Anastomosis tool actuated with stored energy

[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/750,712 filed Dec. 31, 2003 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,371,243, which in turn is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/720,618 filed Nov. 24, 2003 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,300,444, which in turn is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/607,524 filed Jun. 26, 2003, which in turn is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/392,336 filed Mar. 19, 2003, which in turn is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/151,441 filed May 20, 2002 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,285,131, which in turn is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/363,255 filed Jul. 28, 1999 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,391,038, all of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0002] The invention relates to a surgical apparatus and method for performing anastomosis.

[0003] Anastomosis is a procedure by which two hollow tissue structures are joined together. More particularly, vascular anastomosis is a procedure by which two blood vessels within a patient are surgically joined together. Vascular anastomosis is performed during treatment of a variety of conditions including coronary artery disease, diseases of the great and peripheral vessels, organ transplantation, and trauma. In coronary artery disease (CAD) an occlusion or stenosis in a coronary artery interferes with blood flow to the heart muscle. Treatment of CAD involves the grafting of a vessel in the form of a prosthesis or harvested artery or vein to reroute blood flow around the occlusion and restore adequate blood flow to the heart muscle. This treatment is known as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).

[0004] In the conventional CABG, a large incision is made in the chest and the sternum is sawed in half to allow access to the heart. In addition, a heart-lung machine is used to circulate the patient's blood so that the heart can be stopped and the anastomosis can be performed. In order to minimize the trauma to the patient induced by conventional CABG, less invasive techniques have been developed in which the surgery is performed through small incisions in the patient's chest with the aid of visualizing scopes. In both conventional and less invasive CABG procedures, the surgeon has to suture one end of the graft vessel to the coronary artery and the other end of the graft vessel to a blood-supplying artery, such as the aorta. The suturing process is a time consuming and difficult procedure requiring a high level of surgical skill. In order to perform the suturing of the graft to a target vessel such as the coronary artery or the blood supplying artery, a surgeon holds the edges of the incision in the target vessel with one hand and holds a needle in the other hand for suturing, or an assistant may hold the edges of the incision in the target vessel while a surgeon makes small stitches as close as possible to the edges of the incision. This suturing requires a high degree of precision and is quite time consuming. In addition, during conventional CABG procedures blood flow at the anastomosis site is stopped during suturing. This prevents bleeding from the incision site but also prevents blood from reaching a portion of the heart muscle served by the vessel. Further, during off-pump CABG procedures a side clamp or other device may be used to isolate a portion of the wall of the aorta to which a graft vessel is sutured. The use of a side clamp or similar device can cause emboli to detach from the wall of the aorta and enter the bloodstream, which is undesirable.

[0175] The use of the same reference symbols in different figures indicates similar or identical items.

[0176] Anvil

[0177] As shown in FIG. 1, one embodiment of an anvil 10 includes a handle 12 and an anvil arm 14 extending from the handle 12. The anvil arm 14 may be oriented substantially perpendicular to the handle 12, or oriented at a different angle. The anvil arm 14 may be provided with one or more staple bending features 16 on opposite sides of the anvil arm 14. In the anvil 10 shown in FIG. 1, the staple bending features 16 each include a plurality of recesses 20 which receive the ends of staples 22 and cause the staple ends to bend over. At least one of the staple bending features 16 may be configured differently or omitted, if desired. The staples 22 may be connected to a staple holding strip 24. The staples 22 are U-shaped and are arranged in a spaced apart parallel configuration such that the staples 22 all lie in a single plane. Alternately, the staples 22 may be shaped differently, and/or lie in one or more different planes. An exemplary anvil arm 14 has a height and a width of about 2 mm or less, advantageously about 1 mm or less, and a length of about 2 to 15 mm, advantageously 5 to 12 mm. The length of the anvil will vary depending on the diameter of the graft vessel selected. The length to width ratio of the anvil arm 14 is substantially between 2:1 and 15:1. A different length to width ratio may be used, if desired. As one example, the staples 22 have widths of about 0.2-3 mm. Advantageously, the staples 22 have widths of substantially 2 mm or less. The leg lengths of the staples 22 are substantially 0.2-3 mm. Alternately, other staple widths and/or leg lengths may be used.

[0178] The anvil arm 14 has a sharp distal end 28 for puncturing the tissue of a target vessel to insert the anvil arm 14 into the target vessel. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the anvil arm 14 is inserted into a pressurized or unpressurized target vessel 30 by puncturing the target vessel with the distal end 28 of the anvil arm 14. The hole that is formed in the wall of the target vessel 30 by the anvil arm 14 is small enough to prevent significant bleeding through the puncture site. Alternately, the hole is closed by hand suturing. Alternately, the hole is closed with a biocompatible glue, adhesive or the like. Alternately, the hole is closed with a clip, clamp, or other implantable device that remains on the target vessel, as described in greater detail below. Such a device may be positioned on the outer surface and/or inner surface of the target vessel, and may extend into the hole. A device for closing the hole may be constructed from nitinol or other superelastic or pseudoelastic material, or from stainless steel or other material, where that device moves between a first configuration and a second configuration during deployment, and where the second configuration holds the hole closed. The hole is less than substantially 2 mm wide, and advantageously less than 1 mm wide. Alternately, the anvil arm 14 has a blunt distal end 28 that is inserted through a hole created with a separate instrument, by a different instrument connected to the anvil arm 14, or by a sharp member connected to the anvil arm 14 that can be retracted into the anvil arm 14 or otherwise blunted or concealed after puncturing or creating an incision in the wall of the target vessel.

[0179] Once the anvil arm 14 has been inserted into the target vessel 30, the anvil arm 14 may be pulled against an inner wall of the target vessel 30, causing tenting of the thin tissue of the vessel wall as illustrated in FIG. 3. This tenting of the vessel wall provides control over the anastomosis site during an anastomosis procedure that is described with respect to FIGS. 4-6. However, the target vessel wall need not be tented in order to control the anastomosis site during the anastomosis procedure.

[0180] Staple Holder and Connectors

[0181] As shown in FIG. 4, a graft vessel 32 is advanced to the anastomosis site and an end 34 of the graft vessel 32 is positioned adjacent an exterior surface of the target vessel 30 at the anastomosis site. At least part of the tented portion of the target vessel 30 is positioned within the perimeter of the end 34 of the graft vessel 32. As shown in FIG. 5, a staple holder 38 is provided having two arms 40 which are pivotally connected to the handle 12 of the anvil 10. Alternatively, the pivoting arms 40 of the staple holder 38 may be connected to the handle 12 in a different way, or may be connected to a separate or additional device. The arms 40 are spaced apart from one another across at least a part of their length. Thus, the graft vessel can be positioned between the arms 40. That is, the arms 40 are positioned on substantially opposite sides of the graft vessel. In this way, each arm 40 may be positioned against a flap at an end of the graft vessel, as illustrated in FIGS. 29-31. The arms 40 may be configured differently, if desired.

[0182] Referring also to FIG. 1, the staple holder 38 may be used to hold individual staples 22 and/or staple holding strips 24. In one embodiment, each arm 40 of the staple holder 38 carries one row of staples 22 or one staple holding strip 24, where the staples 22 are arranged in a substantially linear row. Alternately, staples 22 or staple strips 24 may be arranged in two or more rows, parallel or otherwise, on one or more arms 40. Alternately, the staples 22 may be staggered on one or more arms, such that at least one row of staples 22 does not fall along a straight line. Alternately, the staples 22 may be arranged in a nonlinear manner on at least one arm 40. The staples 22 or staple strips 24 may be arranged or aligned in any manner on each arm 40 that results in a secure anastomosis between the graft vessel and the target vessel. The staples 22 are inserted through the flaps at the end of the graft vessel 32, or another portion of the graft vessel, and into the target vessel 30 by pivoting the arms 40 of the staple holder 38 towards the anvil arm 14. The staple bending features 16 are positioned in a configuration corresponding to the configuration of the staples 22, such that each staple 22 engages a corresponding staple bending feature 16 during deployment. When the ends of the staples 22 engage the staple bending features 16 on the anvil arm 14, the ends of the staples 22 are bent over, securing the graft vessel 32 and target vessel 30 together. Once the staple ends are bent over, the staples 22 are released from the staple holding strip 24 or the staple holder 38, resulting in spaced apart staples 22 securing the graft vessel 32 and the target vessel 30 together as shown in FIG. 6. Alternately, the staple holder 38 is a mechanism that deploys connectors other than or in addition to staples 22 and/or staple holding strips 24.

[0183] After stapling is complete, an incision is formed in the wall of the target vessel 30 to allow blood flow between the target vessel and the graft vessel 32. Some examples of methods and devices for forming the incision will be described in further detail below. Alternately, the incision is formed in the wall of the target vessel 30 before, or while, stapling is performed. FIG. 6 illustrates a completed anastomosis between a target vessel 30 and a graft vessel 32 with a plurality of staples 22. The spacing between the staples 22 is approximately 1 to 4 mm. This spacing is similar to the spacing between sutures in a conventional sutured anastomosis. A different spacing between the staples 22 may be used if desired. After completion of the anastomosis, the anvil arm 14 is withdrawn from the target vessel 30 between adjacent staples 22. The withdrawal of the anvil arm 14 leaves a gap that is approximately the same as the spacing between adjacent staples. Accordingly, substantially no blood leakage occurs at the location where the anvil arm has been withdrawn.

[0184] FIGS. 7 and 8 illustrate one example of a staple 22 connected to a staple holding strip 24. This staple 22 includes barbed staple ends 52 extending from the front portion of the staple 22 and a C-shaped portion 54 extending from a rear of the staple 22 for connecting the staple 22 to the staple holding strip 24. The staple holding strip 24 includes a plurality of protrusions 56 for receiving the staples 22. The C-shaped portion 54 of each staple 22 is received around one of the protrusions 56 and is secured in place at one or more locations, such as by welds 58 or by a frangible linkage or connection. Alternately, the C-shaped portion 54 of each staple 22 may be secured to the staple-holding strip 24 in a different way. As shown in FIG. 8, when the staple holding strip 24 is advanced toward the anvil arm 14, the barbed staple ends 52 are received in the recesses 20 in the anvil arm 14. Contact between each staple end 52 and the corresponding recess 20 generates a moment that causes the barbed staple ends 52 to bend towards one another. At the same time that the barbed staple ends 52 bend over, or after the bending of the staple ends 52, the staple 22 is detached from the staple holding strip 24. The staple 22 may be detached from the staple holding strip 24 by the action of bending the barbed staple ends 52 such that the C-shaped portion 54 of the staple 22 splays outward and breaks apart from the corresponding protrusion 56 on the staple holding strip 24, by bending a frangible connection between the staple holding strip and the staples to separate the staples, or any other known separation methods, such as melting of a connection between the staple and the staple holding strip.

[0185] FIG. 9 illustrates an alternate staple 22a having inwardly curved barbed staple ends 52a. Because the staple ends 52a are themselves curved, the corresponding staple bending feature or features 16a need not be curved to bend the ends 52a of the staples 22a. As shown in FIG. 9, the staple bending features 16a on each side of the anvil arm 14a may be formed as a single longitudinal groove along the anvil arm 14a, where the staple bending feature 16a has a substantially flat surface. When the curved ends 52a of the staple 22a are received in the groove 16a of the anvil arm 14a, the ends bend inward to secure the tissue with the staple. Alternately, the staple may be configured differently. Alternately, two or more different kinds of staples are deployed by the staple holder 38 in order to form a single anastomosis.

[0186] Referring also to FIG. 10A, a plurality of staples 22a are positioned on an expandable staple holding strip called an expandable backbone 66. The expandable backbone 66 includes a plurality of elements 68 which are interconnected by one or more expanding members 70. Each of the backbone elements 68 is provided with a connecting diamond member 72 that is connected to one of the staples 22a. As shown in FIG. 10A, each staple 22a is connected to the corresponding diamond member 72 by a thin connecting section 74. The expandable backbone 66 allows the spacing between the staples 22a to be adjusted for the particular anastomosis to be performed. The backbone 66 allows expansion of the distance between staples from a distance of approximately 0.1 mm to a distance of approximately 1 to 4 mm, i.e., expansion of up to 40 times the original spacing. Alternately, the backbone 66 allows a different amount of expansion. The expanding backbone 66 also includes two openings 76 at opposite ends which may be engaged by holding pins (not shown) on an anastomosis system or staple holder. The opening 76 allow the backbone 66 to be easily expanded by relative motion of the holding pins. The connecting diamond members 72 are configured to collapse inwardly toward the backbone when the staples 22a engage the staple bending surface or surfaces 16a of the anvil. The collapsing of each diamond member 72 forces the corresponding staple 22a to separate from the diamond member 72 at a connecting section 74. The connecting section 74 is a frangible linkage connecting a staple 22a to a corresponding diamond member 72.

[0187] FIG. 10B illustrates another example of staples 22a detachably connected to a backbone 66. The staples 22a are each connected to the associated backbone elements 68 at two connecting sections 74. The staples 22a, backbone 66, and associated components are substantially as described above with regard to FIG. 10A.

[0188] Cutting Device

[0189] FIG. 11 shows a portion of an anvil arm 14 with a movable cutting device 44. The cutting device 44 includes a base 46 and a blade 48. The base 46 of the cutting device 44 is positioned in a longitudinal groove 50 in the anvil arm 14. After the anvil arm 14 has been inserted into the target vessel, the cutting device 44 may be moved longitudinally along the anvil arm 14 to form an incision in the target vessel.

[0190] FIGS. 12, 12A, and 12B illustrate external cutting devices that are advanced onto the anvil arm 14 after the anastomosis procedure and cut an incision in the target vessel from an exterior of the target vessel as the anvil arm 14 is withdrawn. As shown in FIG. 12, a knife 62 is positioned on a knife arm 64 that is movable along the handle 12 of the anvil. The knife 62 is moved downward in a direction substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the handle 12 until the knife 62 engages a recess 65 in the anvil arm 14. The knife 62 is thereby positioned substantially at the anastomosis site. The end of the graft vessel is then placed substantially against the wall of the target vessel at the anastomosis site, over the knife 62 and knife arm 64. As the anvil arm 14 is withdrawn from the anastomosis site, the knife 62 forms an incision in the target vessel. The knife 62 and knife arm 64 exit the anastomosis site via the joint between the graft vessel and the target vessel. The withdrawal of the anvil arm 14, knife 62 and knife arm 64 leaves a gap in the wall of the target vessel that is approximately the same as the spacing between adjacent staples to minimize or eliminate leakage through that gap. Alternately, the knife 62 may be moveable relative to the handle 12 in at least one direction in addition to or instead of a direction substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the handle 12. For example, the knife 62 may be moveable in a direction substantially parallel to the wall of the target vessel to create an arteriotomy in the target vessel at the junction between the graft vessel and the target vessel.

[0191] FIGS. 12A and 12B illustrate two alternate examples of the knife 62 which snap onto a corresponding engagement surface 65 of the anvil arm 14 so that the knife 62 and anvil arm 14 are secured together for formation of the incision during removal of the anvil arm 14 from the anastomosis site.

[0192] FIGS. 13-16 illustrate two variations of extendable cutting devices for making an incision in the target vessel while withdrawing the anvil arm 14 from the target vessel. FIG. 13 illustrates an anvil arm 14b having a blade 78 connected to a flexible blade support 80. When the blade support 80 is pulled in the direction of the arrow A with respect to the anvil arm 14b, the blade 78 moves from a forwardly extending position shown in FIG. 13 to an upwardly extending position shown in FIG. 14 as a result of flexure of the blade support 80. The blade 78 in the forwardly extending position may be used to form a small opening in the wall of the target vessel through which the anvil arm 14 is inserted into the target vessel. After an anastomosis has been performed, or while an anastomosis is performed, the blade 78 is moved to an upwardly angled or a vertical position in which the blade 78 is used to form an incision in the target vessel as the anvil arm 14b is removed from the target vessel.

[0193] FIGS. 15-16 illustrate an alternate example of an anvil arm 14c having a blade 84 and a blade support 86. While the anvil arm 14c is inserted into the target vessel and during the anastomosis procedure, the blade 84 is positioned in a recess 88 in the anvil arm. The blade 84 may be moved from the position of FIG. 15 to the extended position of FIG. 16 by moving the blade support 86 in the direction of the arrow B with respect to the anvil arm. The blade 84 is flexible and stressed, such that freeing the blade 84 from the recess 88 causes the blade 84 to move to the extended position. Alternatively, the blade 84 may be extended automatically upon withdrawal of the anvil arm 14 when a blade tip 90 catches on an interior surface of the target vessel wall during withdrawal of the anvil arm.

[0194] The extendable cutting devices shown in FIGS. 13-16 are merely shown as examples of the type of cutting devices which may be used for making the incision. Once these cutting devices or blades have been extended from the anvil arm 14, they may be fixed to perform cutting as the anvil arm 14 is removed from the target vessel or the blades may be movable along the anvil arm 14 to make an incision prior to removal of the anvil arm 14 from the target vessel.

[0195] Anastomosis Tool

[0196] Referring to FIG. 55, another exemplary anastomosis tool 300 is shown. The anastomosis tool 300 includes a handle 302, a shaft 304 connected to the handle 302, a cable housing 306 connected at one end to the handle 302, and a tissue effector 400 connected to both the shaft 304 and the cable housing 306. The anastomosis tool 300 may be configured differently, if desired. For example, the cable housing 306 may be omitted, and the cable or cables (not shown) or other force transmission members that would otherwise extend therethrough are instead routed through the shaft 304. The handle 302 and/or the tissue effector 400 may be detachable from the shaft 304 to allow for interchangeability of these components. In this way, the same handle 302 may be used to perform more than one anastomosis within a single patient, where a different tissue effector 400 may be connected to that handle 302 for each anastomosis. Further, the handle 302 may be constructed from materials that can be sterilized, such as by an autoclave, and reused. The handle 302 may assume any appropriate configuration; the shape and configuration of the handle 302 described herein is exemplary and not limiting. The shaft 304 may be a rigid hollow structure such as a tube of stainless steel, but may be shaped differently and/or fabricated from a different material. Further, the shaft 304 may be flexible at least in part, rather than rigid. Alternately, the shaft 304 may be omitted altogether, such that the handle 302 is connected to the tissue effector 400 by one or more cables or other force transmission members that would otherwise have extended through the shaft 304. The handle 302 may include a trigger 308 that provides for actuation of the anastomosis tool 300 based solely on a single input to that trigger 308, as described in greater detail below. Alternately, one or more other or additional inputs may be utilized to actuate the anastomosis tool 300. For example, actuation of the anastomosis tool 300 may be based on an input to one or more buttons in addition to the trigger 308.

[0197] The tissue effector 400 includes an anvil 10 and a staple holder 38. The tissue effector 400 may be permanently fixed to the shaft 304, or may be detachable from it such that is it decoupled from the handle 302. That is, tissue effectors 400 may be interchangeable. Alternately, the shaft 304 is not provided, and the tissue effector 400 is directly coupled to the handle 302. One end of the cable housing 306 may be fixed to the staple holder 38.

[0198] The anvil 10 of the tissue effector 400 may be as described above, or may be configured differently. The anvil 10 may be formed from any material or combination of materials having a suitable stiffness. As one example, the anvil 10 is formed from stainless steel. As another example, at least part of the lower portion of the anvil 10 is formed from tungsten carbine for enhanced stiffness, and the upper portion of the anvil 10 is formed from stainless steel. Other or additional materials or combinations may be used. Advantageously, the anvil 10 also includes a cutter 200 that is moveable relative to the anvil 10 for making an incision in the wall of a target vessel. Referring to FIGS. 34 and 35, a tissue stop 220 is formed into or connected to the anvil 10. The portion of the anvil 10 distal to the tissue stop 220 is configured to penetrate the wall of a target vessel, and may be referred to as the anvil arm 14. A channel 246 is defined within the anvil arm 14, through which a cutter 200 is configured to move. The cutter 200 is narrower than the channel 246, such that interior surfaces 202 on either side of the channel 246 may guide the translation of the cutter 200 relative to the anvil arm 14. As used in this document, the term “translation” as used in regard to the cutter 200 refers to motion of the cutter 200 in the distal or proximal direction, whether or not the cutter 200 or a portion thereof moves upward or downward during that motion. For convenience, the direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal centerline of the anvil arm 14 toward the wall of the target vessel may be referred to as “upward”, and the direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal centerline of the anvil arm 14 away from the wall of the target vessel may be referred to as “downward”. However, the positioning of the anvil arm 14 in use is not limited to an orientation in which these directions correspond to absolute directions measured relative to the ground. Similarly, for convenience, motion upward or downward may be referred to as “vertical” motion, and motion substantially parallel to the longitudinal centerline of the anvil arm 14 may be referred to as “horizontal” motion.

[0199] The anvil arm 14 includes a contact surface 206. Referring also to FIG. 36, in use, the contact surface 206 of the anvil arm 14 is placed substantially against the inner surface 203 of a target vessel 201. The contact surface 206 substantially defines a plane that is substantially parallel to the longitudinal centerline of the anvil arm 14. Alternately, the contact surface 206 is contoured and/or oriented differently. An upper opening 248 extends along at least a portion of the contact surface 206 in a direction substantially parallel to the longitudinal centerline of the anvil arm 14, and opens into the channel 246. The upper opening 248 may divide the contact surface 206 into symmetrical or asymmetrical sections. Further, the contact surface 206 may be formed by two substantially planar surfaces, by one substantially planar surface and a differently-shaped surface, or by another set of surfaces. Additionally, the contact surface 206 may be formed by two thin edges, each edge occurring at the intersection of a wall of the upper opening 248 and an outer surface of the anvil arm 14. The upper opening 248 need not extend proximally any further than the tissue stop 220. However, the upper opening 248 may extend proximal to the tissue stop 220, if desired. A first lower opening 254 and a second lower opening 268 are defined through a lower surface 256 of the anvil arm 14. The lower surface 256 of the anvil arm 14 may be substantially parallel to the contact surface 206 or may be oriented differently relative to the contact surface 206. Alternately, the first lower opening 254 and/or the second lower opening 268 do not extend completely through the anvil arm 14, and instead are depressions extending along at least part of a bottom surface 266 of the channel 246.

[0200] Cutter

[0201] Referring also to FIGS. 37-38, the cutter 200 may be a thin, rigid member, shaped such that it can be held within and/or moved along the channel 246 in the anvil arm 14. The cutter 200 has a substantially constant width along its entire length. Alternately, the width of the cutter 20 may vary along its length. The cutter 200 may be made of metal, ceramic, plastic, or other material, or from a combination of different materials. A sharp projection 208 extends upward from the cutter 200 at or near its distal end. The projection 208 is substantially triangular, but may be shaped differently. The projection 208 may be smooth or serrated, or otherwise shaped or formed. A portion of the projection 208 may be ground or otherwise honed to a sharp edge to facilitate the motion of the projection 208 through the tissue of the wall of a target vessel, as described in greater detail below. If so, the cutter 200 is composed of a material that can be sharpened adequately to cut tissue. Alternately, the cutter 200 may be flexible, at least in part. Further, the projection 208 may be located at a different position on the cutter 200 than at or near its distal end. An additional sharp point (not shown) may be provided at the distal end of the cutter 200, extending in a distal direction, in order to create an initial puncture or incision in the wall of the target vessel. Such a point may be as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/134,081, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0202] One or more additional projections 208 may be provided, if desired. For example, two or more projections 208 may extend upward from the cutter 200. Where multiple projections 208 are used, they may cooperate with one another to create an incision in the wall of the target vessel. Referring also to FIG. 39, a second projection 208 extends upward from the cutter 200 proximal to a first projection 208. The projections 208 are both substantially the same triangular shape and the same size. However, the projections 208 may be shaped and sized differently. The projections 208 are both substantially planar, and are aligned such that both projections 208 lie in substantially the same plane. Alternately, at least one projection 208 is not substantially planar. Each projection 208 may include at least one sharpened or beveled edge 209 oriented to engage and incise the wall of the target vessel when the cutter 200 is translated, as described below. Referring to FIG. 40, at least two projections 208 extend upward from the cutter 200. The projections 208 each have a barb 211 at the tip. However, the barb 211 may be omitted from some or all of the projections 208. Under the barb 211, a sharpened or beveled edge 209 extends downward and proximally. The edge 209 may be straight or curved. The upper end of the edge 209 is distal to the lower, proximal end of the corresponding barb. The edge 209 of each projection 208 is oriented to engage and incise the wall of the target vessel when the cutter 200 is translated. Referring to FIG. 41, at least two projections 208 extend upward from the cutter 200, at least one of which has a barb 211 at its tip. The edge 209 associated with each projection 208 is more curved than the edge 209 shown in FIG. 40. Alternately, the edge 209 is substantially straight, or gently curved, or positioned on a portion of a larger curved segment 213 extending downward from and proximal to the barb 211. Referring to FIG. 42, a number of projections 208 may be placed along a length of the cutter 200. This length may be comparable to the desired length of the incision in the wall of the target vessel. These projections 208 may be substantially triangular as shown, or may be shaped differently. Where more than one projection 208 is used on the cutter 200, the projections 208 need not have the same configuration. For example, projections 208 such as the exemplary projections 208 shown in FIGS. 39-41 may be mixed together on the same cutter 200. Alternately, one or more of the projections 208 are moveable relative to the cutter 200, such that one or more projections 208 can be moved upward or downward relative to the cutter 200.

[0203] As another example of a configuration of the projections 208, referring to FIG. 43, the projections 208 extending upward from the cutter 200 each are substantially planar, and are aligned such that not all of the projections 208 lie in the same plane. In such a configuration, the projections 208 may create a wider incision in the wall of the target vessel than would be created if the projections 208 were substantially aligned. For example, one set of projections 208 may be aligned substantially in a first plane, and a second set of projections 208 may be aligned substantially in a second plane substantially parallel to the first plane. The second plane and the first plane may be oriented differently relative to one another, if desired. As another example, none of the projections 208 lie in a common plane with one or more other projections 208. Referring to FIGS. 39-42, by using multiple projections, the cutter 200 need not be translated as far to make an incision in the wall of the target vessel as it would if only a single projection 208 were used, as described in greater detail below.

[0204] Referring to FIGS. 115-118, another example of a cutter 200 is shown. This cutter 200 is an assembly that includes a projection 208 rotatable or otherwise movable from a stowed position in which it is substantially completely within the channel 246 in the anvil arm 14 (shown in FIG. 115) to an active position in which at least a portion of the projection 208 extends upward from the channel 246 in the anvil arm 14 (shown in FIGS. 116-117). The projection 208 may include an edge 209 that is beveled or sharpened, where that edge 209 may be oriented at least partially distally when the projection 208 is in the active position. Alternately, the edge 209 may be oriented at least partially proximally when the projection 208 is in the active position. The orientation of the edge 209 when the projection 208 is in the active position is related to the direction of motion of the projection 208 as it creates an incision in the target vessel 580, as is described in greater detail below. With reference to the active position, where the edge 209 is defined on a distally-facing surface of the projection 208, the proximally-facing surface of the projection 208 may be blunt. Similarly, where the edge 209 is defined on a proximally-facing surface of the projection 208, the distally-facing surface of the projection 208 may be blunt.

[0205] A member 848 is connected to the projection 208. The member 848 is at least partially rigid. An aperture 849 is defined through the projection 208. The distal end of the member 848, or a portion of the member 848 near its distal end, is received into or through that aperture 849 to connect to the projection 208. Alternately, the member 848 is connected to the projection 208 in a different way. The member 848 extends along the channel 246 in the anvil arm 14. A pusher 850 also extends along the channel 246 in the anvil arm 14. The pusher 850 is a substantially rigid body, having a distal end that is configured to engage the projection 208. The distal end of the pusher 850 may be beveled or otherwise shaped such that at least the upper portion of that distal end is angled or curved proximally. The distal end of the pusher 850 is configured to remain substantially in contact with the projection 208 in both the stowed position and the active position. Alternately, the pusher 850 engages the projection 208 in a different manner. The aperture 849 in the projection 208 may be located at a position lower than the longitudinal centerline of the pusher 850. Alternately, the aperture 849 is positioned differently relative to the pusher 850.

[0206] A spring 852 may be connected to or otherwise associated with the pusher 850. The spring 852 may be a leaf spring, a compression spring, or any other suitable type of spring or biasing element. The spring 852 is configured to press the pusher 850 downward against the bottom surface 266 of the channel 246 in the anvil arm 14 when the projection 208 is in the stowed position. In this way, the pusher 850 is held substantially in place when the projection 208 is in the stowed position. The spring 852 is also configured to release the pusher 850 and allow it to translate when the cutter 200 is in the active position. Optionally, a button 854 is configured to press the spring 852 downward and thereby hold the pusher 850 in place when the projection 208 is in the stowed position, and is movable to a position in which it no longer presses the spring downward and thereby releases the pusher 850 when the projection 208 is in the active position. The spring 852 may be connected to the button 854 rather than the pusher 850. A stop 856 may be connected to or formed into the channel 246 of the anvil arm 14, where that stop 856 is configured to engage the spring 852 or other portion of the cutter 200 and arrest its motion at a particular location, as described in greater detail below.

[0207] As another example of biasing the cutter 200 in a particular direction, a cavity 262 may be defined within the staple holder 38 or a separate component connected to the staple holder 38. A post 258 is positioned at the upper end of the cavity 262, where the post 258 is oriented downward. A biasing element 260 is connected at one end to the post 258. The biasing element 260 may be a coil spring, a leaf spring, a different type of spring, an elastomer, a wire form, or other structure or mechanism capable of exerting a biasing force. The biasing element 260 is positioned within and protected by the cavity 262, where the cavity 262 is used. The cavity 262 may be a cylindrical opening having a diameter substantially the same as the outer diameter of the biasing element 260, such that the cavity 262 restricts the biasing element 260 to motion substantially along the axis of the cavity 262 and thus directs the force exerted by the biasing element 260 in a substantially downward direction, preventing bending or other undesirable motion of the biasing element 260. The end of the biasing element 260 that is not connected to the post 258 contacts the cutter 200. As an example, the biasing element 260 may be a compression spring that is compressed between the post 258 and the cutter 200, resulting in a force on the cutter 200 that biases the cutter 200 downward. The cutter 200 is slidable relative to the biasing element 260, such that the biasing element 260 exerts a downward force on the cutter 200 at different locations along its upper surface 252 as the cutter 200 translates. Thus, at least the distal end of the cutter 200 is biased downward throughout its translation along the anvil 10. The entire cutter 200 may be biased downward, if desired. Alternately, the post 258 is omitted, and the biasing element 260 is fixed to an upper surface of the cavity 260. Alternately, the biasing element 260 is omitted, and the cutter 200 is biased downward in another way. For example, the cutter 200 may be constructed from an elastic or superelastic material that is formed in such a way as to produce a downward bias.

[0208] Referring to FIGS. 119-122, another embodiment of a cutter 200 is shown. In this embodiment, the cutter 200 is an assembly that includes a projection 208 rotatable or otherwise movable from a stowed position in which it is substantially completely within the channel 246 in the anvil arm 14 (shown in FIG. 119) to an active position in which at least a portion of the projection 208 extends upward from the channel 246 in the anvil arm 14 (shown in FIGS. 120-121). The projection 208 may include an edge 209 that is beveled or sharpened, where that edge 209 may be oriented at least partially distally when the projection 208 is in the active position. Alternately, the edge 209 may be oriented at least partially proximally when the projection 208 is in the active position. The orientation of the edge 209 when the projection 208 is in the active position is related to the direction of motion of the projection 208 as it creates an incision in the target vessel 580, as is described in greater detail below. With reference to the active position, where the edge 209 is defined on a distally-facing surface of the projection 208, the proximally-facing surface of the projection 208 may be blunt. Similarly, where the edge 209 is defined on a proximally-facing surface of the projection 208, the distally-facing surface of the projection 208 may be blunt. The projection 208 includes a lobe 858 defined therein or connected thereto, where the lobe 858 is located on the lower portion of the projection 208 with reference to the position of the projection 208 in the stowed position. The lobe 858 may be curved or rounded. A slot 860 is located in the bottom surface 266 of the channel 246 in the anvil arm 14. The slot 860 may extend completely through that bottom surface 266, or may simply be a depression or other feature defined in that bottom surface 266. When the cutter 200 is in the stowed position, at least part of the lobe 858 extends into that slot 860. An aperture 849 is defined in the projection 208. A clip 862 is connected to the projection 208 through the aperture 849. The clip 862 may be U-shaped, or shaped in any other suitable manner. The clip 862 may be configured to slide along at least one track 864 defined in or connected to at least one interior surfaces 202 of the channel 264.

[0209] A pusher 850 also extends along the channel 246 in the anvil arm 14. The pusher 850 is a substantially rigid body, having a distal end that is configured to engage the projection 208. The distal end of the pusher 850 may be beveled or otherwise shaped such that at least the lower portion of that distal end is angled or curved proximally. The distal end of the pusher 850 is configured to remain substantially in contact with the projection 208 in both the stowed position and the active position. Alternately, the pusher 850 engages the projection in a different manner. The aperture 849 in the projection 208 may be located at a position lower than the longitudinal centerline of the pusher 850. Alternately, the aperture 849 is positioned differently relative to the pusher 850. As described above, the pusher 850 may be substantially restrained when the projection 208 is in the stowed position and substantially freed when the projection 208 is in the active position.

[0210] Referring to FIGS. 125-128, another example of a cutter 200 is shown. The cutter 200 is an assembly that includes a projection 208 rotatable or otherwise movable from a stowed position in which it is substantially completely within the channel 246 in the anvil arm 14 (shown in FIG. 125) to an active position in which at least a portion of the projection 208 extends upward from the channel 246 in the anvil arm 14 (shown in FIGS. 126-127). At least one edge 209 of the projection 208 may be beveled or otherwise sharpened. A member 848 is connected to the projection 208. The member 848 is a cable or any other appropriate structure or mechanism. For example, the member 848 may be at least partially rigid. An aperture 849 is defined through the projection 208. The distal end of the member 848, or a portion of the member 848 near its distal end, is received into or through that aperture 849 to connect to the projection 208. Alternately, the member 848 is connected to the projection 208 in a different way. The member 848 extends along the channel 246 in the anvil arm 14.

[0211] The projection 208 includes a lobe 858 defined therein or connected thereto, where the lobe 858 is located on the lower portion of the projection 208 with reference to the position of the projection 208 in the stowed position. The lobe 858 may be curved or rounded. A notch 859 may be located between the lobe 858 and the remainder of the projection 208. The notch 859 may be curved, rounded, angled or otherwise configured. A slot 860 is located in the bottom surface 266 of the channel 246 in the anvil arm 14. The slot 860 may extend completely through that bottom surface 266, or may simply be a depression or other feature defined in that bottom surface 266. When the cutter 200 is in the withdrawal position, at least part of the lobe 858 extends into that slot 860. The projection 208 includes two sharp edges 209.

[0212] A centerpiece 868 may be secured within the channel 246. For example, the centerpiece 868 may be connected to one or more pins 870 that are connected to or formed into the anvil arm 14. Alternately, the centerpiece 868 is positioned at least partially above the channel 246, and/or may extend laterally from at least one edge of the channel 246, as shown in FIG. 143. The centerpiece 868 includes a slot 872 in its upper surface to allow the projection 208 to extend therethrough, and includes a longitudinally-extending free space 874 that allows the projection 208 to travel longitudinally therethrough. A receiving space 876 is defined at or near the distal end of the centerpiece 868, oriented downward. The receiving space 876 is located distal to a first cam surface 878, which is positioned lower than the uppermost part of the receiving space 876. Alternately, the centerpiece 868 is not used.

[0213] Referring back to FIGS. 34-35, an interior surface 202 is located on each side of the channel 246. Each interior surface 202 may be substantially planar, curved, or may be shaped differently. Further, each interior surface 202 may be oriented at an angle to vertical or substantially vertical. The interior surfaces 202 may be formed such that the channel 246 is substantially bilaterally symmetrical, or may be formed to result in a channel 246 that is not bilaterally symmetrical. The interior surfaces 202 of the channel 246 within the anvil arm 14 may include raised features 204 that correspond to depressed staple bending features (not shown) on the outer surface of the anvil arm 14. That is, if the staple bending features are stamped into the anvil arm 14, or formed in another way that causes deformation of the anvil arm 14, the depressed staple bending features result in corresponding raised features 204 on the interior surface 202 of the channel 246. The raised features 204 do not interfere with the motion of the cutter 200 through the channel 246. Alternately, the raised features 204 are not present on the interior surface 202 of the channel 246.

[0214] Shield

[0215] Optionally, referring to FIGS. 93-94, a shield 290 may be connected to the anvil arm 14, at or near the proximal end of the anvil arm 14. For example, the shield 290 may be connected to the anvil arm 14 in proximity to the tissue stop 220. Alternately, the shield 290 may be connected to a different location on the anvil arm 14, or to a portion of the anvil 10 other than the anvil arm 14. Alternately, the junction between the shield 290 and the anvil arm 14 performs the function of the tissue stop 220, and a separate tissue stop 220 is not provided. The shield 290 may be connected to or formed into the anvil arm 14 in any appropriate manner. As one example, the shield 290 may be pressure-fit to the anvil arm 14 at or near the tissue stop 220. Alternately, the shield 290 may be connected to the anvil arm 14 by welding, by adhesive, or by any other appropriate structure, mechanism, or method. The proximal end of the shield 290 is connected to the anvil arm 14, and the distal end of the shield 290 is free. Alternately, the shield 290 is connected to the anvil arm 14 in a different orientation. The shield 290 may be connected to the anvil arm 14 such that the free end of the shield 290 is biased upward relative to the anvil arm 14. However, the free end of the shield 290 need not be biased upward, or in any other direction, relative to the anvil arm 14. Alternately, the shield 290 may be biased downward relative to the anvil arm 14.

[0216] The shield 290 is configured to be positioned at least partially adjacent to the outer surface of the target vessel during the anastomosis procedure, as described in greater detail below. As one example of such a configuration, a proximal element 292 of the shield 290 is substantially straight, such that it substantially can contact the outer surface of the target vessel during the anastomosis procedure. A raised element 293 of the shield 290 at or near its distal end is raised relative to the proximal element 292 of the shield 290. A first ramp element 294 of the shield 290 connects the proximal element 292 of the shield 290 to the raised element 293 of the shield 290. A second ramp element 295 may extend distally and downward from the raised element 293 of the shield 290. At least a portion of the second ramp element 295, such as its distal end, is configured to contact the outer surface of the target vessel. This contact provides a limit to the motion of the shield 290 relative to the anvil arm 14 and causes the raised element 293 to be spaced apart from the outer surface of the target vessel. The second ramp element 295, or distal end of the raised element 293 if the second ramp element 295 is not used, is blunt to prevent damage to the outer surface of the target vessel upon contact therewith. Alternately, the shield 290 may be configured and/or shaped differently.

[0217] Optionally, an aperture 296 extends substantially longitudinally along at least a portion of the shield 290. The aperture 296 has a closed perimeter, or alternately may be open ended. The aperture 296 is substantially aligned with the channel 246 in the anvil arm 14. Thus when the projection 208 of the cutter 200 extends above the contact surface 236 of the anvil arm 14, at least a portion of the aperture 296 receives at least part of the projection 208 and allows it to slide freely. The aperture 296 extends along the shield 290 a sufficient distance to allow the projection 208 to slide freely throughout its entire travel, as described in greater detail below. A tip element 297 may be located at or near the distal end of the shield 290, oriented substantially transversely and closing the distal end of the aperture 296. The tip element 297 may be oriented differently, if desired. The aperture 296 need not be provided, such as where the shield 290 is configured to remain above and out of contact with the projection 208 throughout its path of motion. The shield 290 may be composed of polyethylene such that it is both flexible and durable. However, any other suitable material may be utilized if desired.

[0218] Alternately, referring to FIG. 106, the shield 290 may be connected to the staple holder 38. As one example, the shield 290 includes a snap feature 898 that connects to an aperture 900 in the staple holder 38. The snap feature 898 is compressible for insertion into the aperture 900, and expands after it is released. Friction between the snap feature 898 and the aperture 900, and/or interference between portions of the snap feature 898 above the aperture 900 and the structure in proximity to the aperture 900, hold the shield 290 in place. This snap feature 898 is utilized for ease of assembly; the shield 290 is connected to the staple holder 38 throughout the anastomosis procedure. Alternately, the shield 290 is connected to the staple holder 38 in a different manner. Alternately, the shield 290 is detachable from the staple holder 38. The shield 290 extends upward and proximally from its point of connection to the staple holder 38, then curves to extend downward and distally; this portion of the shield 290 may be referred to as the hinge 902. The remainder of the shield 290 extends substantially distally from the hinge 902 substantially as described above. The shield 290 may include an aperture 296 therein and/or be otherwise configured substantially as described above. Further, the shield 290 is utilized, and removed from the anastomosis site, in substantially the same manner as the configuration of shields 290 described above. By connecting the shield 290 to the staple holder 38 rather than the anvil 10, preparation of the graft vessel 404 and/or manufacture of the tissue effector 400 may be simplified. At least the hinge 902 of the shield 290 is composed of polyethylene or other flexible material. In this way, the hinge 902 can flex to allow the tissue effector 400 to move from the open position to the closed position.

[0219] Referring also to FIGS. 144-145, another example of a shield 290 connected to the staple holder 38 is shown. In this example, the shield 290 is connected to a location at or near the distal end of the staple holder 38. The shield 290 is connected to the staple holder 38 by a hinge 966. The hinge 966 may be oriented in a substantially transverse direction. Where the hinge 966 is used, the shield 290 may be flexible or rigid. Alternately, the shield 290 may be flexible, and fixed to the staple holder 38. Alternately, the shield 290 is connected to the staple holder 38 in any other suitable manner.

[0220] Tissue Effector

[0221] The tissue effector 400 may include one or more other features. Optionally, the anvil 10 and the staple holder 38 are configured to snap together when the tissue effector 400 moves to the closed position. Any suitable mechanism or structure may be used to hold the tissue effector 400 in the closed position. As an example, a first tab 904 extends from the tissue stop 220 or other portion of the anvil 10, and a second tab 906 extends from a corresponding location on the staple holder 38. As the tissue effector 400 moves to a closed position, at least one of the tabs 904, 906 flexes to accommodate the other tab 904, 906, until the first tab 904 is located above the second tab 906. Once the tissue effector 400 has been closed, the tabs 904, 906 are configured such that the tissue effector 400 cannot easily re-open. In this manner, the tissue effector 400 is positively held in the closed position.

[0222] Optionally, a safety feature 210 may be connected to the underside of the anvil 10. The safety feature 210 is biased toward the anvil 10 and the cutter 200. The safety feature 210 may be biased into the channel 246 within the anvil 10. Alternately, the safety feature 210 is connected to a different location, such as the underside of the anvil arm 14. The safety feature 210 may be flexible or rigid. The safety feature 210 includes a tip 212 that is oriented substantially transverse to the longitudinal centerline of the cutter 200. Alternately, the tip 212 may be oriented in a different direction. If the safety feature 210 is provided, the cutter 200 may include a safety recess 214 defined in it, corresponding to the tip 212 of the safety feature 210. The tip 212 is shaped and sized such that it can engage the safety recess 214. The tip 212 may be a bar or rod oriented substantially transverse to the direction of translation of the cutter 200, or may be shaped or oriented differently.

[0223] In FIG. 34, the staple holder 38 has not yet been moved into position to perform anastomosis. In this position, if the safety feature 210 is provided, the tip 212 of the safety feature 210 is biased upward to engage the safety recess 214. The engagement between the safety recess 214 and the tip 212 of the safety feature 210 substantially prevents translation of the cutter 200 within the channel 246. Thus, the cutter 200 and the projection 208 are prevented from deploying until the staple holder 38 has been moved into the appropriate position relative to the anvil arm 14, and inadvertent actuation of the cutter 200 is prevented.

[0224] The cutter 200 may include an engagement member 216 extending upward from a location at or near its proximal end. The engagement member 216 instead may extend downward from the cutter 200 or to the side of the cutter 200. Further, the engagement member 216 may be positioned at a location other than at or near the proximal end of the cutter 200. The engagement member 216 is configured to engage at least a portion of a corresponding receiver 218 in the staple holder 38. Thus, after engagement between the engagement member 216 and the receiver 218, translation of the receiver 218 results in translation of the cutter 200. The receiver 218 is a structure that is at least partially open on its underside and that includes at least one surface 219 configured to engage the engagement member 216. As shown in FIG. 34, the surface 219 is a partially-curved surface shaped to receive the curved upper end of the engagement member 216. However, the receiver 218 may be a flat vertical surface, a curved surface, a structure such as an inverted cup that is open on its underside and that has a wall or walls encircling the engagement member 216, or any other structure or mechanism capable of engaging the engagement member 216 and urging it distally. Referring also to FIGS. 58 and 68-69, the receiver 218 may be defined in a sled 482, which is described in greater detail below.

[0225] Optionally, an anvil insert 222 is fixed to the anvil 10. As one example, the anvil 10 is wider proximal to the anvil arm 14, open at its top with a space therein. The anvil insert 222 can be inserted into the anvil 10 through the open top of the anvil 10, such that the anvil insert 222 is partially or completely positioned within the anvil 10. However, the anvil insert 222 may be connected to the anvil 10 in another way. Alternately, the anvil insert 222 is connected to and capable of motion relative to the anvil 10. Further, the anvil insert 222 instead may be connected to the proximal end of the anvil arm 14, or another location on the anvil arm 14. A cavity 228 is defined within the anvil insert 222. An aperture 230 is defined through the distal end of the anvil insert 222 into the cavity 228, connecting the channel 246 in the anvil arm 14 and anvil 10 to the cavity 228. The cutter 200 extends through the aperture 230, such that the distal end of the cutter 200 is positioned within the channel 246 and the proximal end of the cutter 200 is positioned within the cavity 228.

[0226] A cutter stop 236 may be formed into or connected to the anvil insert 222, or formed into or connected to the anvil 10 itself or another structure or mechanism. The cutter stop 236 may engage the proximal end of the cutter 200 if the cutter 200 is moved proximally to a defined position within the cavity 228, thereby restricting its proximal translation.

[0227] Referring also to FIG. 56, the anvil 10 may include one or more attachment features 270. The attachment features 270 provide a location for attachment of one or more cables or other force transmission structures or mechanisms. As one example, the attachment features 270 may be one or more passages 270 through the cutter stop 236. The cutter stop 236 may include two or more spaced-apart members. If so, the attachment features 270 may be substantially aligned with one another, or offset from one another. However, the cutter stop 236 may be a single member, if desired. As another example, one or more of the attachment features 270 are separate from the cutter stop 236, and are positioned at a different location on the anvil 10. As another example, one or more of the attachment features 270 may extend in a direction from the anvil 10 that is other than upward.

[0228] The configuration of the attachment features 270 is related to the configuration of the cable or other force transmission structure or mechanism attached to it, such that the connection between them is secure. As one example, the cutter stop 236 includes two spaced-apart members, and the attachment features 270 are passages through the upper portion of each member of the cutter stop 236. Two separate cables are connected to the attachment features 270. The end of each cable is passed through one of the attachment features 270, after which it is welded, connected with adhesive, clamped, tied or otherwise secured to the cutter stop 236. Alternately, a single first cable is passed through each of the attachment features 270, such that the free ends of the first cable are spaced apart from the attachment features 270. In this way, no additional steps are needed to secure the first cable to the attachment features 270. However, the cable may be welded, connected with adhesive, clamped, tied or otherwise secured to the cutter stop 236, if desired. Alternately, the force transmission member or members may be connected to the anvil 10 in a different manner and/or location.

[0229] Referring also to FIG. 44, the anvil 10 extends proximally to a pivot point such as a pin 226. The pivot point may be any other structure or mechanism that allows the anvil 10 to rotate about it. For example, the pivot point may be a four-bar linkage or other mechanism rather than the pin 226. By using a four-bar linkage or other mechanism, the staple holder 38 and the anvil 10 may be movable relative to one another in a simple manner such as rotation, or in a more complex manner. Alternately, the anvil insert 222 extends to the pin 226 instead of or in addition to the anvil 10. The pin 226 pivotally connects the staple holder 38 to the anvil 10. The pin 226 may be formed into or otherwise fixed to the staple holder 38 or anvil 10, if desired. The anvil 10 and/or anvil insert 222 may extend still further proximally from the pin 226. As one example, the anvil 10 extends proximally to the pin 226. The anvil insert 222 also extends proximally to the pin 226, and additionally extends as far as or further proximally to the proximal end of the anvil 10.

[0230] The staple holder 38 and the anvil 10 may be connected to one another in any other suitable manner and/or in any suitable location. As one example, the staple holder 38 and the anvil 10 may be connected to one another at the junction between the tissue effector 400 and the shaft 304. The staple holder 38 and/or anvil 10 may be movable toward the other. Alternately, the staple holder 38 is substantially fixed relative to the anvil 10. If so, the tissue effector 400 is substantially in the closed position throughout the anastomosis procedure. Fabrication and/or operation of the anastomosis tool 300 may be simplified if the tissue effector 400 remains in substantially the same position throughout the anastomosis procedure.

[0231] Referring also to FIG. 57, a proximal portion of the anvil insert 222 may be bent upward relative to a distal portion of the anvil insert 222. The proximal portion of the anvil insert 222 may be referred to as the spine 272. The spine 272 need not be bent upward relative to the proximal portion of the anvil insert 222, and instead may be bent downward or oriented substantially parallel to the proximal portion of the anvil insert 222. Alternately, the spine 272 is a separate structure or mechanism that is connected to the anvil insert 222. A post 274 may be defined in or connected to the spine 272. The post 274 may be cylindrical, or may be shaped differently. One end of a spring 276 is connected to the post 274. The spring 276 is a coil spring, but may be a different type of spring if desired. The other end of the spring 276 is connected to the staple holder 38, such as to an attachment member 275 defined in or connected to the staple holder 38. The attachment member 275 may be cylindrical, or may be shaped differently. The spring 276 may be connected to the post 274 and/or to the attachment member 275 by hooking an end of the spring 276 to at least one of the post 274 and the attachment member 275, by welding, by adhesive, or by any other appropriate structure, mechanism or method. The spring 276 may be connected to the staple holder 38 and/or the spine 272 in a different way, if desired. The spring 276 is sized and configured to be in tension, so as to bias the tissue effector 400 to an open position. That is, the spring 276 presses the staple holder 38 about the pin 226, toward the spine 272 of the anvil insert 222. Alternately, any other suitable structure, mechanism or method may be used to bias the tissue effector 400 to the open position. Alternately, the tissue effector 400 is not biased to the open position.

[0232] Optionally, one or more buttons 278 are connected to the spine 272. The wing or buttons 278 may be spaced apart from the spine 272 and connected to it by one or more connection members 280. The buttons 278 each may be sized and shaped for contact with a user's finger. For example, two buttons 278 may be sized and shaped such that a user may conveniently press one with a thumb and the other with a forefinger. The precise shape and size of the buttons 278 is not critical to the invention. Optionally, at least one button 278 is connected to a cog 282 that in turn connects to the shaft 304 of the anastomosis tool 300, as described in greater detail below. The cog 282 includes one or more teeth 284. Advantageously, the cog 282 is substantially circular, and the teeth 284 extend substantially radially outward from it.

[0233] Graft Vessel Handling Features

[0234] Referring to FIG. 58, the underside of the staple holder 38 is seen. The staple holder 38 includes two arms 402, where those arms 402 are spaced apart from one another along at least part of their length, and/or at least at one end. More or fewer arms 402 may be provided. The arms 402 extend distally from the remainder of the staple holder 38. However, the arms 402 may be positioned differently, if desired. The arms 402 are generally linear in configuration, and the longitudinal centerlines of the arms 402 are substantially parallel to one another. However, the arms 402 may be shaped differently and/or oriented differently relative to one another. One or more of the arms 402 may be angled relative to a horizontal plane; for example, to facilitate connecting the flaps of the graft vessel to the wall of the target vessel. Referring also to FIG. 59, the arms 402 are spaced apart from one another along at least part of their length and/or at least at one end to allow a graft vessel 404 to be placed between them, and to allow the tissue effector 400 to be freed from the completed anastomosis. The arms 402 may be substantially fixed relative to one another. Alternately, at least one arm 402 may be movable relative to the other arm 402.

[0235] The underside of each arm 402 may include a flap receiving surface 406. Each flap receiving surface 406 is substantially flat across at least a portion of its area. Each flap 408 at the end of the graft vessel 404 is placed onto a corresponding flap receiving surface 406, and the main body of the graft vessel 404 extends between the arms 402 of the staple holder 38. Advantageously, each flap 408 is substantially flat against the corresponding flap receiving surface 406. One or more of the flap receiving surfaces 406 may include a ridged region 413 that has individual ridges 416 spaced apart from one another. The individual ridges 416 may be parallel to one another, or oriented differently. The ridges 416 extend away from the flap receiving surface 406. As one example, each flap receiving surface 406 includes a ridged region 413 in proximity to its inner edge. As used in this document in the context of the staple holder 38, the term “inner” refers to proximity to the space between the arms 402, and the term “outer” refers to distance from the space between the arms 402.

[0236] Advantageously, two flaps 408 are present at the end of the graft vessel 404. These flaps 408 may be created in any appropriate manner, such as by incising the end of the graft vessel 404 with a scalpel. However, the end of the graft vessel 404 may have more than two flaps 408. Further, the end of the graft vessel 404 may have a single flap 408. That is, a single incision may be made at the end of the graft vessel 404, substantially parallel to its centerline. As a result, a single flap 408 is created that extends substantially continuously around the circumference of the end of the graft vessel 404, where the opposite ends of the flap 408 are adjacent to the incision.

[0237] Optionally, one or more spikes 410 may extend outward from at least one of the flap receiving surfaces 406. As at least one of the flaps 408 is placed onto the corresponding flap receiving surface 406, one or more of the spikes 410 penetrate that flap 408 partially or completely, thereby assisting in holding the flap 408 in place against the flap receiving surface 406. Alternately, no flaps are created at the end of the graft vessel 404. Rather, an end of the graft vessel 404 is simply everted onto the flap receiving surfaces 406, spikes 410 and/or other part of the staple holder 38. Where the end of the graft vessel 404 is everted, the anastomosis procedure is performed in substantially the same manner as if one or more flaps 408 were utilized.

[0238] Graft Vessel Handling Features—Graft Clip

[0239] A graft clip 412 is connected to each arm 402. Each graft clip 412 may be configured to rotate relative to the corresponding arm 402. As one example, each graft clip 412 is pivotally connected to the corresponding arm 402 at or near the outer edge 414 of that arm 402. Alternately, at least one graft clip 412 is movable relative to the corresponding arm 402 in a different way, such as by sliding. Alternately, at least one graft clip 412 is initially a separate component from the arm 402, and is connectable to the corresponding arm 402. Each graft clip 412 is moveable between an open position and a closed position relative to the corresponding arm 402. The graft clip 412 is positioned relative to the flap receiving surface 406 on the corresponding arm 402 such that, in the closed position, the graft clip 412 is configured to engage a flap 408 of the graft vessel 404. The graft clip 412 may engage substantially all of the flap 408, or less than all of the flap 408. Optionally, the graft clip 412 may include ridges 416 corresponding to ridges 416 extending from the flap receiving surface 406.

[0240] Referring to FIG. 140, at least one graft clip 412 may be connected to the staple holder 38 at a location at or near the proximal end of the staple holder 38, such as in proximity to the proximal end of a corresponding arm 402 of the staple holder 38. The graft clips 412 may be connected to the staple holder 38 in any suitable manner. For example, at least one graft clip 412 may be pivotally connected to the staple holder 38 in such a way that the axis of rotation of the graft clip 412 is substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the staple holder 38. Alternately, at least one graft clip 412 has an axis of rotation oriented in a different direction. The graft clips 412 are separate and independent from one another. Alternately, the graft clips 412 are connected to one another. For example, the graft clips 412 may both be part of a single generally U-shaped assembly, with the base of that U-shaped assembly positioned at or near the proximal end of the staple holder 38.

[0241] Referring also to FIG. 58, alternately, the spikes 410 alone hold at least one flap 408 onto the corresponding flap receiving surface 406, and one or more graft clips 412 are not used. The spikes 410 are oriented at an angle that facilitates the opening of the tissue effector 400 after the flaps 408 are connected to the target vessel. Where the spikes 410 alone hold the flaps 408, the vein knives 432 that are described below may be omitted, because the staple holder 38 is disengaged from the flaps 408 simply by removal of the spikes 410 from the flaps 408. Thus, by eliminating the graft clips 412, construction of the tissue effector 400 may be simplified. Alternately, a structure or mechanism other than or in addition to the spikes 410 may be used to hold the flaps 408 onto the corresponding flap receiving surfaces 406.

[0242] Each graft clip 412 is locked or otherwise held in the closed position to securely hold the flap 408 between itself and the corresponding flap receiving surface 406. The pressure between the graft clip 412 and the flap receiving surface 406, alone or in conjunction with ridges 416 on the graft clip 412 and the flap receiving surface 406 and/or spikes 410 extending upward from the flap receiving surface, holds the flap 408 firmly in place. The spikes 410, if used, may engage the graft clip 412 when it is in the closed position. The ridges 416 on the graft clip 412 and the flap receiving surface 406, if used, engage opposite sides of at least one flap 408, thereby gripping the flap 408 firmly and resisting motion of the flap 408 in a direction substantially perpendicular to the orientation of the ridges 416. However, each graft clip 412 may be shaped or configured in any manner that allows it to participate in holding the corresponding flap 408 to the corresponding flap receiving surface 406.

[0243] The graft clip 412 may be locked or otherwise held in the closed position with any appropriate mechanism, structure or method. As one example, the graft clip 412 uses a cam lock to hold itself in the closed position. Referring also to FIG. 59A, the graft clip 412 is in an open position. In the open position, the graft clip 412 is positioned to receive a flap 408 of the graft vessel 404 between it and the flap receiving surface 406. The graft clip 412 is rotatable about an axle 418 that is spaced apart from a wall 420 defined on an arm 402 of the staple holder 38. The wall 420 may be perpendicular or otherwise angled to the flap receiving surface 406. The axle 418 is connected to the arm 402, and is substantially fixed relative to the wall 420. Alternately, the axle 418 is movable relative to the wall 420. The axle 418 extends substantially longitudinally, but may be angled relative to the longitudinal direction. Alternately, the axle 418 may be substantially transverse to the longitudinal direction, or may be oriented in a different manner relative to the staple holder 38. The arm 402 also includes an overhang 586 that extends outward and downward from the main portion of the arm 402. Alternately, the overhang 586 extends in a different direction. The overhang 586 may extend laterally outward at least as far as the longitudinal centerline of the axle 418, but need not do so.

[0244] The graft clip 412 includes a lobe 422 in proximity to the axle 418, where the lobe 422 has a non-circular cross section. The lobe 422 has a variable thickness, where thickness is defined as the distance between the surface of the axle 418 and the surface of the lobe 422. The lobe 422 includes a first portion 588 that has a relatively small thickness. When the graft clip 412 is in the open position, the first portion 588 is substantially adjacent to the overhang 586. The thickness of the first portion 588 of the lobe 422 is substantially equal to the distance between the axle 418 and the overhang 586. Alternately, the first portion 588 of the lobe 422 may have a different thickness. Moving counterclockwise along the lobe 422, its thickness increases, then decreases rapidly to form a step 590, which may be substantially aligned with the centerline of the axle 418. Continuing to move counterclockwise along the lobe 422, its thickness once again increases. The graft clip 412 may be a mirror image of the clip 412 shown in FIG. 59A, such that the thickness of the lobe 422 relative to the angular position thereon is reversed from the description above. Similarly, if the graft clip 412 is viewed from the opposite direction, the thickness of the lobe 422 will be reversed from the description above. The operation of the graft clip 412 is the same.

[0245] In the open position, which is the initial position of the graft clip 412, the first portion 588 of the lobe 422 is adjacent to the overhang 586. This first portion 588 may be substantially as thick as the distance between the axle 418 and the overhang 586. The portion of the lobe 422 adjacent to and immediately clockwise from the step 590 may be in contact with or in proximity to the wall 420. The graft clip 412 is rotated about the axle 418 from the open position to the closed position in a clockwise direction by the user or by a mechanism associated with the tissue effector 400. As this rotation begins, increasingly-thick portions of the lobe 422 move between the axle 418 and the overhang 586. As a result, the overhang 586, axle 418, and/or lobe 422 may flex to accommodate the increased amount of thickness of the lobe 422 between the axle 418 and the overhang 586. Further, this increase in thickness between the axle 418 and the overhand 586 may provide at least some resistance to the motion of the graft clip 412.

[0246] Referring also to FIG. 60, as the rotation of the graft clip 412 continues, the step 590 encounters the overhang 586, then moves past the overhang 586. As a result, the thickness of the lobe 422 between the overhang 586 and the axle 418 decreases abruptly. The stiffness of the overhang 586 is such that the overhang 586 can flex enough to allow the graft clip 412 to rotate past the step 590. Rotation of the graft clip 412 may stop at or shortly after the motion of the step 590 past the overhang 586, such that the graft clip 412 stops at the closed position shown in FIG. 59C. Motion of the graft clip 412 in the counterclockwise direction would cause the step 590 to encounter the end of the overhang 586, stopping the rotation of the graft clip 412. Thus, the step 590 acts to hold the graft clip 412 in the closed position.

[0247] Alternately, a structure or mechanism other than a cam lock may be used to hold the graft clip 412 in a closed position. As one example, at least one elastic band (not shown) may be used to hold the graft clip 412 against the staple holder 38. Each elastic band may be fixed to either the graft clip 412 or the staple holder 38. As another example, the graft clip 412 and the corresponding arm 402 may each include corresponding magnets (not shown), such that magnetic force holds the graft clip 412 in contact with the arm 402 in the closed position.

[0248] As another example, referring to FIG. 60, a snap arm 606 may be used to hold the graft clip 412 in a closed position. The snap arm 606 is connected at one end to the corresponding arm 402. This connection may be a hinge, or may be any other connection that allows the snap arm 606 to move between an open position, in which the graft clip 412 may be opened, and a closed position, in which the graft clip 412 is held closed. The connection between the proximal end of the snap arm 606 and the arm 402 is made proximal to the flap receiving surface 406. Alternately, the connection between the snap arm 606 and the staple holder 38 is made at a different location. Alternately, a different part of the snap arm 606 than its proximal end is connected to the arm 402.

[0249] The distal end of the snap arm 606 includes a catch 608 that is shaped to engage the distal end of the corresponding arm 402. For example, the catch 608 may be curved such that a lobe 610 of the catch 608 is proximal to the distal end of the arm 402 when the snap arm 606 is in the closed position, thereby holding the snap arm 606, and the graft clip 412, in place. The catch 608 is at least partially flexible such that the catch 608 can be snapped down onto the distal end of the corresponding arm, thereby holding the snap arm 606 in the closed position. The catch 608 may be configured differently, if desired. When the snap arm 606 is in the closed position, at least a portion of the graft clip 412 is positioned between the snap arm 606 and the corresponding arm 402. Thus, in the closed position, the snap arm 606 presses the graft clip 412 against the arm 402, holding it in place. As a result, the graft clip 412 holds the corresponding flap 408 against the flap receiving surface 406.

[0250] Alternately, a separate snap arm 606 is not used, and the graft clip 412 itself includes a catch 608 that engages the corresponding arm 402 of the tissue effector 400. Alternately, the snap arm 606, or the graft clip 412 that includes a catch 608, is oriented differently, such as described above with regard to FIGS. 59A-59B.

[0251] Referring also to FIG. 61, in the closed position, each graft clip 412 is configured to press a flap 408 of the target vessel against the corresponding flap receiving surface 406. The flap 408 is not shown for clarity. In the closed position, the graft clip 412 and the flap receiving surface 406 are substantially fixed relative to one another. The graft clip 412 and the corresponding flap receiving surface 406 may be configured such that a portion of each would contact the other in the closed position, absent the flap 408. Thus, where the flap 408 is present, the graft clip 412 compresses the flap 408 against the flap receiving surface 406. Additionally, the graft clip 412 may include an overhang 424, which extends along at least a portion of the edge of the graft clip 412. The overhang 424 may be substantially parallel to and in proximity to the corresponding inner edge 411 of the arm 402 in the closed position. Alternately, the overhang 424 may be configured differently relative to the arm 402. The overhang 402 may bend the flap 408 and/or press, pinch or otherwise hold it against the corresponding edge of the arm 402.

[0252] As another example, referring to FIG. 140, at least one graft clip 412 includes a clamp 952 extending from it. The clamp 952 is configured to exert a force on the staple holder 38 and/or the corresponding arm 402 when the graft clip 412 is in the secure position. For example, the clamp 452 may be a tab extending from the graft clip 412 generally toward the staple holder 38. The clamp 452 is shaped such that its free end is laterally spaced inward from the intersection between the clamp 452 and the graft clip 452. The free end of the clamp 452 is spaced inward far enough such that, as the graft clip 412 moves to the secure position, the clamp 452 can be received onto the corresponding arm 402 or other part of the staple holder 38. As the graft clip 412 continues to move to the secure position, the clamp 452 contacts a corresponding arm 402 or other part or feature of the staple holder 38 and exerts a force such as in the lateral direction against that corresponding arm 402 or other part of the staple holder 38. The clamp 452 may exert such a force as a result of its configuration, where the shape of the clamp 452 causes friction or interference with the corresponding arm 402 or other part or feature of the staple holder 38. Alternately, at least one graft clip 412 is held in the secure position in a different or additional manner.

[0253] Graft Vessel Handling Features—Vein Knife

[0254] Still referring to FIG. 61, optionally a first channel 426 may be defined in the graft clip 412, and a corresponding second channel 428 may be defined in the corresponding arm 402. The first channel 426 and the second channel 428 are substantially linear and substantially aligned with one another. Alternately, the first channel 426 and the second channel 428 are configured differently, aligned differently with respect to one another and/or have a different cross-section. Each channel 426, 428 is open along one side, at least in part. The first channel 426 and the second channel 428 are oriented and aligned relative to one another such that the openings in the channels 426, 428 face one another to form a vein knife passage 430. The channels 426, 428 may be spaced apart from one another at least in part and still form the vein knife passage 430; that is, the vein knife passage 430 need not be bounded around its entire periphery. Alternately, the channels 426, 428 are oriented and aligned differently, and/or the vein knife passage 430 is formed differently. Each vein knife passage 430 is oriented such that, when the tissue effector 40 is in the closed position, the longitudinal centerline of the vein knife passage 430 is substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the anvil 10. Alternately, the vein knife passages 430 are aligned differently relative to the longitudinal axis of the anvil 10 when the tissue effector 400 is in the closed position.

[0255] Referring also to FIG. 62, at least one vein knife passage 430 is configured to receive a corresponding vein knife 432. The fit between the dimensions of the vein knife 432 and the corresponding vein knife passage 430 is close enough that the vein knife passage 430 guides the vein knife 432 and substantially prevents wobbling or other disruption of the motion of the vein knife 432 as it travels along the vein knife passage 430, and loose enough to allow the vein knife 432 to slide easily along that vein knife passage 430 substantially without binding or interference. Each vein knife 432 has a blade 434 or other sharp element at its distal end. The blade 434 of at least one vein knife 432 may be angled. Alternately, the blade 434 of at least one vein knife may be curved or otherwise shaped. The proximal end of each vein knife 432 is connected to a sled, which is described in greater detail below. The vein knife 432 is configured to translate or otherwise move between a first position and a second position. In the first position, the blade 434 of the vein knife 432 is located proximal to the flap 408 held between the graft clip 412 and the flap receiving surface 406. The vein knife 432 translates or otherwise moves to the second position and cuts the flap 408 as it does so. In the second position, the blade 434 of the vein knife 432 is located adjacent or distal to the portion of the flap 408 held between the graft clip 412 and the flap receiving surface 406. The first and second positions are reversed when the vein knife 432 is moved in the opposite direction. Alternately, at least one vein knife 432 and corresponding vein knife passage 430 is omitted, and at least one flap 408 is released from the staple holder 38 after anastomosis simply by opening the corresponding graft clip 412.

[0256] Optionally, one or more graft clip blades 436 are connected to at least one graft clip 412. Referring also to FIG. 63, one or more of the graft clip blades 436 may be serrated. Each graft clip blade 436 is located in and against one side of the first channel 426, such that it does not interfere with the motion of the vein knife 432. Alternately, one or more graft clip blades 436 are located in a different position on the corresponding graft clip 412 or arm 402. Serrations 438 on the graft clip blade 436 are oriented toward the open face of the first channel 426 in the graft clip 412. The serrations 438 may be sized and shaped in any appropriate manner. The serrations 438 assist in holding the flap 408 between the graft clip 412 and the flap receiving surface 406. That is, one or more of the serrations 438 may penetrate into or through the flap 408, thereby holding the tissue of the flap 408 substantially fixed relative to the graft clip 412 and the flap receiving surface 406. When the vein knife 432 translates along the vein knife passage 430 to incise the flap 408, the serrations 438 hold the flap 408. The motion of the vein knife 432 may apply stress to the tissue of the flap 408 such that the serrations 438 themselves act to cut the tissue of the flap 408. Thus, the cutting action may be a scissors-like action resulting from the relative motion of the vein knife 432 and the graft clip blade 436. More than one graft clip blade 436 can be provided in at least one vein knife passage 430. For example, two graft clip blades 436 may be located in one first channel 426, in and against two different sides of the first channel 426 and spaced apart from one another a sufficient distance to allow the vein knife 432 to slide therebetween. Other configurations or numbers of graft clip blades 436 may be utilized, if desired.

[0257] Alternately, referring to FIG. 59D, at least one graft clip 412 may have a thinner cross-section than the graft clip 412 of FIGS. 59-59B. This thinner cross-section may be achieved by utilizing metal, such as sheet metal, to form at least part of the graft clip 412. However, metal need not be used in order for the graft clip 412 to be made thinner. As shown in FIG. 59C, the graft clip 412 may be an assembly having a first piece 407 connected to a second piece 409. The first piece 407 is located at or near the first channel 426 of the graft clip 412. Alternately, the graft clip 412 may be a single piece, or may be an assembly having additional components. The second piece 409 may be made of plastic or any other suitable material. Other materials may be used to form the pieces 407, 409 if desired. Advantageously, the graft clip blades 436 may be formed into the first piece 407, particularly where at least the first piece 407 of the graft clip 412 is metal. By forming the graft clip blades 436 into a portion of the graft clip 412 rather than connecting them to the graft clip 412, construction of the graft clip 412 may be simplified.

[0258] The use of a thinner graft clip 412 results in less compression of the surface of the heart, where the target vessel is a coronary artery and the anvil arm 14 is inserted into that coronary artery. The vertical distance between the bottom of the anvil arm 14 and the bottom of the graft clip 412 substantially defines the distance across which the heart tissue near the coronary artery is compressed as the tissue effector 400 moves from the open to the closed position. By decreasing that distance, the heart tissue around the coronary artery is compressed a lesser distance. As a result, the amount of force required to move the tissue effector 400 from an open position to a closed position, in which compressive force is applied against the heart tissue, may be decreased. This reduction in force may simplify the construction of the tissue effector 400.

[0259] Graft Vessel Handling Features—Graft Affixer

[0260] Optionally, referring to FIGS. 130-133, a graft affixer 910 is connected to or formed into the staple holder 38. The graft affixer 910 extends outward from the staple holder 38, and is oriented at least partially toward the anvil 10. The graft affixer 910 penetrates an end of the graft vessel 404 and holds the graft vessel 404 to the staple holder 38, as described in greater detail below. The graft affixer 910 may be any structure or mechanism configured to hold the graft vessel 404 to the staple holder 38. As one example, the graft affixer 910 may be a spike. The tip of the spike may be oriented toward the anvil 10, or in a different direction. As another example, the graft affixer 910 may be a hook. As another example, the graft affixer 910 may be a clip. The graft affixer 910 may include a barb (not shown) at or near its tip, or at a different location, in order to hold the graft vessel 404 more securely.

[0261] The graft affixer 910 is located between the arms 402 of the staple holder 38 slightly proximal to the two most-proximal connector bays 448. This proximal position of the graft affixer 910 allows the graft affixer 910 to engage a location on the graft vessel 404 that will be positioned at or near the heel of the anastomosis. Alternately, the graft affixer 910 is located directly between the two most-proximal connector bays 448. Alternately, the graft affixer 910 is located between the arms 402 of the staple holder 38, between or slightly distal to the two most distal connector bays 448. If so, the anvil arm 14 may be inserted into the target vessel 580 in the opposite direction, such that the graft affixer 910 engages a location on the graft vessel 404 that will be positioned at or near the toe of the anastomosis. Alternately, the graft affixed 910 is located at any other suitable location relative to the staple holder 38.

[0262] The graft affixer 910 may be composed of any appropriate material. As one example, the graft affixer 910 may be composed of plastically-deformable material, such as stainless steel. As another example, the graft affixer 910 may be composed at least in part of an elastic or superelastic material, such as nickel-titanium alloy.

[0263] The graft affixer 910 may be connected to the staple holder 38 in any appropriate manner. Referring also to FIGS. 131-132, the graft affixer 910 may be part of a graft affixer assembly 912. The graft affixer assembly 912 includes a base 914 connected to the graft affixer 910 by an arm 916. The base 914 engages the staple holder 38, such as by a friction fit. Alternately, the base 914 engages the staple holder 38 in a different way. The base 914 may be located proximal to the graft affixer 910 where the graft affixer 910 is positioned at or near the most proximal connector bays 448, or distal to the graft affixer 910 where the graft affixer 910 is positioned at or near the most distal connector bays 448. Alternately, the base 914 is positioned differently relative to the graft affixer 910. The arm 916 cantilevers the graft affixer 910 into the space between the arms 402 of the staple holder 38. The arm 916 may be shaped in any manner that connects the base 914 to the graft affixer 910 and that does not interfere with the operation of the tissue effector 400. Alternately, the graft affixer 910 is detachably connected to the staple holder 38, such as by a clip.

[0264] At least part of the graft affixer assembly 912 may be movable relative to the staple holder 38. Initially, the graft affixer assembly 912 has a first position relative to the staple holder 38 such that the graft affixer 910 extends outward from it by a first distance, far enough to allow the graft vessel 404 to be connected to it easily. The graft affixer assembly 912 is movable to a second position relative to the staple holder 38 such that the graft affixer 910 extends outward from the staple holder 38 by a second distance that is less than the first distance. In the second position, the graft affixer 910 still extends outward far enough to hold the graft vessel 404, but not so far as to interfere with the anvil 10 when the tissue effector 400 is in the closed position. At least part of the graft affixer assembly 912 may be moved from its initial position to a final position by contact between the base 916 and the anvil 10. For example, the base 916 may be friction-fit to an aperture 918 in the staple holder 38, such that contact between the anvil 10 and the base 916 overcomes the frictional force holding the base 916 to the aperture and causes the base 916 to slide within the aperture 918. As another example, the graft affixer assembly 912 may be biased toward a stop 920 defined in the staple holder 38, such that contact between the anvil 10 and the base 916 moves the graft affixer assembly 912 against that bias away from the stop 920. As another example, the base 916 remains substantially stationary as the anvil 10 moves toward the staple holder 38, and contact between the anvil 10 and the graft affixer 910 moves the graft affixer 910 away from the anvil 10 and/or deforms the graft affixer 910. Alternately, the graft affixer 910 is molded into, formed as an integral part of, glued onto, welded onto, fastened onto, or otherwise associated with the staple holder 38 directly, without the use of a graft affixer assembly 912.

[0265] Referring to FIG. 158, another example of a graft affixer 910 is shown. The graft affixer 910 of FIG. 158 is detachable from the staple holder 38, and/or may be used to provide additional sealing at the heel 587 of the anastomosis. The exemplary graft affixer 910 of FIG. 158 may also be referred to as the heel clip 910. The heel clip 910 includes a leg 1150 having a free end 1152. The free end 1152 of the leg 1150 may be substantially sharp or substantially blunt. A first tab 1154 extends outward from the leg 1150 of the heel clip 910. Alternately, the first tab 1154 extends from a different part of the heel clip 910. Moving away from the free end 1152 of the heel clip 910, a base 1156 of the heel clip 910 bends or angles away from the leg 1150. A second tab 1158 extends outward from the base 1156 of the heel clip 910. Alternately, the second tab 1158 extends from a different part of the heel clip 910. Continuing along the heel clip 910 away from the free end 1152 of the leg 1150, a prong 1160 extends from the base 1156. The prong 1160 may be oriented in substantially the same direction as the leg 1150. Alternately, the prong 1160 is oriented in a different direction from the leg 1150. The prong 1160 has a free end 1162 that may be substantially sharp or substantially blunt. The heel clip 910 may be fabricated from a single unit of material. Alternately, at least part of the heel clip 910 is fabricated separately and connected to a remainder of the heel clip 910 in any suitable manner, such as by welding.

[0266] The heel clip 910 is detachable from the staple holder 38, and may be detachably held by the staple holder 38 in any suitable manner. As one example, the staple holder 38 includes a ledge 1162 that engages the first tab 1154 and a notch 1164 that engages the second tab 1158. The ledge 1162 and the notch 1164 may be configured to hold the tabs 1154, 1158 such that the heel clip 910 is compressed at least slightly, thereby enhancing the connection between the heel clip 910 and the staple holder 38. The staple holder 38 may include a pocket 1157 or other surface or feature configured to receive at least part of the base 1156 of the heel clip 910. Alternately, the heel clip 910 may be detachably connected to the staple holder 38 in any other suitable manner.

[0267] Graft Vessel Handling Features—Measurement Feature

[0268] Referring also to FIG. 130, the staple holder 38 includes at least one measurement feature 922. Advantageously, two measurement features 922 are provided, one on each arm 402 of the staple holder 38, each having substantially the same length. Each measurement feature 922 is located on the staple holder 38 in such a way as to facilitate the placement of the graft vessel 404 relative to the staple holder 38, as described in greater detail below. Each measurement feature 922 may be shaped or configured in any suitable manner. For example, at least one measurement feature 922 is a raised area on an arm 402 of the staple holder 38, positioned relative to the graft affixer 910 to be able to assist in the positioning of the graft vessel 404 relative to the staple holder 38. Alternately, at least one measurement feature 922 is a depressed area on an arm 402 of the staple holder 38, one or more indicia defined on an arm 402 of the staple holder 38, or any other appropriate structure or mechanism. Alternately, at least one measurement feature 922 is configured differently. The measurement feature 922 has two spaced-apart ends. Alternately, at least one measurement feature 922 is two spaced-apart and unconnected indicia.

[0269] Staple Holder Components

[0270] Referring also to FIG. 64, a cross-section of one arm 402 of the staple holder 38 is shown. The staple holder 38 is substantially symmetrical, such that the arm 402 shown is substantially a mirror image of the other arm 402. Alternately, the staple holder 38 is not symmetrical, and/or the arms 402 are not mirror images of one another. A passage 440 is defined within each arm 402. Each passage 440 extends substantially longitudinally within the corresponding arm 402, and the longitudinal centerline of each passage 440 is substantially parallel to the longitudinal centerline of the anvil 10 when the tissue effector 400 is in the closed position. Alternately, at least one passage 440 is oriented differently relative to its corresponding arm 402. The passage 440 may have a rectangular cross-section, or a different cross-section. Further, the dimensions of the passage 440 may be substantially constant along its entire length, or may change along at least part of its length. Optionally, the distal end 442 of the passage 440 is open, and/or the proximal end 444 of the passage 440 is open.

[0271] A ramp element 446 is configured to translate or otherwise move through at least a portion of each passage 440. Referring also to FIGS. 68-69A, the ramp elements 446 may be molded or otherwise formed into a unitary ramp element assembly 484, or may be molded or otherwise formed separately and then connected together. Alternately, the ramp elements 446 are not connected to one another. The ramp elements 446 may be formed from stainless steel, polymer or other appropriate material. The vein knives 432 are connected to the ramp element assembly 484 to form a sled 482. As an example, apertures 486 are defined in the ramp element assembly 484, and the proximal end of each vein knife 432 is sized and shaped to provide for a pressure or interference fit within the corresponding aperture 486. However, any other appropriate mechanism, structure or method may be used to connect each vein knife 432 to the ramp element assembly 484. Alternately, the ramp elements 446 and the vein knives 432 are cast, molded or otherwise formed as a single unit. The vein knives 432 may be fixed to the ramp element assembly 484, such that the ramp elements 446 and the vein knives 432 translate as a unit substantially simultaneously. Alternately, at least one ramp element 446 is moveable relative to at least one vein knife 432, or vice versa. As another example of the sled 482, each ramp element 446 is connected to the corresponding vein knife 432, but the ramp elements 446 are not connected to one another.

[0272] The sled 482 includes an attachment feature 488. The attachment feature 488 may be an aperture through a portion of the ramp element assembly 484 that is configured to receive a second cable 490 or other force transmission mechanism or structure. Where a cable is used and the attachment feature 488 is an aperture, the second cable 490 may be inserted into and/or through the attachment feature 488, and held in place there such as by tying off one end of the cable, by welding, by adhesive, or any other appropriate connection method. Alternately, the attachment feature 488 may be a ring, a hook, a raised area, a depression, or any other structure or mechanism appropriate for connection to a cable or other force transmission mechanism or structure.

[0273] One or more connector bays 448 are defined in each arm 402, between the passage 440 within the arm 402 and an inner surface 450 of the arm 402. The connector bays 448 and the passages 440 are substantially hollow. The cross-sectional shape of each connector bay 448 is selected to allow it to receive and hold a staple or other connector, as described below. The connector bays 448 are oriented such that the longitudinal centerline of each connector bay 448 is substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal centerline of the corresponding passage 440. Alternately, at least one connector bay 448 is oriented differently relative to the corresponding passage 440. Each connector bay 448 has substantially the same cross-section and length. Alternately, at least one connector bay 448 has a different cross-section and/or length than at least one other connector bay 448. The connector bays 448 may be oriented relative to a local horizontal such that the longitudinal centerline of each connector bay 448 forms an angle of between 0° and 45° relative to that local horizontal. (The use of the term “horizontal” here and elsewhere in this document is used for convenience in description only, and does not restrict the orientation in which the anastomosis tool 300 may be used.) A different orientation may be used, if desired. As one example, the longitudinal centerline of each connector bay 448 may form an angle of greater than 45° relative to the local horizontal, as shown in FIG. 123. Such an angle may hold the lateral sides of the anastomosis closer together and thus may enhance sealing. To facilitate deployment at such an angle, bending features 572 on the anvil arm 14 may be located on an upper surface of the anvil arm 14 instead of its sides, as shown in FIG. 124. The bending features 572 correspond to the connector bays 448, each receiving an end of at least one connector 464 and facilitating its bending or deformation to a deployed configuration. Alternately, the bending features 572 may be positioned differently on the anvil arm 14. Alternately, at least one of the bending features 572 may be omitted. Where the connector bays 448 are significantly angled relative to the local horizontal, the arms 402 of the staple holder 38 may be made narrower, facilitating the use of the tissue effector 400 in both open-chest and closed-chest surgery.

[0274] Referring also to FIG. 65, at least one connector bay 448 is configured to receive a connector deployer 452. Each connector bay 448 is shaped to allow the corresponding connector deployer 452 to translate or otherwise move within it. The connector deployers 452 may be shaped in any appropriate manner. As one example, a connector deployer 452 is substantially curved at its outer end 454 and substantially flat at its inner end 456. The connector deployer 452 may vary in height along at least a portion of its length and/or width. As one example, a registration element 458 may extend upward from the upper surface 460 of the connector deployer 452. The registration element 458 may be formed into the connector deployer 452, or otherwise manufactured into it or connected to it.

[0275] Where a registration element 458 is used, the corresponding connector bay 448 is shaped accordingly. That is, the size, shape and orientation of the registration element 458 of the connector deployer 452 corresponds to the size, shape and orientation of a registration feature 462 of the connector bay 448. For example, where the connector deployer 452 and registration element 458 of FIG. 65 is used, the corresponding connector bay 448 is shaped as shown in FIG. 66. The registration element 458 translates along the registration feature 462 as the connector deployer 452 translates along the connector bay 448. In this way, the connector deployer 452 is maintained in a desired orientation throughout its translation relative to the connector bay 448, and the connector deployer 452 is prevented from cocking in the connector bay 448 during that translation. The connector deployers 452 and corresponding connector bays 448 may be shaped differently, if desired. The connector deployers 452 are all shaped substantially identically. Alternately, at least one of the connector deployers 452 is shaped differently from at least one of the others, and the corresponding connector bay or bays 448 are shaped accordingly. Optionally, a biocompatible lubricant such as sodium stearate may be used between at least one connector deployer 452 and the corresponding connector bay 448 to facilitate the translation of the connector deployer 452 relative to the connector bay 448.

[0276] Where multiple connector bays 448 are provided in each arm 410, at least the most-proximal and/or the most distal connector bays 448 may be offset relative to the other connector bays 448. Advantageously, the direction of offset is toward the longitudinal centerline of the anvil arm 14, as determined when the tissue effector 400 is in the closed position. Each connector bay 448 on one arm 410 may be at substantially the same longitudinal position on the arm as a corresponding connector bay 448 on the other arm 410. In this way, connector bays 448 on opposite arms 410 may be said to be paired. The two connector bays 448 in the most-proximal and/or most distal pair may be spaced apart from one another a distance less than the spacing between connector bays 448 in at least one of the remaining pairs, as a result of the offset of the most-proximal and/or most distal connector bays 448. As a result, the connectors 464 deployed by the most-proximal and/or most distal connector bays 448 may be spaced apart from one another by a lesser distance than exists between connectors 464 deployed from the remaining pairs of connector bays 448. Referring also to FIG. 135, this reduced spacing may enhance the seal of the anastomosis at its heel 587 and/or toe 585.

[0277] Each connector deployer 452 is moveable between a first position and a second position. In the first position, the outer end 454 of the connector deployer 452 extends at least partially into the passage 440. Alternately, the outer end of the connector deployer 452 does not extend into the passage 440. In the second position, the connector deployer 452 has translated relative to the corresponding connector bay 448 and completed its motion. The outer end 454 of the connector deployer 452 no longer extends into the passage 440. Alternately, the outer end 454 of the connector deployer 452 still extends into the passage 440 in the second position. Each connector deployer 452 translates or otherwise moves from the first position to the second position as a result of contact with the ramp element 446. This translation is described in greater detail below.

[0278] Referring also to FIG. 156, optionally, a biasing element 453 may be connected to or associated with at least one connector deployer 452. As one example, the biasing element 453 may be a coil spring. However, the biasing element 453 may be any other type of spring, or any other suitable structure or mechanism. The biasing element 453 may be molded into or otherwise connected to the corresponding connector deployer 452. The biasing element 453 may include a free end oriented substantially toward the anvil arm 14 when the tissue effector 400 is in the closed position. The longitudinal centerline of the biasing element 453 may be substantially parallel to the longitudinal centerline of the corresponding connector deployer 452. Alternately, the biasing element 453 may be oriented differently. A stop 455 is defined near the exit of the connector bay 448, or at any other suitable location along the length of the connector bay 448. The stop 455 is sized and positioned such that the biasing element 453 contacts the stop 455 as the connector deployer 452 is urged toward the anvil arm 14 to deploy the corresponding connector 464. Contact between the biasing element 453 and the stop 455 compresses the biasing element 453 or otherwise stores energy in the biasing element 453. Part of at least one connector deployer 452 may extend out of the corresponding connector 448 after that connector deployer 452 has deployed the corresponding connector 464. After that deployment, the stored energy in the biasing element 453 urges the connector deployer 452 away from the anvil arm 14 and away from the exit opening of the corresponding connector bay 448. In this way, at least part of at least one connector deployer 452 is moved back into the corresponding connector bay 448 and out of the space between the arms 402 after that connector deployer 452 deploys a connector 464. Alternately, more than one biasing element 453 is associated with at least one connector deployer 452. Alternately, in at least one connector bay 448, the biasing element 453 is connected to the connector bay 448, and the stop 455 is positioned on the corresponding connector deployer 452. Alternately, a single biasing element 453 may be connected to both a connector deployer 453 and the corresponding stop 455. Alternately, a biasing element 453 may be connected to the stop 455, and another biasing element 453 may be connected to the corresponding connector deployer 452, such that the two biasing elements 453 engage one another as the connector deployer 452 is urged toward the anvil arm 14.

[0279] A connector 464 is placed in at least one connector bay 448. Each connector 464 may be any suitable anastomotic connector. In an exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 64, the connector 464 is a staple. Each connector 464 is located closer to the inner surface 450 of the arm 402 than the corresponding connector deployer 452. The connector 464 may be configured as disclosed in pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/309,519 filed on Dec. 4, 2002, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Referring also to FIG. 67, the connector 464 may include four tines 466 extending from a base 468. The tines 466 may be offset from one another. A different configuration of connector 464 may be used, if desired. For example, at least one connector 464 may be a conventional wire staple. The connectors 464 utilized may be all of the same type, or different types of connectors 464 may be mixed within the staple holder 38. The connector 464 is constructed from 316L stainless steel, but may be constructed from a different type of stainless steel, or from a different material. For example, at least one connector 464 may be constructed from superelastic material, such as nickel-titanium alloy. Such a connector 464 may be self-deformable from an undeployed state to a deployed state. As another example, the connector 464 may be a connector other than a staple, such as a pin or clip. As another example, a single connector 464 may be detachably connected to at least one arm 402. The single connector 464 includes tines 466 spaced apart from one another along a base 468. The base 468 of the single connector 464 is longer than the base 468 of the exemplary connector 464 described above. Advantageously, the base 468 is sized to be substantially as long as the corresponding flap 408, although the base 468 may be longer or shorter if desired. The tines 466 extend from the base 468 at intervals along the base 468. Advantageously, the single connector 464 replaces a plurality of individual connectors 464 that otherwise would be deployed from the arm 402, and the location of the tines 466 along the base 468 substantially matches the locations where the tines 466 of the individual connectors 464 would have been located. Where the single connector 464 is utilized, the connector bays 448 and structures and mechanisms associated with the connectors bays 448 may be omitted. In this way, fabrication and/or operation of the tissue effector 400 may be simplified.

[0280] Each connector 464 is oriented in the connector bay 448 such that the tines 466 extend in a direction facing substantially out of the connector bay 448. Alternately, at least one connector 464 is oriented differently. The base 468 of the connector 464 may be in contact with the inner end 456 of the corresponding connector deployer 452 when that connector deployer 452 is in the first position, or may be spaced apart from the inner end 456 of that connector deployer 452 in the first position. When the connector deployer 452 is in the first position, the corresponding connector 464 is held within the connector bay 448 in any appropriate way. Referring also to FIG. 66, as one example, the tines 466 of each connector 464 may be biased against at least part of the corresponding connector bay 448. For example, at least one tine 468 may be biased against a lower surface 470 of the connector bay 448 and at least one other tine 469 may be biased against an upper surface 472 of the connector bay 448. The biasing force exerted by each tine 468 against the corresponding surface 470, 472 of the connector bay 448 holds the connector 464 in place when the connector deployer 452 is in the first position. The biasing forces exerted by the tines 468 are high enough to hold the connector 464 securely within the connector bay 448, and are low enough to allow the connector 464 to translate easily as a result of contact with the corresponding connector deployer 452. As another example, each connector 464 may be held in place in the corresponding connector bay 448 with a biocompatible substance that provides friction between that connector 464 and the connector bay 448, where the amount of force required to overcome that friction and move the connector 464 is selected to be less than the amount of deployment force to be exerted on the connector 464 by the corresponding connector deployer 452. The translation of a connector deployer 452 from the first position to the second position causes deployment of the corresponding connector 464, as described in greater detail below.

[0281] The ramp element 446 translates or otherwise moves within the passage 440, as described above. The distal end 474 of the ramp element 446 is configured to engage the outer ends 454 or other parts of the connector deployers 452 as it moves, causing those connector deployers 452 in turn to translate or otherwise move relative to their respective connector bays 448. As one example, the ramp element 446 is curved and/or angled at its distal end 474, where the curvature and/or angularity begins at or near the most distal point of the ramp element 446 and continues proximally along the inner surface 476 of the ramp element 446. That is, the ramp element 446 increases in width from its most distal point to a selected point spaced apart from and proximal to that most distal point. The ramp element 446 may be shaped such that the curvature and/or angularity of the distal end 474 is present on the inner surface 476 of the ramp element 446, and such that the outer surface 478 of the ramp element 446 is substantially flat against a wall of the passage 440. The ramp element 446 may be smoothly curved, along an arc, spline, or any other suitable curve that may have no inflection points or one or more inflection points. However, the ramp element 446 may be shaped in any other appropriate manner. The ramp element 446 may be translated distally along at least a portion of the passage 440. In the course of this translation, the distal end 474 of the ramp element 446 sequentially contacts at least the outer ends 454 of, and thereby actuates, the connector deployers 452, beginning with the most proximal and concluding with the most distal. Alternately, the ramp element 446 translates proximally to contact and actuate sequentially the connector deployers 452, beginning with the most distal and concluding with the most proximal. That is, the sled 482 may translate or otherwise move either distally or proximally to actuate the connector deployers 452. Alternately, the ramp element 446 is configured to move in such a manner that at least a component of its motion is toward the inner surface 450 of the arm 402, such that the ramp element 446 engages more than one connector deployer 452 at a time. Thus, the ramp element 446, another component of the sled 482, or a different component may actuate the connector deployers 452 serially or in parallel.

[0282] Optionally, one or more of the connector deployers 452 are omitted from the tissue effector 400, such that the ramp element 446 and/or a different component of the sled 482 directly contacts one or more of the staples 464 to urge that staple or staples 464 out of the corresponding arm 402. That is, the intermediate mechanism between the sled 482 and at least one of the staples 464 may be omitted. If so, the sled 482 and/or at least one connector 464 are configured such that contact between them urges the connector 464 in the desired direction. For example, one or more of the staples 464 may include a structure analogous to the connector deployer 452 formed into it, where that structure is implanted into the patient along with the connector 464. This additional structure is small, and is positioned outside the lumen of both the graft vessel and the target vessel, such that its presence in the patient has no effect. Such a structure may be composed of stainless steel or other biocompatible material, or from bioabsorbable material that is gradually absorbed by the patient. Such biocompatible and bioabsorbable materials are standard in the art.

[0283] Optionally, one or more of the connector bays 448 may be omitted from one or more of the arms 402 of the staple holder 38. For example, if the staples 464 are deployed in parallel, the staples 464 may be connected to the sled 482 or other component such as by adhesive, where that connection is able to withstand an amount of force less than the force with which the deployed connector 464 grips the graft vessel 404 and the target vessel 580. As a result, after the staples 464 are deployed into tissue and grip the vessels 404, 580 and the sled 482 or other component is pulled away from the anastomosis, the connection between each connector 464 and the sled 482 or other component is broken, thereby freeing the staples 464 from the staple holder 38.

[0284] Cables, Cable Housing, and Shaft

[0285] Referring also to FIGS. 58 and 74, the anvil 10 may be connected to a force transmission mechanism such as a first cable 480. As described above, the anvil 10 may include a cutter stop 236 having one or more attachment features 270 to which the first cable 480 is connected. However, the first cable 480 may be connected to a different or an additional part of the anvil 10.

[0286] The sled 482 is connected to a force transmission mechanism such as a second cable 490. As described above, the sled 482 includes an attachment feature 488 to which the second cable 490 is connected. However, the second cable 490 may be connected to a different or an additional part of the sled 482. Alternately, one or both of the cables 480, 490 are not used, and a different force transmission mechanism is used instead. For example, one or both force transmission mechanisms may be a chain, a shaft, one or more gears, one or more tubes for handling pressurized gas or vacuum, conductive elements for carrying electricity, and/or other appropriate mechanisms.

[0287] Alternately, the tissue effector 400 may be configured differently, and/or the cables 480, 490 may be attached to the tissue effector 400 differently. As one example, referring to FIG. 154, the first cable 480 extends through part of the anvil 10 and is then connected to the staple holder 38. An axle 1082 may be defined in or connected to the anvil 10. The first cable 480 may be routed along a path that, moving distally, travels along a portion of the anvil 10, then under the axle 1082, then distal to the axle 1082, then upward to the staple holder 38, where that first cable 480 may be connected to the staple holder 38 in any suitable manner. As one example, an end of the first cable 480 is connected to an termination element 1084. The termination element 1084 is wider than an aperture or passage 1086 in the staple holder 38 through which a portion of the first cable 480 enters. The termination element 1084 is on the other side of the aperture or passage 1086 than the anvil 10. Thus, the termination element 1084 prevents the first cable 480 from slipping out of the aperture or passage 1086. Alternately, the end of the first cable 480 may be knotted, forming a knot having a diameter larger than that of the aperture or passage 1086; the termination element 1084 is omitted. Alternately, the first cable 480 may be connected to the staple holder 38 in any other suitable manner. The first cable 480 is routed through the tissue effector 400 in such a way that tension exerted on the first cable 480 causes the tissue effector 400 to move to the closed position. The axle 1082 acts to convert proximal motion of the first cable 480 into force acting downward on the staple holder 38.

[0288] The second cable 490 may also, or instead, be configured in the tissue effector 400 in a different manner. As one example, referring to FIG. 154, the second cable 490 may be connected to the sled 482, or a structure or mechanism connected to or associated with the sled 482, in any suitable manner. A termination element 1084 may be utilized in conjunction with an aperture or passage 1088 in the sled 482 or a structure or mechanism connected to or associated with the sled 482. The termination element 1084 may be as described above with regard to the termination element 1084 of the first cable 480. Alternately, the end of the second cable 490 may be knotted, forming a knot having a diameter larger than that of the aperture or passage 1088; the termination element 1084 is omitted. The second cable 490 is routed through the tissue effector 400 in such a way that tension exerted on the second cable 490 causes the sled 482 to move, thereby causing the staple holder 38 to deploy a plurality of connectors 464.

[0289] The sled 482, or a structure or mechanism connected to the sled 482, may include a receiver 218 At least part of the receiver 218 may be oriented at least partially toward the anvil 10. Alternately, the receiver 218 is oriented differently. The receiver 218 is configured to engage the engagement member 216 extending from the cutter 200, such that motion of the sled 482 causes the receiver 218 to move the engagement member 216 and thus the cutter 200. The receiver 218 and the engagement member 216 may be shaped, sized and/or configured in any manner that allows them to engage one another upon and/or after actuation of the first cable 480 when the tissue effector 400 is in the closed position. As one example, the engagement member 216 may be a protrusion in an upper portion of the cutter 200, and the receiver 218 may be a protrusion that extends substantially downward, such that when the tissue effector 400 is in the closed position the receiver 218 is aligned with, and extends lower than an upper part of, the engagement member 216, such that proximal motion of the receiver 218 causes the receiver 218 to contact the engagement member 216 and urge it proximally.

[0290] Optionally, a cutter slide 1092 may be slidable along at least part of the anvil 10. The cutter slide 1092 may be part of the cutter 200, or connected to the cutter 200. The cutter slide 1092 includes a engagement member 216. As one example, the engagement member 216 may be a step or shoulder in an upper portion of the cutter slide 1092. The cutter slide 1092 may be connected to a cutter pull 1096 in any suitable manner. As one example, a crimp 1098 may be used to crimp the cutter pull 1096 to the cutter slide 1092. However, any other structure, mechanism or method may be used to connect the cutter pull 1096 to the cutter slide 1092. The cutter pull 1096 may be a wire fabricated from stainless steel, nitinol or any other suitable metallic or nonmetallic material. Alternately, the cutter pull 1096 may be a cable or other structure or mechanism. The cutter pull 1096 is also connected to the cutter 200 and/or the projection 208. In this way, motion of the cutter slide 1092 causes the cutter 200 and/or the projection 208 to move, as described in greater detail below.

[0291] Referring also to FIGS. 58, 74, the cables 480, 490 extend proximally from the tissue effector 400. Optionally, a cable housing 306 is provided. The cable housing 306 is a tube that is at least partially flexible, through which at least a portion of the cables 480, 490 extend. Two or more lumens or passages may be present in the cable housing 306, such that each cable 480, 490 extends through a different lumen or passage of the cable housing 306. Referring also to FIG. 57, the staple holder 38 may include a collar 492. The collar 492 may be formed into the staple holder 38, or formed separately from and attached to the staple holder 38. The collar 492 includes a passage 494 therethrough. The diameter of the passage 494 may be substantially the same as the outer diameter of the cable housing 306, such that the distal end of the cable housing 306 may be received into and/or through the collar 492 and held therein. Similarly, the shape of the passage 494 may substantially correspond to the shape of the distal end of the cable housing 306. The distal end of the cable housing 306 is fixed to the collar 492 via a friction fit, adhesive, welding, or any other appropriate structure, mechanism or method. The cable housing 306 need not have a uniform shape, size or cross-section along its entire length. Alternately, the distal end of the cable housing 306 may connect to a different portion of the tissue effector 400, or may not connect to the tissue effector 400 at all. Additionally, the cable housing 306 may pass over and/or connect to one or more of the connection members 280 of the tissue effector 400, and/or one or more other components of the tissue effector 400.

[0292] One or more channels 496 may be defined on the surface of the staple holder 38 distal to the collar 492. Each channel 496 receives a cable 480, 490. At least one channel 496 may be curved in a convex manner, such that the corresponding cable 480, 490 curves as well. The convex curvature causes the most distal part of that channel 496 to be located between the upper and lower ends of the channel 496. The cable 480, 490 in that channel 496 may be under tension, such that it follows the curvature of that channel 496. Thus, each channel 496 causes the cable 480, 490 received therein to curve back in a proximal direction. For example, the second cable 490 is connected to the sled 482. Tension on the second cable 490 that results from proximal motion of its proximal end also results in distal motion of the sled 482.

[0293] Cables, Cable Housing, and Shaft—Shaft Articulation

[0294] The shaft 304 may be articulated to allow the tissue effector 400 to be placed in two or more different orientations relative to the handle 302. As one example of articulation, referring also to FIG. 56, the shaft 304 may be bifurcated at its distal end, forming two spaced-apart arms 305. The cable housing 306 passes between the arms 305, such that the arms 305 constrain the potential lateral motion of the cable housing 306. Alternately, the cable housing 306 does not pass between the arms 305. At least one arm 305 forms or connects to a paddle 307 at its distal end. The cable housing 306 extends in a curved configuration, such as an S-shaped or serpentine configuration, between the shaft 304 and the tissue effector 400. The paddle or paddles 307 may be substantially planar and parallel to one another. A receiving opening 309 is provided through at least one paddle 307, each opening corresponding to a cog 282 of the tissue effector 400. One or more detents 310 are present along the perimeter of the receiving opening 309, corresponding to the teeth 284 of the cog 282. The teeth 284 are configured to engage the detents 310 in the receiving opening 309. The button 278 connected to the cog 282 may be connected to the spine 272 with a single connection member 280 spaced apart from the cog 282, or may be connected to the spine 272 with one or more flexible connection members 280. As a result, the buttons 278 can be compressed together, such that the teeth 284 are moved out of engagement with the corresponding detents 310. The cog 282 thus can be moved to a position out of contact with the receiving opening 309, such that it is located between the paddles 307. Consequently, the cog 282 and the tissue effector 400 can be freely rotated to a desired orientation. The buttons 278 are then released, such that the cog 282 re-enters the receiving opening 309 and the teeth 284 engage the detents 310 in the receiving opening 309 once again. Alternately, the cog 282 engages a corresponding gear or other structure or mechanism in or on the shaft 304, such that motion of the corresponding gear rotates the cog 282. Alternately, the cog 282 is connected to the shaft 304 or one or more components in and/or on the shaft 304 in such a way that the cog 282 can be rotated or otherwise manipulated as desired. Alternately, the tissue effector 38 is connected to the shaft 304 with a mechanism or structure other than or in addition to the cog 282.

[0295] The cog 282 allows the tissue effector 38 to be oriented at a plurality of positions relative to the shaft 304. That is, the cog 282 allows the tissue effector 38 to move such that the longitudinal centerline of the tissue effector 38 may be positioned at more than one angle relative to the longitudinal centerline of the shaft 304. The cog 282 or other mechanism may allow the tissue effector 38 to move smoothly through a range of orientations relative to the handle 302, or may allow the tissue effector 38 to move among two or more discrete orientations relative to the handle 302. Thus, the tissue effector 38 is orientable to two or more different positions relative to the handle 302. The relative motion between the tissue effector 38 and the shaft 304 allows the tissue effector 38 to be utilized on target vessels having a number of different orientations within the patient, while allowing convenient access by the surgeon or other medical professional. That is, the surgeon may hold the handle 302 in a single convenient position, and orient the tissue effector 38 into a selected position relative to the shaft 304 and handle 302 that is optimal for use with a particular target vessel. Optionally, the arms 305 or a mechanism connected to the arms may be capable of rotation relative to the shaft 304, providing additional freedom of motion for the tissue effector 38. Alternately, the cog 282 is not present, and the arms 305 otherwise allow motion of the tissue effector 38 relative to the shaft 304. Alternately, the tissue effector 400 is fixed relative to the shaft 304.

[0296] Referring also to FIGS. 140-141, another example of an articulated shaft 304 is shown. The tissue effector 400 may be connected to the shaft 304 by a hinge 956. A locktab 954 may be connected to the shaft 304 and/or the tissue effector 400 in proximity to the hinge 956. The tissue effector 400 may include an interface member or members 957 connected to the hinge 956. The interface member or members 957 may be rounded in proximity to their connection with the hinge 956, and at least one interface member 957 may include an aperture 955 therethrough to receive the hinge 956. Alternately, the tissue effector 400 is connected to the shaft 304 by any other suitable mechanism that allows the tissue effector 400 to be oriented in two or more discrete positions relative to the shaft 304. For example, a ball joint may be utilized instead of, or in addition to, the hinge 956. The locktab 954 may be connected to the shaft 304 and/or the tissue effector 400 in any suitable manner. As one example, the locktab 954 is itself connected to the shaft 304 by a locktab hinge 958. The locktab hinge 958 may be oriented substantially perpendicular to the hinge 956, or may be oriented differently relative to the hinge 956.

[0297] The locktab 954 may be movable from a first position, as shown in FIG. 140, to a second position, as shown in FIGS. 141 and 142. When the locktab 954 is in the first position, the tissue effector 400 is rotatable or otherwise movable relative to the shaft 304, such that the surgeon may place the tissue effector 400 in a desired position relative to the shaft 304. When the locktab 954 is in the second position, the tissue effector 400 is substantially locked in place relative to the shaft 304, such that the tissue effector 400 is maintained substantially in place during the anastomosis procedure. In the first position, the free end of the locktab 954 may be spaced apart from the shaft 304, and in the second position, the free end of the locktab 954 may be in proximity to the shaft 304. Alternately, the locktab 954 may be oriented differently in the first position and/or the second position.

[0298] When the locktab 954 is in the second position, it maintains the tissue effector 400 substantially in its selected orientation in any suitable manner. As one example, the locktab 954 may use a cam lock 960 to hold itself in the second position. The cam lock 960 may be configured substantially as the cam lock described above that may be utilized to hold at least one graft clip 412 in the closed position. If so, the cam lock 960 may include a lobe 962 at or near its distal end. The hinge 956 may extend out of the sides of the shaft 304. If so, a first flange 974 extends from the hinge 956 on one side of the shaft 304, and a second flange 976 extends from the hinge 304 on the other side of the shaft 304 and on the side of the locktab 954 facing substantially away from the shaft 304. The hinge 956 extends through the walls of the shaft 304, and through the apertures 955 of the interface member or members 957. A third flange 978 may extend outward from the hinge 956 adjacent to at least one of the interface members 957, where that at least one interface member 957 is between the third flange 978 and the locktab 954. The locktab hinge 958 may extend through or into part of the hinge 956.

[0299] As the cam lock 960 rotates about the locktab hinge 958 from the first position to the second position, an increasingly greater cross-section of the lobe 962 moves between the second flange 976 and the outer wall of the shaft 304. As a result, the second flange 976 is pulled away from the outer wall of the shaft 304. At the same time, the third flange 978 pulls the interface member or members 957 into contact with the inner surface of the shaft 304 or other part of the shaft 304. After the cam lock 960 has moved to the second position, the third flange 978 exerts enough force on the interface member or members 957 such that at least one interface member 957 is substantially friction-fit against the shaft 304. As a result, the tissue effector 400 is substantially restrained in a desired position relative to the shaft 304.

[0300] Alternately, where a different mechanism than a hinge 956 is used for articulation, then the cam lock 960 may exert a force on that mechanism to hold it in place relative to the shaft 304 when the locktab 954 is in the second position. Alternately, any other suitable structure, mechanism and/or method may be utilized to hold the locktab 954 in the second position.

[0301] Referring also to FIG. 55, the shaft 304 may be substantially hollow along at least part of its length, starting at its proximal end and continuing distally. The entire shaft 304 may be substantially hollow. An aperture 498 or other opening is located in the wall of the shaft 304 at a point along its length where it is hollow. Thus, the aperture 498 provides access to the lumen of the shaft 304. The cable housing 306 extends through the aperture 498 into the lumen of the shaft 304. Alternately, the cable housing 306 does not enter the lumen of the shaft 304, and instead is attached to the outer surface of the shaft 304 with adhesive, clips, pins, and/or any other appropriate attachment mechanisms, structures or methods. If so, the shaft 304 need not include a lumen. Alternately, the cable housing 306 does not connect to the shaft 304 at all, and instead connects to the handle 302 directly. If so, the shaft 304 need not include a lumen, and may be solid.

[0302] Handle

[0303] The proximal end of the shaft 304 is connected to the handle 302. The handle 302 may be configured in any suitable manner. As one example, the handle 302 may include two or more individual handle shell members 502 that are connected to one another. Alternately, the handle 302 may be constructed differently. The shaft 304 may be fixed to the handle 302 such that it does not substantially move relative to the handle 302. Referring also to FIG. 70, as one example, a member 500 extends from one handle shell member 502 into the hollow interior of the handle 302. That member 500 may connect at its other end to the other handle shell member 502. The proximal end of the shaft 304 includes a corresponding aperture 504, such that the member 500 fits within the aperture 504. The aperture 504 is substantially the same size as the cross-section of the member 500. When the shell members 502 are assembled, the member 500 engages the aperture 504 of the shaft 304 and holds the shaft 304 in place. Alternately, a member 500 extends from each handle shell member 502, and those members 500 both engage the aperture 504 of the shaft 304. As another example, ribs (not shown) may be defined in the inner surface of the handle, and a corresponding retainer (not shown) is defined at or near the proximal end of the shaft. The retainer is wider than the shaft 304, and has a selected thickness. The ribs are spaced apart from one another substantially the same distance as the thickness of the retainer. The ribs thus substantially prevent the shaft 304 from translating proximally or distally. The handle 302 may engage the retainer with a registration feature or other structure or mechanism to substantially prevent rotation of the shaft 304 about its longitudinal axis. Alternately, the handle 302 holds the shaft 304 in a different way.

[0304] The handle 302 has a substantially hollow interior. Where the shaft 304 includes a lumen, the lumen of the shaft 304 opens into the interior of the handle 302. The cables 480, 490 extend out of the lumen of the shaft 304 into the hollow interior of the handle 302. Alternately, the cables 480, 490 extend through the cable housing 306 directly into the handle 302, bypassing the shaft 304.

[0305] One or more mechanisms within the handle 302 are utilized to actuate the tissue effector 38 via the cables 480, 490. Alternately, at least some of those mechanisms are separate from the handle 302. Referring to FIGS. 70 and 78, one example of such mechanisms is shown. A single input to the anastomosis tool 300 via the trigger 308 actuates the anastomosis tool 300. Alternately, one or more additional inputs to the anastomosis tool 300 are required, such as actuation of a safety switch or depression of a second feature. The trigger 308 initially extends outward from the upper surface of the handle 302 through an aperture 506 in the handle 302. Alternately, the trigger 308 initially extends from a different surface of the handle 302. Alternately, the trigger 308 is initially flush with the surface of the handle 302, or otherwise configured. The handle 302 may be shaped ergonomically for ease of operation. For example, as shown in FIGS. 70 and 78, the handle 302 is curved and tapered slightly toward its proximal end, and substantially bilaterally symmetrical, such that the proximal end of the handle 302 can be gripped easily with either the left or the right hand. Alternately, the handle 302 may be ergonomically configured in a different way for ease of actuation by the user. The trigger 308 is positioned on the handle 302 such that it can be actuated conveniently by a user's thumb. Alternately, the trigger 308 could be placed on the underside of the handle 302 for actuation with the index finger of either hand. More than one finger may be used to actuate the trigger 308 and/or other mechanisms for actuating the anastomosis tool 300.

[0306] The trigger 308 is connected to a rocker 508. The trigger 308 may be formed into the rocker 508, or otherwise connected to it. The rocker 508 is located inside the handle 302. Alternately, the rocker 508 is located at least partly outside the handle 302. The rocker 508 is rotatably mounted to a rocker axle 510. The rocker axle 510 extends from one interior surface of the handle 302, and may extend to a different interior surface of the handle 302 to provide additional stiffness and/or stability to the rocker axle 510. Alternately, the rocker axle 510 may connect to the handle 302 in a different way.

[0307] The rocker 508 includes a proximal arm 514 extending proximally to the rocker axle 510. The proximal arm 514 may be formed into the rocker 508, or otherwise connected to it. The proximal end 516 of the proximal arm 514 may be tapered to a curved or rounded surface. Alternately, the proximal end 516 of the proximal arm 514 is shaped differently. Alternately, the entire proximal arm 514 is tapered. The rocker axle 510 is located proximal to the trigger 308. As a result, depression of the trigger 308 causes rotation of the rocker 508 such that the proximal end 516 of the proximal arm 514 moves upward. Alternately, the trigger 308 and the rocker axle 510 are positioned differently relative to one another. The rocker 508 also includes a distal arm 518 extending distal to the trigger 308, where the distal arm 518 has a distal end 520. The distal arm 518 may be formed into the rocker 508, or otherwise connected to it. Referring also to FIG. 71, at least a portion of the distal arm 518 may be bifurcated into two or more spaced-apart members 542. A post 544 may be located at the distal end of each member 542. At least one post 544 substantially may take the shape of a cylindrical or rectangular solid. Each post 544 is angled relative to the corresponding member 542, protruding at least partly inward. This angle may be substantially ninety degrees, or any other angle. Alternately, at least one post 544 extends outward from the corresponding member. The posts 544 are spaced apart from one another by a distance that is less than the distance separating the spaced-apart members 542. Alternately, at least one post 544 is located at a position on the corresponding member 542 other than its distal end. As one example, at least one post 544 may be positioned a short distance proximal to the distal end of the corresponding member 542.

[0308] Because the rocker axle 510 is located proximal to the trigger 308, depression of the trigger 308 causes the distal end 520 of the distal arm 518 to move downward. Alternately, the arms 514, 518 of the rocker 508 are configured to move in another manner when the trigger 308 is depressed. Alternately, the rocker 508 may be shaped or configured differently than described above.

[0309] A proximal slider 522 is also included within the handle 302. The proximal slider 522 includes at least one flange 524 extending laterally from at least one side thereof. Advantageously, a flange 524 extends from each side of the proximal slider 522 for stability. Additional flanges 524 may be provided, if desired. Ribs 526 are molded, formed, connected or otherwise attached to the inner surface of the handle 302. Two ribs 526 are spaced apart from one another a distance substantially equal to the thickness of the corresponding flange 524, such that each flange 524 is configured to slide therebetween. Each pair of ribs 526 substantially constrains the motion of the corresponding flange 524. Where the ribs 526 are substantially linear, and ribs 526 and corresponding flanges 524 are utilized on opposite sides of the proximal slider 522, the ribs 526 substantially linearly constrain the motion of the corresponding flange 524. A spring 546 is connected at one end to the handle 302, and is connected to or engages the proximal slider 522. The spring 546 is in compression, and thereby biases the proximal slider 522 distally. A stop 547 may be connected to or defined in the inner surface of one or more of the handle shell members 502, where the stop or stops 547 are located distal to the proximal slider 522. The stop or stops 547 act to restrain the distal motion of the proximal slider 522, thereby defining a position that is the most distal the proximal slider 522 can travel. Alternately, a different or additional mechanism, structure or method may be used to bias the proximal slider 522 distally. Alternately, the spring 546 is initially neither in tension nor compression, but is compressed by the rocker 508 during at least a portion of its travel.

[0310] The spring 546 stores energy within itself when it is in tension. Alternately, an energy storage device could be used in lieu of the spring 546. As one example, the energy storage device is a reservoir or cylinder of pressurized gas. Valves, tubing and/or other structure may be used to route the pressurized gas to desired locations in the handle 302 such that the energy stored in the gas is used to bias the proximal slider 522 distally, and/or to perform other actuation functions within the handle 302 and/or the tool 300. The gas may be carbon dioxide, nitrogen, a different gas, air, or a combination of gases. As another example, a cylinder or source of vacuum may be used as an energy storage device. Valves, tubing and/or other structure may be used to route the vacuum to desired locations in the handle 302 such that the vacuum can be used to bias the proximal slider 522 distally, and/or to perform other actuation functions within the handle 302 and/or the tool 300. That is, compressed gas may be used for controlling the operation of the tool 300 instead of or in addition to providing energy storage. As another example, a battery may be used as an energy storage device. Wiring and actuators such as solenoids or motors may be provided within the handle 302 such that the stored electrical energy in the battery is used to bias or hold the proximal slider 522 distally, and/or to perform other actuation functions within the handle 302 and/or the tool 300. That is, electromagnetic energy may be used for controlling the operation of the tool 300 instead of or in addition to providing energy storage. Where such an alternate energy storage device is provided, the trigger 308 may be configured differently, such that actuation of the anastomosis tool 300 may be performed simply by contacting the trigger 308 with a finger, or moving the trigger 308 through a more limited range of motion. Alternately, the trigger 308 may be omitted altogether, and the anastomosis tool 300 may be actuated remotely by a computer, dedicated control station, handheld computing device, or other device.

[0311] A contact feature 528 is defined on the distal surface of the proximal slider 522. Alternately, the contact feature 528 is a separate element connected to the proximal slider 522. The contact feature 528 is configured to engage the proximal end 516 of the proximal arm 514 at or after the time the trigger 308 is depressed, as described in greater detail below. The contact feature 528 is angled proximally and downward along a lower portion 530 thereof, and is substantially vertical along an upper portion 532 thereof. Alternately, the contact feature 528 is shaped and/or angled differently.

[0312] The first cable or cables 480 are connected to the proximal slider 522 in any appropriate way. As an example, at least one aperture or port (not shown) may be formed in the proximal slider 522, and at least one cable 480 is inserted into at least one aperture and secured thereto. As other examples, an end of the cable or cables 480 may be wound around all of or a portion of, crimped to, welded to, or secured by adhesive to the proximal slider 522. The proximal arm 514 of the rocker 508 may be bifurcated to allow the first cable or cables 480 to extend substantially along the longitudinal centerline of the handle 302 and between the bifurcations substantially without interference. Similarly, the lower portion 530 of the contact feature 528 may be bifurcated as well. Where both the proximal arm 514 and the contact feature 528 are bifurcated, the two are aligned such that they contact one another during at least a portion of the travel of the rocker 508.

[0313] A distal slider 534 is also included within the handle 302. The distal slider 534 includes a flange 536 extending outward from at least one side thereof. Advantageously, a flange 536 extends from each side of the distal slider 534 for stability. Additional flanges 536 may be provided, if desired. Ribs 538 are molded, formed, connected or otherwise attached to the inner surface of the handle 302. Two ribs 538 are spaced apart from one another a distance substantially equal to the thickness of the corresponding flange 536, such that each flange 536 is configured to slide therebetween. Each pair of ribs 538 substantially constrains the motion of the corresponding flange 536. Where the ribs 538 are substantially linear, and ribs 538 and corresponding flanges 536 are utilized on opposite sides of the distal slider 534, the ribs 538 substantially linearly constrain the motion of the corresponding flange 524.

[0314] A contact surface 548 is defined on at least a portion of the proximal surface of the distal slider 534. The contact surface 548 may be curved or angled. As one example, the contact surface 548 has a concave curvature. Other shapes or configurations of the contact surface 548 may be utilized. Alternately, the contact surface 548 is located on a portion of the distal slider 534 other than its proximal surface. The distal slider 534 may include a passage 550 through it to allow the cables 480, 490 to pass therethrough. Alternately, the passage 550 is not provided in the distal slider 534, and the distal slider 534 is bifurcated or otherwise shaped to allow the cables 480, 490 to pass through it. Alternately, the cables 480, 490 are routed through the handle in such a way as to bypass the distal slider 534 altogether.

[0315] The distal slider 534 may include a lower guide 552. The lower guide 552 extends downward from the remainder of the distal slider 534, and may extend proximal to the contact surface 548. Further, the lower guide 552 may be thinner than the remainder of the distal slider 534. Alternately, the lower guide 552 is not included in the distal slider 534, or may be configured differently relative to the remainder of the distal slider 534. Optionally, the lower guide 552 may include a flange 554 extending outward from at least one side thereof. Advantageously, a flange 554 extends from each side of the lower guide 552 for stability. Additional flanges 554 may be provided, if desired. These flanges 554 provide additional stability to the distal slider 534. Ribs 556 are molded, formed, connected or otherwise attached to the inner surface of the handle 302. Two ribs 556 are spaced apart from one another a distance substantially equal to the thickness of the corresponding flange 554, such that each flange 554 is configured to slide therebetween. Each pair of ribs 556 substantially constrains the motion of the corresponding flange 554. Where the ribs 556 are substantially linear, and ribs 556 and corresponding flanges 554 are utilized on opposite sides of the distal slider 534, the ribs 556 substantially linearly constrain the motion of the corresponding flange 554.

[0316] A spring 540 is connected at one end to the distal slider 534 and at the other end to the handle 302. An aperture 558 may be provided in the lower guide 552, or in another part of the distal slider 534. One end of the spring 540 includes a hook or similar structure, which is received into and held by the aperture 558. Alternately, the spring 540 is connected to the distal slider 534 in a different way. The spring 540 is in tension, and thereby biases the distal slider 534 proximally. Alternately, a different or additional mechanism, structure or method may be used to bias the distal slider 534 proximally. The spring 540 stores energy within itself when it is in tension. Alternately, an energy storage device such as a reservoir or container of pressurized gas, a battery, or other energy storage device such as described above with regard to the spring 546 could be used in lieu of the spring 540.

[0317] Referring also to FIG. 78, a holder 594 is connected to the inner surface of the handle 302. This connection may be accomplished in any appropriate manner. As one example, a slot 602 may be defined in a member 604 or between two separate members 604 extending inward from the inner surface of each shell member 502, wherein a portion of the holder 594 is held by the slot 602 such as by a pressure fit. The distal end 595 of the holder 594 is held by the slot 602 such that it does not substantially move. Alternately, a different part of the holder 594 is held by the slot 602, and/or the distal end 595 of the holder 594 is free to move. Moving proximally from the distal end 595 of the holder 594, the holder 594 is bifurcated by an opening 598 that extends substantially longitudinally. Two spaced-apart members 600 extend substantially proximally, each member 600 on an opposite side of the opening 598. At least the members 600 of the holder 594 have some flexibility, such that the members 600 can move up or down in response to force applied to them. However, the members 600 are stiff enough to remain in a neutral position until that force is applied.

[0318] A stop 596 extends upward from each member 600. The stops 596 are positioned and shaped to engage the bottom edge 570 of the contact surface 548 of the distal slider 534. The holder 594 is substantially restrained against longitudinal motion by its engagement with the slots 602 in the shell members 502 ad/or members 604 defined in or on the shell members 502. Thus, by engaging the bottom edge 570 of the contact surface 548 of the distal slider 534, the stops 596 substantially restrain the distal slider 534 against proximal motion under the influence of the spring 540. The stops 596 are stiff enough, and extend upward enough, to provide this restraint. For example, the stops 596 may be curved to match the curvature of the contact surface 548, such that they contact a portion of the contact surface. Alternately, contact between the distal slider 534 and the rocker 508 prevents the distal slider 534 from substantially moving proximally. This contact occurs between the contact surface 548 of the distal slider 534 and the distal tip 520 of the distal arm 518 of the rocker 508. Alternately, this contact occurs between other or additional components of the distal slider 534 and/or the rocker 508.

[0319] The second cable 490 is connected to the distal slider 534 in any appropriate way. As an example, at least one aperture or port (not shown) may be formed in the distal slider 534, and at least one cable 480 is inserted into at least one aperture and secured thereto. As other examples, an end of the cable or cables 480 may be wound around all of or a portion of, crimped to, welded to, or secured by adhesive to the distal slider 534. The second cable 490 may have an amount of slack in it when the distal slider 534 is in the first, predeployment position shown in FIG. 70. The amount of slack, if any, is related to the distance traveled by the distal slider 534 during actuation, as described in greater detail below.

[0320] Optionally, the distal slider 534 includes a verification stub 560. The verification stub 560 extends substantially upward from the upper end of the distal slider 534. Alternately, the verification stub 560 extends from a different portion of the distal slider 534, or in a different direction. The verification stub 560 may extend into or through a slot 562 through the handle 302. Because it is connected to the distal slider 534, the verification stub 560 moves along the slot 562 in the handle 302 when the distal slider 534 moves during operation, as described below. As a result, the position of the verification stub 560 may be used to confirm visually whether a particular anastomosis tool 300 has been actuated or not. That is, the verification stub 560 may be located in a first position before the anastomosis tool 300 is actuated, and in a second position after the anastomosis tool 300 is actuated, such that the user can determine whether the anastomosis tool 300 has been actuated by viewing the position of the verification stub 560.

[0321] Optionally, the rocker 508 includes a ratchet 564 extending substantially downward from a location distal to the rocker axle 510. Alternately, the ratchet 564 extends in a different direction. The ratchet 564 includes a member 566 at its lower end extending substantially transverse to the remainder of the ratchet 564. Alternately, the member 566 extends in a different direction. Alternately, the member 566 is a notch or other element defined in the ratchet 564. The ratchet 564 moves in conjunction with the rocker 508. Thus, when the trigger 308 is depressed and the distal end of the rocker 508 moves downward, the ratchet 564 moves downward as well. A pawl feature 568 is configured to engage the member 566 of the ratchet 564 after the ratchet 564 has moved downward a particular distance, allowing the ratchet 564 to continue to move downward after engagement, but preventing the ratchet 564 from moving back upward past the pawl feature 568 after engagement.

[0322] Fluid-Driven Actuator

[0323] Alternately, the rocker 508, sliders 522, 534, and/or other mechanisms in the handle 302 are not used, and a different mechanism or mechanisms are used to actuate the tissue effector 400 and complete the anastomosis. For example, a fluid-driven actuator may be used, where a container of gas within the handle 302 or a connection to a tank, reservoir or other storage device outside the handle 302 provides gas under pressure to a switching assembly or other mechanism. The switching assembly utilizes and/or directs the pressure of the gas to successively actuate the components of the tissue effector 400. Vacuum or liquid may be used instead of gas, if desired. As another example, the handle 302 may include an electromechanical assembly under analog or digital control, such that actuation of the trigger 308 or other component causes actuation of the tissue effector.

[0324] The fluid-driven actuator may be any mechanism that is configured to operate the tissue effector 400. Such operation may include moving the tissue effector 400 from the open to the closed position, moving the tissue effector 400 from the closed to the open position, and/or deploying connectors from the tissue effector 400.

[0325] Fluid-Driven Actuator—Control Member

[0326] Referring to FIGS. 148-149, a handle 302 of the anastomosis tool 300 may include an exemplary fluid-driven actuator 1000. The fluid-driven actuator 1000 includes a control member 1002 movable within a first chamber 1004. Referring also to FIG. 152, the control member 1002 is operationally connected to the trigger 308, as described in greater detail below. The control member 1002 may be generally rod-shaped, and the first chamber 1004 may be generally cylindrical. Alternately, the control member 1002 and/or the first chamber 1004 may be shaped differently. At least one sealing element 1006 extends from the control member 1002. Each sealing element 1006 may be an O-ring or any other suitable structure or mechanism that substantially seals against the control member 1002 and the wall of the first chamber 1004. Each sealing element 1006 may be connected to the control member 1002 in any suitable manner. As one example, where the sealing element 1006 is an O-ring, the sealing element 1006 may be friction-fit or pressure-fit to the control member 1002. As another example, the diameter and/or cross-section of the control member 1002 may be reduced at the interface of the control member 1002 and at least one sealing element 1006, forming an indentation into which the sealing element 1006 may be seated securely.

[0327] At least one rib 1008 may extend from the control member 1002 adjacent to at least one sealing element 1006. Each rib 1008 may be integral with, or may be a separate element fixed to, the control member 1002. Advantageously, one rib 1008 extends from the control member 1002 on either side of at least one sealing element 1006. Thus, the two ribs 1008 substantially trap the corresponding sealing element 1006 therebetween, substantially restraining the sealing element 1006 from sliding or otherwise moving relative to the control member 1002 during motion of the control member 1002. At least one outer edge 1007 of at least one rib 1008 may be beveled, curved or similarly shaped. Advantageously, the ribs 1008 do not extend far enough from the sealing element 1006 to contact the wall of the first chamber 1004. Thus, a substantially ring-shaped passage exists between each rib 1008 and the wall of the first chamber 1004, allowing gas to travel through that passage as described in greater detail below. Alternately, at least part of at least one rib 1008 may contact the wall of the first chamber 1004. If so, the part of each rib 1008 that contacts the wall of the first chamber 1004, and/or the wall of the first chamber 1004, advantageously may be coated with polytetrafluoroethylene or other lubricious coating or substance to facilitate motion of each rib 1008 that contacts the wall of the first chamber 1004.

[0328] A biasing element 1009 such as a spring is connected to the control member 1002, to the wall of the first chamber 1004, and/or to the body of the handle 302. The biasing element 1009 biases the control member 1002 to a first position within the first chamber 1004, as shown in FIG. 149. The distal end of the control member 1002 may extend out of the distal end of the first chamber 1004 when the control member 1002 is in the first position. The part of the control member 1002 that extends out of an end of the first chamber 1004 advantageously remains within the body of the handle 302.

[0329] One or more tabs 1014 may extend outward from the control member 1002 at a location on the control member 1002 outside the first chamber 1004. At least one tab 1014 may have two opposed ends, one of which is connected to the control member 1002, and the other of which is free. The free end of each tab 1014 may be oriented at least partially in the proximal direction. The tabs 1014 extend from the control member 1002 a sufficient distance such that they do not enter the first chamber 1004 when movement of the control member 1002 moves the tabs 1014 toward the first chamber 1004. Instead, the tabs 1014 contact a surface 1016 of a body 1018 in which the first chamber 1004 is defined, thereby stopping motion of the control member 1002. In this way, the control member 1002 may be moved from a first position to a second position. At least one of the first position and the second position of the control member 1002 may be defined within a range of locations in the first chamber 1004. The free ends of the tabs 1014 include ramp surfaces 1015 that engage the end of the first chamber 1004. Upon application of greater force to the control member 1002, the ramp surfaces 1015 of the tabs 1014 are pressed inward toward the longitudinal axis of the control member 1002 as a result of contact between the ramp surfaces 1015 and the end of the first chamber 1004. After the tabs 1014 have moved inward a sufficient amount, the control member 1002 is free to move along the first chamber 1004 until its end opposite the tabs 1014 contacts the corresponding end of the first chamber 1004. This contact stops the motion of the control member 1002 at a defined third position. Alternately, the tabs 1014 are not movable into the first chamber 1004.

[0330] Referring also to FIGS. 148 and 152, a slot 1017 may be defined in the end of the control member 1002 that extends out of the first chamber 1004. The slot 1017 is configured to receive a transverse member 1032 connected to the trigger 308. The transverse member 1032 may be oriented substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the control member 1002. Alternately, the transverse member 1032 is oriented differently relative to the longitudinal axis of the control member 1002. The trigger 308 also may include one or more projections 1034 each configured to engage a corresponding depression or other receiver (not shown) in the inner surface of a casing 1071 of the handle 302 or a structure or mechanism associated with the handle 302. The trigger 308 thus rotates about the axis defined by the one or more projections 1034. The transverse member 1032 is positioned between the surface of the trigger 308 depressed by the surgeon and the axis of rotation defined by the one or more projections 1034. As a result, rotation of the trigger 308 about its axis of rotation causes the transverse member 1032 to travel in an arc. As shown in FIG. 152, that arc may be directed proximally. Motion of the transverse member 1032 in an arc in the proximal direction pushes the control member 1002 proximally, as a result of contact between the transverse member 1032 and the slot 1017 in the control member 1002. Alternately, the trigger 308 and/or the control member 1002 are configured in a different manner that converts the actuation of the trigger 308 to motion of the control member 1002.

[0331] Fluid-Driven Actuator—Clamping Member

[0332] Referring also to FIG. 149, the exemplary fluid-driven actuator 1000 also includes a clamping member 1010 movable within a second chamber 1012. Referring also to FIG. 148, the distal end of the clamping member 1010 is connected to the first cable 480 in any suitable manner. As one example, the distal end of the clamping member 1010 extends out of the distal end of the second chamber 1012, and includes a hook 1020 defined therein or connected thereto. A segment of the first cable 480 near the proximal end thereof is placed into the hook 1020, and may be wound repeatedly about the hook 1020 if desired. The proximal end of the first cable 480 is oriented distally, and is substantially parallel to a remaining segment of the first cable 480. A crimp 1022 compresses the proximal end of the first cable 480 against a remaining segment of the first cable 480, securing the proximal end of the first cable 480 to a remainder of itself, and thereby securing the first cable 480 to the hook 1020. Alternately, the first cable 480 may be connected to the clamping member 1010 by a ferrule, by tying, adhesive, winding, or in any other suitable manner.

[0333] The clamping member 1010 may be generally rod-shaped, and the second chamber 1012 may be generally cylindrical. The second chamber 1012 may have a first diameter at a distal part thereof, and a second, larger diameter at a proximal part thereof. Alternately, the clamping member 1010 and/or the second chamber 1012 may be shaped differently. At least one sealing element 1006 extends from the clamping member 1010. The sealing element or elements 1006, and their attachment to the clamping member 1010, may be as described above with regard to the control member 1002. At least one rib 1008 may extend from the clamping member 1010 adjacent to at least one sealing element 1006, as described above with regard to the control member 1002. At least one rib 1008 may be located in the wider portion of the second chamber 1012. When the clamping member 1010 is in a first position, as shown in FIG. 149, that rib 1008 may be positioned at the distal end of the wider portion of the second chamber 1012, against a ledge 1024 defined in the second chamber 1012 by the reduction in diameter of the second chamber 1012 in the distal direction. Contact between that rib 1008 and the ledge 1024 restrains the clamping member 1010 from motion distal to its first position. The clamping member 1010 may be biased to the first position by tension in the first cable 480, which acts to pull the clamping member 1010 distally such that the rib 1008 in the wider portion of the second chamber 1012 is brought into contact with the ledge 1024.

[0334] Fluid-Driven Actuator—Firing Member

[0335] The fluid-driven actuator 1000 also includes a firing member 1026 movable within a third chamber 1028. Referring also to FIG. 148, the distal end of the firing member 1026 is connected to the second cable 490 in any suitable manner. As one example, the distal end of the firing member 1026 extends out of the distal end of the third chamber 1028, and includes a hook 1020 defined therein or connected thereto. The second cable 490 may be connected to the hook 1020 of the firing member 1026 in substantially the same manner as described above with regard to the connection of the first cable 480 to the hook 1020 of the clamping member 1010. Alternately, the second cable 490 may be connected to the firing member 1026 in any suitable member, whether or not the firing member 1026 includes a hook 1020. The second cable 490 is also connected to the sled 482, directly or indirectly.

[0336] The firing member 1026 may be generally rod-shaped, and the third chamber 1028 may be generally cylindrical. The third chamber 1028 may have a first diameter at a distal part thereof, and a second, larger diameter at a proximal part thereof. Alternately, the firing member 1026 and/or the third chamber 1028 may be shaped differently. At least one sealing element 1006 extends from the firing member 1026. The sealing element or elements 1006, and their attachment to the firing member 1026, may be as described above with regard to the control member 1002. At least one rib 1008 may extend from the firing member 1026 adjacent to at least one sealing element 1006, as described above with regard to the control member 1002. At least one rib 1008 may be located in the wider portion of the third chamber 1028. When the firing member 1026 is in a first position, as shown in FIG. 149, that rib 1008 may be positioned at the distal end of the wider portion of the third chamber 1028, against a ledge 1030 defined in the third chamber 1028 by the reduction in diameter of the third chamber 1028 in the distal direction. Contact between that rib 1008 and the ledge 1030 restrains the firing member 1026 from motion distal to its first position. The firing member 1026 may be biased to the first position by tension in the second cable 490, which acts to pull the firing member 1026 distally such that the rib 1008 in the wider portion of the third chamber 1028 is brought into contact with the ledge 1030.

[0337] Fluid-Driven Actuator—Passages

[0338] A gas inlet 1036 opens into the first chamber 1004. A gas inlet orifice 1038 exists at the intersection of the gas inlet 1036 and the first chamber 1004. The gas inlet 1036 may receive pressurized gas from, for example, the cylinder 1046 shown in FIG. 153. A gas outlet 1040 also opens into the first chamber 1004. A gas outlet orifice 1042 exists at the intersection of the gas outlet 1040 and the first chamber 1004. The gas outlet 1040 may vent gas out of the body 1018 and/or the handle 302.

[0339] A plurality of passages interconnect each chamber 1004, 1012, 1028 to at least one other chamber 1004, 1012, 1028. The passages may be substantially round in cross-section, or may be shaped in any other suitable manner. An orifice exists at each connection between a chamber 1004, 1012, 1028 and a passage. The location of each orifice in a corresponding chamber 1004, 1012, 1028 is selected in conjunction with the location of the sealing elements 1006 along the members 1002, 1010, 1026 to produce a desired motion of the clamping member 1010 and the firing member 1026 upon depression of the trigger 308. As described in greater detail below, the fluid-driven actuator 1000 transitions among two or more discrete states upon the introduction of pressurized gas into the fluid-driven actuator and the application of force to the trigger 308 to control the position of the control member 1002.

[0340] Fluid-Driven Actuator—Working Fluid

[0341] Where the handle 302 includes a fluid-driven actuator 1000, the handle 302 is configured to accommodate the working fluid, be it gas or liquid, that is utilized by the fluid-driven actuator 1000. Referring to FIGS. 152-153, as one example, the handle 302 may include a cylinder receiving space 1044 configured to receive a gas cylinder 1046. The gas cylinder 1046 may hold pressurized gas of any suitable type, such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen or argon. The gas cylinder 1046 is a standard commercially-available item that holds a suitable volume of gas at a desired pressure. The gas cylinder 1046 includes a neck end 1047 configured to be punctured to release gas stored within.

[0342] The gas cylinder 1046 is held within the cylinder receiving space 1044 by a knob 1048 that is movable relative to the handle 302. The knob 1048 may be configured in any suitable manner. As one example, the knob 1048 includes a spindle 1049 that has at least one thread 1050 that is received in corresponding threads 1052 located on an inner surface of a spindle receiving space 1053 located at the proximal end of the handle 302. Rotation of the knob 1048 thus causes the knob 1048 to both rotate and advance. However, the knob 1048 may move in any other suitable manner relative to the handle 302. For example, the knob 1048 may simply be slidable. Alternately, the knob 1048 and the spindle receiving space 1053 are located at a different position relative to the handle 302. An O-ring 1045 or other sealing element may be connected to the spindle 1049 in any suitable manner. For example, the O-ring 1045 may be held in a notch defined in the spindle 1049, or may be held between threads 1050 of the spindle 1049. The O-ring 1045 is sized and positioned to seal substantially the cylinder receiving space 1044, such that gas substantially does not exit the cylinder receiving space 1044 past the spindle 1049. The cylinder receiving space 1044, gas cylinder 1046, spindle 1049, and spindle receiving space 1053 are all substantially aligned about their longitudinal axes, which are oriented substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the handle 302. Alternately, those components are oriented in a different manner relative to the handle 302 and/or to one another. The distal end of the spindle 1049 may be curved to correspond to the curvature of the proximal end of the gas cylinder 1046. Alternately, the distal end of the spindle 1049 may be flat, or may be shaped in any other suitable manner.

[0343] The handle 302 may include at least one stop 1054 that extends into the spindle receiving space 1053. The stop 1054 may include a pin 1056 connected to a spring 1058 or other biasing element that biases at least part of the pin 1056 into the spindle receiving space 1053. Alternately, the stop 1054 may be any other suitable mechanism or structure, such as a tab or prong that extends into the spindle receiving space 1053 without being biased by a spring 1058 or other biasing element. Alternately, the stop 1054 may be omitted. A first notch 1060 in the spindle 1049 engages the stop 1054. Contact between the first notch 1069 and the stop 1054 prevents the spindle 1049 from being rotated out of the spindle receiving space 1053, and thereby prevents removal of the gas cylinder 1046 from the cylinder receiving space 1044. When the knob 1048 is moved toward an activation position, the first notch 1060 does not interfere with the resulting motion of the spindle 1049, and the threads 1050 on the spindle 1049 rotate such that at least part of the stop 1054 is located between adjacent threads on the spindle 1049 during motion of the knob 1048. A second notch 1062 may engage the stop 1054 after the knob 1048 has been moved to the activation position. Contact between the second notch 1062 and the stop 1054 stops the motion of the spindle 1049 when the knob 1048 has been moved to the activation position. Optionally, the notches 1060, 1062 are opposite ends of a groove defined in the spindle 1049.

[0344] A spike 1064 extends into the cylinder receiving space 1044, and is sized, shaped and located to contact and puncture the neck end 1047 of the gas cylinder 1046. For example, the spike 1064 may be located at the distal end of the cylinder receiving space 1044, oriented substantially in the proximal direction. Alternately, the spike 1064 is located in a different location in the cylinder receiving space 1044, and/or is oriented differently. Referring also to FIG. 149, the spike 1064 includes an aperture 1066 defined therein. The aperture 1066 is located on the spike 1064 at a position that allows gas to flow out of the gas cylinder 1046 and into the aperture 1066 after the spike 1064 has punctured the neck end 1047 of the gas cylinder 1046.

[0345] Fluid-Driven Actuator—Pressure Regulation Assembly

[0346] Optionally, referring to FIGS. 163-166, the aperture 1066 of the spike 1064 may be connected to a pressure regulation assembly 1070. The pressure regulation assembly 1070 may include a pressure control member 1072 positioned within a regulator space 1078 defined in the handle 302. The pressure control member 1072 may be a rod, or may be shaped or configured in any other suitable manner. A biasing element 1074 may be configured to bias the pressure control member 1072 and the spike 1064 toward the gas cylinder 1046. The biasing element 1074 may be any structure or mechanism that is suitable for biasing the pressure control member 1072 distally. As one example, the biasing element 1074 is a coil spring, and at least part of the pressure control member 1072 is received within that coil spring. The biasing element 1074 may be substantially fixed at one end by any suitable structure, mechanism or method. As one example, a stop 1076 is fixed to the wall of the regulator space 1078, such as by a friction fit, a pressure fit, or an interference fit, or by welding or by adhesive. Alternately, an end of the biasing element 1074 is directly connected to the wall of the regulator space 1078 or to the body of the handle 302. For example, an end of the biasing element 1074 may be molded into the handle 302.

[0347] The pressure control member 1072 may have a smaller cross-section closer to its distal end than to its proximal end. For example, the pressure control member 1072 may be shaped to include a cylinder having a smaller diameter closer to the proximal end of the pressure control member 1072, and a cylinder having a larger diameter closer to the distal end of the pressure control member 1072. One or more ribs 1008 may extend from the pressure control member 1072, where such ribs 1008 may be configured substantially as described above. Advantageously, one rib 1008 extends from the pressure control member 1072 on either side of at least one sealing element 1006. Thus, the two ribs 1008 substantially trap the corresponding sealing element 1006 therebetween, substantially restraining the sealing element 1006 from sliding or otherwise moving relative to the pressure control member 1072 during motion of the pressure control member 1072. One or more sealing elements 1006 may also, or instead, be located in an annular groove 1170 define in the pressure control member 1072. Alternately, one or more sealing elements 1006 may be connected to the pressure control member 1072 in a different manner. The gas inlet 1036 is a passage is connected to the regulator space 1078. An orifice O14 exists in the wall of the regulator space 1078 at the intersection between the gas inlet 1036 and the regulator space 1078. A passage P7 operationally connects the aperture 1066 of the spike 1064 to the regulator space 1078. An orifice O15 exists in the wall of the regulator space 1078 at the intersection between the passage P7 and the regulator space 1078.

[0348] The knob 1048 may be rotatable or otherwise movable between two positions. Initially, the knob 1048 is in a neutral position that substantially does not exert force on the gas cylinder 1046. The knob 1048 is rotatable or otherwise movable to an activation position, in which the spindle 1049 exerts a force on the gas cylinder 1046, pressing it into contact with the spike 1064. When the knob 1048 is in the activation position, the spike 1064 has punctured the neck end of the gas cylinder 1046. Optionally, the knob 1048 includes an indicator 1080, such as a substantially planar tab extending from the proximal end of the knob 1048. When the indicator 1080 is in a particular position, it provides positive confirmation that the gas cylinder 1046 has been punctured. The indicator 1080 may be configured in any suitable manner. As one example, where the indicator is a substantially planar tab, its orientation relative to the handle 302 and/or a marker on the handle 302 confirms that the knob 1048 is in the activation position and that the gas cylinder 1046 has been punctured by the spike 1064.

[0349] Alternately, the gas cylinder 1046 is not used; instead, gas is stored in a reservoir (not shown) defined within the handle 302. Where the gas cylinder 1046 is not used, the spike 1064, the cylinder receiving space 1044, and other components utilized to hold and/or control the gas cylinder 1046 and the gas flow therefrom need not be provided. Rather, upon activating the knob 1048, gas is released from the reservoir into the gas inlet 1036. Any suitable mechanism for regulating the pressure at the gas inlet 1036 may be utilized. Alternately, the gas cylinder 1046 is not used, and the handle 302 or other part of the anastomosis tool 300 receives pressurized gas from a source outside the handle 302. Such an energy source located outside the tool may be characterized as an external utility. Examples of an external utility include a pressurized gas feed provided at a wall outlet or on a portable gas supply. The external utility may be connected to the gas inlet 1036 of the handle 302 in any suitable manner, such as via a hose or other suitable connecting structure or mechanism. The pressure may be regulated at the source outside the handle 302, such that pressure regulation need not be provided within the anastomosis tool 300.

[0350] Graft Vessel Preparation

[0351] The graft vessel 404 is harvested from the patient in a conventional manner. The graft vessel 404 may be a saphenous vein, radial artery, mammary artery, or any other appropriate blood vessel. Alternately, the graft vessel 404 may be harvested from a different person or from a cadaver. Alternately, a xenograft or an artificial graft vessel may be provided.

[0352] Graft Vessel Preparation—Retractor Mount

[0353] The graft vessel 404 can be prepared in any appropriate manner for anastomosis to a target vessel. As one example, a system including one or more preparation tools may be used to prepare the graft vessel for anastomosis. Referring to FIGS. 79-80A, a retractor mount 620 is shown. The retractor mount 620 is detachably connected to a standard surgical retractor 750 used for an open-chest surgical procedure. The retractor mount 620 may include a first clamp element 622 and a second clamp element 624, which are movable relative to one another. As one example, the clamp elements 622, 624 are slidable relative to one another. The first clamp element 622 includes a first engagement feature 626 at its distal end, and the second clamp element 624 includes a second engagement feature 628 at its distal end. The first engagement feature 626 is located distal to the second engagement feature 628. The engagement features 626, 628 are configured to engage the retractor 750, such as by clamping onto at least a portion of that retractor 750. That clamping may result from biasing the engagement features 626, 628 toward one another. Such bias may be provided by one or more compression springs 630 positioned relative to the clamp elements 622, 624. For example, the first clamp element 622 may include a first wall 632 and the second clamp element 624 may include a second wall 634 proximal to the first wall 632, between which at least one spring 630 is positioned. The spring or springs 630 act in compression to push the engagement features 626, 628 toward one another. The engagement features 626, 628 are moved apart by applying a force opposite to the bias provided by the spring or springs 630, thereby moving the engagement features 626, 628 away from one another. When that force is removed, the engagement features 626, 628 move closer to one another, such as to clamp onto the retractor 750.

[0354] The retractor mount 620 may include a post 636 connected at one end to a washer 638 or other structure and at the other end to an actuator 640. The actuator 640 is shaped and finished to be grasped and rotated by a user. The actuator 640 is configured to compress the clamp elements 622, 624 together in order to hold them in a selected position. Such compression substantially prevents relative motion of the clamp elements 622, 624 by increasing the friction between them to an amount greater than the biasing force. For example, the actuator 640 may be actuated to restrain the clamp elements 622, 624 to facilitate positive engagement between the retractor mount 620 and the retractor 750. The compression exerted by the actuator 640 may be in a direction substantially perpendicular to the direction of translation of the clamp elements 622, 624 relative to one another. The actuator 640 may apply compression in any appropriate manner. As one example, the first clamp element 622 includes a longitudinal slot 642 that allows it to translate relative to the post 636. The actuator 640 may include a ledge 644 protruding from its underside 646 that is sized and shaped to extend only into the slot 642. The distance that the ledge 644 extends below the underside 646 is selected such that the clamp elements 622, 624 can slide freely relative to one another when the ledge 644 is positioned in the slot 642. When the actuator 640 is rotated about the post 636, the ledge 644 comes out of the slot 642 and presses down the first clamp element 622, compressing it against the second clamp element 624. The ledge 644 and slot 642 are shaped and finished such that the ledge 644 can come out of the slot 642 upon application of force to the actuator 640. Optionally, a surface of at least one clamp element 622, 624 and/or the actuator 640 is configured to include at least one gripping feature (not shown). The gripping feature or features are located to assist in holding the clamp elements 622, 624 together when the retractor mount 620 clamps the retractor 750. Such gripping features may include raised areas, areas of increased surface roughness, or other features. If one or more gripping features are used, the actuator 640 may exert less compression on the clamp elements 622, 624 to hold them together than if the gripping features were not present. Further, the actuator 640 may be omitted altogether if the gripping features provide sufficient resistance to motion between the clamp elements 622, 624 when the retractor mount 620 clamps the retractor 750. Alternately, the retractor mount 620 may be permanently connected to, or constructed as an integral part of, a surgical retractor.

[0355] The retractor mount 620 may include a holder 648. The holder 648 may be moveable relative to another portion of the retractor mount 620. For example, the holder 648 may be rotatable relative to another portion of the retractor 620. The holder 648 includes a clip 650 configured to engage an anastomosis tool 300 and/or another component of the system for preparing the graft vessel for anastomosis. The holder 648 also includes a base 652 connected to the clip 650. The holder 650 may be moveable among two or more discrete positions, or may move smoothly through a range of positions. As one example, the base 652 is a disc-shaped element, and the holder 648 is rotatable among two or more discrete positions. The base 652 is positioned on or adjacent to a surface 654 of the first clamp element 622. The surface 654 is oriented to place tools held by the holder 648 in a useful orientation relative to the patient. Alternately, the base 652 is positioned on the second clamp element 624 or a different portion of the retractor mount 620. A spindle 656 extends from the base 652 into a tube 658 extending into or through the surface 654 of the first clamp element 622. Where the spindle 656 extends all the way through the tube 658, at least one flange 660 extends laterally from the spindle 656 to hold the spindle 656 in the tube 658 and prevent it from sliding out.

[0356] The surface 654 includes two or more troughs 658 defined therein. The troughs 658 are substantially linear, and substantially parallel to one another. Alternately, the troughs 658 may be oriented differently. At least one stub 662 extends downward from the base 652. Each stub 662 is sized and shaped to engage a trough 658 in the surface 654. Such engagement substantially prevents free rotation of the holder 648 relative to the surface 654. The base 652 is held against the surface 654, and therefore the stub or stubs 662, are each held against a corresponding trough 658, with a force related to the length and rigidity of the spindle 656. The flange 660 prevents gross upward motion of the spindle 656 and therefore the holder 648, such that the holder 648 is capable of limited motion perpendicular to the surface 654 at least partially as a result of flexibility of the spindle 656. The depth of each trough 658, and the distance that each stub 662 extends downward from the base 652 into the corresponding trough 658, act to hold the base 652 in the selected position. Correspondingly, the depth of each trough 658 and the distance that each stub 662 extends downward from the base 652 is related to the force required to remove that stub 662 from engagement with the trough 658 and cause the base 652 to rotate. Each stub 662 is shaped, and the cross-section of each trough 658 is shaped, to allow the stub 662 to move out of the trough 658 upon the application of force about the longitudinal axis of the spindle 656. The amount of force is selected to be low enough to allow the holder 648 to be rotated by hand, but high enough to allow the holder 648 to maintain a selected position in use. The number of troughs 658 determines the number of discrete positions to which the base 652 can be rotated. Advantageously, two or more stubs 662 extend from the edge of the base 652. Alternately, other structures or mechanisms are provided to allow the base 652 to rotate and maintain a selected position relative to the surface 654. The clip 650 of the holder 648 may be fixed to the base 652, such that the clip 650 rotates or otherwise moves along with the base 652. Thus, a tool or other object held by the clip 650 rotates or otherwise moves along with the base 652. Alternately, the holder 648 and the surface 654 are configured to allow substantially continuous rotational motion of the holder 648 relative to the surface 654. In such a configuration, the troughs 658 on the surface 654 and the stub or stubs 662 on the holder 648 may be omitted. As an example of such a configuration, a spring (not shown) is connected at one end to the base 652 of the holder 648 and at the other end to the tube 658, where the spring is configured to pull the base 652 into contact with the surface 654. The amount of force exerted by the spring is large enough to hold the base 652 substantially against the surface 654 at any selected rotational orientation, and is small enough to allow for rotation of the holder 648 relative to the surface 654 upon application of a reasonable amount of rotational force by the operator. As another example of such a configuration, frictional force between the base 652 and the surface 654 is sufficient to hold the base 652 in a selected rotational orientation. Such frictional force may result from the surface finish of the base 652 and/or the surface 654.

[0357] Graft Vessel Preparation—Transfer Clamp Assembly

[0358] Referring to FIGS. 81-82A, a transfer clamp assembly 670 is another tool that may be used in the preparation of a graft vessel for anastomosis. The transfer clamp assembly 670 includes a transfer clamp 672 connected to an extension arm 674. The extension arm 674 may be detachably connected to or permanently fixed to the transfer clamp 672. Optionally, the extension arm 674 may be omitted. The transfer clamp assembly 670 is connectable to the retractor mount 620. For example, the extension arm 674 and clip 650 may be configured such that the extension arm 674 snaps into the clip 650 and is held securely by it. The extension arm 674 may be detachably connected to the holder 648 or other portion of the retractor mount 620. Alternately, the extension arm 674 is omitted, and the transfer clamp 672 itself is connected to the holder 648 or other portion of the retractor mount 620. Alternately, the transfer clamp assembly 670 is permanently connected to the retractor mount 620. The extension arm 674 is configured to connect to the holder 648 and hold the transfer clamp 672 is a position in proximity to the site where an anastomosis is performed. Such proximity may be desirable where the graft vessel is a mammary artery, or where the anastomosis is to be performed after a proximal anastomosis at one end of the graft vessel.

[0359] Optionally, a poke-through tip 678 is connected to the extension arm 674 in any appropriate manner. As one example, the poke-through tip 678 includes a tubular or hollow sleeve 680 at its proximal end, where the sleeve 680 is configured to fit over a portion of an end of the extension arm 674. The poke-through tip 678 may be connected to the extension arm 674 in any appropriate manner. As one example, the extension arm 674 has an annular depression (not shown) defined therein, and the poke-through top 678 includes an annular ridge (not shown) defined therein, such that the annular ridge can be received in the annular depression to mechanically hold the poke-through tip 678 onto the extension arm 674. As another example, friction between the sleeve 680 and the extension arm 674 holds the poke-through tip 678 in place. As another example, an adhesive or other substance, mechanism and/or structure may be used in conjunction with the sleeve 680, or without the sleeve 680, to secure the poke-through tip 678 to the extension arm 674. As another example, the poke-through tip 678 is formed into the extension arm 674. The poke-through tip 678 may be positioned at the free end of the extension arm 674. Alternately, the poke-through tip is positioned at a different location on the extension arm 674. The poke-through tip 678 may be made of a thermoplastic elastomer, such as the C-FLEX® brand thermoplastic elastomer of Consolidated Polymer Technologies, Inc., a polymer, a plastic, or any other soft, durable material. Alternately, the poke-through tip 678 is substantially rigid. The rigid poke-through tip 678 may be tubular, or have a different shape. The poke-through tip 678 has at least one dimension greater than the length of the longest spike 410, to prevent interference between them. Alternately, a poke-through tip 678 is connected to a separate tool, such as a dedicated poke-through tool.

[0360] Referring to FIGS. 81-85, the transfer clamp 672 includes two arms 682 extending distally from a base 684. The arms 682 are substantially parallel to one another. Alternately, the arms 682 may be oriented differently relative to one another. The arms 682 are biased to a closed position, and may be moved apart to an open position. One of the arms 682 may be formed into the base 684 or otherwise fixed to the base 684, while the other arm 682 may be movable relative to the base 684 and biased toward the fixed arm 682. However, both arms 682 may be moveable relative to the base 684. Each movable arm 682 is configured to translate laterally relative to the base 684. The arms 682 are sized, shaped and spaced relative to one another such that a portion of an anastomosis tool can be received onto the arms 682 when they are in the open position, as described in greater detail below.

[0361] The base 684 may include a channel 686 defined laterally therein. At least one arm 682 may be connected to or include a corresponding runner 688 sized and shaped to translate within the channel 686. The interaction between the runner 688 and the channel 686 guides the translation of the runner 688, and thus the translation of the arm 682 connected to the runner 688. The channel 686 and runner 688 may be configured in any appropriate manner. As one example, the channel 686 and the runner 688 are both substantially cylindrical, and the diameter of the runner 688 is slightly less than the diameter of the channel 686. The base 684 includes an opening into the channel 686 to allow the runner 688 to connect to the remainder of the arm 682 and slide relative to the channel 686.

[0362] The arms 682 may be biased to a closed position with a spring 694. Advantageously, the spring 694 is a coil spring, but may be a leaf spring or other type of spring. One end of the spring 694 is fixed relative to the base 684, and the other end of the spring 694 is connected to a portion of the movable arm 682, such as the runner 688. The spring 694 is connected to the base 684 and the movable arm 682 such that the arms 682 are biased to the closed position and the user must overcome the biasing force of the spring 694 to increase the distance between the arms 682. The spring 694 may be positioned within the channel 686, or at a different location in the transfer clamp 672. The spring 694 may be connected to the arm 682 and/or base 684 by molding a portion of it into the corresponding component, securing an end of the spring 694 to a stub 696, or utilizing any other appropriate structure, mechanism or method. Alternately, the spring 694 is simply trapped within the channel 686 without being positively connected to the arm 682 and/or base 684. Where the spring 694 is a coil spring, its axial centerline is substantially collinear with the axial centerline of the channel 686. Alternately, two or more springs 694 may be used instead of a single spring, if desired.

[0363] At least one arm 682 may include a registration pin 690 or other registration feature, and the corresponding arm 682 may include a registration aperture 692 or other corresponding registration feature. The registration pin 690 is substantially parallel to and spaced apart from the channel 686. When the arms 682 are in the open position, the registration pin 690 is outside of the registration aperture 692. As the distance between the arms 682 decreases, the registration pin 690 is received into the registration aperture 692 of the other arm 682 and slides relative to the registration aperture 692. Because the motion of the arm 682 is constrained by both the registration pin 690 and the channel 686, the arms 682 are aligned, and remain in a desired orientation relative to one another. That is, the simultaneous linear motion of the registration pin 690 along the registration aperture 692 and the runner 688 along the channel 686 constrains the arms 682 to a plane. Alternately, at least a portion of the registration pin 690 remains within the corresponding registration aperture 692 at all times during motion of the arm or arms 682.

[0364] Optionally, at least one finger pad 698 is connected to the base 684 and/or at least one arm 682. The finger pads 698 may be substantially centered relative to the longitudinal centerline of the channel 686 in the base 684. As a user compresses the finger pads 698 toward one another, a longitudinal force is exerted on and compresses the spring 696, and the runner 688 translates within the channel 686, increasing the distance between the arms 682. The finger pads 698 may be shaped in any appropriate manner. Further, one or more of the finger pads 698 may be formed integrally with the corresponding base 684 or arm 682, if desired. Advantageously, the finger pads 698 are spaced apart a distance such that they can be operated by the user with a single hand, such as by pressing the finger pads 698 with the thumb and forefinger.

[0365] Each arm 682 includes at least one jaw 700. The jaws 700 on different arms are opposed to one another, such that a jaw 700 on one arm 682 faces a corresponding jaw 700 on the other arm 682. At least one jaw 700 may extend laterally away from the corresponding arm 682 toward the other arm 682. Further, the jaws 700 may instead or additionally extend in a direction perpendicular to the arms 682, above a plane defined by the longitudinal centerlines of the arms 682.

[0366] Optionally, at least one set of corresponding jaws 700 each includes a shim 702 extending upward from a remainder of the jaw 700 to provide a more secure grip for a graft vessel, as described in greater detail below. Each corresponding shim 702 is sized and shaped in substantially the same manner. For example, each corresponding shim 702 may be substantially rectangular. However, the shims 702 may be shaped differently, if desired.

[0367] Each jaw 700 is formed into or otherwise fixed to the corresponding arm 682. Alternately, at least one jaw 700 is movable relative to the corresponding arm 682, in which case the corresponding arm 682 may be fixed relative to the base 684. Optionally, at least one jaw 700 includes a gripping surface 704 defined thereon or connected thereto. The gripping surface 704 may be any surface finish, treatment, element or other structure, mechanism or feature to facilitate gripping a graft vessel between corresponding jaws 700. As one example, each gripping surface 704 includes a number of raised elements defined therein, alternating with depressions or other surface. As another example, the gripping surfaces 704 may have a high degree of surface roughness.

[0368] At least one cutting block 710 may be connected to at least one arm 682. Each cutting block 710 is movable relative to the corresponding arm 682. For example, each cutting block 710 may be rotatably connected to the corresponding arm 682, where the axis of rotation is parallel to the longitudinal axis of that arm 682. However, at least one cutting block 710 may be connected to the corresponding arm 682 in a different manner. Each cutting block 710 includes a first element 712 having an end 714 and a cutting surface 716, and a second element 718 angled relative to the first element 712. Each end 714 has an upper edge 715. Both the first element 712 and the second element 718 may be connected to or formed as a unit with a third element 722 that extends to the corresponding arm 682, where the third element 722 is rotatable or otherwise movable relative to that arm 682. Alternately, the second element 718, or the first element 712, extend to and connect to the corresponding arm 682. At least one second element 718 may include at least one gripping surface 720 defined thereon or connected thereto. The gripping feature or features 720 may be any structure or mechanism that facilitates actuation of the second element 718 by a user. As one example, the gripping surfaces 720 on a second element 718 may be a number of bumps formed in or connected to that second element 718. As another example, the gripping surface 720 may be a rubberized or rough surface on the second element 718.

[0369] The upper edges 715 of the ends 714 of the cutting blocks 710 are substantially the same length as one another, and are substantially parallel to one another. The length of each upper edge 715 is related to the length of the anastomosis between the graft vessel 404 and the target vessel 580. Referring also to FIG. 73, the anastomosis length 770 is measured along the longitudinal axis of the target vessel 580, and is the distance between the two most longitudinally-distant points of contact between the perimeter of the end of the graft vessel 404 (the perimeter being substantially continuous and adjacent to the roots 405 of the flaps 408) and the side of the target vessel 580. As part of the anastomosis procedure, an arteriotomy 774 may be made in the target vessel, where that arteriotomy has a known length. The arteriotomy length 772 is measured along the longitudinal axis of the target vessel 580, and is the distance between the two most longitudinally-distant ends of the arteriotomy. The arteriotomy in the target vessel 580 is enclosed by the circumference of the end of the graft vessel 404, and the anastomosis length 770 is greater than the arteriotomy length 772, thereby preventing leakage at the anastomosis site.

[0370] The graft vessel 404 is angled relative to the parallel upper edges 715 such that one end of each edge 715 is positioned substantially at one side of the graft vessel 404 and the other end of each edge 715 is positioned substantially at the opposite side of the graft vessel 404. That is, the graft vessel 404 is positioned such that the edges 715 of the cutting blocks 710 define a chord across the graft vessel 404, where the chord has a length substantially equal to the length of the edges 715. In this way, the end of the graft vessel 404 can be prepared to a substantially constant preselected length, and the graft vessel 404 is held across the entire length of the chord. Further, graft vessels 404 of different widths each can be prepared such that the roots 405 of the flaps 408 each have the same substantially constant preselected length, simply by changing the angle of the graft vessel 404 relative to the edges 715 of the cutting blocks. The length of the chord across the graft vessel 404 is substantially equal to the anastomosis length 770. Further, the length of the chord across the graft vessel 404 is substantially equal to the length of the roots 405 of the flaps 408, and thus is related to the size of the flaps 408. The arteriotomy length 772 may be substantially constant across different sizes of graft vessel 404. By ensuring that the roots 405 of the flaps 408 are prepared to a preselected length across a spectrum of sizes of graft vessels 404, the anastomosis length 770 in turn is ensured to be longer than the arteriotomy length 772, thereby preventing leakage.

[0371] The shims 702 may be sized to be shorter than the length of the corresponding jaw 700 and/or the upper edge 715 of the cutting block 710. However, the shims 702 may be as long as, or longer than, the corresponding jaw 700 and/or the upper edge 715 of the cutting block 710. Each shim 702 may be longitudinally offset from the longitudinal center of the corresponding jaw 700 and/or cutting block 710. Referring in particular to FIG. 84, each shim 702 extends above the corresponding jaw 700 to a location below the upper edge 715 of the corresponding cutting block 710. In this way, adequate clearance is provided between the shims 702 and the staple holder 38 of the anastomosis tool 300 when the transfer clamp 672 is opened, as described below.

[0372] Referring to FIGS. 81-85, each cutting block 710 is moveable between an open position for receiving a graft vessel and a closed position for holding a graft vessel. Each cutting block 710 is positioned at a longitudinal position on the corresponding arm 682 that is substantially the same as the longitudinal position of the jaw 700 of that arm 682. In the closed position, the ends 714 of the first elements 712 of the cutting blocks 710 are positioned in proximity to and substantially above the gripping surfaces 704 of the corresponding jaws 700 and substantially above the corresponding jaws 700.

[0373] Referring also to FIG. 86, at least one of the cutting blocks 710 may include a snap 724 extending downward from it. The snap 724 may be configured in any appropriate manner to engage a corresponding receiver 726 defined in or connected to the corresponding jaw 700. As one example, the snap 724 may include a leg 728 connected at one end to the corresponding cutting block 710, and a ledge 730 connected to the other end of the leg 728, where the ledge 730 extends at an angle to the leg 728. The ledge 730 may be straight or curved. As a result, the snap 724 may have an L-shaped or J-shaped cross section. Alternately, the ledge 730 is connected to a different portion of the leg 728, or is omitted. The receiver 726 in the jaw 700 is shaped to engage the ledge 730 of the corresponding snap 724 when the cutting block 710 is in the closed position. That is, contact between the receiver 726 and the ledge 730 restrains the ledge 730 from moving out of the receiver 726 until a predetermined amount of force is applied. As one example, the receiver 726 includes a notch 732 defined therein. As the cutting block 710 is rotated toward the jaw 700, the ledge 730 contacts the surface of the jaw 700 in proximity to the receiver 726. The application of force on the cutting block 710 toward the jaw 700 causes the snap 724 to deflect, allowing the ledge 730 to move into the corresponding receiver 726 and engage the corresponding notch 732 therein.

[0374] Referring also to FIG. 83, a slot 756 extends along each arm 682 of the transfer clamp 672. Each slot 756 is shaped and sized to receive a corresponding wing 760 of the staple holder 38. The slots 756 may be angled such that the staple holder 38 can be inserted only in a single orientation, to ensure that the flaps 408 are positioned appropriately relative to the anvil 10 and the staple holder 38. Further, the slots 756 are spaced apart from one another a particular distance such that the wings 760 each can be received into a corresponding slot 756. At the proximal end of each slot 756 is a wall 758. A notch 759 may be formed into at least one arm 682, where each notch 759 opens into a corresponding slot 756 and faces the space between the arms 682. Each notch 759 is positioned to engage the bump 762 on a particular wing 760, as described below.

[0375] Graft Vessel Preparation—Graft Manipulator

[0376] Referring to FIG. 87, a graft manipulator 740 is shown. The graft manipulator 740 includes a handle 742 with two arms 744 biased apart from one another at their distal ends and connected together, such as with a base 746, at their proximal ends. The handle 742 may be a unitary structure, such as a single piece of molded plastic. The degree to which the distal ends of the arms 744 are biased apart may be related to the size and shape of the base 746 that connects the arms 744, and the properties of the material used to form the base 746. A prong 748 extends from the distal end of each arm 744. Each prong 748 may be connected to the corresponding arm 744, or formed into the corresponding arm 744. The prongs 748 are sized such that both can fit into an end of a graft vessel 404 at the same time, and are finished and contoured to do so without damaging the end of the graft vessel 404. As one example, each prong 748 is a thin metal rod with a blunt distal end. Each prong 748 is connected to the corresponding arm 744 by a pressure fit, by one or more clips, by adhesive, or by any other appropriate mechanism, structure or method. Because the distal ends of the arms 744 are biased apart, the prongs 748 at the distal ends of the arms 744 are biased apart as well.

[0377] Alternately, one or more of the retractor mount 620, the transfer clamp assembly 670, and/or the graft manipulator 740 are not utilized. Instead, one or more other preparation tools may be used, such as the graft vessel preparation device of U.S. Pat. No. 6,554,764 to Vargas et. al., which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0378] Alternately, where the staple holder 38 includes a graft affixer 910, the retractor mount 620, the transfer clamp assembly 670, and/or the graft manipulator 740 need not be utilized, and other specialized preparation tools need not be used, as described in greater detail below.

[0379] Preparing the Graft Vessel

[0380] Referring to FIGS. 79-80A, to prepare a graft vessel 404 for anastomosis, the retractor mount 620 is attached to a retractor 750. To do so, the clamp elements 622, 624 are slid relative to one another to create a gap between the engagement features 626, 628. This sliding is performed against the bias that urges the engagement features 626, 628 toward one another. The retractor mount 620 is then moved relative to the retractor 750 such that a portion of the retractor 750 is positioned between the engagement features 626, 628. The clamp elements 622, 624 are then released, and the engagement features 626, 628 move toward one another to the closed position and engage the retractor 750. Next, the actuator 640 is rotated to compress the clamp elements 622, 624 together and hold them in the closed position, secured to the retractor 750. Alternately, the retractor mount 620 is connected to the retractor 750 in a different manner.

[0381] The transfer clamp assembly 670 is then connected to the retractor mount 620. For example, the extension arm 674 is snapped into engagement with the clip 650 of the holder 648, where the clip 650 holds the extension arm 674 by a pressure fit. The transfer clamp assembly 670 is then rotated to a desired position, by rotating the holder 648. The holder 648 is retained in the desired position by engagement between the stub or stubs 662 of the holder 648 and the corresponding trough or troughs 658 of the retractor mount 620. The transfer clamp assembly 670 may be connected and/or oriented relative to the retractor mount 620 in a different way, if desired.

[0382] Next, referring to FIG. 87, the arms 744 of the graft manipulator 740 are pressed together by the user, overcoming the bias that urges the distal ends of the arms 744 apart. As a result, the prongs 748 of the graft manipulator 740 are brought into proximity with or contact with one another. The prongs 748 are then inserted into the lumen of the graft vessel 404, and pressure on the arms 744 of the graft manipulator 740 is gradually released. The prongs 748 move apart due to the biasing apart of the distal ends of the arms 744, resulting in the end of the graft vessel 404 flattening and becoming taut. The force exerted by the graft manipulator 740 is controlled such that the end of the graft vessel 404 is flattened, but not damaged or overly stretched. Such force control is accomplished such as by selecting the material and size of the base 746 of the graft manipulator 740, as described above. Optionally, the graft vessel 404 may be marked, such as with ink, along a length thereof. Referring also to FIG. 73, this marking may end at or near the location on the graft vessel 404 that will be positioned at the toe 585 of the anastomosis. The toe 585 of the anastomosis is the end of the anastomosis at which the outer surface of the graft vessel 404 forms an obtuse angle with the outer surface of the target vessel. The heel 587 of the anastomosis is the opposite end of the anastomosis, at which the outer surface of the graft vessel 404 forms an acute angle with the outer surface of the target vessel.

[0383] Referring also to FIG. 83, the user then compresses the finger pads 698 toward one another, causing the arms 682 of the transfer clamp 672 to move to the open position against the bias that urges them toward the closed position. Referring also to FIG. 87, the graft manipulator 740 is then moved relative to the transfer clamp 672 to place the graft vessel 404 between the arms 682 of the transfer clamp 672. The graft vessel 404 is placed between the arms 682 such that it is located between the opposed jaws 700 of the arms 682. The cutting blocks 710 are initially configured such that the ends 714 of each first element 712 is in proximity to the jaw 700 of the corresponding arm 682. The snap 724 of each cutting block 710 may engage the corresponding receiver 726 to hold the cutting block 710 in that position. Thus, the graft vessel 404 is also placed between the opposed ends 714 of the first elements 712 of the cutting blocks 710. The graft vessel 404 may be oriented such that the marked toe of the graft vessel 404 is oriented distally.

[0384] The graft manipulator 740 is used to angle the graft vessel 404 relative to the edges 715 of the cutting blocks 710 such that one end of each edge 715 is positioned substantially at one side of the graft vessel 404 and the other end of each edge 715 is positioned substantially at the opposite side of the graft vessel 404. As described above, this defines a chord of a known length across the graft vessel 404. Advantageously, the graft vessel 404 is positioned such that its end extends at least 5 millimeters above the edges 715 of the cutting blocks 710. Because the transfer clamp assembly 670 is held by the retractor mount 620, a single user can manipulate the graft vessel 404 relative to the transfer clamp 672 easily.

[0385] The finger pads 698 are then released by the user, allowing the arms 682 of the transfer clamp 672 to return to a closed position. Referring also to FIG. 88, the jaws 700 and the ends 714 of the first elements 712 of the cutting blocks 710 close onto and hold the graft vessel 404. The gripping surfaces 704 of the jaws 700 and the gripping surfaces 720 of the cutting blocks 710 facilitate engagement with the graft vessel 404, such that the graft vessel 404 is held securely in the selected orientation. That is, the jaws 700 and/or cutting blocks 710 hold the graft vessel 404 at the selected angle relative to the edges 715 of the cutting blocks 710. That selected angle is related to the constant-length chord defined on the graft vessel 404 by the edges 715 of the cutting blocks 710. The graft vessel 404 can be reoriented by compressing the finger pads 698 together again and moving the graft manipulator 740 relative to the transfer clamp 672. The arms 744 of the graft manipulator 740 are then compressed together again such that the prongs 748 can be removed from the lumen of the graft vessel 404, and the graft manipulator 740 is set aside.

[0386] One or more flaps 408 are then created in an end of the graft vessel 404. Referring also to FIG. 89, a scissors 752 may be used to create the flaps. The scissors 752 have two jaws 754 movable relative to one another. The scissors 752 may be Potts scissors or any other appropriate surgical scissors. The jaws 754 of the scissors are moved apart from one another, and one of the jaws 754 is inserted into the lumen of the graft vessel 404. The scissors 752 are then closed to make a substantially straight incision in the graft vessel 404 substantially longitudinally along the graft vessel 404. Advantageously, the first incision is made along the line marked on the outer surface of the graft vessel 404. The incision is continued until the upper surfaces of the second elements 718 of the cutting blocks 710 are reached. That is, the upper surfaces of the second elements 718 of the cutting blocks 710 act as stops. A second incision is then made in the end of the graft vessel 404, substantially opposite from the first incision. The second incision is also substantially straight and substantially longitudinal, and is stopped by the upper surfaces of the second elements 718 of the cutting blocks 710. As a result of the two incisions, two tissue flaps 408 are created, each of which ends substantially at the upper surfaces of the second elements 718 of the cutting blocks 710. Thus, as described above, the length of the root 405 of each flap 408 is substantially equal to the anastomosis length 770 and to the length of the upper edge 715 of each cutting block 710. The flaps 408 are substantially the same size and shape as one another. Alternately, the flaps 408 are sized and/or shaped differently. Alternately, only a single incision is made in the graft vessel 404 to form a single flap 408, or more than two incisions are used to create more than two flaps 408. Alternately, a scalpel or other mechanism or structure may be used instead of or in addition to the scissors 752 to create the flap or flaps 408 at the end of the graft vessel 404.

[0387] Referring also to FIG. 91, after the incisions have been made in the graft vessel 404, the cutting blocks 710 are moved to the open position, such that the ends 714 of the first elements 712 of the cutting blocks 710 are positioned away from the graft vessel 404. Where a snap or snaps 724 are used, the snap or snaps 724 are disengaged from the corresponding receiver or receivers 726. Each cutting block 710 may be disengaged from the corresponding receiver 726 and/or moved to an open position by gripping or pushing the gripping surface 720 on the second element 718 of the cutting block 710. The cutting blocks 710 are configured to rotate from the open to the closed position, as described above. Alternately, at least one cutting block 710 is configured to slide relative to the corresponding arm 744, or rotate about an axis that is not parallel to the axis of rotation of a different cutting block 710. Alternately, the cutting blocks 710 may be configured to be completely removed from the transfer clamp 672 rather than moved to an open position. After the cutting blocks 710 have been moved to the open position, the jaws 700 hold the graft vessel 404 in place at substantially the same angle at which it was previously held, as a result of the bias urging the arms 682 and thus the jaws 700 together. The cutting blocks 710 may be moved to the open position to avoid interference with the staple holder 38 or other component of the anastomosis tool 300 when the transfer clamp assembly 670 engages at least part of the anastomosis tool 300. Alternately, the cutting blocks 710 may be configured to remain in the closed position and avoid interference with the staple holder 38 or other component of the anastomosis tool 300. If so, at least one cutting block 710 optionally may be integrated with the corresponding jaw 700. Alternately, at least one cutting block 710 is omitted altogether, such that there is no need to move cutting blocks 710 from an open position to a closed position. Instead, the incision or incisions made to create the flaps 408 are stopped by surfaces of the jaws 700, arms 744 and/or other structure or structures.

[0388] The transfer clamp assembly 670 is then disconnected from the retractor mount 620, and held by the user or rested in a secure position within the patient's chest. Alternately, the transfer clamp assembly 670 may be held by another person, or placed in a different location. Referring also to FIG. 92, the anastomosis tool 300 is then connected to the retractor mount 620. For example, the shaft 304 of the anastomosis tool 300 may snap into the clip 650 of the holder 648, wherein the clip 650 holds the shaft 304 with a pressure fit. However, the anastomosis tool 300 may be connected to the retractor mount 620 in a different way, if desired. The anastomosis tool 300 may be oriented such that the anvil 10 is oriented substantially upward. Where the graft clips 412 are used, they are moved to the open position if they are not already in the open position.

[0389] Next, the transfer clamp 672 is slid onto the staple holder 38. Referring also to FIGS. 57 and 59C-D, the staple holder 38 includes one or more wings 760 extending outward therefrom. Each wing 760 may include at least one bump 762 defined thereon. The bump or bumps 762 may be positioned on an upper surface of the corresponding wing 760, and may be oriented substantially laterally. As the transfer clamp 672 is moved toward the staple holder 38, each wing 760 of the staple holder 38 is received into a corresponding slot 756. The shape of the slots 756 defines the path of travel of the transfer clamp 672 relative to the wings 760 and therefore relative to the staple holder 38. Advantageously, the slots 756 are substantially linear, resulting in translation of the transfer clamp 672 relative to the staple holder 38. However, the slots 756 may define a different path if desired. As the transfer clamp 672 slides relative to the staple holder 38, each flap 408 slides between the anvil 10 and an arm 402 of the staple holder 38. The flaps 408 may be held with forceps or another tool or tools during this sliding. As the transfer clamp 672 slides relative to the wings 760, the bump 762 on at least one wing 760 enters the corresponding slot 756. The combined thickness of the wing 760 and the bump 762 is slightly larger than the height of the slot 756. However, the material of the wing 760 and bump 762, and/or the material of the corresponding arm 682, has enough compliance to allow for compression of the wing 760 and bump 762 and/or expansion of the corresponding slot 756. Further, the entrance to each slot 756 is shaped and/or finished to allow smooth entry of the bump 762 into that slot 756. As each bump 762 continues to translate, it enters a corresponding notch 759. The height of the notch 759 is larger than the height of the slot 756 and at least as large as the combined thickness of the wing 760 and bump 762, thereby allowing the bump 762 to move into that notch 759 freely.

[0390] Sliding of the transfer clamp 672 continues until each wing 760 encounters the wall 758 at the proximal end of the corresponding slot 756, at which time motion of the transfer clamp 672 stops. Each notch 759 has a substantially vertical distal end 761. Motion of the transfer clamp 672 away from the wall 758 causes contact between the distal end 761 of the notch 759 and the bump 762. This contact prevents the bump 762 from re-entering the slot 756, and thereby prevents the transfer clamp 672 from disconnecting from the staple holder 38. That is, the notches 759 and corresponding bumps 762 provide for positive engagement between the transfer clamp 672 and the staple holder 38. At the time translation of the transfer clamp 672 stops, the bump 762 of each wing 760 may be in close proximity to the distal end 761 of each notch 759, or in contact with the distal end 761 of each notch 759. This proximity limits the linear travel of the transfer clamp 672 relative to the staple holder 38 while the two are connected together. By minimizing or substantially elimination motion between the transfer clamp 672 and the staple holder 38 after positive engagement with one another, the staple holder 38 and the transfer clamp 672 are registered relative to one another in a desired position. The flaps 408 are thereby registered with the staple holder 38 in a desired position relative to the flap receiving surfaces 406 and/or other elements of the staple holder 38. In this way, the transfer clamp 672 reliably positions the flaps 408 at a preselected location relative to the staple holder 38. This preselected location is such that each flap 408 is positioned in proximity to a corresponding flap receiving surface 406, and such that each flap 408 extends distal to the most distal connector bay 448 of the arm 402 of the staple holder 38 and proximal to the most proximal connector bay 448 of the arm 402 of the staple holder 38. In this way, each flap 408 is positioned relative to the staple holder 38 such that each connector 464 held within the corresponding arm 402 of the staple holder 38 is deployable through that flap 408. Next, referring also to FIGS. 58-59, each flap 408 is draped onto the corresponding flap receiving surface 406 of the corresponding arm 402. Forceps or a different tool may be used to place each flap 408 onto at least one spike 410 extending from the flap receiving surface 406. The shims 702 are configured to hold the graft vessel 404 substantially in the middle thereof, in order to facilitate draping the flaps 408 onto the spikes 410 without substantially crinkling the flaps 408 or the graft vessel 404. Each shim 702 extends above the corresponding jaw 700 to a location below the upper edge 715 of the corresponding cutting block 710. Thus, after the cutting blocks 710 are moved to the open position, the shims 702 hold the graft vessel 404 at a location spaced apart from and underneath the flaps 408. This space between the shims 702 and the flaps 408 allows the flaps 408 to be tensioned when placed on the spikes 410. The flaps 408 are tensioned when they are placed onto the spikes 410, without tensioning them to the point where tissue elasticity is lost. By providing tension in the flaps 408, particularly at the locations on the flaps 408 that correspond to the heel 587 and the toe 585 of the anastomosis, sealing of the anastomosis is facilitated. After the flap 408 is placed onto one or more spikes 410, the poke-through tip 678 of the extension arm 674 is used to push the flap 408 down onto the one or more spikes 410. The spike or spikes 410 then hold the corresponding flap 408 in place. Advantageously, each flap 408 engages two or more spikes 410, and each flap 408 is held substantially taut.

[0391] The spikes 410 alone are sufficient to hold the flaps 408 onto the arms 402 of the staple holder 38. Where graft clips 412 are used, the graft clips 412 are moved to the closed position after the flaps 408 have been pushed down onto the spikes 410. The graft clips 412 provide additional holding force to secure the flaps 408 to the arms 402 of the staple holder 38. Optionally, where the arms 410 of the staple holder 38 are sufficiently close to one another to hold the graft vessel 404 in its unprepared state, the transfer clamp 672 may be omitted. If so, the flaps 38 may be prepared in place as the graft vessel 404 is held between the arms 410, and then secured to the spikes 410.

[0392] After the flaps 408 have been secured to the staple holder 38, the finger pads 698 are compressed to move the arms 682 of the transfer clamp 672 apart from one another. Such motion of the arms 682 also causes the arms 682 to move away from the staple holder 38, freeing it. Referring also to FIG. 84, each shim 702 extends above the corresponding jaw 700 to a location below the upper edge 715 of the corresponding cutting block 710. In this way, as the arms 682 move away from one another, the shims 702 substantially do not interfere with the staple holder 38, allowing the transfer clamp 672 to be detached from the anastomosis tool 300. Alternately, the shims 702 may be flexible, and may be positioned higher relative to the upper edge 715 of the corresponding cutting block. In this way, the shims 702 flex upon contacting the staple holder 38, allowing the transfer clamp 672 to open and release the staple holder 38. The anastomosis tool 300 is ready for performing anastomosis, and the transfer clamp assembly 670 may be set aside.

[0393] Alternately, where the staple holder 38 includes a graft affixer 910, the graft vessel 404 may be prepared differently, without the use of the retractor mount 620, the transfer clamp assembly 670, and/or the graft manipulator 740. Referring to FIG. 133, a single incision 924 is made at an end of the graft vessel 404. The incision 924 extends substantially longitudinally along the graft vessel 404. The incision 924 may be made with any appropriate surgical tool, such as a Potts scissors. When the incision 924 is made, the graft vessel 404 may be held by hand, with a surgical clamp, or in any other suitable manner. Advantageously, the incision 924 is substantially one centimeter long, although it may be longer or shorter if desired.

[0394] Referring also to FIGS. 130-132 and 134, the graft vessel 404 is moved between the arms 402 of the staple holder 38, such that the incised end thereof is in proximity to the staple holder 38. The graft vessel 404 is then connected to the graft affixer 910. Advantageously, a location on the graft vessel 404 close to and proximal to the incision 924 is connected to the graft affixer 910; this location corresponds to the heel of the anastomosis to be performed and may be referred to as the heel of the graft vessel 404. Alternately, a different location on the graft vessel 404 is connected to the graft affixer 910. The graft vessel 404 is connected to the graft affixer 910 in any suitable manner. As one example, where the graft affixer 910 is a spike, the graft vessel 404 is pushed down onto the spike or the leg 1150 such that it penetrates a wall of the graft vessel 404 in whole or in part. The graft vessel 404 may be everted onto the spike or the leg 1150. A poke-through tip 678 such as described above, or similar structure or mechanism, optionally may be provided and utilized to push the graft vessel 404 onto the spike or the leg 1150. The poke-through tip 678 may be connected to a rod or other member (not shown) to facilitate its use. Similarly, where the graft affixer 910 is a hook, the graft vessel 404 is pushed onto the hook such that it penetrates a wall of the graft vessel 404 in whole or in part. As another example, where the graft affixer 910 is a clip, the graft vessel 404 is clipped and held by the clip. The graft vessel 404 may be everted into the clip. Where the graft affixer 910 is configured differently, the graft vessel 404 is connected to it in any suitable manner.

[0395] Next, the graft vessel 404 is angled relative to the arms 402 of the staple holder 38, as the heel of the graft vessel 404 is held substantially at a known position by the graft affixer 910. That is, the graft affixer 910 registers the heel of the graft vessel 404 to the staple holder 38. The graft vessel 404 is angled relative to at least one measurement feature 922 such that one end of the measurement feature 922 is positioned substantially at one side of the graft vessel 404 and the other end of the measurement feature 922 is positioned substantially at the opposite side of the graft vessel 404. That is, the graft vessel 404 is positioned such that at least one measurement feature 922 defines a chord across the graft vessel 404. In this way, the end of the graft vessel 404 can be prepared to a substantially constant preselected length corresponding to the length of at least one measurement feature 922. Further, graft vessels 404 of different widths each can be handled simply by changing the angle of the graft vessel 404 relative to at least one measurement feature 922. The length of the chord across the graft vessel 404 is substantially equal to the anastomosis length 770. The arteriotomy length 772 may be substantially constant across different sizes of graft vessel 404. By ensuring that the graft vessel 404 is prepared substantially to a preselected chord length relative to the staple holder 38 across a spectrum of sizes of graft vessels 404, the anastomosis length 770 in turn is ensured to be longer than the arteriotomy length 772, thereby preventing leakage.

[0396] The flap 408 is then everted onto the arms 402 of the staple holder 38. If one or more spikes 410 extend outward from at least one of the flap receiving surfaces 406 of the staple holder 38, the flap 408 is everted onto one or more of those spikes 410. As the flap 408 is placed onto the corresponding flap receiving surface 406, one or more of the spikes 410 penetrate the flap 408 partially or completely, thereby assisting in holding the flap 408 in place against the flap receiving surface 406. The poke-through tip 678 or other tool optionally may be used to push the flap 408 down onto the one or more spikes 410. The spike or spikes 410 then hold the corresponding flap 408 in place. Advantageously, each flap 408 engages two or more spikes 410, and each flap 408 is held substantially taut. Alternately, at least one graft clip 412 is used to hold the flap 408 to the staple holder 38, instead of or in addition to at least one spike 410.

[0397] Optionally, referring to FIG. 155, the tissue effector 400 may be movable to a graft preparation position relative to the shaft 304. In the graft preparation position, the staple holder 38 is oriented at least partially upward, or at least partially toward the user, to facilitate the connection of the graft vessel 404 to it. The tissue effector 400 may be movable to the graft preparation position in any suitable manner. As one example, the shaft 304 may simply be rotated about its longitudinal axis within the clip 650 of the retractor mount 620, such that the staple holder 38 is oriented at least partially upward. As another example, where the cog 282 is used, the user may depress at least one of the buttons 278, disengaging the teeth 284 of the cog 282 from the detents 310 of the receiving opening 309. The tissue effector 400 is then rotated to the graft preparation position. The buttons 278 are then released, allowing the teeth 284 of the cog 282 to engage once again the detents 310 of the receiving opening 309. The cog 282 is thus held securely in place in its new orientation. As another example, where the articulated shaft includes a hinge 956 and a locktab 954 such as shown in FIGS. 140-141, the tissue effector 400 may be rotated about the hinge 956 until it reaches the graft preparation position. The locktab 954 is then rotated about the locktab hinge 958 from the first position to the second position, thereby substantially locking the tissue effector 400 in place in the graft preparation position.

[0398] Preparation of the graft vessel 404, where the graft affixer 910 is used, has been described in terms of a graft vessel 404 having a single incision 924 at an end thereof, such that a single flap 408 is formed. However, a graft vessel 404 having multiple incisions 924 in an end thereof, and therefore multiple flaps 408, may be utilized with a staple holder 38 having a graft affixer 910. Alternately, no flaps 408 are present in the graft vessel 404, and the end of the graft vessel 404 is everted onto the graft affixer 910. Further, the retractor mount 620, the transfer clamp assembly 670, and/or the graft manipulator 740 need not be used in conjunction with a staple holder 38 having a graft affixer 910. However, one or more of those tools may be used, if desired.

[0399] Operation of Anastomosis Tool—Pre-Deployment Configuration

[0400] Referring also to FIG. 70, the anastomosis tool 300 is initially in a pre-deployment configuration. In this configuration, the distal arm 518 of the rocker 508 is at an uppermost position, the trigger 308 correspondingly extends outward from the handle 302 to its greatest extent, and the proximal arm 514 of the rocker 508 is at a lowermost position. The distal end 520 of the distal arm 518 of the rocker 508 may engage the contact surface 548 of the distal slider 534 at or near the uppermost end of the contact surface 548. This contact may be between the posts 544 of the distal arm 518 and the contact surface 548, and/or between another portion of the distal arm 518 and the contact surface 548. The stops 596 of the holder 594 hold the distal slider 534 substantially in place against the proximal bias exerted by the spring 540. Alternately, where the holder 594 is not used, contact between the rigid distal arm 518 and the contact surface 548 holds the distal slider 534 substantially in place against the proximal bias exerted by the spring 540. In the pre-deployment configuration, the proximal end 516 of the proximal arm 514 may be spaced apart from the lower portion 530 of the proximal slider 522, or may be in contact with the lower portion 530 of the proximal slider 522. The proximal slider 522 is biased distally to its most distal possible position. Alternately, the proximal slider 522 is positioned differently in the pre-deployment configuration. Alternately, the rocker 508 and/or the trigger 308 may be in a different position in the pre-deployment configuration, particularly where the rocker 508 and/or trigger 308 are shaped or configured differently than shown in FIG. 70. If so, the rocker 508 may engage the proximal slider 522 and/or the distal slider 534 in a different manner than described above.

[0401] Referring also to FIG. 77, when the handle 302 is in the pre-deployment configuration, the time is t=0. The position 590 of the proximal slider 522 is at an initial position, and the position 592 of the distal slider 534 is also at an initial position. The positions 590, 592 of the sliders 522, 534 on the graph of FIG. 77 are qualitative, and are shown with respect to an arbitrary point selected between them. That is, the graph of FIG. 77 illustrates an exemplary set of motions of the sliders 522, 534 over time.

[0402] The first cable or cables 480 are connected to the proximal slider 522 and the second cable 490 is connected to the distal slider 534, as described above. In the pre-deployment configuration, both cables 480, 490 include some slack, such that a small initial motion of the trigger 308 takes up the slack and causes the cables 480, 490 to become tensioned. In this way, small motions of the trigger 308 before deployment is intended do not begin the actuation of the anastomosis tool 300. Alternately, one or more of the cables 480, 490 are tensioned in the pre-deployment configuration.

[0403] The second cable 490 is also connected to the sled 482 in the tissue effector 400, as described above. Referring also to FIGS. 64 and 68-69, in the pre-deployment configuration the sled 482 is positioned such that each ramp element 446 is located within the corresponding passage 440 in the corresponding arm 402, proximal to the connector bays 448. Similarly, in the pre-deployment configuration the sled 482 is positioned such that each vein knife 432 is located proximal to the vein flap 408 held between the graft clip 412 and the corresponding flap receiving surface 406. Alternately, the sled 482 is positioned differently in the pre-deployment configuration. For example, each ramp element 446 may be positioned initially in a location distal to the connector bays 448. Referring also to FIG. 72, each flap 408 is held between a graft clip 412 and a flap receiving surface 406 as described above, such that the graft vessel 404 extends between the arms 402 of the tissue effector 400. The flaps 408 are held on the undersides of the arms 402. Each flap 408 may be held by the corresponding graft clip 412 such that a portion of the flap 408 at its root 405, which is the portion of the flap 408 at or in proximity to its intersection with the tubular portion of the graft vessel 404, is exposed. The root 405 of each flap 408 may be positioned to contact the outer surface of the target vessel 580, as described in greater detail below.

[0404] Optionally, the orientation of the tissue effector 400 may be changed relative to the handle 302. Thus, the tissue effector 400 can be oriented relative to the target vessel such that the anvil arm 14 is aligned with it, and the handle 302 can be placed in a convenient position for the user. As one example, to re-orient the tissue effector 400, the user depresses the buttons 278, disengaging the teeth 284 of the cog 282 from the detents 310 of the receiving opening 309. The tissue effector 400 is then rotated to the desired orientation. The buttons 278 are then released, allowing the teeth 284 of the cog 282 to engage once again the detents 310 of the receiving opening 309. The cog 282 is thus held securely in place in its new orientation. As another example, where the articulated shaft includes a hinge 956 and a locktab 954 such as shown in FIGS. 140-141, the tissue effector 400 is rotated about the hinge 956 until it reaches the desired position. The locktab 954 is then rotated about the locktab hinge 958 from the first position to the second position, thereby substantially locking the tissue effector 400 in place in the selected position.

[0405] Operation of Anastomosis Tool—Anvil Insertion

[0406] Referring to FIGS. 34 and 74, in the pre-deployment configuration, the distal end of the anvil arm 14 is spaced apart from the staple holder 38. Referring also to FIG. 75, the anvil arm 14 is inserted through the wall of the target vessel 580. The target vessel 580 may be a coronary artery, if the anastomosis tool 300 is used in the course of a CABG procedure, or any other appropriate bodily vessel or structure. Advantageously, the anvil arm 14 has a cross-section small enough to allow it to enter the target vessel 580 easily and to result in minimal or no leakage from the target vessel after the anvil arm 14 is removed. The distal tip of the anvil arm 14 may be sharp such that the anvil arm 14 itself penetrates the wall of the target vessel 580, resulting in an opening in the wall of the target vessel 580 substantially the same size as the cross-section of the anvil arm 14. Alternately, a sharp retractable projection, such as but not limited to the blade 78 of FIGS. 13-14 or the blade 84 of FIGS. 15-16, is provided at the distal end of the anvil arm 14. The retractable projection is extended to allow the distal end of the anvil arm 14 to penetrate the wall of the target vessel 580, then retracted into the anvil arm 14. The retractable projection may be a wire, a blade, a substantially conical member, a screw or a screw-tipped rod, or any other sharp structure or mechanism capable of penetrating the wall of the target vessel 580. Such a retractable projection alternately may be as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/134,081, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. As another example, a separate mechanism or structure is used to penetrate the wall of the target vessel 580, and the anvil arm 14 is later inserted through that penetration. If so, the distal end of the anvil arm 14 may be substantially blunt. Alternately, the cutter 200 includes a sharp point at its distal end, where that sharp point extends out of the distal end of the anvil arm 14 to puncture the wall of the target vessel 580. If so, the cutter 200 may be actuated in a direction the reverse of that described below.

[0407] Referring also to FIGS. 36 and 75, after insertion, the distal end of the anvil arm 14 enters the lumen of the target vessel 580. The anvil arm 14 is advanced into the target vessel 580 until a tissue stop 220 on the anvil arm 14 encounters the edge of the penetration in the wall of the target vessel 580. The tissue stop 220 is substantially flat and/or blunt, and extends upward or in another direction relative to the anvil arm 14 to increase the height and/or width of the anvil arm 14. The tissue stop 220 increases the cross-section of the anvil arm 14 such that the anvil arm 14 cannot easily move further into the penetration in the wall of the target vessel 580 after the tissue stop 220 encounters the outer wall of the target vessel 580. Because the tissue stop 220 is blunt, it does not penetrate the wall of the target vessel 580 or act to expand the size of the existing penetration. Thus, the distance between the distal end of the anvil arm 14 and the tissue stop 220 substantially determines how much of the anvil arm 14 is allowed into the lumen of the target vessel 580.

[0408] Optionally, the distal end of the anvil arm 14 is stabilized after insertion into the target vessel 580. This stabilization may be performed by, for example, extending pins (not shown) from the staple holder 38 to the anvil arm 14, where the pins act to hold the distal end of the anvil arm 14 substantially in place. The pins may be sized and shaped to fit into depressions, slots or other features on the anvil arm 14. In this way, potential deflection of the distal end of the anvil arm 14 may be further reduced without the need for increasing the stiffness of the anvil arm 14. After the connectors 464 have been deployed, the pins are retracted or otherwise moved away from the anvil arm 14, freeing it. Different or additional mechanisms, structures or methods may be used to stabilize the anvil arm 14. Optionally, a different part of the anvil arm 14 is stabilized in addition to or instead of the distal end of the anvil arm 14.

[0409] Referring also to FIGS. 93-95, when the anvil arm 14 is inserted into the lumen of the target vessel 580, the distal end of the shield 290 is spaced apart from the anvil arm 14. As a result, as the distal end of the anvil arm 14 enters the lumen of the target vessel 580, the distal end of the shield 290 is spaced apart from the distal end of the anvil arm 14 and does not enter the anvil entry hole 584. Consequently, the shield 290 remains outside the target vessel 580, and at least part of the shield 290 may be spaced apart from the wall of the target vessel 580. The location of the connection between the shield 290 and the anvil 10 remains outside the target vessel 580. Alternately, referring to FIGS. 106 and 144-145, where the shield 290 is connected to the staple holder 38, the shield 290 is in greater proximity to the staple holder 38 than to the anvil arm 14. The tissue effector 400 is in the open position, with at least part of the staple holder 38 spaced apart from the wall of the target vessel 580. Consequently, the shield 290 remains outside the target vessel 580, and at least part of the shield 290 may be spaced apart from the wall of the target vessel 580.

[0410] Operation of Anastomosis Tool—Closing Tissue Effector

[0411] Next, referring to FIGS. 44 and 70, an operator depresses the trigger 308 of the anastomosis tool 300. As a result, the rocker 508 begins to rotate about the rocker axle 510, such that the distal arm 518 moves downward and the proximal arm 514 of the rocker 508 moves upward. As the trigger 308 is depressed, the distal end 520 of the distal arm 518 moves downward. The stops 596 of the holder 594 continue to hold the distal slider 534 substantially in place against the proximal bias exerted by the spring 540. Thus, the distal slider 534 does not substantially move as the trigger 308 is initially depressed. The contact surface 548 of the distal slider 534 is curved to substantially match the travel of the distal end 520 of the distal arm 518. That is, the radius of curvature of the contact surface 548 relative to the rocker axle 510 is substantially the same as the path of motion of the distal end 520 of the distal arm 518 as the rocker 508 rotates, and thus does not substantially interfere with the motion of the distal arm 518. If the holder 594 is not used, the distal end 520 of the distal arm 518 holds the distal slider 534 in substantially the same position as the distal arm 518 moves relative to the contact surface 548, due to the match between the curvature of the contact surface 548 and the motion of the distal end 520 of the distal arm 518. Alternately, the contact surface 548 is configured differently. Further, the distal slider 534 may be configured to move as the trigger 308 is initially depressed, if desired.

[0412] The proximal end 516 of the proximal arm 514 moves upward as the trigger 308 is depressed, and contacts the lower portion 530 of the contact feature 528 of the proximal slider 522 if it is not initially in contact with the proximal slider 522. As the proximal end 516 of the proximal arm 514 continues to move upward, it continues to engage the lower portion 530 of the contact feature 528 of the proximal slider 522. The lower portion 530 of the contact feature 528 is shaped such that a component of force exerted by the proximal end 516 of the proximal arm 514 on that lower surface 530 is converted into a substantially translational force acting on the proximal slider 522 to urge it proximally. As one example, the lower portion 530 of the contact feature 528 is angled proximally and downward. Further, the ribs 526 and corresponding flanges 524 of the proximal slider 522 substantially linearly constrain the motion of the proximal slider. The angle of the lower surface 530 relative to the arcuate motion of the proximal end 516 of the proximal arm 514 results in the conversion of the substantially arcuate motion of the proximal end 516 of the proximal arm 514 to substantially linear motion of the proximal slider 522.

[0413] Thus, the upward motion of the rocker 508 against the lower portion 530 of the contact feature 528 of the proximal slider 522 urges the proximal slider 522 in the proximal direction, against the bias of the spring 546 connected to the proximal slider 522 and the handle 302. Referring also to FIG. 77, this is time t=1, the proximal slider 522 has moved proximally from time t=0, and the distal slider 534 has remained in substantially the same position it occupied at time t=0. As the proximal slider 522 moves proximally, it takes up slack in the first cable or cables 480 connected thereto, if slack is present. The first cable or cables 480 are fixed to the anvil 10. Because the anvil 10 is in turn fixed relative to the shaft 304, the proximal motion of the first cable or cables 480 removes slack from, then tensions, the first cable or cables 480. The first cable or cables 480 pass through at least a portion of the cable housing 306. As described above, the cable housing 306 curves between the shaft 304 and the tissue effector 400. The tension in the first cable or cables 480 causes the cable housing 306 to move. That is, the tension in the first cable or cables 480 acts upon the flexible cable housing 306, causing its curvature to decrease. Although the cable housing 306 is at least partially flexible, the cable housing 306 possesses stiffness longitudinally. Thus, as the curvature of the cable housing 306 decreases, the distal end of the cable housing 306 moves distally. Referring also to FIG. 58, the staple holder 38 is biased away from the anvil 10 by a biasing element 475, which tends to move the tissue effector 400 to an open position. The biasing element 475 may be a coil spring, leaf spring, or any other structure or mechanism capable of applying a biasing force. When the tension in the first cable or cables 480 causes the distal end of the cable housing 306 to move distally, the distal end of the cable housing 306 exerts a force on the anvil 10 that overcomes the bias of the biasing element 475, causing the anvil 10 to rotate about a pivot point such as the pin 226 to a standby position. In this way, the anvil arm 14 remains substantially stationary within the target vessel 580, while the staple holder 38 rotates.

[0414] Alternately, where the tissue effector 400 of FIG. 154 is used, tension is applied to the first cable 480. This tension may be applied by any suitable mechanism in the handle 302, such as the spring-actuated mechanism of FIG. 70, the gas-actuated mechanism of FIGS. 148-153, or any other suitable mechanism configured to move the tissue effector 400 from an open position to a closed position and to deploy at least one connector from the tissue effector 400. The first cable 480 is routed through at least part of the anvil 10 and then upward to the staple holder 38, to which it is connected. The axle 1082 directs the first cable 480 upward to the staple holder 38. Advantageously, the axle 1082 is located at a position in the anvil 10 that remains outside the lumen of the target vessel 580. As tension is applied to the first cable 480, moving it proximally, the axle 1082 changes the direction of the motion of the first cable 480 such that it pulls the staple holder 38 toward the anvil 10. The staple holder 38 thus rotates about a pivot point such as the pin 226 until reaching the closed position. In this way, the anvil arm 14 remains substantially stationary within the target vessel 580, while the staple holder 38 rotates. Alternately, the staple holder 38 and anvil 10 may be actuated to move between the position shown in FIG. 34 and the position shown in FIG. 44 by any structure, mechanism or method.

[0415] Alternately, a second cable housing (not shown) is provided. If so, the first cable or cables 480 may extend through the cable housing 306 as described above, and the second cable or cables 490 may extend through the second cable housing. In this way, the forces exerted along the first cable or cables 480 and cable housing 306 are substantially isolated from the forces acting along the second cable or cables 490 and the second cable housing.

[0416] Referring also to FIGS. 29-31, 44 and 76, as the staple holder 38 and anvil 10 move closer together, the staple holder 38 holds a root 405 of each flap 408 against or in proximity to the outer surface of the target vessel 580. For clarity, the flaps and graft vessel are not shown in FIG. 44. That is, the roots 405 of the flaps 408 are apposed to the outer wall of the target vessel 580. As a result, a portion of the intimal layer of the graft vessel 404 at the root 405 of each flap 408 is placed against the outer wall of the target vessel 580. The flaps 408 are held by the staple holder 38 in a substantially fixed position relative to the surface of the target vessel 580, such that the end of the graft vessel 404 is substantially immobile relative to the wall of the target vessel 580. Thus, the position of the end of the graft vessel 404 relative to the wall of the target vessel 580 remains substantially unchanged throughout the duration of the anastomosis procedure. Further, after the anvil arm 14 has been inserted into the lumen of the target vessel 580, the contact surface 206 of the anvil arm 14 is substantially in contact with the inner surface of the wall of the target vessel 580. The perimeter of the end of the graft vessel 404 defines a closed area on the wall of the target vessel. The location of a connection made between the end of the graft vessel 404 and the wall of the target vessel is substantially registered with an opening made within the closed area in the wall of the target vessel, regardless of the order in which the connection and the opening are made. Further, the position of the end of the graft vessel 404 relative to the wall of the target vessel 580 substantially maintains position registration throughout the duration of the anastomosis procedure relative to the opening in the wall of the target vessel through which the anvil arm 14 is inserted.

[0417] As the staple holder 38 and anvil 10 move together, the engagement member 216 engages the receiver 218. As described above, the receiver 218 may be defined in the sled 482. However, the receiver 218 may be a separate component from the sled 482. Alternately, when the tissue effector 400 is in the closed position, the engagement member 216 of the cutter 200 or the cutter slide 1092 does not engage the receiver 218. Instead, the engagement member 216 and the receiver 218 are positioned relative to one another such that motion of the receiver 218 as a result of motion of the second cable 490, as described below, brings the engagement member 216 and the receiver 218 into contact such that the engagement member 216 is placed into motion as well. Further, if the optional safety feature 210 is utilized, the relative motion of the staple holder 38 and the anvil 10 causes the staple holder 38 to contact the safety feature 210 and urge it downward against its upward bias. Consequently, the tip 212 of the safety feature 210 is moved downward out of engagement with the safety recess 214 of the cutter 200. Alternately, another structure or mechanism is configured to engage the safety feature 210 when the staple holder 38 and anvil 10 are moved together, so as to urge the tip 212 out of the safety recess 214. Thus, in the standby position, the cutter 200 is freed for translation along the channel 246.

[0418] Optionally, an interface structure 238 may be connected to or formed into the staple holder 38. The interface structure 238 engages the anvil 10 or a component associated with the anvil 10 as the staple holder 38 and the anvil 10 move to the standby position, such as by snapping onto a corresponding feature (not shown) on the anvil 10. By doing so, the interface structure 238 holds the staple holder 38 substantially fixed relative to the anvil 10, in order to maintain registration between the target vessel, the graft vessel, the anvil 10 and the staple holder 38. The interface structure 238 may be a tab, rail, bump, or any other feature that is capable of engaging a corresponding feature and holding the staple holder 38 substantially fixed relative to the anvil 10. Alternately, the interface structure 238 is formed into or connected to the anvil 10 and engages a corresponding feature on the staple holder 38.

[0419] Referring also to FIG. 95, as the staple holder 38 and the anvil 10 move toward the closed position the shield 290 remains outside the target vessel 580, between the end of the graft vessel 404 and the outer surface of the target vessel 580. As the staple holder 38 presses the flaps 408 against the outer surface of the target vessel 580, the flaps 408 and/or the graft vessel 404 contact the shield 290 and press it toward the outer surface of the target vessel 580. The proximal element 292 and the second ramp element 295 of the shield 292 are thus pressed into substantial contact with the outer surface of the target vessel 580. At least part of the anvil arm 14 is in contact with the corresponding inner surface of the target vessel 580, providing support for the shield 290. Contact between the second ramp element 295 of the shield 290 and the outer surface of the target vessel 580 supports the raised element 293 and holds the raised element 293 spaced apart from the outer surface of the target vessel 580. Alternately, the proximal element 292 and/or the second ramp element 295 of the shield 290 move toward the target vessel 580 but are not pressed into substantial contact with the target vessel 580. Alternately, one or more different or additional parts of the shield 290 are pressed into contact with the outer surface of the target vessel 580. The raised element 293 holds a portion of the tissue of the graft vessel 404 apart from the outer surface of the target vessel 580. Further, the raised element 293 substantially prevents contact between the cutter 200 and the tissue of the target vessel 580, as described in greater detail below. The shield 290 and the aperture 296 in the shield are substantially aligned with the anvil arm 14 both before and after the staple holder 38 and the anvil 10 have moved to a closed position relative to one another. Referring also to FIGS. 106 and 144-145, where the shield 290 is connected to the staple holder 38 instead of the anvil 10, as the staple holder 38 and the anvil 10 move toward the closed position the shield 290 remains outside the target vessel 580, between the end of the graft vessel 404 and the outer surface of the target vessel 580. At least part of the shield 290 may contact the outer surface of the target vessel 580 when the tissue effector 400 is in the closed position. Where the shield 290 is connected to the staple holder 38, it may be sized and configured, and may act, in substantially the same manner as if it were connected to the anvil 10.

[0420] Where the graft affixer 910 is utilized, it may be movable from a first position when the tissue effector 400 is in the open position to a second position when the tissue effector 400 is in the closed position. Referring also to FIG. 131, if the graft affixer 910 is movable relative to the staple holder 38, it initially occupies a first position relative to the staple holder 38. In the first position, the graft affixer 910 extends a first distance outward from the staple holder 38 that facilitates penetration of the flap 408. Referring also to FIG. 132, as the anvil 10 and staple holder 38 move closer to one another toward the closed position, the anvil 10 contacts the base 914 of the graft affixer assembly 912 and exerts force on it. This force urges the graft affixer assembly 912 away from the anvil 10. This force may act against a frictional force resulting from the friction fit of the base 914 with the aperture 918, or against a biasing force that biases the graft affixer assembly 912 to the first position. The aperture 918 may act to guide the motion of graft affixer assembly in a substantially linear manner. As the graft affixer assembly 912 moves away from the anvil 10, the graft affixer 910 moves relative to the staple holder 38 such that it extends a second distance outward from the staple holder 38 that is less than the first distance, but that is still sufficient to hold the graft vessel 404. Further, the graft affixer 910 thus does not interfere substantially with the anvil 10 when the graft affixer 910 is in the second position. As the anvil 10 and the staple holder 38 reach the closed position, the graft affixer 910 may penetrate the tissue of the target vessel 580 at least partially. Alternately, the base 914 of the graft affixer assembly 912 does not substantially move as the tissue effector 400 moves from the open position to the closed position, and contact between the anvil 10 and the graft affixer 910 causes the graft affixer 910 to slide, deform or otherwise transition from its first distance outward from the staple holder 38 to its second distance outward from the staple holder 38.

[0421] Where the graft affixer 910 is the heel clip 910 of FIG. 158, the tissue effector 400 also moves from the open position to the closed position as described above. As the staple holder 38 moves closer to the anvil 10, the free end 1152 penetrates completely through the wall of the target vessel 580. Alternately, an arteriotomy or other opening has already been formed in the target vessel 580, and the free end 1152 of the leg 1150 enters the target vessel 580 through that opening without penetrating the wall of the target vessel 580.

[0422] As the staple holder 38 moves closer to the anvil 10, the free end 1152 of the leg 1150 contacts the anvil 10. A bending feature (not shown) may be formed in the anvil 10 such that the free end 1152 of the leg 1150 contacts the bending feature upon contacting the anvil 10. Additionally, or instead, the leg 1150 may be curved in proximity to its free end 1152. The leg 1150 begins to deflect as it is pressed into contact with the anvil 10 by motion of the staple holder 38, where such deflection may be assisted by the bending feature and/or the curvature of the leg 1150. As the movement of the tissue effector 400 to the closed position exerts force on the heel clip 910, the heel clip 910 continues to be held by the staple holder, such as by engagement between the first tab 1154 and the ledge 1164, the second tab 1158 and the notch 1164, and/or the base 1156 and the pocket 1157. As the tissue effector 400 continues to move to the closed position, the heel clip 910 continues to bend. This bending may occur at the junction between the base 1156 and the leg 1150 and/or at one or more locations along the leg 1150. The junction between the base 1156 and the leg 1150 may be sized and/or shaped to concentrate bending at that junction, if desired. Further, as the tissue effector 400 continues to move to the closed position, the free end 1162 of the prong 1160 contacts and then penetrates the outer surface of the target vessel 580. The free end 1162 may penetrate partially or completely through the wall of the target vessel.

[0423] When the tissue effector 400 has reached the closed position, referring to FIGS. 159-160, the heel clip 910 is in a closed position. The leg 1152 has been bent such that its free end 1152 may be oriented at least partially upward. Further, the free end 1152 of the leg 1150 may penetrate into the wall of the target vessel 580 either partially or completely when the heel clip 910 is in the closed position. In the closed position, tissue of the target vessel 580 is compressed between the leg 1150 and the base 1156 of the heel clip 910. Further, the heel clip 910 may engage the tissue of the target vessel 580 by penetration by the free end 1152 of the leg 1150 and/or the free end 1162 of the prong 1160, thereby providing additional security. As the heel clip 910 moves to the closed position, the first tab 1152 moves inward as the leg 1150 is bent. When the heel clip 910 is in the closed position, the first tab 1152 has moved inward enough such that the first tab 1152 no longer engages the ledge 1162. In this way, the heel clip 910 is freed from the staple holder 38, such that the heel clip 910 is detached from the staple holder 38 upon its deformation to the closed position.

[0424] Alternately, the staple holder 38 may be constructed to deploy a plurality of heel clips 910 around the perimeter of the anastomosis, in lieu of staples or other connectors 464. In this way, construction of the tissue effector 400 may be greatly simplified. That is, the sled 482, the connector bays 448, the connector deployers 452, and/or other components of the staple holder 38 may be simplified or omitted. Instead, a plurality of heel clips 910 may be detachably connected to the staple holder 38 in the locations that would otherwise be occupied by the connector bays 448. Graft preparation proceeds substantially as described above, with the exception that the flaps 408 would be pushed down onto the leg 1150 of each heel clip 910. Alternately, no flaps 408 are incised in the graft vessel 404, and an end of the graft vessel 404 is everted onto and pushed down onto the legs 1150 of the heel clips 910. Deployment of the heel clips 910 to connect the graft vessel 404 to the target vessel 580 is performed by deformation of the heel clips 910, as described above. By placing the heel clips 910 at the locations corresponding to those at which the connectors boys 448 would have placed the connectors 464, the tissue effector 400 completes the anastomosis.

[0425] Referring also to FIG. 70, the user continues to depress the trigger 308. As a result, the rocker 508 continues to rotate about the rocker axle 510 such that the distal end 520 of the distal arm 518 continues to move downward, and the proximal end 516 of the proximal arm 514 continues to move upward. As the proximal end 516 of the proximal arm 514 continues to move upward, its contact with the lower portion 530 of the contact feature 528 of the proximal slider 522 continues to urge the proximal slider 522 proximally. When the proximal end 516 of the proximal arm 514 has reached a position at or near the intersection between the two portions 530, 532 of the contact feature 528, the proximal slider 522 has moved substantially as far proximally as it will move during actuation of the anastomosis tool 300. Further, when the proximal end 516 of the proximal arm 514 has reached that position, the staple holder 38 and the anvil arm 14 are still in the standby position. Referring also to FIG. 77, this is time t=2, at which the proximal slider 522 has moved proximally from its position at time t=1, and has reached its most proximal position. The distal slider 534 is in substantially the same position that it was in at time t=1.

[0426] Operation of Anastomosis Tool—Deploying Connectors

[0427] The user continues to depress the trigger 308. As the proximal end 516 of the proximal arm 514 continues to move upward, it moves past the intersection between the two portions 530, 532 of the contact feature 528, thereby contacting the upper portion 532 of the contact feature 528. The upper portion 532 of the contact feature 528 provides substantially no resistance to the continued rotation of the rocker 508, because it is substantially vertical or angled in a proximal direction as it extends upward. The proximal end 516 of the proximal arm 514 thus moves upward rapidly. Alternately, the speed of the motion of the proximal end 516 of the proximal arm 514 is controlled to be the same as or slower than its speed while it contacts the lower portion 530 of the contact feature 528. During the upward motion of the proximal end 516 of the proximal arm 514, the proximal slider 522 may move distally at least slightly due to the arcuate motion of the proximal end 516 of the proximal arm 514 relative to the non-arcuate upper portion 532 of the contact feature 528.

[0428] As the proximal end 516 of the proximal arm 514 moves upward along the upper portion 532 of the contact feature 528, the distal end 520 of the distal arm 518 continues to move downward along the contact surface 548 of the distal slider 534. As described above, the posts 544 at the distal end 520 of the distal arm 518 are spaced apart from one another, such that a gap is present between them. The distal arm 518 may contact the contact surface 548 via the posts 544 during at least a portion of its travel. As the distal end 520 of the distal arm 518 moves downward, the posts 544 reach the bottom edge 570 of the contact surface 548. The rocker 508, the proximal slider, and the distal slider 534 are positioned relative to one another and shaped such that the posts 544 reach the bottom edge 570 of the contact surface 548 at substantially the same time that the proximal end 516 of the proximal arm 514 reaches the intersection between the two portions 530, 532 of the contact feature 528 of the proximal slider 522.

[0429] Referring also to FIG. 78, when the posts 544 reach the bottom edge 570 of the contact surface 548, they contact the members 600 of the holder 594. As the distal end 520 of the distal arm 518 continues to move downward, the posts 544 thereby press the members 600 downward. As a result, the stops 596 are moved out of engagement with the bottom edge 570 of the contact surface 548, such that the stops 596 no longer contact the distal slider 534. Consequently, the stops 596 no longer restrain the distal slider 534 against proximal motion under the influence of the spring 540. The width of the lower guide 552 is less than the width of the gap between the posts 544, and the lower guide 552 is substantially aligned with the gap between the posts 544. Thus, after the stops 596 have been pushed below the bottom edge 570 of the contact surface 548 of the distal slider 534, the lower guide 552 is free to slide through the gap between the posts 544 and through the proximal end of the holder 594. The proximal motion of the distal slider 534 thus takes up the slack (if any) in the second cable 490 connected to the distal slider 534, then causes that second cable 490 to move proximally. Referring also to FIG. 77, this is time t=3, at which the distal slider 534 has rapidly moved proximally from its position at time t=2, and the proximal slider 522 has moved slightly in the distal direction from its position at time t=2.

[0430] Referring also to FIG. 58, this proximal motion of the second cable 490 urges the sled 482, which also is connected to the second cable 490, into motion. As described above, at least one channel 496 is defined in the staple holder 38, and the second cable 490 is guided by a corresponding channel 496. The staple holder 38 is shaped such that the channel 496 curves and causes the second cable 490 to curve back in a proximal direction. The second cable 490 is connected to the sled 482. Thus, the curvature of the channel 496 causes the second cable 490 to curve, such that the proximal motion of the second cable 490 pulls the sled 482 distally. In this way, proximal motion of the distal slider 534 causes the sled 482 to move distally.

[0431] Referring also to FIGS. 64 and 68-69, the sled 482 includes one or more ramp elements 446, each movable within a corresponding passage 440 in an arm 402 of the staple holder 38, as described above. Initially, the sled 482 is positioned such that each ramp element 446 is proximal to the most proximal connector bay 448 connected to the corresponding passage 440. Thus, as the second cable 490 is tensioned and moved proximally by the distal slider 534, and the sled 482 moves distally as a result, each ramp element 446 moves distally in its corresponding passage 440. Alternately, the sled 482 is positioned initially such that each ramp element 446 is distal to the most distal connector bay 448. As the second cable 490 is tensioned and moved proximally, the second cable pulls each ramp element 446 proximally, deploying the connectors 464 in a similar manner but in the reverse order.

[0432] For convenience in describing the deployment of staples 464, the motion of one ramp element 446 through the corresponding passage 440 will be described; the motion of each additional ramp element 446 through its corresponding passage 440 occurs in the same or a similar manner. Referring to FIG. 64, as the ramp element 446 moves distally from its initial position, its distal end 474 contacts the most proximal connector deployer 452. As described above, each connector deployer 452 initially is in a first position in which its outer end 454 extends into the passage 440. When the distal end 474 of the ramp element 446 contacts the most proximal connector deployer 452, it urges that connector deployer 452 into the corresponding connector bay 448. The distal end 474 of the ramp element 446 may be shaped such that its inner surface 476 curves or angles relative to the direction of travel of the ramp element 446. Thus, when the distal end 474 of the ramp element 446 encounters the outer end 454 of the most proximal connector deployer 452, a component of the force it exerts on the connector deployer 452 is substantially parallel to the longitudinal centerline of the corresponding connector bay 448. That centerline may be substantially perpendicular to the direction of travel of the ramp element 446, or may be otherwise oriented relative to the direction of travel of the ramp element 446.

[0433] As a result of contact with the distal end 474 of the ramp element 446, the connector deployer 452 begins to move through the corresponding connector bay 448, away from the passage 440. A connector 464 is located in the connector bay 448, inward from the connector deployer 452. The tines 466 of the connector 464 initially may be biased against at least part of the corresponding connector bay 448 as described above, or the connector 464 may otherwise be held within the connector bay 448 prior to motion of the connector deployer 452. As the connector deployer 452 moves, it exerts a force on the corresponding connector 464, overcoming the force with which the connector 464 is initially held in place and pushing the connector 464 inward. As the connector 464 is urged inward, the registration element 458 (if used) translates along the registration feature 462 of the connector bay 448. The registration element 458 reduces or eliminates lateral cocking of the connector deployer 452 during its translation through the connector bay 448, such that the connector deployer 452 is maintained in substantially the same orientation throughout its travel.

[0434] Referring also to FIG. 61 (in which the graft vessel and target vessel are not shown for clarity), as the connector deployer 452 urges the connector 464 out of the connector bay 448, the tines 466 of the connector 464 move out of the connector bay 448, penetrate the root 405 of the flap 408 held against the inner surface 450 of the arm 402, then penetrate the wall of the target vessel 580. One or more of the arms 402 may be angled relative to a horizontal plane to facilitate connecting the flaps of the graft vessel 404 to the wall of the target vessel 580, where that angle is chosen to place connectors in a desired orientation relative to the surface of the target vessel 580. Advantageously, the staples 464 enter the target vessel substantially perpendicular to it. However, the staples 464 can enter the target vessel at a different angle, and/or at different angles relative to one another.