Refrigeration apparatus

[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/967,114 entitled “Refrigeration Apparatus” by Ramachandran Narayanamurthy et al., filed Oct. 15, 2004, which claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. provisional application No. 60/511,952, entitled “Refrigerant Based High Efficiency Energy Storage and Cooling System”, filed Oct. 15, 2003. The entire contents of the above listed applications are hereby specifically incorporated herein by reference for all they disclose and teach.

[0002] With the increasing demands on peak power consumption, ice storage is an environmentally benign method that has been utilized to shift air conditioning power loads to off-peak times and rates. A need exists not only for load shifting from peak to off-peak periods, but also for increases in air conditioning unit capacity and efficiency. Current air conditioning units having energy storage systems have had limited success due to several deficiencies including reliance on water chillers, that are practical only in large commercial buildings, and have difficulty achieving high-efficiency. In order to commercialize advantages of thermal energy storage in large and small commercial buildings, thermal energy storage systems must have minimal manufacturing and engineering costs, maintain maximum efficiency under varying operating conditions, demonstrate simplicity in the refrigerant management design, and maintain flexibility in multiple refrigeration or air conditioning applications.

[0003] Systems for providing stored energy have been previously contemplated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,735,064, and 4,916,916 both issued to Harry Fischer and to U.S. Pat. No. 5,647,225 issued to Fischer et al. All of these patents utilize ice storage to shift air conditioning loads from on-peak to off-peak electric rates to provide economic justification and are hereby specifically incorporated by reference for all they teach and disclose.

[0004] An embodiment of the present invention may therefore comprise a refrigeration apparatus comprising: a condensing unit comprising a compressor and a condenser; a thermal energy storage unit comprising a tank that contains a storage heat exchanger and at least partially filled with a phase change liquid; a load heat exchanger; a refrigeration management unit connected to the condensing unit, the thermal energy storage unit and the load heat exchanger; and, a refrigerant management controller in communication with the refrigeration management unit and comprised of operational controllers using environmental data to regulate and control operation of the refrigeration apparatus.

[0005] The disclosed embodiments offer the advantage of using power from electric utility companies during low demand, off-peak hours, which are usually at night, when these companies use their most efficient equipment. For example, high efficiency electric generators, typically stream-driven, produce a kilowatt-hour (KWH) for approximately 8,900 BTU. In contrast, a peak hour high capacity electrical generator, such as a gas turbine, can use as much as 14,000 BTU to produce the same KWH of electricity. Second, the transmission lines also run cooler at night resulting in higher efficiency of energy usage. Finally, for air-cooled air-conditioning systems, operating the system at night affords a higher efficiency by lowering the temperature of the condensing unit.

[0006] The disclosed refrigerant-based energy storage and cooling system has the advantage of operating at high efficiency providing an overall system that shifts power usage without significant total energy losses and with the increased efficiencies of off-peak power generation and off-peak compressor-based refrigerant cooling, a net reduction in the total energy consumption of an individual operating unit.

[0012] While this invention is susceptible to embodiments in many different forms, there is shown in the drawings and will be described herein, in detail, specific embodiments thereof with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered as an exemplification of the principles of the invention and is not to be limited to the specific embodiments described.

[0013] FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a high efficiency refrigerant cold storage and cooling system. The described embodiments minimize additional components and use nearly no energy beyond that used by the condensing unit to store the energy. The refrigerant cold storage design has been engineered to provide flexibility so that it is practicable for a variety of applications. The embodiments can utilize stored energy to provide chilled water for large commercial applications or provide direct refrigerant air conditioning to multiple evaporators. The design incorporates multiple operating modes, the ability to add optional components, and the integration of smart controls that allow energy to be stored and released at maximum efficiency. When connected to a condensing unit, the system stores refrigeration energy in a first time period, and utilizes the stored energy during a second time period to provide cooling. In addition, both the condensing unit and the refrigerant cold storage system can operate simultaneously to provide cooling during a third time period.

[0014] As shown in FIG. 1, an embodiment of a high efficiency refrigerant energy storage and cooling system 100 is depicted with four major components incorporated in the system. The air conditioner unit 102 is a conventional condensing unit that utilizes a compressor 110 and a condenser 111 to produce high-pressure liquid refrigerant delivered through a high-pressure liquid supply line 112 to the refrigeration management unit 104. The refrigeration management unit 104 is connected to an energy storage unit 106 comprising an insulated tank 140 with ice-making coils 142 and is filled with a phase change liquid such as water or other eutectic material. The air conditioner unit 102, the refrigeration management unit 104 and the energy storage assembly 106 act in concert to provide efficient cooling to the load heat exchanger 108 (indoor cooling coil assembly) and thereby perform the functions of the principal modes of operation of the system.

[0015] As further illustrated in FIG. 1, the compressor 110 produces high-pressure liquid refrigerant delivered through a high-pressure liquid supply line 112 to the refrigeration management unit 104. The high-pressure liquid supply line 112 is split and feeds an oil still/surge vessel 116 and a pressure operated slide valve 118. The still/surge vessel 116 is used to concentrate the oil in the low-pressure refrigerant and return it to the compressor 110 through the dry suction return 114. Without the still/surge vessel 116, some oil would remain in the accumulator vessel, ultimately causing the compressor 110 to seize due to lack of oil, and the heat exchangers to become less effective due to fouling. The vapor rises to the top of the still/surge vessel 116 and out vent capillary 128, to be re-introduced in the wet suction return 124. This is done to encourage vapor flow out of the heat exchanger within the still/surge vessel 116, and in the preferred direction. The length of the vent capillary 128 or similar regulated bleed device is used to control the pressure in the still/surge vessel 116, and hence, the boil rate and the volume of refrigerant in the system. The pressure operated slide valve 118 also allows a secondary supply of high-pressure liquid refrigerant that can bypass of the rest of the refrigerant management system 104 and supplies liquid refrigerant to a liquid refrigerant pump 120 and directly to the load unit 108.

[0016] When activated, a liquid refrigerant pump 120 supplies the evaporator coils of the load heat exchanger 122 within the load portion 108 of the energy storage and cooling system with liquid refrigerant. Low-pressure refrigerant returns from the evaporator coils of the load heat exchanger 122 via wet suction return 124 to an accumulator or universal refrigerant management vessel (URMV) 146 and to the internal heat exchanger composed of ice freezing/discharging coils 142. The low-pressure vapor exits from the top of the URMV 146 and returns to the air conditioning unit 102 through dry suction return 114 along with the distilled oil enriched refrigerant flowing out of the bottom of the oil still/surge vessel 116 through an oil return capillary 148. The oil return capillary 148 controls the rate at which the oil is re-introduced into the system. Oil enriched liquid refrigerant passes through a P-trap 150, which eliminates (blocks) an undesired path for refrigerant should the still/surge vessel 116 become empty.

[0017] Additionally, the wet suction return 124 connects with a bifurcator 130 prior to the URMV 146. The bifurcator supplies low-pressure refrigerant from the mixed phase regulator 132 (TRVT). The mixed phase regulator 132 meters the flow of refrigerant within the system by incorporating a valve (orifice) that opens to release mixed phase refrigerant, only when there is sufficient quantity of liquid built up in the condenser 111. In this way, the compressor 110 driving the system needs merely to operate to feed high pressure refrigerant, which can be matched to the cooling load. This mixed phase regulator 132 prevents vapor bleeding into the low-pressure side (heat load portion) of the system and virtually eliminates vapor feed to the URMV 146 from the compressor 110, while also dropping the required pressure from the condenser pressure to the evaporator saturation pressure. This results in greater overall efficiency of the system while simplifying the liquid overfeed characteristics of the refrigerant management unit.

[0018] The insulated tank 140 contains dual-purpose ice freezing/discharging coils 142 (nominally geometrically designed helical coils), arranged for gravity circulation and drainage of liquid refrigerant, and are connected to an upper header assembly 154 at the top, and to a lower header assembly 156 at the bottom. The upper header assembly 154 extends outward through the insulated tank 140 to the refrigeration management unit 104. When refrigerant flows through the ice freezing/discharging coils 142 and header assemblies 154 and 156, the coils act as an evaporator and the fluid 152 solidifies in the insulated tank 140 during one time period. The ice freezing/discharging coils 142 and header assemblies 154 and 156 are connected to the low-pressure side of the refrigerant circuitry and are arranged for gravity or pumped circulation and drainage of liquid refrigerant. During a second time period, warm vapor phase refrigerant circulates through the ice freezing/discharging coils 142 and header assemblies 154 and 156 and melts the ice 152 providing a refrigerant condensing function.

[0019] In one embodiment, the insulated tank 140 utilized in the system is a double-walled rotomolded plastic tank with an R13 to R35 insulation value in the lid, walls, and bottom of the tank. Since the system normally operates in a daily charge and discharge cycle, rather than a weekly cycle, additional insulation values do not significantly improve overall performance. The insulated tank 140 integrates attachment points for externally mounted refrigerant management components and provides for egress of refrigeration piping. The tank is filled with water or eutectic material and incorporates an overflow to maintain fluid level during expansion of fluids.

[0020] The central device within the refrigerant management unit 104 is an accumulator vessel called the universal refrigerant management vessel or URMV 146. The URMV 146 is on the low-pressure side of the refrigerant circuitry and performs several functions. The URMV 146 separates liquid and vapor refrigerant during the refrigerant energy storage period and during the cooling period. The URMV 146 provides a column of liquid refrigerant during the refrigerant energy storage period that sustains gravity circulation through the ice freezing/discharging coils 142 inside the insulated tank 140. The URMV 146 is also a vapor disengaging vessel and provides for refrigerant storage. The dry suction return 114 to the air conditioner unit 102 compressor 110 during the energy storage time period is provided by an outlet at the top of the URMV vessel 140. The dry suction return 114 is placed in such a way to prevent liquid refrigerant from being returned to the compressor. A wet suction return 124 is provided through an inlet in the top of the URMV 146 for connection to an evaporator (load heat exchanger 122) during the time period when the refrigerant energy storage system provides cooling.

[0021] The first time period is the refrigerant energy storage time period or storing energy in ice. The output of the compressor 110 is high-pressure refrigerant vapor that is condensed to high-pressure liquid, (HPL). A valve (not shown) on the outlet of the refrigerant pump 120 is energized to close the connection to the load unit 108. High-pressure liquid, is surrounded by low-pressure liquid refrigerant in a second refrigerant vessel that is a combination oil still/surge vessel 116 that is connected to the low side of the refrigerant system.

[0022] During this first time period (energy storage period) the oil still/surge vessel 116 is an oil still and during the cooling period, the oil still/surge vessel 116 acts as a refrigerant surge vessel. During the energy storage period, an internal heat exchanger, in which flows high-pressure liquid refrigerant from the air conditioner unit 102, keeps all but a small amount of low-pressure liquid refrigerant out of the oil still/surge vessel 116. The refrigerant that is inside the vessel boils at a rate determined by two capillary pipes. One capillary is the vent capillary 128 that controls the level of refrigerant in the oil still/surge vessel 116. The second, the oil return capillary 148, returns oil-enriched refrigerant to the compressor 110 within the air conditioner unit 102 at a determined rate. The column of liquid refrigerant in the URMV 146 is acted on by gravity and positioning the oil still/surge vessel 116 near the bottom of the URMV 146 column maintains a steady flow of supply liquid refrigerant to the oil still/surge vessel 116. This vessel is connected to the low-pressure liquid feed line 144 with a P-trap 150 that prevents vapor from entering the URMV 146 or the liquid refrigerant pump 120. The surge function allows excess refrigerant during the cooling period to be drained from the ice freezing/discharging coils 142 in the insulated tank 140 keeping the surface area maximized for condensing refrigerant. Physical positioning of the oil still/surge vessel 116 is a factor in its performance as a still and as a surge vessel. This oil still/surge vessel 116 additionally provides the path for return of the oil that migrates with the refrigerant that must return to the compressor 110. The slightly subcooled (cooler than the vapor-to-liquid phase temperature of the refrigerant) high-pressure liquid refrigerant that exits the oil still/surge vessel 116 flows through a mixed phase regulator 132 (thermodynamic refrigerant vapor trap) where pressure drop occurs.

[0023] As stated above, the refrigerant management unit 104 receives high-pressure liquid refrigerant from the air conditioner unit via a high-pressure liquid supply line 112. The high-pressure liquid refrigerant flows through the heat exchanger within the oil still/surge vessel 116, where it is subcooled, and connects to the mixed phase regulator 132, where the refrigerant pressure drop takes place. The use of a mixed phase regulator 132 provides many favorable functions besides liquid refrigerant pressure drop. The mass quantity of refrigerant that passes through the mixed phase regulator 132 will match the refrigerant boiling rate in the ice making coils 142 during the energy storage time period. This eliminates the need for a refrigerant level control. The mixed phase regulator 132 passes subcooled liquid refrigerant, but closes when sensing vapor (or inadequate subcooling of liquid) at its inlet. The pulsing action of the refrigerant exiting the opening and closing mixed phase regulator 132 creates a hammer effect upon the liquid refrigerant as a standing wave is produced within the closed column. This agitates the liquid refrigerant in the ice making coils 142 during the energy storage time period and enhances heat transfer as well as assists in segregating liquid and vapor phase refrigerant. The mixed phase regulator 132, in conjunction with the URMV 146, also drains the air conditioner unit 102 of liquid refrigerant keeping its surface area available for condensing. The mixed phase regulator 132 allows head pressure of an air-cooled condensing unit to float with ambient temperature. The system requires no superheat and no subcooling circuit that is mandatory with most condensing units connected to a direct expansion refrigeration device.

[0024] An adjustment to the mixed phase regulator 132 allows the refrigerant energy storage and cooling system to make ice with an average four-degree approach. The low-pressure liquid refrigerant that leaves the mixed phase regulator 132 passes through a bifurcator 130 to an eductor (or injector nozzle) located between the inlet to the URMV 146 and the upper header assembly 154 of the ice making coils 142 to assist with gravity refrigerant circulation. The bifurcator 130 reduces the pressure and the flow of the liquid refrigerant. During the refrigerant energy storage time period, the eductor creates a drop in pressure as the refrigerant leaves the bifurcator 130 thereby increasing the rate of refrigerant circulation in the ice making coils 142 and improving system performance.

[0025] The mixed phase regulator 132 also varies the flow of refrigerant in response to evaporator load. It does this by maintaining a constant pressure in the URMV 146. This allows the condensing pressure to float with the ambient air temperature. As the ambient air temperature decreases, the head pressure at the compressor 110 decreases. The mixed phase regulator 132 allows liquid refrigerant to pass but shuts down when it senses vapor. It holds the dual-phase mixture in a “trap”. The liquid (being denser) is allowed to pass but starts to close when the less dense gas is passed. The vapor backs up to the condenser 111 to become further condensed into a liquid. The mixed phase regulator 132 is self regulating (once calibrated) and has no parasitic losses (adiabatic expansion). Additionally, the mixed phase regulator 132 improves the efficiency of the heat transfer in the coils of the heat exchanger by removing vapor out of the liquid and creating a pulsing action on the low-pressure side. As stated above, the mixed phase regulator 132 opens to let low-pressure liquid through and then closes to trap vapor on the high-pressure side and create a pulsing action on the low-pressure side of the regulator. This pulsing action wets more of the sub-circuit inside wall at the boiling level, which aids in the heat transfer.

[0026] The low-pressure liquid enters the URMV 146 vessel and the liquid and vapor components are separated. The liquid component fills the URMV 146 to a determined level and the vapor component is returned to the compressor of the air conditioner unit 102. In a normal direct expansion cooling system, the vapor component circulates throughout the system reducing efficiency. With this embodiment, the vapor component is returned to the compressor 110 immediately. The column of liquid refrigerant in the URMV 146 is acted upon by gravity and has two paths during the energy storage time period. One path is to the oil still/surge vessel 116 where the rate of outflow is metered by capillary tubes 128 and 148. The second path for the column of liquid refrigerant is to the lower header assembly 156, through the ice making coils 142 and the upper header assembly 154, and back to the compressor 110 through the URMV 146. This gravity circulation in this manner is how energy is stored in the form of ice when the tank is filled with a phase-change fluid such as water. A solid column of liquid refrigerant in the URMV 146 becomes less dense in the ice making coils 142, as the refrigerant becomes a vapor. This differential maintains the gravity circulation. Initially vapor, and later in the storage cycle refrigerant liquid and vapor, is returned to the URMV 146. The liquid returns to the column and the vapor returns to the compressor 110 within the air conditioning unit 102. Gravity circulation assures uniform building of the ice. As one of the ice making coils 142 builds more ice, its heat flux rate is reduced. The coil next to it now receives more refrigerant until it has an equal heat flux rate.

[0027] The design of the ice making coils 142 creates an ice build pattern that keeps the compressor suction pressure high during the ice build storage time period. During the final phase of the energy storage time period, a rapid formation of ice is built and the suction pressure drops dramatically. This is the full charge indication that automatically shuts off the condensing unit with an adjustable refrigerant pressure switch.

[0028] When the air conditioning unit 102 turns on during the energy storage time period, high-pressure liquid refrigerant forces the slide (piston) in the pressure operated slide valve to block the free flow of refrigerant to the load heat exchanger 122. When the energy storage system is fully charged and the air conditioning unit 102 shuts off, the mixed phase regulator 132 allows the refrigerant system pressures to equalize quickly. With the high-pressure liquid no longer pushing the slide closed, a spring returns the slide to the open position, allowing refrigerant to flow to the load heat exchanger 122 without restriction. In one embodiment, the load heat exchanger 122 is located below the energy storage system, and refrigerant flows by gravity to the flooded evaporator and operates as a thermosiphon.

[0029] In summary, when the tank is filled with water and refrigerant is circulated through the coils, the coils act as an evaporator, forming ice and storing energy during one time period. During a second time period, refrigerant circulates through the coils and melts the ice providing a refrigerant condensing function. This energy storage and discharge methodology is know as ice-on-coil, inside-melt. The time periods are determined by the end-user, a utility, or optional smart controls incorporated within or attached to the system.

[0030] The disclosed embodiment provides an efficient, refrigeration apparatus that provides refrigerant based energy storage and cooling. When connected to a condensing unit, the system has the ability to store energy capacity during one time period and provide cooling from the stored energy during a second time period. The system requires minimal energy to operate during either time period, and only a fraction of the energy required to operate the system during the first time period is required to operate the system during the second time period using an optional refrigerant pump.

[0031] FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of a high efficiency refrigerant cold storage and cooling system in a configuration for air conditioning with multiple evaporators (which includes mini-split systems very common in Europe and the Far East). As shown in FIG. 2, various efficiency options can be added to the refrigerant cold storage and cooling system. As previously noted, a liquid refrigerant pump 120 within the refrigerant management unit 104 can be added downstream of the pressure operated slide valve 118 to circulate refrigerant to a load which is depicted as mini-split evaporators 160 in this embodiment. The coils of the heat exchangers within the mini-split evaporators 160 are fed refrigerant directly using liquid overfeed technology. In the wet suction return line 124, both liquid and vapor return to the energy storage unit 106. The vapor is condensed by discharge coils 142 within the ice 152 and the liquid refrigerant is returned to the inlet of the liquid refrigerant pump 120. Excess refrigerant that may have been utilized during the energy storage time period is now stored in the oil still/surge vessel 116. The refrigerant path options presented with the pressure operated slide valve in FIG. 2 allow both the air conditioner unit 102 and the energy storage unit 106 to provide condensing for the mini-split evaporators 160 within the load unit 108. This is called the “Push” mode and it operates during a third time period.

[0032] The pluralities of coils that comprise the ice freezing/discharge coils 142 may have a passive water destratification system consisting of passive destratifier pipes 164 in physical contact with the ice freezing/discharge coils 142 that provide a path for water displacement outside the ice boundary. These passive destratifier pipes 164, along with stays that keep the coils properly spaced provide mechanical protection for the coils during shipment. An optional air bubbler, water pump, agitator, circulator or the like can be installed to actively destratify the fluid promoting flow in either direction. Passive destratifier fins 162 may also be used on the upper header assembly 154, the lower header assembly 156 or other heat exchange surfaces within the energy storage unit 106 to provide additional destratification and heat exchange within the fluid/ice 152.

[0033] The pluralities of coils may also have a passive water destratification system consisting of pipes in physical contact with the coils that provide a path for water displacement outside the ice boundary. These pipes, along with stays that keep the coils properly spaced, provide mechanical protection for the coils during shipment. An optional air bubbler, water pump, agitator, circulator or the like can be installed to actively destratify the fluid promoting flow in either direction.

[0034] FIG. 3 is a table illustrating the component status for an embodiment of a high efficiency refrigerant cold storage and cooling system operating in three time periods and modes. As shown in FIG. 3, the status of the air conditioner unit 102, the oil still/surge vessel 116, the ice freezing/discharge coils 142 and the pressure operated slide valve 118 is depicted for each of the three time periods and modes described. For example, in time period 1, during the refrigerant cold storage mode, the air conditioner unit 102 is on, the oil still/surge vessel 116 is operating as an oil still, the ice freezing/discharge coils 142 are making ice with refrigerant flowing from bottom to top, and the pressure operated slide valve 118 is closed.

[0035] During this ice-make (charge) cycle, the air conditioner unit 102 supplies hot liquid refrigerant to the system. The circuit follows the path starting with high-pressure liquid from the condenser 111, through the mixed phase regulator 132 (float) that changes the refrigerant to a low-pressure liquid where it is fed into the URMV 146. The system feeds low temperature liquid to the lower header assembly 156 of the heat exchanger within the energy storage unit 106 where it gradually freezes most of the water in the insulated tank 140. Vapor phase refrigerant exits the upper header assembly and flows back into the URMV 146. Any carryover liquid falls to the bottom of the URMV 146 and repeats the circuit through the ice freezing/discharge coils 142. The resulting “dry” low-pressure vapor exits the URMV 146 and the cycle starts again.

[0036] In time period 2, during the cooling mode also referred to as the cooling or ice melt (discharge) cycle, the air conditioner unit 102 is off, the oil still/surge vessel 116 is operating as a surge vessel, the ice freezing/discharge coils 142 are condensing with refrigerant flowing from top to bottom, and the refrigerant pump 120 and the pressure operated slide valve 18 are open.

[0037] During peak energy periods, the air conditioner unit 102 connected to the system is turned off and the system discharges the ice created during the ice-make cycle. The system discharges the energy sink provided by the ice to enable cooling. In the disclosed embodiments there are two methods of cooling cycle supported by the system module: load-shifting and load-leveling. Load-shifting makes use of a single refrigeration circuit—the system connected to a standard evaporator coil to provide both sensible and latent cooling. The load-leveling mode uses two separate refrigeration circuits to provide cooling: a sensible-evaporator circuit to provide sensible cooling (removing the heat from ventilation air); and, a separate ice-evaporator to provide latent cooling (removing the humidity). A standard air conditioner unit 102 and oversized evaporator coil (load unit 108) comprise the sensible-evaporator circuit while the second evaporator coil and the energy storage unit 106 comprise the ice-evaporator circuit. The reverse can also be accomplished in other embodiments of the load leveling system.

[0038] The refrigeration circuit in load-shifting mode and the ice-evaporator circuit in the load-leveling mode are fundamentally similar with both systems being connected to an evaporator coil (load unit 108). The difference between the two is that in load-shifting mode, the load unit 108 provides both sensible and latent cooling whereas in load-leveling, the load unit 108 provides mainly latent cooling. This allows the same basic coil design the ability to perform different functions in multiple configurations.

[0039] During the ice melt cycle, the refrigerant pump 120 is the driving force for the refrigerant to the load unit 108. A unique aspect of these systems compared to standard air-conditioning systems is that the indoor unit (air handler and load unit 108) can be as far as 150 ft from the energy storage unit 106 (normal is 80 ft max). This is possible because the oil still/surge vessel 116 acts as a liquid receiver and adjusts for the additional refrigerant liquid required to traverse long lines. Standard air-conditioning systems would starve of liquid at such distances and provide poor performance. This enables the disclosed systems to be applied to much larger building than standard split system air-conditioners.

[0040] One primary application for these types of refrigeration apparatus is in the field of load shifting peak power demands of daytime air conditioning. There are primarily two methods commonly followed to avoid high electrical demand during peak summer hours. One method is called load shedding in which compressors are shut down during peak periods and cooling is supplied by stored energy such as ice to provide cooling. The other practice is called load leveling in which a smaller compressor is operated continuously. During periods of low cooling demand, energy is stored thermally as ice and during periods of moderate demand, the small compressor unit matches the load requirement. During periods of high demand when the small compressor cannot supply the needed energy, the capacity of the system is supplemented by the melting of ice to make up the difference. The ice freezing period during low air conditioning demand may be as long as 12-14 hours, contrasting to the peak demand period which may be as short as 3 hours or as long as 10 hours.

[0041] The following describes refrigerant flow for both the load-shifting mode and the ice-evaporator circuit in the load-leveling mode. During the ice melt (discharge) cycle, the ice freezing/discharge coils in the energy storage unit 106 act like condensers, taking vapor refrigerant from the load unit 108 and condensing it. The cold liquid refrigerant (32° F.-58° F.) is circulated to the load unit 108 via a liquid refrigerant pump 120. If the load unit 108 is sufficiently close to and below the refrigeration management unit 106, the cycle could operate entirely on density differences (as a thermosiphon), thereby eliminated the need for the liquid refrigerant pump 120, and hence reducing energy consumption (increasing system efficiency). This circuit uses only low-pressure liquid and vapor refrigerant.

[0042] The steps in the ice-evaporation circuit are:

• • [0043] 1. Liquid refrigerant is pumped out of the URMV 146 via the liquid refrigerant pump 120 to the load unit 108
  • [0044] 2. Liquid refrigerant is boiled off in the load unit 108.
  • [0045] 3. A mixture of vapor and liquid returns from the load unit 108 to the URMV 146 through the wet suction return 124.
  • [0046] 4. The liquid refrigerant falls to the bottom of the URMV 146.
  • [0047] 5. Most of the vapor refrigerant component does not enter the URMV 146, but enters the heat exchanger in the energy storage unit 106 due to the suction pressure caused by condensing refrigerant in the refrigeration sub-circuits (coils)
  • [0048] 6. Vapor refrigerant enters the ice freezing/discharge coils 142 and condenses into a liquid at the lower header assembly 156
  • [0049] 7. The liquid refrigerant exits the lower header assembly 156 and collects in the bottom of the URMV 146
  • [0050] 8. The cycle repeats.

[0051] In load-shifting mode, the thermal energy unit 106 is the only cooling system using energy during prescribed peak times. Therefore, a majority of the energy use (up to 100%) can be shifted to other non-peak times. The purpose of the load-shifting function is to shift electrical demand to non-peak hours. Total demand is reduced, efficiency is increased because the air conditioning unit operates at a lower ambient temperature, and demand is shifted from peak hours to non-peak hours.

[0052] In the load-leveling mode, two separate refrigeration circuits are used to provide cooling. The first circuit provides is fed by other cooling systems and would preferably provide sensible cooling. The disclosed embodiments are used a part of the second refrigeration circuit, the ice-evaporator circuit. The disclosed systems provides very efficient latent cooling because they run much lower temperature (lower pressure) refrigerant thru the load unit 108 compared to most standard air-conditioning systems. The lower resultant dewpoint brings more moisture (latent energy) out of the air. Use of the system in load-leveling mode to provide the latent cooling enables the size of a sensible-only air conditioning system to be reduced. Smaller air-handling systems are also possible. Ideally, the goal is to eliminate dehumidification (latent cooling) on the first coil, and provide it entirely on the second coil. By improving the efficiency of the first refrigeration circuit and using the system to supply the cooling to the second circuit, peak demand may be reduced and overall efficiency may be improved (compared to conventional unitary air-conditioning system) depending on the cooling demand.

[0053] In the load-leveling configuration, the system can still provide the total cooling load during shoulder or winter months when the cooling load is minimal or defined by an energy management system to further minimize peak electrical demand.

[0054] Finally, in time period 3, during the “Push” mode, the air conditioner unit 102 is on, the oil still/surge vessel 116 is acting as a combination oil still and surge vessel, the ice freezing/discharge coils 142 are condensing with refrigerant flowing from top to bottom, and the refrigerant pump 120 and pressure operated slide valve 118 are open. The “Push” mode allows the compressor 110 associated with the system (to make ice) to provide cooling directly to load unit 108. This might serve any number of purposes such as: providing cooling after ice is exhausted; providing additional capacity at peak times (along with the ice); and, saving ice for later, presumably for improved cost savings.

[0055] Nominally, the timing of an ice build is calculated to address energy costs alone—e.g., the price per kWh. However, the calculation can also address the efficiency of the system at various times of night, which indirectly impacts the total energy costs. Nighttime efficiency varies with ambient temperatures and weather conditions. Nighttime temperatures typically follow a profile (of being coldest just before sunrise), and this can be used to optimize build times. However, weather forecasts and other feed forward mechanisms can also be used to optimize build time. The optimization on build-time can consider a number of additional constraints and factors as well, such as noise, convenience, maximum consumption thresholds, etc.

[0056] Ice build can also be optimized around expected cooling needs. i.e., it may be advantageous economically to not build ice if calculations or rules indicate it will not be needed (for the next cycle, or some period of time). The system need not only be configured to cool a facility, i.e., human comfort. It can provide cooling for any purpose, such as cooling another liquid in a process. The delivered capacity (rate) can be also adjusted via a valve that feeds some of the output (from liquid refrigerant pump 120, e.g.) directly back into the system, bypassing evaporator or load unit 108.

[0057] The system generates its own water from condensation, and in sufficient quantity to not require the insulated tank 140 to be refilled due to evaporation. The excess water generated through condensation may be drained through a tube leading from an elevation above the ice to the ground. To prevent this pathway from becoming a source of hot air flow into the tank, a water trap or other valve system can be placed in the tube.

[0058] The block of ice 152 formed within the insulated tank 140 is designed to melt from the top to the bottom (due to refrigerant evaporation) and from the inside of each if the ice freezing/discharge coils 142 section of ice to the outside (the ice touching the coil melts first). After all the ice touching the ice freezing/discharge coils 142 has melted, water—not ice—is in contact with the coil, although a “sheath” of water may be trapped at the top or bottom. This sheath of slows the heat transfer rate from coil to ice. Efficiency and operating conditions are improved by circulating water through the sheath. To affect such a flow, two things must be accomplished: a complete pathway must be created along the ice freezing/discharge coils 142, from open water to open water, and a means for promoting flow must be established. To create a pathway, passive destratifier pipes 164 (thermal conductors such as copper pipe) are installed towards the bottom of the coil assembly, and physically bound to each ice freezing/discharge coil 142 along the conductor's length. Furthermore, the passive destratifier pipe 164 extends out beyond the ice build area into open water. Multiple such conductors may be added. Each conductor thus creates its own “sheath” of water which starts in open water and connects to each coil's sheath, thereby creating a pathway from the bottom up. At the top of each coil, a passive destratifier pipe 164 is again added to create another sheath that extends through the ice on the top. This conductor may be of a different design, such as four stems that extend up from the headers, or perhaps a thin conductive fin that runs the full length of each coil assembly. This method is optimized if the ice block is built with the water level in the tank such that at full build time, there is open water above the ice. (Water level rises substantially during build due to the lower density of ice, so the water level need not start above the coil assembly.) Having thus established a path of water from open water, to each coil, and out the top of the ice block, the issue of promoting water flow is addressed. Passive and active methods can both be applied. A passive method would use the stratification in temperature and density to create a natural flow. Active systems would stimulate the flow further by introducing water bubbles in the tank, or up each coil, or by pumping water to create circulation.

[0059] FIG. 4 illustrates another embodiment of refrigeration apparatus used as a cold storage and cooling system using a solenoid valve 166. The solenoid valve 166 is designed to replace the pressure operates slide valve 118 of FIG. 1 and is open during the ice melt cycle and is closed during the ice make cycle. When a pressure operated slide valve is used, during the ice make cycle, the pressure in the high-pressure liquid supply line 112 from the compressor discharge is high and overcomes the spring force within the pressure operated slide valve 118. The piston within the valve is then at its farthest position which closes the inlet line to the liquid refrigerant pump 120 and prevents flow of liquid. During the ice melt cycle, the pressure on the high-pressure liquid supply line 112 is lower and the piston is at its nearest position. At this condition, both the inlet and the outlet to the valve are open and the refrigerant flows to the liquid refrigerant pump 120 and onward to the load unit 108 as shown in FIG. 1.

[0060] By removing the pressure operated slide valve 118 and the direct access line from the high-pressure liquid supply line 112, refrigerant can always flow from the URMV 146 to the liquid refrigerant pump 120, but flow is regulated by a solenoid valve 166 (in this embodiment downstream of the liquid refrigerant pump). This configuration allows the use of off-the-shelf valves and greater precision and control of flow with electronic relay based controllers instead of relying upon pressure switches to regulate flows. In an embodiment as detailed in FIG. 4, the entire control of the refrigeration apparatus may be controlled by a refrigerant management controller 168 that is in communication with the refrigeration management unit 104 and used to control the operation of the system. The refrigerant management controller 168 may be driven by a PC type board, IC chip incorporated in a form such as a programmable logic controller (PLC) or programmable microcontroller with analog, digital and relay inputs and outputs. This greatly increases the flexibility of the system and reduces cost of manufacture while allowing numerous additional applications and “smart controls” for the apparatus.

[0061] The refrigerant management controller 168 may receive real-time data and environmental information from communications with environmental sensors 172. These environmental sensors 172 may measure; climatic variables such as time, temperature, humidity (dewpoint), UV index, air quality index, climate zone; condition/consumption variables such as power consumption, energy grid status, energy demand, energy consumption, cooling degree days, utility load profiles; and/or, cost variables such as power costs, electric power price, time dependent value of energy, oil price, propane price, natural gas price, day-ahead price, day-of price, electricity generation price, electricity transmission price, electricity distribution price, electric utility revenue or energy service company revenue, or a variety of other variables that might be useful in determining how and when the refrigeration apparatus should perform in response to a price event, a reliability event, or a load balancing event for example. These factors 173 may change times, rates and specific performance issues in the ice make cycle that might optimize performance or other factors such as when noise from the unit may be a concern. The refrigerant management controller 168 may also contain a data collection unit 170 in which historical environmental and performance may be stored. This data could be used by an outside person (i.e., utility company, energy suppliers, energy service company, demand response aggregator, system operator or the like) 175 or by the refrigerant management controller 168 to make performance changes to one or many units based upon historical data of the unit.

[0062] Additional communications with the refrigerant management controller 168 can be accomplished with a communications device 174 that would facilitate either a wireless link 176 or a hardwire link (i.e., external physical network interface or expansion interface) to a telecom 180 or network/internet (i.e., wide area network, wide area communications interface, radio broadcast data system, paging system or the like). In this way, collected historical data may be downloaded from the system or specific control functions may be programmed into the device such as weather data and forecasts, solar tables and the like. External control inputs or data can also be communicated to refrigerant management controller 168 based on current, typical, or predicted conditions beyond the direct sensing ability of controller 168, such as regional energy supply, cost, or consumption data. The historic data (either captured by the controller or externally derived), environmental data (past, present or forecast), weather, energy, cost, or other data which significantly impacts the efficiency or desired performance and optimization of make/melt times can be used to provide great optimization of performance of the apparatus in a multitude of application environments.

[0063] In these disclosed embodiments, a wide variety of heat loads applications can be adapted in conjunction with the aforementioned embodiments. Essentially any cooling need that can be transferred via refrigerant piping may be utilized with these systems. For example, dairy cooling, plastic injection molding cooling, fresh catch fish refrigeration, inlet cooling for turbine power generation, watercraft refrigeration and air conditioning as well as a wide variety of process cooling applications or the like can benefit from these types of systems.