1 hr-22° C.), the plate is washed (2×) with wash buffer then 100 uL of either sample (diluted in buffer) or control (diluted in PBS) is added per well and incubated (1.5 h-22° C.). After incubation, the plate is washed (6×) with wash buffer then either anti-mouse kappa—peroxidase conjugate (diluted to 1:2000 in blocking solution) or SA-HRP (diluted 1:10,000 in blocking solution) added (100 uL/well). Test samples are left to incubate (1 h-22° C.) before adding 100 uL of OPD substrate/well. After color development (˜10 min), the 96-well plate is measured at an absorbance of 490 nm.

[0079] A KINEXA 3000 instrument (Sapidyne Inst. Inc.) measures binding kinetics. Briefly, antigen is covalently-coupled to azlactone beads and the binding of an invention free Fab to the beads is detected on the instrument. To measure K_d, individual tubes containing 20 pM of Fab (200 pM for antibody) with decreasing serially diluted antigen (0-250 nM), is incubated (1-6d-25° C. in PBS containing 1% BSA, 0.02% azide and 0.01% Tween20). After incubation, free Fab in each equilibrated sample is determined on KINEXA 3000 per manufacturer instructions. K_d values are determined using KINEXA 3000 software. To measure k_on, individual Fabs at 2 nM are mixed with 0-240 nM of antigen using the injection method according to manufacturer's instructions, and the unbound Fab is detected. The resulting data is used to calculate the k_on with KINEXA 3000 software. The k_off is calculated using the formula K_d=k_off/k_on. Affinity data obtained under KINEXA© conditions for Fab embodiments binding TGF Beta 1 are shown below in Table 1.

[0080]

	TABLE 1
		kon (M−1 s−1)	koff (sec−1) calc,
	Fabs	(×106)	(×10−6)	Kd (pM)
	Fab 3.A	21.0	310	15
	Fab 4.17	22.0	6.0	0.28
	Fab 12.4	34.0	52	1.55
	Fab 12.7	3.7	0.34	0.09
	Fab 12.8	26.0	5.5	0.22

[0081] Similarly, Fab data for affinity binding of TGF-β2 under KINEXA© conditions showed Kd<35 pM.

[0082] Alternate methods of measuring kinetic constants are known, for example: affinity of an invention antibody for TGF-β1 (R&D Systems®, Cat # 240-B/CF), TGF-β2 (RDI, Cat #RDI-1035), and TGF-β3 (RDI, Cat # RDI-1036/CF) is measured by BIAcore® 2000. Binding affinity measurements for full-length monoclonal antibodies of the invention are determined using BIAcore®. Except as noted, all reagents and materials are purchased from BIAcore® AB (Upsala, Sweden). All measurements are made at room temperature. Samples are dissolved in HBS-EP buffer (150 mM sodium chloride, 3 mM EDTA, 0.01% (w/v) surfactant P-20, and 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.4). Recombinant Protein A is immobilized on all four flow cells of a CM4 sensor chip at a level of 400-450 response units (RUs) using an amine coupling kit. Binding is evaluated using multiple analytical cycles. Each cycle is performed at a flow rate of 50 μL/min consisting of the steps: injection of 12 μL of antibody at 0.5 μg/mL, injection of 250 μL of TGF-β1 (starting at 5 nM and using two-fold serial dilutions to 0.13 nM for each cycle, with two injections for each concentration) followed by either a short (5 min) or long (120 min) delay for dissociation, and regeneration using two injections of 50 μL of 10 mM glycine hydrochloride, pH 1.5. Association and dissociation rates per cycle are made by fitting the biosensor data from a simple association model using ClampXP (Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, Univ. of Utah) to extract the k_on and k_off rate constants; the equilibrium binding constant Kd is calculated from K_d=k_off/k_on.

[0083] Full-length monoclonal antibodies of the invention were constructed by operably linked Fabs to an IgG₄ Fc region using standard technique: mAb 3.A comprising LC of SEQ ID NO:76 & HC of SEQ ID NO: 77; mAb 4.17 LC of SEQ ID NO:84 & HC of SEQ ID NO: 85; mAb 12.4 LC of SEQ ID NO:78 & HC of SEQ ID NO: 79; mAb 12.7 LC SEQ ID NO: 80 & HC SEQ ID NO:81; and mAb 12.8 LC SEQ ID NO:82 & HC SEQ ID NO: 83. When mAbs are measured using the described assay, the results are as stated in Table 2 below.

[0084]

	TABLE 2
	Average values
	Mabs	Isoform	kon (M−1 s−1)	koff (s−1)	KD (M)
	Mab 12.4	TGF-b1	>4E+07	6.71E−06	<2.0E−13
		TGF-b2	2.42E+07	6.00E−06	2.65E−13
		TGF-b3	1.76E+07	15.3E−06	8.51E−13
	Mab 12.7	TGF-b1	>5E+07	7.93E−06	<2.0E−13
		TGF-b2	2.80E+07	11.1E−06	4.73E−13
		TGF-b3	1.56E+07	12.8E−06	8.20E−13
	Mab 12.8	TGF-b1	>5E+07	7.92E−06	<2.0E−13
		TGF-b2	2.29E+07	1.22E−05	1.00E−12
		TGF-b3	1.85E+07	1.12E−05	5.40E−13
	Mab 3.A	TGF-b1	>5E+07	1.07E−04	<2.0E−12
		TGF-b2	>5E+07	2.18E−04	<4E−12
		TGF-b3	2.90E+07	2.38E−05	9.26E−13
	Mab 4.17	TGF-b1	>5E+07	9.71E−06	<2.0E−13
		TGF-b2	2.37E+07	9.86E−06	5.29E−13
		TGF-b3	2.17E+07	2.84E−05	1.53E−12

[0085] BIAcore® is used to assess specificity of antibodies for entities, such as, e.g., the latent form of TGF-β1, -β2 or -β3. All measurements are performed at room temperature. Samples are dissolved in HBS-EP buffer (150 mM sodium chloride, 3 mM EDTA, 0.01% (w/v) surfactant P-20, and 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.4). Recombinant Protein A is immobilized on all four flow cells of a CM4 sensor chip at a level of 400-450 response units (RUs) using an amine coupling kit. Binding is evaluated using multiple analytical cycles. Each cycle is performed at a flow rate of 100 μL/minute consisting of the following steps: injection of 15 μL of an antibody binding composition at 1 μg/mL, injection of 250 μL of either 5 nM TGF-β1, 5 nM latent TGF-β2, or 5 nM TGF-β3 followed by a short delay (5 min) for dissociation, and regeneration using two injections of 50 μL of 10 mM glycine hydrochloride, pH 1.5. The amount of signal after capturing the antibody then ligand is determined using instrument control software. As the signal is proportional to the mass of protein captured, the stoichiometry of the captured ligand is readily calculable. Under such conditions, data for antibodies of the invention do not show significant specific binding of latent TGF isoforms.

[0086] To test ability of an antibody to neutralize TGF-β bioactivity, one can adapt the HT-2 cell proliferation assay of Tsang, et al., (1995 Cytokine 7:389-97). The HT-2 assay assesses the neutralization characteristics of an antibody on the bioactivity of TGF-β by inhibiting and/or significantly diminishing the cell proliferation of the IL4-dependent HT2 cell line. Briefly, HT-2 cells proliferate in a dose dependent manner by IL-4 but undergo apoptosis by TGF-β. The TGF-β inhibition of proliferation is blocked by adding an anti-TGF-β antibody. Human HT-2 cells proliferate in response to IL-4 but TGF-β1, -β2, or -β3 inhibit IL-4-induced-proliferation. Consequently, an antibody is neutralizing if it prevents the normal inhibitory effect of TGF-β on IL-4-induced HT-2 cells. Accordingly, IL-4-induced cell proliferation should proceed unconstrained if sufficient amount of a TGF-β1, -β2, and -β3 specific binding composition is added to a mixture of HT-2 cells containing a cell proliferation inhibitory amount of TGF-β1, -β2, or -β3. The dose response neutralizing capability is made using the HT-2 assay in the presence of particular TGF-β isoforms and the IL-4 proliferation signal.

[0087] The degree of cell proliferation is determined using a commercial cell proliferation assay (e.g., CellTiter 96® AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay from Promega). HT-2 cells are maintained in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% FBS, penicillin/streptomycin (100 U/ml and 100 ug/ml respectively), 50 uM beta-mercaptoethanol and 10 ng/ml hIL-2 (R&D Systems). Cells are centrifuged at 1000 RPM in a Jouvan CR422 centrifuge and re-suspended in PBS. After washing (2×) with PBS, cells are finally re-suspended (0.15×10⁶ cells/ml in Assay Media (phenol red-free RPMI 1640 supplemented with 2% FBS, penicillin/streptomycin (100 U/ml and 100 ug/ml respectively) and 50 uM beta-mercaptoethanol). To each well of a 96 well plate is added 50 ul of cells in Assay Media. Varying concentrations of an invention antibody are pre-incubated with recombinant TGF-β1, -β2, or -β3 (300 pg/ml in Assay Media). Following a 30 min pre-incubation, 50 ul of the TGF-β/antibody mixture is added to the HT-2 cells, followed immediately by 50 ul of Assay media containing 6.0 ng/m1 murine IL-4 (2.0 ng/ml final). After incubation with the assay media (20-48 hr, 37° C. in a humidified, 5% CO2 atmosphere), 35 ul of CellTiter 96® Aqueous solution (Promega Corp) is added. After further incubation (2-3 hr, as above), the assay is quantitated by analysis on an ELISA plate reader at 490 nM using the CellTiter 96® colorimetric assay (the quantity of formazan product—measured by amount of 490 nm absorbance—is directly proportional to the number of living cells). Compared to 1D11.16; ATCC® HB9849, antibodies of the invention exhibit improved neutralization of TGF-β1-, -β2-, and -β3-induced cell death and neutralization potency (e.g., IC₅₀<0.1 mg/mL or <125 pM) as shown in Table 3 below.

[0088]

	TABLE 3
	mAb 3.A	mAb 4.17	mAb 12.4	mAb 12.7
	Mean	Mean		Mean		Mean		Mean
	ng/ml	ng/ml	SEM	ng/ml	SEM	ng/ml	SEM	ng/ml	SEM
TGF-	214.84	2.62	0.96	0.42	0.08	0.44	0.16	0.59	0.16
β1
TGF-	574.40	51.43	11.63	3.65	0.84	6.14	1.37	3.34	0.89
β2
TGF-	99.98	16.91	5.61	15.79	3.68	5.22	0.87	6.78	0.41
β3

[0089] On binding TGF-βRI and TGF-βRII receptors, TGF-β ligands activate a signaling cascade, in which Smad-2 proteins are phosphorylated to produce downstream biologic effects such as, e.g., in cancer. Inhibition and/or significant diminishment of Smad2 phosphorylation evidences neutralization of TGF-β biological activities via transcriptional activation (see, e.g., Li, et al., 2005 World J Surg 29(3):306-11). To assess in vivo neutralization efficacy of an antibody, phospho-Smad2 levels in a xenograft model and/or in multiple organs or tissue are made after exposure to an invention antibody to provide evidence of its neutralization efficacy in cell proliferative conditions such as, e.g., cancer. Testing in vivo efficacy is assessed by measuring the degree of phospho-Smad2 inhibition using a highly vascularized U87MG human tumor xenograft model (see, e.g., Plowman, et al., 1997 “Human tumor xenograft models” in Anticancer Drug Development Guide: Preclinical Screening, Clinical Trials, and Approval; Teicher B (ed) pp 101-25. Humana Press: Totowa N.J.). Female athymic nu/nu nude mice (Charles River, ˜22-24 g) are quarantined and maintained (7d ad libitum food & water) before experimental manipulation. Testing starts by flank injections(s.c.) of subconfluent human glioblastoma U87MG cells (˜5×10⁶/per animal in 0.2 ml culture medium mixed with Matrigel™ (BD Biosciences, 1:1 v/v)) to promote tumor growth. Xenografts are then monitored until tumor volume reaches ˜300 mm³ then animals are randomly divided into treatment groups (10/group) with dosing initiated. Post-tumor implantation therapy starts when mAb 12.7 is administered (i.p.) at varying dosages (e.g., 1, 10, 100 ug/animal) in a saline vehicle twice a week (q4d) for a dosing duration of two weeks. Saline and human IgG4 controls (100 ug) are dosed in parallel. Forty-eight hours after last dose, animals are sacrificed with tumor and lung samples collected and snap frozen in liquid nitrogen. Samples are subsequently ground and lysed for Smad2 phosphorylation analysis by ELISA using antibodies against phosphorylated or total Smad2. Blood is also collected into EDTA-treated tubes via cardiac puncture. Blood samples are centrifuged to obtain plasma samples (800 rpm, 4° C., 30 min; then 3000 rpm, 4° C., 10 min), which are stored (−80° C.) until analysis. Statistical comparison of Smad2 phosphorylation is performed using JMP5.1 (SAS Institute). A one-way ANOVA and Dunnett's test with a control are also used. The phospho-Smad2 levels are assayed to evaluate target inhibition induced by treatment with invention compositions. The phospho-Smad2 level is normalized to total Smad (or total protein) to minimize variation introduced by tissue size and process handling. Data from this U87MG xenograft model show a dose dependent inhibition of Smad2 phosphorylation, thus demonstrating in vivo neutralization efficacy in modulating TGF-β effects on cell proliferation. Data show that a 10 μg dose decreases Smad2 phosphorylation by 60% (p=0.012), with 72% inhibition achievable at doses of 100 μg (p<0.0001). Further, a 75% decrease in Smad2 phosphorylation is seen in lung tissue at 100 μg dose of an invention composition (p<0.001). There is also a dose-dependent decrease in phospho-Smad2 levels (relative to total-Smad (T-Smad)) and decreased phospho-Smad2 levels in lung tissue (at the 100 ug dose). Similar data obtain when phospho-Smad levels are normalized either to total Smad levels or to the square root of total Smad (tSmad) levels, thus, further indicating that percentage inhibition of tumor growth is correlated with increasing dosage delivery of an invention binding composition.