US 7,686,827 B2Grant
Magnetic closure mechanism for hemostat
Issue Date:2010-03-30
•17 Claims
•5 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A hemostat includes a housing which has a shaft extending distally therefrom. The shaft has an end effector assembly distally attached thereto. The hemostat also includes a pair of first and second handles which are connected to the housing. The first and second handles are operatively connected to the end effector assembly. At least one of the first and second handles are moveable relative to the other handle to effectively actuate the end effector assembly. The hemostat further includes a magnetic closure mechanism which has a first magnet connected to the first handle and a second magnet connected to the second handle. The first and second magnets each have a magnetic potential and are securely engageable with one another when the handles are moved from a first spaced configuration to a second closer position.
Metadata
Assignee
- Covidien AG
Inventor
- Dylan Hushka
Application Information
Application Number:US 11/255,843
Filing Date:2005-10-21
Priority Date:2004-10-21
Art Unit:3734
Classifications
IPC:
A61B17/00
Patent Drawings (5 sheets)
Description
Cross-Reference to Related Application
[0001] The present application claims benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/620,805 filed on Oct. 21, 2004, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Background
[0002] The present disclosure relates to a closure mechanism for hemostat devices. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to a magnetic closure mechanism for hemostat devices.
Technical Field
[0003] A hemostat device is a surgical instrument which relies on mechanical action between its jaws to grasp, clamp, constrict and seal vessels or tissue. Such devices are commonly used in open, endoscopic or laparoscopic surgical procedures. Electrosurgical hemostats (open or endoscopic) utilize both mechanical clamping action and electrical energy to affect hemostasis by heating tissue and blood vessels to coagulate, cauterize or seal tissue.
[0004] Certain surgical procedures require more than simply cauterizing tissue and rely on the unique combination of clamping pressure, precise electrosurgical energy control and gap distance (i.e., distance between opposing jaw members when closed about tissue) to “seal” tissue, vessels and certain vascular bundles.
[0005] Vessel sealing or tissue sealing is a recently-developed technology which utilizes a unique combination of radiofrequency energy, pressure and gap control to effectively seal or fuse tissue between two opposing jaw members or sealing plates. Vessel or tissue sealing is more than “cauterization” which is defined as the use of heat to destroy tissue (also called “diathermy” or “electrodiathermy”) and vessel sealing is more than “coagulation” which is defined as a process of desiccating tissue wherein the tissue cells are ruptured and dried. “Vessel sealing” is defined as the process of liquefying the collagen, elastin and ground substances in the tissue so that it reforms into a fused mass with significantly-reduced demarcation between the opposing tissue structures.
[0006] In order to effectively “seal” tissue or vessels, two predominant mechanical parameters must be accurately controlled: 1) the pressure applied to the vessel or tissue; and 2) the gap distance between the conductive tissue contacting surfaces (electrodes). As can be appreciated, both of these parameters are affected by the thickness of the tissue being sealed. Accurate application of pressure is important for several reasons: to reduce the tissue impedance to a low enough value that allows enough electrosurgical energy through the tissue; to overcome the forces of expansion during tissue heating; and to contribute to the end tissue thickness which is an indication of a good seal.
[0007] With respect to smaller vessels or tissue, the pressure applied becomes less relevant and the gap distance between the electrically conductive surfaces becomes more significant for effective sealing. In other words, the chances of the two electrically conductive surfaces touching during activation increases as the tissue thickness and the vessels become smaller.
[0008] Typically and when utilizing standard hemostats, the surgeon would have to determine the appropriate amount of pressure needed to seal the tissue and maintain that specific amount of pressure while sealing the tissue. Obviously, in this instance, the effectiveness of the seal would depend on the skill of the surgeon during activation. To assist the surgeon in maintaining the correct pressure required to seal the given tissue, many recently developed devices utilize some sort of latch or ratchet that will lock the hemostat device into a certain position thereby keeping a constant predetermined pressure on the tissue being sealed. Maintaining a constant pressure on the tissue is one of the important parameters for effective tissue sealing. For other types of tissue treatments, i.e., coagulation and cauterization, maintaining consistent pressures within a certain range is less relevant to successful tissue treatment.
[0009] Some of the known simpler latches are easy to use and inexpensive to manufacture however, they are limited in that they are not adjustable. Therefore these latches can only be used to apply a set or definitive amount of pressure regardless of the tissue being sealed or the pressure required to effectively seal the tissue. In certain circumstances such as vessel sealing this design is effective since the application of the correct amount of pressure is an important parameter when sealing vessels. However, for cauterization or coagulation purposes, the surgeon may desire an adjustable instrument. Some highly technical latches have been made that are adjustable however these devices usually contain many parts, require additional steps to use and are expensive to manufacture. For example, a series of progressive ratchet-like mechanical interfaces may be employed to incrementally adjust the ratchet pressures. Obviously, this design feature adds to the overall complexity of the instrument and may not be suited for sealing vessels if the pressures associated with the successive ratchet positions fall outside the preferred pressure ranges for sealing.
[0010] Thus, there exists a need to develop a hemostat device which is simple, reliable and inexpensive to manufacture and which effectively seals tissue and vessels and which allows a surgeon to simply latch the device into a closed position with a predetermined closure pressure which is effective for vessel sealing.
Summary
[0011] The present disclosure relates to a hemostat that is generally used for grasping and/or sealing tissue. The hemostat includes a housing which has a shaft extending distally therefrom and an end effector assembly distally attached to the shaft. The housing is also connected to a pair of first and second handles which are operatively connected to the end effector assembly.
[0012] The hemostat further includes a magnetic closure mechanism. The magnetic closure mechanism has a first magnet of a first magnetic potential and a second magnet of a second magnetic potential. The first magnet is connected to the first handle and the second magnet is connected to the second handle. The first and second magnets are securely engageable with one another when the handles are moved from a first spaced configuration to a second closer position.
[0013] In one embodiment the first and second magnets are selectively removable and interchangeable. The first and second magnets are attached to the pair of first and second handles using any means known to those skilled in the art. Some examples include, but are not limited to, snaps, grooves, screws, pins, and combinations of these means.
[0014] In another embodiment, the first and second magnets are each covered by a polymeric covering. Any polymeric covering known to those skilled in the art may be used to cover each of the first and second magnets. Preferably, the polymeric covering is made from a natural polymer, a synthetic polymer or combinations of both. It is envisioned that the polymeric covering may not only protect the magnets from damage resulting from direct contact, but may also assist in increasing or decreasing the magnetic attraction between the first and second magnets.
[0015] The present disclosure also relates to a hemostat which includes a housing which has a shaft extending distally therefrom and an end effector assembly distally attached to the shaft. The end effector assembly includes opposing first and second jaw members. The jaw members are adapted to connect to an electrical energy source such that the jaw members can selectively apply electrical energy through tissue held therebetween. A pair of first and second handles is connected to the housing and the pair of handles is also operatively connected to the end effector assembly. At least one of the handles is moveable relative to the other handle to effectively actuate the end effector assembly. The hemostat also includes a magnetic closure mechanism that maintains a closure pressure between the opposing jaw members within a predefined pressure range. The magnetic closure mechanism includes a first magnet which has a first magnetic potential and a second magnet which has a second magnetic potential. The first magnet is connected to the first handle and the second magnet is connected to the second handle. The first and second magnets are securely engageable with one another when the handles are moved from a first spaced configuration to a second closer position.
[0016] The present disclosure further relates to a hemostat which has first and second shafts that are pivotably mounted for movement relative to one another from a first spaced configuration to a second closer configuration. Each of the first and second shafts has respective jaw members at a distal end thereof and respective handles at a proximal end thereof. The jaw members are disposed in opposing relation relative to one another. The hemostat also includes a magnetic closure mechanism that maintains a closure pressure between the opposing jaw members within a predefined pressure range. The magnetic closure mechanism has a first magnet of a first magnetic potential and a second magnet of a second magnetic potential. The first magnet and the second magnet are securely engageable with one another when the first handle and the second handle are moved from a first spaced configuration to a second closer configuration.
Brief Description of the Drawings
[0017] Various embodiments of the subject instrument are described herein with reference to the drawings wherein:
[0018] FIG. 1A is a side view of a hemostat having a magnetic closure mechanism according to the present disclosure;
[0019] FIG. 1B is an enlarged view taken along line 1B-1B of FIG. 1A ;
[0020] FIG. 2A is an enlarged, side view of the handles of the hemostat of FIG. 1A shown in an open configuration;
[0021] FIG. 2B is an enlarged side view of the handles of the hemostat of FIG. 1A the handles being approximated to a closed position;
[0022] FIGS. 3A-3C are enlarged, side views of the handles showing magnets of varying configurations; and
[0023] FIG. 4 is a perspective view of an open forceps for use with the presently disclosed magnetic closure mechanism.
Detailed Description
[0024] Referring now to FIGS. 1A-1B , there is shown a hemostat device 10 which includes a housing 20, a shaft 25 and a pair of first and second handles 13 and 14, respectively. Handles 13 and 14 includes a magnetic closure mechanism 17. Shaft 25 is connected to a distal end 20a of housing 20 and handles 13 and 14 extend proximally therefrom. The term “proximal”, as is traditional, will refer to the end of the hemostat device 10 which is closer to the user, while the term “distal” will refer to the end which is further from the user.
[0025] The shaft 25 includes a proximal end 25a which engages housing 20 at distal end 20a and shaft 25 includes a distal end 25b which engages an end effector assembly 100. End effector assembly 100 includes a pair of opposing jaw members 110 and 120 which each include an outer insulative housing 114 and 124, respectively, and an inwardly disposed tissue engaging surface 112 and 122, respectively. As explained in more detail below, movement of the handles 13 and 14 from a first position (FIG. 2A ) to a second position (FIG. 2B ) correspondingly moves the jaw members 110 and 120 from an open position to a closed position for grasping tissue.
[0026] The handles 13 and 14, which preferably lay in the same plane, are movable and may be brought together (closed) or separated from each other (opened) as shown by the arrows in FIGS. 2A and 2B . Movement of the handles 13 and 14 also facilitates similar movement of the magnets 11 and 12 and the jaws 110 and 120.
[0027] Each of the first and second handles 13 and 14 contains a finger hole 15 and 16, respectively, which allows a user to place his/her fingers into the holes 15 and 16 to grip and facilitate movement of the handles 13 and 14. The finger holes 15 and 16 may include one or more ergonomically friendly features which enhance the tactile feel and grip for the user to facilitate actuation of the forceps 10. Such features may include, raised protuberances, rubber inserts, scallops and gripping surfaces and the like.
[0028] The opposing jaw members 110 and 120 may be configured to perform a variety of known surgical tasks but are preferably configured to seal tissue and as such are adapted to connect to an electrosurgical generator (not shown). Preferably, jaw members 110 and 120 and include one or more stop members (not shown) on or adjacent the tissue surfaces 112 and 122 to enhance sealing. Commonly-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/471,818 disclosed a variety of stop members which may be utilized for this purpose, the entire contents of which being incorporated by reference herein.
[0029] Since different tissue types offer different amounts of resistance force to the opposing jaw members 110 and 120, the opposing jaw members 110 and 120 and the magnetic closure mechanism 17 are configured to apply and maintain a consistent closure pressure between opposing tissue surfaces 112 and 122 to effect sealing. Preferably, the jaw members 110 and 120 of the magnetic closure mechanism 17 apply a closure pressure in the range of about 3 kg/cm2 to about 16 kg/cm2. The required closure pressure is generated by the magnetic attraction of a set of first and second magnets 11 and 12 and translated through the set of handles 13 and 14 and the shaft 25 to the opposing jaw members 110 and 120. As can be appreciated housing 20 may include one or more mechanically assisting elements which help generate the required closure pressure within the above-identified range, e.g., gears of varying ratios or spring elements. As such the magnets 11 and 12 may not necessarily need to be configured to include an attractive force which generates all of the closure pressure to the jaw members 110 and 120.
[0030] The magnets 11 and 12, which are attached to handles 13 and 14 respectively, may vary in size, shape, thickness, polarity and location on the handles 13 and 14, as long as the magnets 11 and 12 lay on the same plane or axis thereby allowing the magnets 11 and 12 to become magnetically engaged upon closure of the handles 13 and 14. Some examples include, but are not limited, to those shown in FIGS. 3A-C .
[0031] For example, it is envisioned that magnets 11 and 12 may be configured to have a variety of different cross sections which include circular, square-like, octagonal, triangular etc. which vary in magnetic force depending upon a particular purpose. It is further envisioned that the particular shape of the magnet(s) may be dimensioned to enhance closure of the handles 13 and 14 relative to one another, i.e., which is the angle the magnets 11 and 12 and are oriented on the handles 13 and 14 and the shape of the magnets 11 and 12 may be configured to vary the attractive magnetic force as the handles 13 and 14 close. For example, the magnets 11 and 12 show in FIGS. 3A-3C will tend to have variable degrees of magnetic attraction due to the respective position of each magnet 11 and 12 on handles 13 and 14 as well as each magnets 11 and 12 respective shape. For example, the magnets 11 and 12 shown in FIG. 3B will tend to lessen the distance that the user needs to move the handles 13 and 14 before magnetic attraction facilitates closing. The magnets 11 and 12 of FIG. 3B are envisioned to have a greater surface area of magnetic force which will help maintain the closure pressure within the above-working range. Likewise, the mechanically engaging teeth of magnets 11 and 12 of FIG. 3C will also help maintain closure pressures.
[0032] It is also envisioned that the angle at which the magnets 11 and 12 approach each other as the handles 13 and 14 come together, may vary depending upon the size, shape, thickness, polarity and location of the magnets 11 and 12. More particularly, as seen in FIG. 2B , depending upon the magnetic attraction force, the distance between the magnets 11 and 12 (represented by the letter “d”) and the degree of attraction between magnets 11 and 12 can be varied to adjust the angular displacement to which the user needs to initiate the closure or unclosure force. As the angle increases or decreases, the magnetic attraction force between the two magnets 11 and 12 similarly increases or decreases. Likewise, the shape of the magnets 11 and 12 varies the magnetic fields associated with each of the same which can facilitate closing of the handles 13 and 14.
[0033] As seen in FIG. 2A , the magnets 11 and 12 each possess a different polarity. The greater the difference in polarity the stronger the magnetic attraction force between the two magnets 11 and 12. The magnetic attraction force must be at least slightly greater than the resisting force translated from the opposing jaws 110 and 120 to the handles 13 and 14 to facilitate mating engagement of the magnets 11 and 12. As mentioned above, various mechanical components, e.g., springs and gears (not shown) may be employed within housing 20 to decrease the amount of magnetic energy needed to maintain the closing pressure within the preferred range.
[0034] Also seen in FIG. 2A , the magnets 11 and 12 may be covered by a polymeric covering 11a and 12a depicted in phantom representation. The polymeric coverings 11a and 12a prevent the magnets 11 and 12 from actually contacting each other. Instead the polymeric coverings 11a and 12a are designed to make contact with each other. This design reduces the actual physical wear and tear on the magnets 11 and 12 essentially prolonging the life of the magnets 11 and 12.
[0035] The polymeric coverings 11a and 12a may be made from any material known to those skilled in the art. Some examples include natural and synthetic polymers. Preferably the polymeric covers 11a and 12a are made of the same material used to make the handles 13 and 14 or the hemostat device 10.
[0036] The polymeric coverings 11a and 12a not only protect the magnets 11 and 12 from physical damage but also help prevent the magnets 11 and 12 from becoming matingly engaged when the magnets 11 and 12 are placed or forced off-plane or off-axis. For example, a user of the hemostat device 10 with the handles 13 and 14 magnetically latched together or in the closed position may easily separate or open the handles 13 and 14 by simply forcing the handles 13 and 14 and magnets 11 and 12 slightly off-plane or off-axis. If, for example, a thicker coat of polymer material is disposed on the sides of magnets 11 and 12, this off-axis positioning significantly decreases magnetic attraction between the magnets 11 and 12 thereby allowing the handles 13 and 14 to move away from each other to open the opposing jaw members 110 and 120 in a simpler fashion.
[0037] It is envisioned that the magnets 11 and 12, whether covered or uncovered, may possess a predetermined polarity thereby creating a predetermined magnetic attraction force between the two magnets 11 and 12. More particularly, the hemostat device 10 may possess a predetermined magnetic attraction force which is specifically measured to overcome the resistance force of a certain type of tissue to be sealed such that when the handles 13 and 14 are closed, the opposing jaw members 110 and 120 maintain the tissue under a working pressure between about 3 kg/cm2 to about 16 kg/cm2.
[0038] It is also envisioned that magnets 11 and 12 that possess a predetermined polarity may be removable and/or interchangeable thereby allowing the user of the hemostat device 10 to strengthen or weaken the magnetic attraction force as needed to overcome the resistive force of the specific tissue being sealed. More particularly, the magnets 11 and 12 may be attached to the handle 13 and 14 via snaps, grooves, screws, pins, and the like to accomplish this purpose.
[0039] In another embodiment, the magnets may be electromagnets. More particularly, the hemostat device 10 may be connected to an additional power source 30, such as electrical current, a battery, and the like, which can regulate the polarity of the individual electromagnets thereby regulating the magnetic attraction force between the two electromagnets. By using electromagnets, the user is able to alter the magnetic attraction force between the electromagnets at the simple flip of a switch. This alteration creates a hemostat device 10 capable of being adjusted as needed during the tissue sealing procedure to assuredly maintain the working pressure. A sensor 240, or the like, may be employed on the jaw members 110 and 120 to measure the pressure to assure that it is within a desired range prior to initiating the electrical energy.
[0040] In yet another embodiment, the hemostat can also be a standard open forceps for grasping tissue. Commonly-owned U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 10/248,562 and 10/962,116 describe a variety of other similar instruments which may be utilized for grasping tissue, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein.
[0041] As shown in FIG. 4 , hemostat 200 has first and second shafts 225c, 225d that are pivotably mounted 233 for movement relative to one another about pivot assembly 245 from a first spaced configuration to a second closer configuration. Each shaft 225c, 225d has a jaw member 210, 220 at a distal end thereof and jaw members 210, 220 are disposed in opposing relation relative to one another. Each jaw member may also possess an inwardly disposed tissue engaging surface 222, 224. A pair of first and second handles 213, 214 is attached to the proximal end of shafts 225c, 225d. First handle 213 is attached to first shaft 225c and second handle 214 is attached to second shaft 225d. The hemostat also includes magnetic closure mechanism 217 that maintains a closure pressure between opposing jaw members 210, 220 within the above-identified predefined pressure range or another predefined pressure range to accomplish a particular surgical purpose. Magnetic closure mechanism 217 has first magnet 211 of a first magnetic potential connected to first handle 213 and second magnet 212 of a second magnetic potential connected to second handle 214. First magnet 211 and second magnet 212 are securely engageable with one another when first handle 213 and second handle 214 are moved from a first spaced configuration to a second closer configuration.
[0042] Also shown in FIG. 4 , first magnet 211 and second magnet 212 each include assistant elements, for example, ratchet surfaces 211a and 212a. Each ratchet surface, e.g., 211a, extends from the handle 213 towards the other ratchet 212a on the other handle 214 such that the inner facing surfaces of each ratchet 211a and 212a abut one another when the end effectors 210 and 220 are moved from the open position to the closed position. Each ratchet surface 211a and 212a includes a plurality of flanges 211b and 212b, respectively, which project from the inner facing surface of each ratchet surface 211a and 212a such that the ratchet surfaces 211a and 212a can interlock in at least one position. In an embodiment shown in FIG. 4 , the ratchets 211a and 212a interlock, i.e., bias each other in a spring-like manner, at several different positions. In this configuration, each ratchet position may hold a specific, i.e., constant, strain energy in the shafts 225c and 225d which, in turn, transmit a specific force to the end effectors 210 and 220 and, thus, the electrodes 222 and 224.
[0043] It is envisioned that magnets 211, 212 may be removable and/or interchangeable. As shown in FIG. 4 , magnets 211, 212 may be attached to handles 213, 214 via screw 228 or other attachment mechanisms known in the art. In addition, magnets of varying potential may be utilized for varying surgical purposes. Further and as indicated above, the magnets may be coupled to an energy source to increase the magnetic forces at closure to maintain a desired closure force.
[0044] While several embodiments of the disclosure have been shown in the drawings, it is not intended that the disclosure be limited thereto, as it is intended that the disclosure be as broad in scope as the art will allow and that the specification be read likewise. Therefore, the above description should not be construed as limiting, but merely as exemplifications of preferred embodiments. Those skilled in the art will envision other modifications within the scope and spirit of the claims appended hereto.
Claims
The invention claimed is:
1. An electrosurgical instrument, comprising:
a housing having a shaft extending distally therefrom, said shaft having an end effector assembly attached at a distal end thereof, said end effector assembly including a pair of opposing jaw members, each opposing jaw member having an electrically conductive sealing surface that communicates electrosurgical energy through tissue held therebetween, said electrically conductive sealing surface of each jaw member being adapted to communicate with a power source;
a pair of first and second handles connected to the housing and operatively connected to the end effector assembly, at least one of said handles moveable relative to the other said handles to effectively actuate the end effector assembly; and
a magnetic closure mechanism including a first variable electromagnet having a first magnetic polarity connected to said first handle and a second variable electromagnet having a second magnetic polarity connected to said second handle, said first and second variable electromagnets being securely engageable with one another by a variable magnetic attraction force when said handles are moved from a first spaced configuration to a second closer configuration, wherein said power source is configured to regulate said first and second magnetic polarities of the first and second electromagnets to vary the magnetic attraction force between the first and second electromagnets, thus providing and maintaining a working pressure between said opposing jaw members.
2. The electrosurgical instrument according to claim 1, wherein said end effector assembly includes opposing first and second jaw members and said magnetic closure mechanism maintains a closure pressure between opposing jaw members within a predefined pressure range.
3. The electrosurgical instrument according to claim 2, wherein at least one of said jaw members includes at least one stop member which controls a distance between opposing jaw members.
4. The electrosurgical instrument according to claim 2, wherein said predefined pressure range ranges from about 3 kg/cm2 to about 16 kg/cm2.
5. The electrosurgical instrument according to claim 4, further comprising:
a sensor coupled to said jaw members, wherein said sensor measures said working pressure exerted by said jaw members and communicates with said power source to regulate said first and second magnetic polarities of the first and second electromagnets, such that said working pressure exerted by said jaw members is within said predefined pressure range prior to initiating said electrosurgical energy.
6. The electrosurgical instrument according to claim 1, wherein said first handle and said second handle are moveable relative to one another in the same plane.
7. The electrosurgical instrument according to claim 1, wherein at least one of said handles includes at least one ergonomically friendly feature to facilitate handling, said ergonomically friendly feature selected from the group consisting of raised protuberances, rubber inserts, scallops and gripping surfaces.
8. The electrosurgical instrument according to claim 1, wherein the shape of said first magnet and said second magnet are selected from the group consisting of circular, square-like, rectangular, and polygonal.
9. The electrosurgical instrument according to claim 1, wherein said first magnet and said second magnet are configured to include mechanically engaging teeth.
10. The electrosurgical instrument according to claim 1, wherein the said first magnet and said second magnet are each covered by a polymeric covering.
11. The electrosurgical instrument according to claim 10, wherein said polymeric covering is a natural polymer, synthetic polymer or combinations thereof.
12. The electrosurgical instrument according to claim 1, wherein said first magnet and said second magnet include adjustable magnetic polarities.
13. The electrosurgical instrument according to claim 1, wherein said first magnet and said second magnet are selectively removable and interchangeable.
14. The electrosurgical instrument according to claim 13, wherein said first magnet and said second magnet are attached to said pair of first and second handles using at least one means selected from the group consisting of snaps, grooves, screws, pins, and combinations thereof.
15. The electrosurgical instrument according to claim 1, wherein the magnets are electromagnets.
16. The electrosurgical instrument according to claim 1, wherein said housing includes a mechanically assisting element to help generate a greater closure pressure.
17. The electrosurgical instrument according to claim 1, wherein said mechanically assisting element includes at least one spring.
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| WO2004/073488(A2) | 2004-09-01 | Applicant | |
| WO2004/073490 | 2004-09-01 | Applicant | |
| WO2004/073490 | 2004-09-01 | Applicant | |
| WO2004/073753 | 2004-09-01 | Applicant | |
| WO2004/082495 | 2004-09-01 | Applicant | |
| WO2004/098383 | 2004-11-01 | Applicant | |
| WO2004/103156 | 2004-12-01 | Applicant | |
| WO2005/004734(A1) | 2005-01-01 | Applicant | |
| WO2005/004735 | 2005-01-01 | Applicant | |
| WO2005/110264 | 2005-11-01 | Applicant |
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