Method to automate the renewal of digital certificates

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/495,864 filed Aug. 15, 2003 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/586,429 filed Jul. 8, 2004, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0002] The claimed inventions relate generally to management of public key infrastructure server networks, and more particularly to systems that can automate the installation, renewal, detection or management of public key infrastructure digital certificates in a secure network system.

[0003] Disclosed herein are several digital certificate discovery and management systems. Detailed information on various example embodiments of the inventions are provided in the Detailed Description below, and the inventions are defined by the appended claims.

[0061] Reference will now be made in detail to systems and methods for discovering and managing digital certificates which may include some more specific embodiments of the claimed inventions, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings.

[0062] Public key infrastructure (PKI) has recently become widespread in use, particularly with the availability of public networks that provide access to confidential sources or sinks of information, for example e-commerce over the Internet. PKI is utilized in many network systems to encrypt data transacted between a user on a client device and a server, and also to verify that the client is linked to an authentic server device, particularly when the data transactions pass through an uncontrolled or insecure network portion.

[0063] Data encryption generally is of one of two types, which are symmetric and asymmetric cryptography. Speaking at a basic level, in symmetric cryptography a single key is shared by the encryptor and the decryptor, i.e. the encryption key can be used to decrypt data encrypted with that key. In FIG. 1, the basic concepts of asymmetric cryptography are depicted. A key generation process 10 is used to generate a pair of related keys, which are an encryption key 11 and a decryption key 12. The cryptographic algorithms are selected such that if either one of the encryption key 11 or decryption key 12 is known, the other key is difficult to discover. The selection of appropriate algorithms and keys is well known in the art, and will not be expounded upon further here. Further in FIG. 1, the process of cryptography is shown. Data 13 is to be sent to a receiver in a secure fashion. Encryption key 11 is applied to data 13, producing encrypted data 14, perhaps in a single message or a group of packets. The encrypted data is sent to the receiver through the insecure network, thereby preventing access to the original data 13 by undesirable parties. A receiver applies decryption key 12 to the encrypted data 14, producing the original and decrypted data 15. Because the keys needed to encrypt and decrypt are different, this type of cryptography is called asymmetric.

[0064] In public key cryptography one of the keys may be made public, which may serve to either to secure data from unauthorized access or digitally sign transmitted data. By digitally signing data, the receiver may verify that the received data comes from a particular sender and that the data has arrived unmodified. Referring now to FIG. 2, concepts of a process useful to secure data against unauthorized access are depicted. In the process of FIG. 2, an asymmetric key pair is generated beforehand, which include encryption key 21 and decryption key 25. Encryption key 21 is made public, i.e. it is provided to others wishing to send encrypted data to a receiving party holding decryption key 25, which is held private by that receiving party. A sending party uses the public key 21 to encrypt secret data 20, producing encrypted data 22. Encrypted data is sent to the receiving party by way of a network link 23, which might be insecure and/or subject to interception. The received encrypted data 24 is then applied to the private decryption key 25, producing decrypted data 26 identical to the original secret data 20. In this process, the security of the data relies on the difficulty of producing the decryption key 25 from the public encryption key 21 and the inaccessibility of private key 25.

[0065] Referring now to FIG. 3, concepts of a process useful to digitally sign data are depicted. Data 30 is to be provided to a receiving party over in insecure network link 37, i.e. the sending and/or receiving parties do not control the link sufficiently to prevent a third party sending data to the receiver masquerading as the sending party. Data 30 is first encrypted with a privately held encryption key 31, producing an encrypted form 32 of the original data. The encrypted data 32 is then sent to the receiving party 33 over an untrusted network link, which might be the same or a different link as the one used for transmission 37. The received encrypted data 34 is then decrypted with the public decryption key 35, producing decrypted data 36. The decrypted data may then be compared to the unencrypted data provided through transmission 37, which may be considered to be from the sending party if the two data sets are identical. As in the procedure depicted in FIG. 2, this procedure relies on the difficult of producing the private encryption key from the public decryption key, making unlikely the prospect that the private key could ever be discovered and used by a malicious party. Also in this procedure, public key 35 is transferred through a controlled process that permits the receiving party to know the original source party of that key.

[0066] In a variation of the procedure of FIG. 3, an additional step produces a hash value of the data to be signed 30. The hash function may be chosen to produce a substantially unique value for variations of input data, i.e. the hash value will change for any change to the input data, even minute changes. The hash function may also be chosen to be substantially non-reversible, making extremely difficult the task of finding a changed data set that produces the same hash value without exaustively iterating through an extremely large number of possible changed data sets. In that variation, the hash value may be encrypted rather than the original data, and the verification includes the step of comparing the decrypted hash value against a hash value calculated from the received data to be verified. Of course, the sender and receiver must apply the same hash function.

[0067] Public key infrastructure (PKI) is the equipment and software required to practice public key cryptography for real-world applications, and may take any number of forms. In one form, PKI may include a sender computer and a receiver computer, with software for encrypting and decrypting messages, such as email messages. Often, PKI provides a facility for the retrieval of a public key from the data sender or the intended recipient, permitting encrypted communication without the need of physical public key transfers. In another PKI form, public keys are provided by way of certificates. A PKI certificate is a data structure that provides a public key to others. PKI certificates may be made available by way of network servers to others with access to that network, thus providing an efficient way of distributing public keys.

[0068] In a commonly used PKI, certificates also include a signature to verify the source of the certificate. Again, PKI keys are provided in pairs, one being held private and the other distributed publicly. The recipient of a public key may communicate with the holder of the corresponding public key in a secure fashion, but if the recipient obtained the public key over a network he may not know what the source of that public key is. It is therefore possible, in that circumstance, for a third party to trick or “spoof” the recipient party into holding communications with him, if he can provide a substitute certificate to the recipient party and if the third party's communications are sufficiently authentic to complete the deception. In a related technique of interception, a third party may form an encrypted communications link with a destination server, provide a substitute certificate to a recipient, and masquerade as the destination server by passing data between the recipient party and the destination server. The third party may then view all traffic between the recipient and the destination server unencrypted. This technique is often referred to as a “man in the middle attack”, and can be a serious problem for many entities, such as banks or on-line stores, wishing to correspond with customers, employees and others over public and/or uncontrolled networks.

[0069] To solve this problem a number of Certificate Authorities (CAs), for example Verisign™ and Entrust™, have created services for authenticating certificates. These entities hold themselves out as entities of trust, providing certificate signing services for certificate verification. The operation of a CA is generally as follows. First, a CA produces a set of asymmetric key pairs, and therefrom a set of root certificates. The private keys are secretly held by the CA, while the root certificates containing public keys are provided to others through controlled distribution. These root certificates are made widely available to the public, for example in the distribution of web browsers, operating systems or other software. Next, a CA receives unsigned certificates in Certificate Signing Requests (CSRs), which contain sufficient information to produce a signed certificate and optionally to verify the source of the individual CSRs. For individual CSRs, the CA may attempt to validate the CSR as coming from a known party, for example through the use of a password or other confidential information from the customer. Signed certificates are produced by choosing a root certificate, signing the certificate with the private key of the chosen root certificate, including identification of the root certificate with the signed certificate and returning the signed certificate to the requesting party.

[0070] A standard certificate specification, referred to as X509 has been established to provide a common readable certificate format for publicly accessible utilities. This format will be recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art, and will be only briefly commented herein. The X509 format provides an example of a usable certificate format, noteworthy format items being a version number (the version of the X509 standard being used), a public key, a signature value, a denotation of the signature algorithm used, a period of validity, and an issuer identification among other format items. Although this format has seen recent widespread use, especially in https and secure shell technologies, other formats may be used with equally good results.

[0071] A client receiving a certificate from a server may verify a signed certificate by doing the following. First the client may review the certificate to see what certificate was used for signing (i.e. a parent certificate). If the parent certificate is recorded at the client's location, it may locate it and extract the public key. If the parent certificate is not known to the client, the client may request the parent certificate from an accessible server. Upon receipt of the parent certificate, the client may extract the public key. Having the public key, the client may then verify the signing of the child certificate. If the parent certificate was obtained remotely, the client may continue by verifying the signing of the parent certificate. That procedure may continue through a chain of certificates until reaching a known certificate, or reaching an unsigned or unavailable certificate. Should the process end without reaching a known certificate, the client may consider the child certificate (and other certificates in the chain) to be untrustworthy, and may provide a warning to a user.

[0072] Referring now to FIGS. 4A through 4D, a method of establishing secure communications between a client and a server over a network is depicted. In FIG. 4A, a negotiation takes place between the client and the server. This involves client 40 sending a request to server 41 to initiate negotiation. If multiple communication modes are available, i.e. if more than one cryptographic algorithm is available for use, one of client 40 or server 41 will chose a mode. Following negotiation, sever 41 transmits a certificate to client 40 containing a public key, as shown in FIG. 4B. The client may verify the server's certificate, if desired. In response, client 40 chooses a secret key to be shared with server 41. The choosing of secret key may be performed so as to avoid use of keys previously used, and may also be chosen to avoid predictability, for example by choosing a key from a random number generator. Client 40, using the server's public key, then encodes the secret key in a message subsequently sent to server 40, as in FIG. 4C. Secure communication may then be conducted using a symmetric encryption technique using the shared secret key between client 40 and server 41, as in FIG. 4D.

[0073] Certificate Life Cycle

[0074] A certificate is normally used for a limited amount of time for a number of reasons. Certificates are priced according to the length of the validity period. This pricing is not merely for profit making, as there is an expense associated with maintaining the certificate authority infrastructure, i.e. maintaining servers that can validate issued certificates. A service provider may therefore not wish to purchase a certificate lasting a lengthy period of time, particularly if the certificate is to be used in a test or uncertain venture. Additionally, the longer a certificate is in existence and/or service, the more likely the private key will be discovered. An attack on a PKI key pair is thought to best be performed by an exhaustive search for a private key that decrypts intercepted encrypted data. Test searches are known to have been successfully conducted using supercomputer clusters in a period of months against keys of typical size. A longer period of use means that, first, an attacker will have more time to perform the search and, second, an attacker may have more intercepted data to validate the resulting possible private keys that are found. Additionally, certificate validity periods may be especially important when considering insiders, administrators and other internal employees having access to SSL servers may have additional opportunity to compromise private keys through their administrative access.

[0075] Having a limited service life of certificates requires intervention and/or certificate renewal upon the expiration of the validity of those certificates. Recent experience with PKI enterprises has shown that certificates are too often not properly renewed before expiring. Should a certificate expire unnoticed, the associated service may become unavailable. Should the PKI continue to operate, users are likely to experience warning messages, which may cause those users to avoid using the service. The service may further be subjected to an increased probability of a compromise, with devastating consequences. Should a certificate renewal failure occur for a large enterprise, for example a large Internet seller or lender, significant revenues may be lost.

[0076] The causes of certificate renewal are many in number, a few of which are noted here. An entity may fail to note the expiration of a certificate. The certificate authority may send a reminder by postal or e-mail, with some chance of mis-delivery. For example, the certificate authority may have a postal or e-mail address that has changed due to the entity moving or changing its domain name. If the entity is located overseas, there is also an increased opportunity for the notification to suffer delay. If the entity maintains a manual certificate database, there is a chance for an erroneous or missing entry. Furthermore, a notification may be missed by an administrator, which individual may be busy, on vacation, incompetent or terminated. For larger organizations, there may be several administrators multiplying that problem. Additionally, the process of renewing certificates has been a manual process, and subject to typos and other technical errors.

[0077] Service entities have operated for months and years ignorant of the dangers of expiring certificates. When the problem is discovered, it may be too late to recover without downtime of the enterprise. Should an entity face such a crisis, there are presently no tools for surveying the certificates in service. The administrators may then find themselves visiting every server of the enterprise, creating a compilation of the certificates installed and the relevant expiration dates. As certificates are renewed, the administrators may update the compilation to get a handle on the schedule of certificate renewals. Again, this is a manual process and subject to human errors, which process puts an entity at risk of downtime and loss of income or services to clients or customers. For very large enterprises having thousands of certificates, the certificate renewal workload may require the attention of several administrators, which increases the expense of the operation.

[0078] Disclosed below are a number of systems and methods useful in environments of certificate management. Some of the disclosed systems serve a single function related to certificates. Others combine several of those functions into more comprehensive systems. Of the many potential combinations most, if not all, are useful, and therefore combinations may be chosen for particular circumstances of certificate management.

[0079] Individual disclosures herein may take the form of computer systems performing functions by software, software executable by a computing system, or a group of functions performable by a computing or software system to achieve various functions, or other forms. The reader should recognize that wherever disclosure is made of one of these types below, the others will also be made apparent.

[0080] Certificate Inventorying Systems

[0081] Certain of the systems disclosed herein relate to discovering and inventorying certificates installed to a set of network servers. In a first exemplary system, a database is maintained containing records relating to inventoried certificates. Each record identifies a certificate and a server to which the certificate resides or is installed. For each certificate, an expiration date or time may also be noted, by which the expiring of certificates may be noticed. Likewise, an expiration period may also be noted. Notation may also be made in certificate records for an issuing certificate authority. Other items of data relating to certificates may also be tracked, for example the common name, organization, an identification of a responsible individual, the strength of the encryption keys, etc. Expired certificates may also be tracked in a database, if desired.

[0082] Such a certificate database may be maintained using common file formats, for example CSV or dBase formats without becoming unwieldy, as the number of certificates tracked in a typical organization will be relatively small. A certificate database might also be maintained in a relational database server, which may provide additional search, remote access, encryption and other helpful database functions. Access to a certificate database may be controlled. In the exemplary system access to the database is provided only to authenticated persons and/or applications. A certificate database may take many other forms as desired, the details of which are not particularly important.

[0083] Entries and modifications to the certificate database may be performed manually, or applications may be provided for managing certificate entries in the database through the use of graphical user interfaces, web interfaces, or many other techniques. Entries may also be made by a certificate scanner, which will be described shortly. A database of related servers, i.e. servers on which certificates reside or servers within a defined network, may also be kept. Such a server database may be kept separately from a certificate database, or may be integrated in the same database, file or data structures.

[0084] A certificate database may be maintained to provide information regarding the state of certificates in a network at given times. This may be used, in one example, by an administrator to identify certificates due to expire, or certificates that have expired. In another use, certificates may be related to servers to identify unused or duplicate certificates. In yet another use, a survey may be conducted using the database to identify certificate authorities being used, a schedule of certificate renewals, encryption strengths, certificates on a particular domain, or other reviews useful to manage a secure network system.

[0085] A certificate inventorying system may additionally include a certificate discovery tool for locating certificates in a chosen network. The discovery tool may receive as input a network address range, which in one example includes an IP address and subnet mask for an IP protocol network. In another example, a list of IP address ranges are given. For other network types, a network name, SSID name or other identifier may be used in accordance with the network's addressing standards.

[0086] Referring now to FIG. 12, a procedure for discovering network certificates is described. First, in step 1202, a network address range is input and received by the discovering system. In this example, an empty database is created in step 1204 for holding the resulting certificate information. The procedure iterates through the address range in step 1206, which includes a process illustrated in further detail in steps 1212 through 1222. Alternatively, in some network protocols a search function is available which may report devices registered on the network. In that case, the procedure may iterate over the registered devices. In step 1208, once the address range has been scanned, the resulting database may be stored, or alternatively it may be merged with an existing database, particularly if the results of a prior scan are available. Alternatively, an existing certificate database might be directly modified, adding newly discovered certificates and optionally removing certificates no longer in existence.

[0087] At each address iterated through, steps 1212 through 1222 are executed in a subroutine. First, an attempt to connect with the device at the currently iterated device is made over the network, as in step 1212. If the attempt is unsuccessful, the subroutine may exit, as in step 1214. Should a successful connection be made, an attempt to retrieve a certificate will be made, as in step 1216. If a certificate is not available, decision 1218 causes an exit of the subroutine, as there is no certificate information to record. Otherwise, the subroutine parses a received certificate for items of interest, as in step 1220. The items of interest may be any information related to the received certificate, but might be a certificate identifier, an expiration date, in one example. The parsed information may then be recorded to an entry in the scan database, as in step 1222, optionally with other related information such as the current network address, server type, or other information.

[0088] The procedure shown in FIG. 12 shows a single attempt to connect with a network device. This attempt might be, for example, an attempt to establish an SSL handshake over IP port 443, which is the port commonly used for the HTTPS secure connection service. Through the course of the handshake, the SSL certificate is provided to the connector, which is one way it may be retrieved. Other ports or methods may be used to attempt the connection and retrieval of certificates. In an alternate method, an attempt may be made to mount a device's filesystem (or a portion thereof) through an NFS or SMB connection. Following establishment of a connection, a search may be conducted through the exported file system to locate probable certificates, which can be verified by attempting a parsing of the suspected file. The location a certificate is found provides clues as to what application is using it, if any. A similar and further alternate method attempts to establish a secure shell or telnet connection using a set of commonly used usernames and passwords. In yet another alternate method, an attempt may be made to access an administrator interface provided by a web server or other application providing access to certificates. Other methods of obtaining certificates may be available, depending on the devices attached to the network, which may be incorporated to provide improved scanning coverage.

[0089] A discovery system may provide for log production of the discovery process. The log might show any of items such as: addresses scanned, ports scanned, failed and/or successful connection attempts, addresses with no response, certificate identifiers and other certificate information, server software types and version numbers, modifications to an existing certificate database, and many other items as desired. A discovery system may additionally combine the results of scans conducted at different times, which may be useful to catch servers which may have been inoperative at a particular time. Although the procedure of FIG. 12 attempts only a single connection, the procedure may be modified to perform two or more connection/retrieval techniques. In that case, the log may additionally reflect the techniques used as well as technique-specific information.

[0090] The result of a discovery process may be a database providing an audit of certificate conditions on a network, which may be utilized by administrators in certificate maintenance activities. A discovery process may be conducted manually, by software, by a network appliance, or any other object of execution as desired. In one example, a discovery process is conducted by a software application installed to a host computer on a network. In that example, the software may be provided on a disk or other medium, and may be packaged with other software and instructional items as a stand-alone software product. In another example, the discovery process may be conducted by a dedicated network appliance, which may provide a user interface through the HTTP or HTTPS protocols, or by other user interface type. In that example, the database may reside on the appliance, or may be created or deposited to another computing device, which might be an RDBMS or NAS device. A database or log might also be sent in an e-mail message, or might be sent to a printing device for a hardcopy by the appliance. In a further example, described below, the appliance includes other functions related to certificate management, including software for renewing and installing certificates. Many other variations are possible and may be fashioned in accordance with the desires and preferences of the implementer.

[0091] A certificate discovery system may detect certificates that are not used, and may report those unused certificates to an administrator. Discovered certificates may also be archived, avoiding the need to provisioning of new certificates should a server crash or otherwise become inoperable. If private keys are also discovered, those can also be archived if desired. Other systems as disclosed below may also report unused certificates or archive certificates as desired, managed or otherwise.

[0092] Certificate Installation/Renewal Systems

[0093] Other systems may be fashioned to assist with the installation and renewal of PKI certificates. Those systems may assist with the issuance of a certificate and may perform steps to install certificates to appropriate server destinations and other PKI devices.

[0094] Referring now to FIG. 8, a simplified method of automatically receiving and installing signed certificates from certificate authorities is depicted. First, an automated system receives a notification from a certificate authority, as in step 81. This may take place by email, as described below, through polling on a web interface, or other notification facilities. Alternatively, an alarm or timeout may initiate the process rather than a notification, which may be set prior to or about the time of expiration, or alternately may be set to according to a predefined period after certificate issuance. Optionally, other events may trigger the notification of a certificate due to be renewed, for example according to risk profiles or reports from other systems, such as an intrusion detection system, that a server has been compromised. Upon reception of a notification, the system tests whether the notification concerns a new certificate, as in step 82. If a new certificate is referred to or included in the notification message, the certificate is extracted in step 83 from wherever it is located. It may not be apparent which server is to be the target of the new certificate installation, and therefore a destination server is identified in step 84. The certificate may then be installed to the destination server, as in step 85. The process may repeat with the reception of additional notifications and may be executed as frequently as needed.

[0095] The installation of newly issued certificates may proceed as follows. First, it may be necessary to request and receive a certificate from a certificate authority, if it is not desired to use an internally-generated certificate. A common method of certificate receipt is by e-mail received at the same computer from which a certificate signing request was submitted. For a signed certificate received from a certificate authority, it may be necessary to determine a destination server for the certificate upon receipt. For example, if the certificate is a renewed certificate for a certificate about to expire, it may be desirable to install the certificate to the server storing the expiring certificate. Alternatively, a certificate may under some circumstances be held prior to installation. In one situation, it may be desirable to request renewed certificates well in advance of the expiration of old certificates. The old certificate is, in that situation, allowed to age before installing the renewal certificate. In another situation, a collection of servers may serve the same network address, through network address translation or other techniques. A collection of renewal certificates may, in that situation, be maintained in a store until needed, at which time the oldest renewal certificate may be installed to servers having certificates about to expire.

[0096] Regardless of the situation, a fresh or renewal certificate is associated to a destination network server at the time it is signed. A destination network server is therefore identified as corresponding to the received signed certificate. After a server is identified the server type is determined, in order to choose the proper method of installation. For example, if the server is serving web pages over the HTTPS protocol, there are a number of possible web server products that might be installed. For example, the Apache web server might dictate that certificates be installed through a file placement to a specified directory, a modification of particular configuration files (especially for non-renewed certificates), and restarting of the web server daemons. In another example, an iPlanet web server might provide a web administrator interface. In that circumstance the text of the certificate might be cut and pasted from an email into a text entry fields following which the web administrator installs the certificate text in the correct location. It may also be necessary to restart the PKI application and/or computer to flush the old certificates out of memory. Installation scripts might be written to support a number of PKI platforms, for example iPlanet™, Apache™, IIS™, Netscape™, and Websphere™ in a multiplicity of versions.

[0097] In many if not most installation procedures, an authentication step will be required to access the certificate store on the destination device. This may involve offering an administrator username and password, a passphrase, a certificate or other authorization object. An authorization object may be stored within or accessible to the installation system prior to the installation activities.

[0098] The installation system has access to installation instructions which constitute a set of installation steps for installing certificates to particular server types. These installation instructions may take many forms, the content of which will depend on the type of interface used to perform the installation steps.

[0099] In a first example, the installation instructions define a set of shell commands. An exemplary set of shell commands for installing a certificate to an apache server might be: (1) log onto the destination server using an SSH connection and using a pre-stored username and password, (2) use the “cd” command to change the current directory to the certificate directory store, i.e. “cd/etc/ssl/apache”, (3) remove the old certificate, i.e. “rm-f./server.crt”, (4) install the new certificate, i.e. “echo MIIDBTCCA . . . >server.crt”, (5) install the new private key, i.e. “echo MIICXQ . . . >server.key”, (6) restart the web server, i.e. “apachectl restart”, and (7) terminate the SSH connection. Now, the directories given above may vary between operating system distributions and even between installations if an administrator has changed the directory configuration from the default. If it is desired to support an expanded range of server configurations, it may be desirable to examine the server configuration files. In the above example, which assumes a default Apache™ 2.0.47 server installed to a Linux™ Mandrake™ 9.1 operating system, the location of the ssl certificate and key can be found using the commands “grep SSLCertificateFile/etc/httpd/conf.d/41_mod_ssl.default-vhost.conf” and “grep SSLCertificateKeyFile/etc/httpd/conf.d/41_mod_ssl.default-vhost.conf”, assuming that root access is available. Similar installation instructions may be fashioned through a study of other server products to be supported.

[0100] A second installation instructional example utilizes file transfer protocols to deposit the certificate and key to a destination server. This example includes the steps of (1) using the scp protocol to transfer the certificate to the server, i.e. “scp-B server.crt/etc/ssl/server.crt”, (2) use the scp protocol to transfer the private key to the server, i.e. “scp-B server.key/etc/ssUserver.crt”, and (3) notify the administrator that the server needs to be restarted, for example by an e-mail message. Other file transfer protocols can be used, such as FTP or NFS, however it should be kept in mind that using insecure protocols over public networks may comprimise the security of the destination server.

[0101] A third example utilizes a web interface provided with the server application. A web interface is sometimes provided with a web server or other server application, by which control of the operation of the server may be commanded through a web browser. The web interface, if enabled, is accessible typically at a default relative URL, which might be at a special IP port, directory, CGI or other executable web script or program. In this example, the instructions are configured for a program that acts as a web browser, sending input back to the server's web interface as if the input came from a person operating a browser. This exemplary set of instructions includes (1) a command to go to the login URL of the web interface, (2) submit a form to the web interface containing an administrator username and password, (3) receiving the resulting web page, (4) a command to go to the certificate entry URL of the web interface, (5) submitting a second form to the web interface containing the new certificate and key, (6) confirming the submission of a new certificate and key in a third form, (7) a command to go to the web interface page including a “restart server” button, and (8) sending a fourth form containing a selection of the “restart server” button.

[0102] The third example might be implemented in any number of ways. For example, a PERL script to perform the steps might be written utilizing an http protocol library. In another example, a web scripting language is utilized to provide a shortenend and simplified interaction script. Likewise, any number of scripting or programming languages may be used to provide controlled interaction with a server's web interface.

[0103] In a fourth example, an agent may be pre-installed to the destination server. In that example the agent monitors some communication channel for instructions to install certificates and keys. That communication channel might take several forms, such as a TCP/IP connection, an SMTP receiver, an RPC interface, or the agent might periodically review a configuration file located on the destination server or at another location. Likewise XML web service interfaces, web interfaces, and other secure and non-secure layers or custom protocols might also be used. That agent would include support for the server type such that incoming certificates are properly deposited in the correct location. Such an agent may also include authentication measures to prevent unauthorized agent activity. The agent may optionally also cause a restart of the server application or a reboot of the server itself.

[0104] A certificate installation system might utilize one or several methods of certificate installation. Such a system might incorporate a table selecting an installation method and/or script to execute depending on the server type, i.e. the server's operating system and server applications installed thereon.

[0105] In a fifth related installation, information is first retrieved to effect contacting and install the certificate to the destination web server, accelerator or other device, that information including at least some of the platform type, the operating system, a default protocol such as telnet, SSH, HTTP, HTTPS, etc., the certificate text, the destination server's IP address or hostname, a user name and password to log onto the destination, a password for the certificate store, the certificate common name, and a port number to initiate contact with the destination. Next, the certificate text is formatted to be in X.506 base 64 encoded format. The destination is then connected to using the port number, IP address and protocol specified. For certain server applications such as the Apache web server, an IBM web server, an IPlanet server or accelerator, the OpenSSL service is started. Next, the command “find/-name ssl.conf”, or a similar command, is executed to locate the SSL configuration file. The command “find/-name httpd.conf”, or a similar command, is also executed to locate the server configuration file. Next the certificate and key name are extracted from the configuration file using “grep \SSLCertificateFile/” or a similar command. A new configuration file is then generated either including or referencing the new certificate, and written to the destination server. If needed, the “make” command may be executed to roll out the updated certificate information to all server files. The connection is then terminated and the server restarted.

[0106] Now in the above examples, a new private key is installed for every new certificate. The use of several keys over a period of time tends to increase the difficulty of discovering the keys, or at least may prevent an attacker from discovering a key while it is in use. The use of new keys is not strictly required, however, and an installation procedure may install a new signed certificate containing an old public key, if desired.

[0107] Also in the above examples, no provision is made to reconfigure a server application to support PKI operation. Any of the above examples may be expanded to configure PKI supporting applications, for example by modifying files or accessing a web interface. By reconfiguring a server automatically, a laborious process of configuring servers for SSL or HTTPS support may be avoided.

[0108] Provision may also be provided in the certificate installation system for approvals. Upon receipt of a certificate signed by a certificate authority an administrator may be notified, for example by email. The received certificate may be held pending approval by the administrator. The installation system may provide an approval interface, for example accessible by a web browser, by which an administrator may authenticate himself to the system and select certificates approved to be installed. The interface may additionally provide for bulk approvals, i.e. presentation and approval of a group of certificates in a single approval step. The interface may additionally present certificates sorted in order of expiration date or priority, providing for ease of administrator selection. Optionally, certificates may also be presented in order of risk according to certificate risk profiles. Following approval, the certificates may be installed to the appropriate servers, for example using automated processes as suggested above.

[0109] An installation and renewal system may also include provisions for monitoring expiring certificates. In such a system, certificates may be enrolled in a certificate watch program. On a periodic basis, for example daily, weekly or monthly, a certificate database is reviewed for certificates expiring within a future period. Finding certificates in need of renewal, a notification may be sent to an administrator, which for example might be by e-mail or by a display upon login at an administrator interface. The administrator may then select certificates to be renewed, upon which a process of certificate renewal may be initiated as described below. Alternatively, the renewal system may be configured to initiate certificate renewal without approval, to prevent late certificate renewal should an administrator be unavailable to approve. If more than one administrator is configured, the renewal system may contact other administrators if first administrators do not timely respond to requests for approval.

[0110] In an alternate mode, a renewal system may scan the servers of a network periodically, as in the discovery processes discussed above, to detect certificates due to expire within a future period. In that system certificates might not be enrolled, but rather servers might be enrolled in a server watch list. In another alternate mode, agents are installed to the servers being monitored. Each agent periodically reviews the certificates for expiration, and may notify an administrator or a central system of any certificates about to expire, for example by email.

[0111] A manual certificate renewal process is typically initiated at the server to which the certificate will be installed. The process begins first by the generation of a public/private key pair. Now the key pair might be generated externally to the server, but that method introduces some risk of compromise in that the private key could be discovered in the process of moving it to the server. Following the generation of the key pair, a certificate signing request (CSR) is generated, which is basically a partially completed certificate in that it contains the public key and server identification, but is not otherwise associated to a certificate authority or a root certificate. Having a certificate signing request, it may either be sent to a certificate authority or it may be signed in-house. If a certificate is to be used externally, it should either be signed by a certificate authority or by using an intermediate root certificate itself signed by a certificate authority. Certificates to be used for internal use only may be signed by an internally generated root certificate, because those certificates maintained by an organization may be considered to be trusted. The signing process generates and attaches a signature to the certificate, which signature is generally an encrypted hash value generated from an unsigned certificate generated from the CSR information and from other information, such as the location of the root certificate and the validity period, which is encoded by the private key corresponding to a public key of a root certificate. The signed certificate is then ready for installation to the server.

[0112] The following method may be useful to generate a certificate signing request remotely using shell commands through an SSH, Telnet or other shell connection. First, the information needed as input to generate the certificate signing request is provided, including at least some of the protocol to be used, an email address, an IP address, the locality of the certificate including the country, state and city, the organization name, a certificate store password, and a port number to initiate a connection with the remote platform. Next, the remote shell is opened to the remote platform, utilizing known usernames and passwords or other authentication means. A command is then executed to set the remote platform to configure mode, followed by a command to enter an SSL configuration utility. The certificate store is then remotely opened and the default SSL certificate selected. Next, the current private key is removed from the certificate store. A new private key, for example a 1024 bit DES key, is generated and placed in the certificate store. A new PEM file or PKCS file is then created using the newly created private key. A further command is then sent to exit the SSL configuration utility. The “gencsr key” command is then used to create a new certificate signing request file with the city, state, country, organization name/unit, common name and email address provided in the earlier input or obtained from default set values. The output of the CSR text between the string identifiers “- - - BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST - - -” and “- - - END CERTIFICATE REQUEST - - -” may then be captured and optionally placed in a database for storage until needed. Housekeeping activities and disconnection may follow the capture of the certificate signing request.

[0113] A simplified certificate renewal process is depicted in FIG. 9, which may be operated by a certificate renewing system. First, in step 91, a search is made to detect expiring and/or expired certificates in a managed server group. Following detection of expiring/expired certificates, a loop is started in step 92, which ends when there are no more expiring/expired certificates that remain unprocessed. For each detected expiring/expired certificate steps 93 through 97 are performed. In step 94, the appropriate server (the server holding the expiring/expired certificate) is commanded to generate a new CSR and optionally a new key pair, as described above. The renewal system receives the generated CSR, as in step 95, and sends the CSR to a selected certificate authority 96 for signing. Optional step 97 may be performed to maintain a record of what certificates have been processed for renewal. Upon exit of the loop starting at step 92, an alarm is set in step 98 to pause the execution for a period of time to avoid unnecessary processing. A certificate installation process may be conducted apart from this method and system in any way desired.

[0114] The public/private key pair may be generated off the destination server, particularly if the server does not include software to generate the key pair (many operating systems include a well-known product called openssl). If that is done, it may be desirable to ensure the network between the generating computer and the destination is secure to avoid private key discovery.

[0115] The submitting a certificate signing request to a certificate authority is typically performed through a network connection over the Internet. The certificate authority (CA) presents an interface, for example in a web browser, in which an administrator may enter the CSR and other information related to the request, such as the requesting entity's identification, account number or a challenge phrase. If desired, the CA may permit the use of default values, in which case it may be possible to initiate a request by submitting only a CSR and identification of the requester. Upon receiving the CSR, the CA may take steps to verify the identity of the requester so as to avoid others from impersonating a proper requester and receiving valid and/or trusted certificates. After a period of time, usually at least several hours but typically not more than a few days, the CA issues the signed certificate. The issuing typically takes the form of sending the issued certificate to the administrator in an e-mail message, although other transference methods might be used equally well.

[0116] In other communications with certificate authorities, specialized protocols may be used. One exemplary protocol called the XML Key Management Specification (XKMS), the specification of and description of which is available from the World Wide Web Consortium, may be used as a starting point for a certificate signing request transmission protocol. Web interfaces suitable for human access may also be used through http automation tools. Screen scraping, data manipulation, key stroke automation, mouse click simulation and other forms of automation can be used to interact with such a web interface. Direct socket communication might also be used.

[0117] A certificate renewal system may include facilities for automating certificate signing, as will be presently described. As with certificate installation, certificate signing requests may be subject to approval. As expiring certificates are identified, they may be presented to an administrator for renewal. If it is desired to continue use of particular certificates or servers, an administrator may select those for certificate renewal. Approved certificates may be reviewed and parsed for informational items to be recycled, for example the server identity and the owning entity identity. A new certificate signing request is generated, either locally or remotely, for example at the server to receive the certificate. If a CSR is generated locally, the generation uses the identity of the destination server. If desired, the CSR may then be sent to a CSR for signing. Alternatively, if a root or intermediate root certificate is to be used and is available locally, the renewal system may sign and issue the certificate.

[0118] If a CSR is submitted to a CA, a period of time will elapse before issuance of the corresponding signed certificate. It may therefore be desirable to suspend the renewal process until the certificate arrives. For interacting with CAs that issue certificates by email, the system may monitor the incoming email messages. If desired, the system may include a specialized SMTP module to receive emails, in the event that an SMTP client isn't provided by the hosting operating system. Alternatively, an email filter may be applied to an existing SMTP system to route messages from CAs to a renewal program. Regardless, the renewal system reviews the incoming email messages for issued certificates, and extracts them from the emails as needed. Alternatively, a CA may issue certificate by download. In that event, the renewal system may periodically access the CA's website. Of course, if a certificate is issued locally, for example if a management system is configured to act as a CA, it is immediately available for installation. Once a certificate is received or otherwise available, it may be held pending approval or immediately installed as in the examples above.

[0119] The CA may have policy regarding the issuance of certificates, for example declaring how an issued certificate may be used. A certificate renewal system may be fashioned to be not only compatible with the protocol requirements of CAs, but also with any policy requirements set forth.

[0120] In an exemplary certificate renewal method, challenge phrases used in the submission of CSRs to CAs are stored in the renewal system privately, and may also be encrypted if further security is desired. If a CA requires the submission of an administrator certificate or other object to accompany the submission of a CSR, those objects may be stored at the renewal system and made accessible for transmission to the CA in accordance with existing protocol. Internal CAs may also be used, i.e. certificate authorities controlled internally by a certificate using entity, for example if public validation of certificates with trusted CAs is not required.

[0121] CSRs may also include custom fields, such as accounting codes, group identifiers, usage notations, and other information associated with a particular issuing certificate. In one example, custom fields are included providing accounting codes that may be used to track operational expenses. In another example, usage notations are included in CSRs to provide, encoded in the issuing certificates, instructions where to install the certificates. Many other uses of custom fields may be used as desired, and may be facilitated by a renewal system.

[0122] A renewal system may also include access control for users and groups of users. The system may maintain a record of users authorized to view, change, renew and otherwise manage certificates. Authentication may be made through the use of passwords, certificates or other identifying objects. Certificates may be assigned to be managed by a single user or several users. Likewise, user groups may be configured to permit individuals within the user group to manage certificates.

[0123] Throughout the renewal and/or installation progress a log may be maintained by the system. The log may track activity at any level of detail desired, which might be in one example programmable. Entries might include logins, logouts, certificates approved for renewal, certificates approved for installation, which certificate authority was used to renew particular certificates, which server a certificate was installed to, which version of automation scripts were used and many other possible events.

[0124] If it is desired to use intermediate root certificates to sign end certificates, before creating a CSR an examination of available intermediate root certificates may be performed to ensure the period of validity of the end certificate is within the period of validity of a selected intermediate root certificate. Should an intermediate root certificate expire before the desired end certificate period of validity, or the root certificate become valid after the start of the period of validity of the end certificate, an administrator may be notified of a problem. The administrator may choose to renew the intermediate root certificate, obtain a new intermediate root certificate with an appropriate validity period, defer the renewal of an end certificate, or choose to have a certificate to be renewed signed by a publicly available root certificate.

[0125] Likewise, an installation or renewal system may also handle the installation and renewal of intermediate root certificates. In that system, it may be desirable to provide backup for intermediate root certificates and private keys from which those certificates have been generated, so as to prevent the loss of private keys necessitating the obtaining of new intermediate root certificates for issuing new end certificates. A database may also be maintained including information about the relationship of intermediate root certificates and end certificates issued from those root certificates. Other information may be stored in such a database, such as the attributes of intermediate root certificates, which devices contain those certificates, what certificate authorities issued those certificates, a history of end certificates issued from intermediate root certificates, and other related information.

[0126] Certificate Request Systems Supporting Multiple Certificate Authorities

[0127] A certificate renewal system or a certificate signing requesting system may make use of a certificate authority abstractor, which permits certificate related interaction with two or more certificate authorities using a common schema of operation. A number of certificate authorities presently make their services available, however each presents a different interface and procedures to administrators who wish to submit certificate signing requests. Thus an administrator may be required to learn the various web pages and/or software interfaces, functions, administrations, reporting and delivery systems of several certificate authorities.

[0128] The conceptual elements of a certificate authority abstractor are depicted in FIG. 11, which will now be disclosed A certificate authority abstractor 115 receives a number of input items. First of all, a set of scripts 114a and 114b are accessibly provided to abstractor 115, those scripts containing programs or instructions sufficient to submit CSRs to a particular certificate authority. Those scripts may operate through web interfaces, specialized protocols such as XKMS, or other communications protocols according to the requirements of the certificate authority for which the script is to interact. Additionally certificate authority records, 113a and 113b, may be maintained to provide default values for the scripts. For example, certificate authority A may always request the organization name and account number in the course of submitting a CSR, which may be conveniently set in a record specially prepared for that certificate authority. Information sufficient to identify the requesting entity to all supported certificate authorities may also be stored, in this example in certificate authority records 113a and 113b as an organization name, domain name and account number.

[0129] CA abstractor 115 also presents a uniform interface 119 for receiving information pertaining to the submission of an individual certificate signing request 112. Interface 119 provides a uniform set of entries for at least the informational items required in a certificate signing request generally. These entries may provide for such items as a common certificate name, a period of validity, a locality identification, a public key, user defined fields or other fields in many combinations.

[0130] In a first exemplary abstractor, the certificate request information contains only a certificate signing request generated externally, for example at the server destined to receive a signed certificate. In a second exemplary abstractor, the certificate request information contains information sufficient to complete a certificate signing request by the CA abstractor using a transferred public key. Many other data transference schemas can be implemented as desired with attention to the details of any larger certificate automation system.

[0131] Abstractor 115 further receives a selection of a certificate authority 116, which may occur one time through a default setting, or a CA choice may be presented each time a certificate request information record 112 is submitted. The selection of certificate authority determines which script will be executed and which certificate authority record will be executed. In some circumstances and as shown, the abstractor will interact with one of certificate authorities 118a or 118b by way of an external network 117, which may be the Internet. Alternatively, if a locally maintained certificate authority is available, external network 117 may be replaced with an internal network or other communicative objects. Once certificate authority records are received, certificate request records may be submitted to the abstractor, whereby the all required items by the selected certificate authority may be provided. The interaction by the script 114 may then communicate a request that in its totality constitutes a certificate signing request associated with the requesting entity.

[0132] In an alternative abstractor the abstractor acts as a proxy application to the true certificate authorities. An administrator or system, for example a certificate renewal system, may interact with the abstractor as if it were a true certificate authority, passing the same informational types using similar interfaces, as desired. Additionally, although interaction with two certificate authorities is shown, the concepts disclosed above may be extended to support operation with any number of certificate authorities.

[0133] A certificate installation or renewal system may also perform a verification operation to verify that a newly requested certificate has been installed correctly and is available for use. In an exemplary method, the system may act as a client for the particular service for which the certificate is being used. For example, if a new certificate is for a web server supporting HTTPS, the installation/renewal system may attempt a secure HTTPS connection with the destination server. The verification may include checking for use of the new certificate and general operation of the secure use. Notifications may be sent to an administrator on success or failure, which may be after a timeout period if verification does not immediately follow certificate installation. In an exemplary system, alerts may be sent to more than one administrator, the system contacting further administrators if administrators previously notified haven't resolved a problem. That system may also submit periodic messages, such as what certificates are due for renewal in the near future, for example a period of 14 days.

[0134] Presently, it is difficult for enterprises to switch between certificate authorities, as the certificates under use may be expiring at different times and the enterprise may wish to continue to use existing certificate services paid for through the end of that term. In a manual system, as certificates expire an administrator is required to track certificates individually, renewing each certificate with the new authority. This activity can be relatively expensive and is susceptible to error.

[0135] In a certificate renewal system, a default certificate authority may be selected. That selected CA may then be used to renew certificates, by transferring information from the old certificates into CSRs to the new selected CA. If desired, a renewal system might also be commanded to replace all or a part of a set of managed certificates, swapping out certificates one or more several undesirable certificate authorities with a selected certificate authority. In an exemplary renewal system a “migrate” function is provided permitting automatic transfer of certificates managed by unsupported certificate authorities to a default certificate authority for which certificate requests are supported.

[0136] Systems for Managing Certificates in an Enterprise

[0137] A more complete system for managing certificates in an enterprise will include facilities not only for monitoring certificates, but also for requesting renewed certificates and installing those certificates to the enterprise. Another simplified method depicted in FIG. 10 suggests the operation of that system type. In that system, notifications are sent from certificate authorities, which are received by the system in step 101. For each notification, a determination is made as to whether the notice concerns a newly issued certificate, as in step 102. If the notice concerns or includes a newly issued certificate, a process similar to that described for FIG. 8 is performed in steps 106-108 to extract the certificate and install it to an identified destination server. Another determination may be made in step 103 as to whether the certificate authority is warning of an expiring certificate. If it is, an attempt to identify an enrolled server and/or certificate corresponding to the notice is made in step 104. If the corresponding certificate/server is enrolled, steps 109-111 are performed as in the method described for FIG. 9, by which a new certificate signing request is generated and sent to the appropriate certificate authority.

[0138] FIG. 5 depicts components of a certificate management system providing functions as described above for a single enterprise entity. The enterprise includes a number of servers 53a, 53b, 53c and 53d for providing services. Some of servers 53a-d may provide services to clients 50 over an external network 51 by way of a gateway or router 52. Others of servers 53a-d may provide services to clients 59 local to the enterprise entity. In the exemplary enterprise two accelerators 54a and 54b are provided to assist in encrypted communications with clients 50 or 59. At least one certificate authority (CA) is accessed to provide new and renewed certificates, which in this example are an internal CA 60 and an external CA 61. Internal CA 60 is managed by the enterprise entity and may be used to provide self-signed certificates, which may be useful for internal secure communications. Internal CA 60 may also include an intermediate root certificate upon which individual server certificates may be signed and issued, the intermediate certificate being made available for verification to parties encountering the issued certificates, for example over the external network 51. An external CA 61 may also be utilized to issue digital certificates for secure communications between client 50 and servers 53a-d.

[0139] A scanner 57 may be provided to scan the network for certificates to be managed, which in this case would scan any or all of servers 53a-d, accelerators 54a and 54b, and internal CA 60 if provided. Upon finding servers and certificates installed thereon, scanner 57 may provide resulting information to a database 58 containing information identifying certificates, expiration dates, and issuing CAs for the certificates. An installer 56 may also be provided to automate the installation of new certificates on servers 53a-d or accelerators 54a and 54b. Installer 56 may further automate the installation of intermediate root certificates to internal CA 60, if desired. A renewer 55 may be provided to monitor the expiration of certificates of which information is stored in database 58 and may provide functions related to the renewal of expiring certificates. One function is to notify an administrator of an expiring certificate. Another function is to initiate the renewal of a certificate through the automated generation of a certificate signing request, optionally after administrative approval. Another renewal function is the delivery and/or installation of renewed certificates to servers. The system of FIG. 5 may be expanded to include other functions related to certificate management, for example reporting services and provisions for access through an electronic interface.

[0140] Referring now to FIG. 6, a similar system to that shown in FIG. 5 is depicted, including a client 50, an external network 51, a gateway device 52, servers 53a-d, an internal client 59, and an external certificate authority 61. In the system of FIG. 6, the functions of renewer 55, installer 56, scanner 57, database server 58, and optionally internal CA 60 are combined in a single computing system called a certificate manager 62. In this example, the certificate manager 62 may be “dropped in” to the enterprise system as a single piece of hardware connected to the enterprise's internal network, providing rapid certificate management in the enterprise without unduly consuming space or computing resources.

[0141] In FIG. 7 a system is depicted whereby certificate management is conducted from an external network location from an enterprise. In this example the enterprise includes servers 53a and 53b, either or both of which may include digital certificates for secure transactions with a client 50. In this example certificate manager 70 is located outside of the enterprise network including servers 53a and 53b. To perform certificate management on servers 53a and 53b, certificate manager 70 communicates electronically over the external network 51. The use of secure protocols for those communications may be desirable, particularly if private keys are passed over the potentially insecure external network 51. An administrative client 71b may access local certificate manager 70 to perform administrative functions, for example configuring certificate manager to service servers 53a and 53b. Certificate manager 70 may also be made accessible to non-local administrative clients 71a, particularly if secure protocols are utilized in that access. An external certificate authority 61 may be accessed to provide trusted certificates to servers 53a and 53b, and also to certificate manager 70 for secure administrative access.

[0142] The configuration of FIG. 7 may provide a service to enterprises whereby additional hardware is not required to be installed locally to the enterprise. In that example enterprises may subscribe to a service and further provide any necessary usernames and passwords for administrator access to the enterprise servers, to be stored accessible to the certificate manager. Servers 53a and 53b may have installed thereon agents for access by the certificate manager 70, or services already installed may be utilized to provide the necessary access by certificate manager 70, for example the SSH service. The certificate manager may also include root certificates, whereby the certificate manager becomes a certificate authority that not only can issue and verify end certificates, but can also maintain those end certificates automatically for customers. The certificate manager may also include intermediate root certificates, if the operator does is not or does not wish to operate as a trusted authority.

[0143] An exemplary certificate management computer system is packaged in a rack-mountable form-factor and includes a Pentium 4 processor operating at 1.7 GHz or higher, 512 MB of 400 MHz SD-RAM, a RAID system including two 40 GB hard drives in a data mirroring configuration, redundant power supplies, two redundant 10/100 Base TX network ports, two 9-pin serial ports, one parallel port, four USB ports, and a graphics port supporting VGA video modes and higher. Other computer systems may be utilized in various circumstances, for example if a relatively small number of certificates are to be managed or if network access is provided through a non-Ethernet connection. Likewise, the computer system may have other software installed thereon, provided that sufficient processing power and network resources are provided to handle the total operating loads on the system.

[0144] The exemplary certificate manager includes a user interface accessible through the HTTPS protocol, of which FIGS. 15 to 48 are representative. That user interface will now be described.

[0145] Referring first to FIG. 37, an administrator is provided access to the exemplary certificate manager by way of a web browser optionally located to a client computer. Upon first accessing the manager, the user is first directed to enter a username and password, or present a certificate or other token. Upon authentication by the manager, the web session of access is attributed to a user with optionally assigned access privileges. An authenticated user may be first directed to a home page or a screen containing alerts directed to the user or the user's group.

[0146] FIG. 15 is representative of a home page providing a number of links to other screens of various functions available through the exemplary certificate manager. In that page, as well as others, the user is presented with status information concerning the number of certificates in process and critical alerts important for the user to view, appearing in a prominent location. Certificates in process and critical alerts to which a user is not privileged to manage need not be indicated. The exemplary home page provides activity groupings which include managing certificates, network discovery, reports and logs. The available management activities shown include managing certificates, managing servers, managing groups, managing users, and system configuration. Network discovery activities include the discovery of servers and certificates in the network. Activities related to reports include the generation and viewing of reports and reports concerning the history of intermediate root certificates managed by the exemplary certificate manager. Logs concerning general errors, critical alerts, and user activity are also made viewable by links in the home page. Also displayed on the home page may be statistics concerning the number of certificates and servers being managed, which may be indicative of the certificates and servers managed by the particular user or the certificate manager generally. In this screen, as well as others, shortcuts may also be provided to direct the user to frequented activities, for example manage certificates and manage servers.

[0147] FIG. 16 depicts a representation of a manage certificates screen, as might be displayed by transversal through the home page. That screen includes a list element through with the list of managed certificates may be displayed, the certificates managed by a certificate identification including a numeric certificate ID and a common name. For each certificate selectable objects are provided to view, edit, remove and show the history of each individual certificate. The list is further filterable by a textual or numeric criteria, bypassing extensive page-after-page displays of certificates if the number of managed certificates is large. Also in that screen an “add certificate” button is provided to add a certificate to the managed certificate database.

[0148] FIG. 40 shows a representative screen of a view of certificate information, FIG. 47 shows a screen whereby an administrator may enter information about a new certificate, while FIG. 42 depicts a screen in which an existing certificate record may be edited. In those views an administrator may be presented with various elements of particular certificates tracked in a certificate database, which in the exemplary certificate manager are:

[0149]

Field name	Contents
Common Name:	Specifies the fully qualified hostname used in DNS lookups (for
	example, www.imcentric.com). This is the hostname in the URL that
	a browser uses to connect to the server on which the certificate is
	located. It is important that these two names are the same. Otherwise,
	a client may notice that the certificate name does not match the site
	name, which often makes users doubt the authenticity of the
	certificate.
Organization Name:	Specifies the official, legal name of the company, educational
	institution, or other organization owning the certificate.
Organization Unit:	Specifies a description of an organizational unit within the
	organization.
Contact:	Specifies an individual who is responsible for this certificate.
City:	Specifies a description of the city, principality, or country for the
	organization.
State:	Specifies the state or province in which the business is located.
Country:	Specifies the two-character abbreviation of the country name (in ISO
	format) of the business location.
Valid From:	Specifies the effective date of the certificate.
Valid To:	Specifies the expiration date of the certificate.
Certificate Strength:	Specifies the bit strength of the keys of the certificate.
Renewing Certificate Authority:	Specifies the CA through which the certificate is to be renewed.
Server:	Specifies the server on which the certificate is or will be installed.
Secure Server Name:	Specifies the instance or name of the web server where the certificate
	is or will be used.

[0150] FIG. 17 shows a representation of a manage servers screen, again as might be displayed from the home page. That screen includes a list of managed servers listed by a server ID, a hostname and an IP address. For each server shown in the list selectable objects are provided to view, edit, remove and show the history of each server. This list is also filterable, the filter operating by textual or numeric fragments of the server ID, hostname, or IP address. An “add server” button is also provided to add server information for a new server to be managed.

[0151] If an administrator selects to view or edit a server record, a screen similar to that of FIG. 46 appears. In that screen, the server column data of the particular record appears, which columns may include:

[0152]

Field name	Contents
Host Name	Specifies the hostname of the server.
IP Address	IP Address of the server.
Description	Description of server.
Port	Port used to access the server, some common ports are
	ssh(22), telnet(23), or web(8888).
Username	Username used to access server.
Is SSL Enabled	Specifies if the admin pages are accessed via SSL. (Note:
	only used on Netscape 3.6 and Iplanet.)

[0153] In the exemplary certificate manager users may be grouped together to ease the administration of user privileges. FIG. 18 shows a sample screen for managing groups in the exemplary certificate manager. As with managed certificates and servers, the recorded groups appear in a list from which a group may be viewed, edited, removed or historically viewed. Groups appear in the list as a group ID and a group name. Groups may be added by selecting the “add group” button. Depicted in FIG. 42 is a screen for editing a group. In that screen the group name appears in a textbox, which may be modifiable therein to rename the group. The member users of the group appear in a list including sufficient identification to discriminate users, in this example the user ID, first and last name, email address, and role assignment for the user. User members may be added to a group by clicking the “add member” button, which brings up a separate screen depicted in FIG. 48 whereby registered users may be selected for inclusion in a group.

[0154] In FIG. 19 a representative screen is depicted for the management of registered users in the exemplary certificate management system. The registered users are presented in a list, with selectable objects for viewing or editing user information, removing a user, and reviewing a history of user actions. Each user is referenced by a first and last name, and email address, and a username. A button is provided for adding a new user to be added to the registered user list.

[0155] Depicted in FIG. 38 is a representative screen for viewing the entries of a particular user registered in the system. FIG. 39 shows a similar screen for editing the entries of a user. In the exemplary certificate manager a default set of fields are included in the user database, which are outlined in the following table:

[0156]

	Field name	Contents
	First Name	First name of the user.
	Last Name	Last name of the user.
	Title	Position Title for the user.
	Company	Company with which the user is employed.
	Department	The user's department in the company.
	Address	Street address (home or office) for user.
	City	City in which the address is located.
	Zip	Postal code for the city.
	Email	Email address for user.
	Work Phone	Work phone number for user.
	State	State in which the city is located.
	Country	Country in which the state is located.
	Fax Number	Fax number for user.
	Username	The identifier index of the user.
	Password	The password of the user (may be hashed).

[0157] Additionally included in the screens shown in FIGS. 38 and 39 is an active directory input facility, by which an administrator may import user information by providing an import path and the username and password of access for the directory service.

[0158] FIG. 20 depicts a representative screen of the exemplary certificate manager whereby network settings may be input. The network settings include the IP address, subnet, and gateway of the manager. DHCP may alternately be enabled by checking the appropriate checkbox, which overrides the IP address, subnet and gateway settings. The exemplary manager may be configured to require a specified client certificate be present at clients accessing the administrator user interface, which function may be enabled by selecting the appropriate checkbox. Now the manager device may also provide for issuance or renewal of certificates by HTTP scripts controlling provided certificate authority user interfaces, as described above. The manager device includes configuration for use of an optional proxy server, including address, port, username and password, which may be useful if the manager device is located behind a firewall restricting default HTTP traffic. The screen of FIG. 20 further includes a location to enter an email address for transmitting critical alerts to a selected email box, if desired.

[0159] In FIG. 21 a representative screen is depicted containing entries for custom fields for managed certificates. The exemplary certificate management system may track with certificates other information, such as accounting codes, use notations or other custom information that may not be required or suggested by a certificate standard or a certificate authority. By checking the “required” checkbox for the field, selected fields may be made to be required, by which the manager will force the entry of a user to the field at the time a certificate is created by the system. By checking the “X.509” field for the field, that field will be included in the content of the certificate, otherwise the system will track the information of the field separately.

[0160] FIG. 22 depicts a representative screen by which the certificate database settings may be maintained. In the exemplary system, the certificate database may be backed up to a file on a network drive, which directory may be specified in the “path to network share” entry. If a username and password are required to access that drive, it may be entered in this screen. The administrator may also specify a backup interval, in this example of 7 days between backups. The exemplary certificate manager creates backups of managed certificate and server information, users, groups, and may also include copies of the managed certificates in the backups as well.

[0161] FIG. 23 shows a representative screen by which default certificate information may be configured to the exemplary manager. The screen of FIG. 23 is for a Windows 2003 Certificate Authority, which CA is useful for generating internal root and end certificates. Other screens are provided by the exemplary certificate manager for configuring the server to operate with other certificate authorities, for example Versign™ or Entrust™, in various modes of operation. The exemplary manager may also include facilities for retrieval of connection information from a CA over the Internet, if identification is provided in the configuration screen for that CA. The certificate authority screen shown includes entries for a network path to the certificate authority, a username and password, domains managed. The value of the organization name field is incorporated into all certificate signing requests sent to the particular certificate authority, unless overridden elsewhere.

[0162] The CA setup screens may be modifiable by program updates from the seller, manufacturer or licensor to adapt to changes in the operation of the certificate authorities made available for use. Those program updates may also include updates to the scripts (or other programmable elements) used to interact with the certificate authorities intended to be usable to the administrator.

[0163] A second exemplary certificate manager may be set up as a replicator for a first manager, providing failover functionality. Shown in FIG. 24 is an exemplary screen in which replicator settings may optionally be configured.

[0164] Depicted in FIG. 25 is a screen for entering network discovery settings. The exemplary certificate manager may perform discovery on a network to locate servers and certificates that may need to be managed. The discovery settings include one or more IP address ranges to scan, and a number of IP ports to scan. The manager may be configured to perform discovery periodically to automatically detect newly installed servers and certificates. The automatic discovery interval may be set in the “scan interval” checkbox, and the time of day to perform the scan may be entered into the “beginning scan time” pulldowns. Discovery may also be disabled by checking the “disable scan” checkbox.

[0165] The exemplary certificate manager may also manage intermediate root certificate authorities and intermediate certificate authorities, such as might be the case with a Windows 2003 CA above. The configuration of the intermediate root certificate authority settings for the manager may be controlled in a screen similar to that shown in FIG. 26. That manager may permit the maintenance, storage and access of intermediate root certificates by the manager, or may permit maintenance at a different server device. In the screen shown in FIG. 26 an intermediate certificate to be managed may be entered in the textbox, followed by the administrator clicking on “import”. The new intermediate certificate may then be included in the maintained intermediate root certificates being managed, and displayed in a list with others as desired.

[0166] The exemplary certificate manager may also scan for intermediate certificates on the discovery network. The manager may discriminate an end certificate from an intermediate root certificate by a review of certificate contents, or the manager may examine the chain of authority for certificates for parents located on the discovery network.

[0167] FIG. 27 depicts a screen whereby the log archival settings may be set in the exemplary certificate manager. In that manager, logs may be archived remotely to prevent accumulation on the manager itself. This screen permits the setting of a network location, time, interval, username and password for the error log and the history recorded by the manager.

[0168] FIG. 28 depicts a representative screen permitting the management of certificates discovered but not yet completed in the exemplary manager. A list of certificates is presented, with a discovery-assigned certificate id and the common name recorded in each certificate. For each certificate, a complete and remove selection are provided If an administrator desires to complete the entry of a discovered certificate into the database, he may click on complete. Likewise, if an administrator decides that a discovered certificate need not be managed, he may click on remove (the removal is only for the manager database—the certificate is not removed from a server). FIG. 29 depicts a similar screen permitting the completion or removal of discovered server records to or from the database.

[0169] The exemplary certificate manager additionally permits the generation of various reports. Depicted in FIG. 30 is a screen whereby a report may be selected from a list of available reports, generated and printed. Depicted in FIG. 35 is an exemplary view reporting all managed certificates, detailing the name, status, validity dates, and other certificate information. A similar report is depicted in FIG. 36, by which all managed servers are listed including details such as the hostname, IP address, port a certificate was accessible, the server software platform, the operating system, the protocol used for connecting to the server, as well as other related information. An additional report, not shown, lists the users registered with the exemplary manager.

[0170] Of the reports available, several historical reports may be generated by the exemplary manager. Depicted in FIG. 31 is a historical report of intermediate root certificate authority scans, including updates to the current database entries. Shown in FIG. 43 is a report of user actions within the manager, each user action including a date, time, action, user and value among other potential action informational items. FIG. 44 shows another history view, this one of changes to the certificate database, each change record including the date and time of change, the column changes, the new value, and the user making the change. FIG. 45 shows a historical view of changes to the server database, each record including the date, time, column, new value of the change and the user making the change.

[0171] The logs generated by the exemplary manager are also viewable. FIG. 32 depicts a view of the error log, including a description of each error and the time of occurrence. A list of error codes and meanings appears in Appendix A for the exemplary certificate manager. FIG. 33 depicts a view of the alerts log, which in this view is empty. If, for example, renewal of a certificate was unsuccessful, that event might appear in this log view. Attempts to notify administrators may also appear in the alerts log. FIG. 34 depicts a view of the user log, which includes a list of user actions to the database as well as other actions.

[0172] Further in the exemplary manager, user roles may be assigned to users. A user may thereby be given authorization to perform various administrative actions, for example authorizing the request of new certificates or merely viewing the certificate database. The exemplary manager may additionally act as a firewall to the management software, permitting communication only to selected ports in the network protocol. For example, a manager might enable port 443 for HTTPS administrative user interface access and port 25 for receiving email in a TCP/IP protocol supporting manager. Providing firewall functionality may prevent attacks from worms, buffer overflow attacks or other attacks, and make a manager suitable to be connected directly to a public network such as the Internet.

[0173] The certificate database of the exemplary certificate manager may additionally be encrypted. Optionally, the manager may generate a self-signed certificate initially to encrypt the database. The self-signed certificate may be protected from user access by user privileges, by encryption with a fixed key, encoding in a non-readable or specialized format, or other method. Private keys used to generate CSRs are not stored on the exemplary manager, but are stored on the destination servers (where they may have been generated by the creation of a CSR).

[0174] The exemplary manager may further include an updating tool. The updating tool checks for security or bugfix updates to the system periodically, and downloads and installs any updates automatically. The manager may further include one or more fail-safe mechanisms that run system diagnostics on a periodic basis to gauge the health of the system and attempt error recovery. Administrators may be notified by email if error recovery is unsuccessful. The manager may further include a database backup feature functional to restore and archive the state of the system.

[0175] Systems for Managing Digital Certificates to Client Devices

[0176] Systems described above permit the automatic maintenance of certificates on server devices of various types. Systems may also be constructed to install and maintain certificates on client devices as well. Referring now to FIG. 13, an exemplary process is depicted permitting a server device to authenticate a client component associated with a user, account, or other association. The client component might be, in several examples, a personal computer, a cell phone, a personal data assistant, or virtually any other client device operable by a person providing access to a service provider over a communications network. This procedure begins in step 1302 by a request for connection, in this example by a client. The request for connection might also be initiated by a server, in some circumstances. The server then requests an appropriate digital certificate from the client for authentication purposes. The client may present a certificate to the server if it is available. A client may, if desired, be configured to fetch a certificate from a CA if a proper certificate is not available.

[0177] If the client presents a certificate for authentication, tested in step 1306, the server may proceed to validate the certificate as in step 1308. The server may also test for certificate revocation, for example by comparing the certificate against a list of revoked certificates. If the certificate has been revoked, or if the certificate is not valid for the authentication purposes, tested in step 1310, the server may proceed to issue a new certificate to the client. Proceeding from one of steps 1306 or 1310 to step 1312, the user is authenticated using an alternate procedure, as a valid certificate was not presented. The alternate procedure may take many forms, such as the entry of a known username and password, a passphrase, an account number and PIN number, or any other procedure which may identify the user of the device to the satisfaction of the service provider. Alternatively, if it is merely needed to identify the client device upon subsequent accesses, the user authentication need not be performed.

[0178] Upon successful alternate authentication, a new certificate is delivered to the client. Under some circumstances it may be desirable to maintain a store of new certificates, to avoid delays in a service due to the time required to issue a new certificate. Alternatively, a new certificate may be created about the time of delivery, which might be created by in internal or external certificate authority entity. Once a new certificate is delivered to a client, transactions may proceed with the client device under an assurance of authentication, as in step 1320.

[0179] If in step 1308, the client certificate delivered to the server is found to be valid and not revoked, a check for an expired certificate may be performed in step 1316. If the certificate is not expired, authenticated transactions may proceed in step 1320. Otherwise, a process of renewing a certificate may commence, in step 1318. In that step, the old certificate is renewed with the appropriate certificate authority, which might be internal or external, and the renewed certificate delivered to the client. The renewal of a certificate might occur at the time of the connection attempt by the client, however a small delay may be introduced, especially if an external certificate authority is used. Alternatively, a process may periodically run on the service side, checking issued certificates for expiration. Certificates may be renewed prior to a request for connection for services from a client, avoiding the small delay, provided that the client certificates are stored in the service system.

[0180] In the exemplary method described above, agents may be fashioned for particular client devices. Through the method, an installed agent may act to communicate with the service provider to receive certificates therefrom. An agent may also, if desired, provide an interface for presenting certificates to the service provider. An agent may also provide for management of client certificates in a local store, if local client facilities are not provided or not used otherwise. An agent may, if desired, remove managed certificates from a client device at the time the agent is uninstalled. The agent might also be fashioned to be more comprehensive in function, and may manage a session or transactions with the service provider.

[0181] Agents may be fashioned for several kinds of client devices. For example, an agent might be fashioned as a background executable process or daemon communicating with a service provider on a selected TCP port, executables being provided for a number of operating system types such as WinCE™, PalmOS™, PocketPC™, Windows XP™, MacOS™, Linux™, etc. In another example, an agent might be downloaded from the service provider about the time the request for connection for services is made. That agent might be written in a platform-independent interpretive language, such as Java, or might be an executable program provided by a server based on the perceived client type. In that example, the agent might only reside on the client for a fixed period, although the client certificates may reside at the client locally. In another example, the agent might be a browser plugin, which may be automatically downloaded from a predefined location at the time a user first attempts to access a service provider. In yet a further example, an operating system may provide access services sufficient to perform the agent functions, in which case the operating system may be equivalent to a certificate agent.

[0182] As to a client certificate, a client may be identified in several different ways. In a first example, a client certificate contains an encrypted identifier assigned by the service provider, the encryption performed with a secret key known to the service provider but not by others generally. The identifier may be associated with an individual's service, for example a bank account number or a user identifier for an information subscription service. The encrypted identifier might include a user identifier and a passphrase, for example a username and password or an account number and PIN number.

[0183] The identification data may not necessarily be kept secret. For example, if a service provider is in the business of providing access to databases and literature for a fee, the impact of discovery or monitoring the activities of the user might be negligible, although it may be desirable for the service provider to ensure that the user is subscribed. In that example, a certificate might contain a subscription number digitally signed by a key maintained by the provider.

[0184] Now in the above client certificate management methods the service provider may identify the individual or group using the service using a presumption that other individuals will not be permitted access to the client device. For example, if the client device is a personal data assistant (PDA), it may be presumed that that device is for a particular individual only, which individual will retain control of to prevent unauthorized use of the service provider's services. If that assumption is made, a service provider may authenticate using a certificate on a client device alone, and need not require the entry of passwords or other user authenticating items.

[0185] The service provider may also wish to prevent the transfer of a certificate from one client device to another. In that case, the certificate may include information unique to the client device, for example a MAC address, a fixed IP address, a serial number or a processor ID. The signature of the certificate may further be obtained by encoding the unique information, causing a signature mismatch should the certificate be moved. In an alternative system, an agent may provide the unique information to the service provider so as to avoid an unauthorized user masquerading a different client device for the original device.

[0186] Referring now to FIG. 14, a system useful for managing client certificates and providing network services is depicted. A client 1400 is connectable to an external network 1404 permitting connections with a service provider device 1408, in this example through a router/gateway device 1406. Service provider 1408 provides access to services through a standardized protocol, for example HTTPS. Client 1400 likewise includes software for communicating with service provider 1408 and for interacting with the operator of client 1400, which might be a web browser supporting SSL if the service provider 1408 uses HTTPS. A certificate store 1410 may be provided to store certificates issued or deposited to clients, and may also store new and unissued certificates. Certificate store 1410 might be a shared certificate store, such as a Microsoft Windows Certificate Store or Java Key Store, or in another example might be a private certificate store managed by an agent. A repository of revoked certificates 1412 may be consulted by service provider 1408 to verify a client certificate presented by a client has not been revoked.

[0187] An agent server 1414 may also be provided to assist with the download and installation of agents to clients. An internal certificate authority 1416 may be provided to produce encryption/decryption keys or facilities for digitally signing certificates. In one example, internal certificate authority 1416 is in communicative proximity to service provider 1408 so as to avoid substantial delays in data processing. Optionally, an external certificate authority 1418 may be used, which may be operated independently of the entity operating the service provider 1408. If an external certificate authority is used, a certificate may be used to sign user transactions which are afterward publicly verifiable. A certificate store 1402 is provided at client 1400 to store certificates issued by the service provider, making them available in later accesses between client 1400 and service provider 1408.

[0188] Now it is to be understood that service provider 1408, optional certificate store 1410, revoked certificate database 1412, agent server 1414 and internal certificate authority 1416 might be completely separate computing systems connected by a network. Alternatively, elements of those may be combined as desired on shared computing resources. In another example, not shown, each of service provider 1408, certificate store 1410, revoked certificate database, agent server 1414 are elements residing on a single server or distributed servers, with internal certificate authority 1416 being optionally included thereon. The operation of a system according to the principles set forth above is illustrated in FIGS. 49 through 63, and will be presently described.

[0189] In FIG. 49, a user has accessed a service provider's download area via a web browser on a client device, and is presented with an information screen about an agent system to be downloaded, activated by a “download now” link. Following activation, the user is presented with a screen shown in FIG. 50, which presents further information concerning the “secure client” software. Clicking on the “next” button, the user continues to a step 2 screen shown in FIG. 51, which presents a license which the user may assent to. The user may then be directed to a step 3 screen as shown in FIG. 52, which provides a download button to start the agent download process. The installation of the agent to the client device immediately follows the download, and the user is presented with the step 4 screen shown in FIG. 53. The user is then ready to use the “secure client” product.

[0190] Referring now to FIG. 54, the user accesses a server providing the secure client service, and is presented a screen containing entry fields for identifying information, in this example an email address and a passphrase. Now it is to be understood that other kinds of identifying information might be more suitable for other circumstances, and the particular entry fields shown are merely for explanation. Following entry of the identifying information the user may click the login button to proceed to the screen shown in FIG. 55. In FIG. 55 the user is presented with a screen indicating that authentication is in progress.

[0191] FIG. 56 shows a screen which would be presented to a user if the user had not registered the client device being used with the service. This may be discovered by the service by the absence of an appropriate digital certificate accessible to the agent downloaded and installed to the device as in FIGS. 49 through 53. In this case, the user is presented with a button (or other input) to add the present device to the list of trusted devices. If the user does so, the user is presented with a screen as shown in FIG. 57. The user is presented with a entry field for a mnemonic identifier for the device (“device name”), which is in this example “office computer.” Also in the screen of FIG. 57, a list of registered devices is shown, which in this example indicates the user has registered his work PC, a PDA and a laptop. Following entry of the device identifier, the user may click the next button. If the user does this, a screen similar to that in FIG. 58 may be shown, indicating that processing is proceeding to register the device with the service. The processing registering the device might include generating a new certificate, or selecting a pre-generated certificate, and installing the certificate to the client device. The process may also include associating the entered device identifier with the certificate, and otherwise maintaining the user's profile.

[0192] In the exemplary service, each client device may be assigned trust levels, the selection of which is shown in FIG. 59. Trust levels permit the user to select activities which are authorized for clients which have been registered. In this example, those activities include viewing a bank account balance, browsing a public web site, applying for a credit line, completing a load application, making a transfer to savings, making a transfer to checking, closing an account, and transferring funds over a certain amount. Following a user's selections, the finish button may be pressed to commit those selections. Also in the exemplary service, the trust level selections are not stored on client devices. Those selections are stored in a database managed by the service, though alternatively the selections might be maintained in a secure third-party system as well.

[0193] Depicted in FIG. 60 is a screen which is representative of a user's home screen in the exemplary service. Displayed on that screen is the user's profile, a list of registered device, and a number of links for performing several management actions including edit the profile information, change the passphrase and a viewing of transaction reports. For each registered device, selections are provided for changing the trust levels associated with that device and a selection for removal of the device. Depicted in FIG. 61 is a screen representative of a transaction report. In the exemplary service, for each transaction a record is created including the date of the transaction, the provider involved in the transaction, the certificate authority providing the certificate used to sign the transaction, and various details of the particular transaction types.

[0194] Depicted in FIG. 62 is a screen representative of a screen provided in the exemplary service for selecting trust levels, in this case of the “home pc” client device. In this screen, not only may the user select the trust levels for the client device, but the user may also select trust levels for particular providers. A pull-down list is provided in this example to enter a user selection of a provider, the particular trust levels for that provider and device being shown and selectable below. A done button, not shown, may commit the selections for storage to the service provider.

[0195] Depicted in FIG. 63 is a screen provided by the exemplary service for the editing of user information, that information including a first, middle, and last name, an address, a home and work telephone number, and credit card information. In the example the information is subdivided into ratings sections, which are labeled bronze, silver and gold. Now a user is not required to enter information beyond the “bronze” level, which constitutes a minimal identification criteria for the service provider. As a user provides more information, the user may be assigned to higher ratings categories, and become eligible for enhanced benefits from the system. For example, a user may provide credit card information to authorize purchases from merchants through the system. The user may also be further made eligible for sweepstakes, prizes, discounts or rebates at higher ratings.

[0196] In the exemplary client authorization system above may provide for authentication of a user under the requirements that (1) the user is using a device made trusted earlier and (2) for transactions considered highly sensitive, that a username and password or other higher form of authentication be used. In the exemplary system above, it may not be necessary for a user to manage digital certificates, enrollments or digital signing dialogs, although the client system may provide for such activities for advanced use. Also in that system, a global certificate may be provided by the system to various service providers to sign online transactions, or several certificates may be created and stored at the client for signing transactions for several service providers. The exemplary system may also require confirmation by return email to add or remove a client device from the registration list. Additionally, an intruder must not only obtain a username and password to create a fraudulent transaction, but must also perform his actions from one of the registered client devices. This makes fraudulent activity much more difficult to accomplish than with present systems that rely only on a username and password for user identification.

[0197] Now although examples above may have included servers utilizing SSL or TLS protocols, the examples above may be modified as will be understood by those skilled in the art to encompass other protocols, such as message queuing systems, VPN systems, S/MIME systems, IPsec systems, code signatures, 802.11x EAP devices, encrypting file systems (EFS), and client web authenticators, as well as other server types and protocols. Likewise, the above examples have referenced web servers utilizing digital certificate. Those examples may also be modified to include other server types such as application servers, databases, SSL offloading devices, SSL accelerators, or any other type of server or device having the ability to utilize an SSL certificate to communicate securely over a network connection. The above examples have also made use of SSL certificates. Other types of certificates of varying formats and protocols may also be used in the above disclosed systems with minor modification to operate with virtually any conceivable public key infrastructure.

[0198] While a number of digital certificate discovery and management systems have been described and illustrated in conjunction with a number of specific configurations and methods, those skilled in the art will appreciate that variations and modifications may be made without departing from the principles herein illustrated, described, and claimed. The present invention, as defined by the appended claims, may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The configurations described herein are to be considered in all respects as only illustrative, and not restrictive. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.

[0199] Appendix A

[0200] The following is a list of possible error codes, descriptions, and suggested resolutions.

[0201]

ERROR CODE	DESCRIPTION
0	Success
100	No results found for the given query
101	Could not insert row into table
102	Could not update the information in the table
103	The database query has failed
1200	Specified service was not found
1201	User is not authorized for this service
1202	Service file was not found
1203	Service is not active
3000	Failed to retrieve certificates
3001	Failed to process certificate
3002	Failed to post a CSR to the web site
3003	Failed approving certificate renewal on web site
4000	Could not find the first search string of the common name
4001	Could not find the second search string of the common name
4002	Could not find the first search string of the certificate
4003	Could not find the second search string of the certificate
4004	Could not find the common name
4005	Could not find the certificate
4006	Certificate extraction failed
4007	Could not save certificate. Check ID and common name
4008	Could not find \“C:\\Inetpub\\mailroot\\Drop\” folder
5000	Could not establish a connection with the telnet server
6000	Could not create the CSR for this platform
6001	Could not install the Certification on the platform
6500	Exception in Create Csr
6501	Invalid initial login password
6502	Invalid password config
6503	Could not find the config-ssl prompt
6504	Sonicwall already in use elsewhere - could not connect to configure ssl interface
6505	Could not find the config-ssl-server prompt
6527	Exception in Install Certificate
6528	Invalid initial login password
6529	Invalid password config
6530	Could not find the config-ssl prompt
6531	Sonicwall already in use elsewhere - could not connect to configure ssl interface
6600	IPlanet Install Certificate: Document Complete Never Fired
6601	IPlanet Install Certificate: Invalid username or password
6602	IPlanet Install Certificate: Invalid certificate text
6603	IPlanet Install Certificate: Missing certificate text (the text was empty)
6604	IPlanet Install Certificate: Missing the key pair database password (the password
	was empty)
6605	IPlanet Install Certificate: Invalid key pair database password
6606	IPlanet Install Certificate: Could not find the Key Pair Password field on the
	HTML page
6607	IPlanet Install Certificate: Could not find the MessageText radio button on the
	HTML page
6608	IPlanet Install Certificate: Could not find the MessageText text area box on the
	HTML page
6609	IPlanet Install Certificate: Could not find the OK button to install the certificate
	on the HTML page
6610	IPlanet Install Certificate: Could not find the Replace button to confirm the install
	on the HTML page
6611	IPlanet Install Certificate: Could not find the Server On button to restart the
	server
6612	IPlanet Install Certificate: The automation did not occur or was not completed
	successfully. (m_bIsFinished was already true)
6613	IPlanet Install Certificate: Could not find the Add Server Certificate Button
6614	IPlanet Install Certificate: Alias value not found in select box
6615	IPlanet Install Certificate: Navigation to admin page failed. Possible heavy
	internet traffic or no network connection.
6616	IPlanet Install Certificate: Navigation to install certificate page failed. Possible
	heavy internet traffic or no network connection.
6617	IPlanet Install Certificate: Server user name blank
6618	IPlanet Install Certificate: Server password blank
6619	IPlanet Install Certificate: IP address blank
6620	IPlanet Install Certificate: Secure server name blank
6621	IPlanet Install Certificate: Key pair password blank
6622	IPlanet Install Certificate: Certificate text blank
6623	IPlanet Install Certificate: Navigation to confirmation page failed. Possible heavy
	internet traffic or no network connection.
6624	IPlanet Install Certificate: Replace certificate confirmation window not found
6625	IPlanet Install Certificate: Add certificate confirmation window not found
6626	IPlanet Install Certificate: Alias blank
6090	Verisign Retrieve Organization: Navigation to main page failed. Possible heavy
	internet traffic or no network connection.
6091	Verisign Retrieve Organization: Error retrieving data collection of organization
	information
6100	Verisign Post CSR: Document Complete never fired
6101	Verisign Post CSR: Automation did not complete (m_bIsFinished == true)
6102	Verisign Post CSR: Missing the First Name parameter
6103	Verisign Post CSR: A duplicate CSR was posted to Verisign's site which cannot
	be issued
6104	Verisign Post CSR: Missing the Last name parameter
6105	Verisign Post CSR: Invalid email format, must be in format [email protected]
6106	Verisign Post CSR: Missing Challenge Phrase
6107	Verisign Post CSR: Missing the Organization Name
6108	Verisign Post CSR: Invalid Organization Name
6109	Verisign Post CSR: Invalid CSR Text or missing CSR Text Fields
6110	Verisign Post CSR: Verisign MPKI URL blank
6111	Verisign Post CSR: First Name blank
6112	Verisign Post CSR: Last Name blank
6113	Verisign Post CSR: Contact email blank
6114	Verisign Post CSR: Challenge phrase blank
6115	Verisign Post CSR: Missing CSR text
6116	Verisign Post CSR: Additional Fields data table NULL
6117	Verisign Post CSR: Navigation to post CSR page has failed. Possible heavy
	internet traffic or no network connection.
6118	Verisign Post CSR: Could not find text field for CSR text
6119	Verisign Post CSR: Could not find text field for First Name
6120	Verisign Post CSR: Could not find text field for Last Name
6121	Verisign Post CSR: Could not find text field for Email address
6122	Verisign Post CSR: Could not find text field for Challenge Phrase
6123	Verisign Post CSR: Could not find text field for Challenge Phrase confirm
6124	Verisign Post CSR: Could not find drop down box for Application Server Type
6125	Verisign Post CSR: Your challenge phrase and reconfirmation do not match.
6126	Verisign Post CSR: Please enter a valid IP Address.
6127	Verisign Post CSR: Error finding additional fields
6128	Verisign Post CSR: Navigation to CSR Result page failed. Possible heavy
	internet traffic or no network connection.
6129	Verisign Post CSR: Could not find additional fields
6130	Verisign Post CSR: One or more additional fields has invalid data. The
	information entered should contain only alphabetical or numerical characters . . .
6131	Verisign Post CSR: Unable to start up and connect a browser instance.
6132	Verisign Post CSR: Unable to Navigate the browser.
6133	Verisign Post CSR: An error occurred while checking for ‘First Name’ error
	message.
6134	Verisign Post CSR: An error occurred while checking for ‘Last Name’ error
	message.
6135	Verisign Post CSR: An error occurred while checking for an invalid email format
	error message.
6136	Verisign Post CSR: An error occurred while checking for the Challenge Phrase
	error message.
6137	Verisign Post CSR: An error occurred while checking for the company name
	error message.
6138	Verisign Post CSR: An error occurred while checking for an invalid Organization
	Name error message.
6139	Verisign Post CSR: An error occurred while checking for Invalid CSR Text error
	message.
6140	Verisign Post CSR: An error occurred while checking for duplicate cert error
	message.
6141	Verisign Post CSR: An error occurred while checking to see if the Enrollment of
	the CSR Text was complete.
6142	Verisign Post CSR: An unknown error occurred while posting the CSR Text.
	Unable to confirm if Enrollment was complete.
6143	Verisign Post CSR: Invalid CA type passed to Postcard
6650	Entrust Retrieve Domains: The automation did not occur or was not completed
	successfully.
6651	Entrust Retrieve Domains: Document Complete Never Fired
6652	Entrust Retrieve Domains: Username/ID box not found on login page
6653	Entrust Retrieve Domains: Password field not found on login page
6654	Entrust Retrieve Domains: Login button not found on login page
6655	Entrust Retrieve Domains: Username or password not valid
6656	Entrust Retrieve Domains: Less than two select boxes were found on contract
	information page.
6657	Entrust Retrieve Domains: More than two select boxes were found on contract
	information page.
6658	Entrust Retrieve Domains: Could not find the Domain Information select box.
6659	Entrust Retrieve Domains: The User Id passed to Entrust Retrieve Domains was
	blank
6660	Entrust Retrieve Domains: The Password passed to Entrust Retrieve Domains
	was blank
6661	Entrust Retrieve Domains: Could not complete navigation to Logon page
6662	Entrust Retrieve Domains: Could not complete navigation to Management page
6663	Entrust Retrieve Domains: Could not complete navigation to Contract
	Information page
6675	Entrust Retrieve Organization Names: The automation did not occur or was not
	completed successfully.
6676	Entrust Retrieve Organization Names: Document Complete Never Fired
6677	Entrust Retrieve Organization Names: Username/ID box not found on login page
6678	Entrust Retrieve Organization Names: Password field not found on login page
6679	Entrust Retrieve Organization Names: Login button not found on login page
6680	Entrust Retrieve Organization Names: Username or password not valid
6681	Entrust Retrieve Organization Names: Less than two select boxes were found on
	contract information page.
6682	Entrust Retrieve Organization Names: More than two select boxes were found on
	contract information page.
6683	Entrust Retrieve Organization Names: Could not find the Organization Name
	select box
6684	Entrust Retrieve Organization Names: The User Id passed to Entrust Retrieve
	Organization Names was blank
6685	Entrust Retrieve Organization Names: The Password passed to Entrust Retrieve
	Organization Names was blank
6686	Entrust Retrieve Organization Names: Could not complete navigation to Logon
	page
6689	Entrust Retrieve Organization Names: Could not complete navigation to
	Management page
6690	Entrust Retrieve Organization Names: Could not complete navigation to Contract
	Information page
6700	IPlanet Create CSR: Document Complete Never Fired
6701	IPlanet Create CSR: Could not find the CA Email Address field on the main
	HTML page
6702	IPlanet Create CSR: Could not find the Key Pair database field on the main
	HTML page
6703	IPlanet Create CSR: Could not find the Requestor Name field on the main HTML
	page
6704	IPlanet Create CSR: Could not find the Telephone Number field on the main
	HTML page
6705	IPlanet Create CSR: Could not find the Common Name field on the main HTML
	page
6706	IPlanet Create CSR: Could not find the Email Address field on the main HTML
	page
6707	IPlanet Create CSR: Could not find the Organization field on the main HTML
	page
6708	IPlanet Create CSR: Could not find the Organization Unit field on the main
	HTML page
6709	IPlanet Create CSR: Could not find the Locality field on the main HTML page
6710	IPlanet Create CSR: Could not find the State or Province field on the main
	HTML page
6711	IPlanet Create CSR: Could not find the Country field on the main HTML page
6712	IPlanet Create CSR: Could not find the OK button on the main HTML page
6713	IPlanet Create CSR: Invalid UserName or Password
6714	IPlanet Create CSR: Missing the CA Email Address (the text was empty)
6715	IPlanet Create CSR: Missing the Key Pair Database Password (the text was
	empty)
6716	IPlanet Create CSR: Invalid Key Pair Database Password
6717	IPlanet Create CSR: Missing the Requestor Name (the text was empty)
6718	IPlanet Create CSR: Missing the Telephone Number (the text was empty)
6719	IPlanet Create CSR: Missing the Common name (the text was empty)
6720	IPlanet Create CSR: Missing the Email Address (the text was empty)
6721	IPlanet Create CSR: Missing the Organization Name (the text was empty)
6722	IPlanet Create CSR: Missing the Country (the text was empty)
6723	IPlanet Create CSR: Invalid Country (only a single letter was entered - must be
	two letters)
6724	IPlanet Create CSR: The automation did not occur or was not completed
	successfully. (m_bIsFinished was already true)
6725	IPlanet Create CSR: Invalid Country Code.
6726	IPlanet Create CSR: Alias value not found in select box
6727	IPlanet Create CSR: Trust database has not been initialized
6728	IPlanet Create CSR: User name blank
6729	IPlanet Create CSR: Password blank
6730	IPlanet Create CSR: IP Address blank
6731	IPlanet Create CSR: Secure server name blank
6732	IPlanet Create CSR: Common name blank
6733	IPlanet Create CSR: Organization name blank
6734	IPlanet Create CSR: Organization unit blank
6735	IPlanet Create CSR: City blank
6736	IPlanet Create CSR: State blank
6737	IPlanet Create CSR: Country blank
6738	IPlanet Create CSR: Contact email blank
6739	IPlanet Create CSR: Contact first name blank
6740	IPlanet Create CSR: Contact last name blank
6741	IPlanet Create CSR: Contact work phone number blank
6742	IPlanet Create CSR: Key pair password blank
6743	IPlanet Create CSR: Navigation to admin page failed. Possible heavy internet
	traffic or no network connection.
6744	IPlanet Create CSR: Invalid secure server name
6745	IPlanet Create CSR: Navigation to create CSR page failed. Possible heavy
	internet traffic or no network connection.
6746	IPlanet Create CSR: Navigation to CSR page failed. Possible heavy internet
	traffic or no network connection.
6747	IPlanet Create CSR: Error retrieving CSR
6748	IPlanet Create CSR: Invalid length for the common name
6749	IPlanet Create CSR: Alias blank
6750	IPlanet Create CSR: Could not find alias field
6751	IPlanet Create CSR: Could not find alias value
6760	Entrust Verify Login: The automation did not occur or was not completed
	successfully. (m_bIsFinished was already true)
6761	Entrust Verify Login: Document Complete Never Fired
6762	Entrust Verify Login: Username/ID box not found on login page
6763	Entrust Verify Login: Password field not found on login page
6764	Entrust Verify Login: Login button not found on login page
6765	Entrust Verify Login: Username or password not valid
6766	Entrust Verify Login: The User Id passed to Entrust Verify Login was blank
6767	Entrust Verify Login: The Password passed to Entrust Verify Login was blank
6768	Entrust Verify Login: Could not complete navigation to Logon page
6769	Entrust Verify Login: Could not complete navigation to Management page
6775	Verisign Approve: Document Complete Never Fired
6776	Verisign Approve: Could not find the Process Requests link on the main HTML
	page
6777	Verisign Approve: Could not find the Continue button on the HTML page
6778	Verisign Approve: The automation did not occur or was not completed
	successfully. (m_bIsFinished was already true)
6779	Verisign Approve: Common name was not found
6780	Verisign Approve: Approve link was not found
6781	Verisign Approve: Could not complete navigation to main MPKI page. Possible
	heavy internet traffic or no network connection.
6782	Verisign Approve: Could not complete navigation to Process Requests (approval)
	page. Possible heavy internet traffic or no network connection.
6783	Verisign Approve: Could not complete navigation to approval result page.
	Possible heavy internet traffic or no network connection.
6784	Verisign Approve: Could not complete navigation to next approval page. Possible
	heavy internet traffic or no network connection.
6785	Verisign Retrieve Organization Names: Could not find the organization names
	‘Org:’ label
6786	Verisign Retrieve Organization Names: Document complete did not fire
6787	Verisign Retrieve Organization Names: Error occurred during retrieval of names
	from elements on page
6788	Verisign Retrieve Organization Names: Could not complete navigation to
	Verisign's main MPKI page. Possible heavy internet traffic or no network
	connection.
6790	Verisign retrieve organization names: Unable to start up and connect a browser
	instance.
6791	Verisign retrieve organization names: Unable to Navigate the browser.
6792	Verisign retrieve organization names: An error occurred while searching for the
	OrgName label.
6800	Autocert Utilities Service: Verisign certificate is neither a standard nor global
	certificate.
6801	Autocert Utilities Service: Unable to update the standard mpki url to the
	Certificate Authority table.
6802	Autocert Utilities Service: Unable to update the global mpki url to the Certificate
	Authority table.
6803	Autocert Utilities Service: Unable to delete the domain name from the domain
	verification table.
6804	Autocert Utilities Service: Unable to insert the domain name to the domain
	verification table.
6805	Autocert Utilities Service: Unable to delete the organization name from the
	organization verification table.
6806	Autocert Utilities Service: Unable to insert the organization name to the
	organization verification table.
6807	Autocert Utilities Service: Initialization of WinINet functions failed.
6808	Autocert Utilities Service: Failed to establish session with web site.
6809	Autocert Utilities Service: Failed to create Http request handle.
6810	Autocert Utilities Service: Failed to retrieve certificate from store. Verify
	certificate is installed.
6811	Autocert Utilities Service: Failed to attach certificate to http request.
6812	Autocert Utilities Service: SPC system store failed to open.
6813	Autocert Utilities Service: Failed to send request to server.
6814	Autocert Utilities Service: Global certificate file not uploaded. Upload certificate
	before retrieving information.
6815	Autocert Utilities Service: Standard server certificate file not uploaded. Upload
	certificate before retrieving information.
6816	Autocert Utilities Service: Could not find Verisign standard account information.
	Verify correct certificate was uploaded.
6817	Autocert Utilities Service: Could not find Verisign global account information.
	Verify correct certificate was uploaded.
6818	Entrust Post CSR: The User Id passed to Entrust Post Csr was blank.
6819	Entrust Post CSR: The Password passed to Entrust Post Csr was blank
6820	Entrust Post CSR: The Certificate Id passed to Entrust Post Csr was blank
6821	Entrust Post CSR: The Organization name passed to Entrust Post Csr was blank
6822	Entrust Post CSR: The Csr passed to Entrust Post Csr was blank
6823	Entrust Post CSR: The UserID edit box on the login page could not be found.
6824	Entrust Post CSR: The Password edit box on the login page could not be found.
6825	Entrust Post CSR: The Log in button on the login page could not be found.
6826	Entrust Post CSR: The Create/Renew button on the status page could not be
	found.
6827	Entrust Post CSR: The Organization Name select box could not be found on the
	Create/Renue page.
6828	Entrust Post CSR: The Certificate Type select box could not be found on the
	Create/Renue page.
6829	Entrust Post CSR: The Standard option could not be found as a selection in the
	Certificate Type select box on the Crate/Renue page.
6830	Entrust Post CSR: The Create Certificate button could not be found on the
	Create/Renew page.
6831	Entrust Post CSR: The Certificate signing request text area could not be found on
	the Create/Renew page.
6832	Entrust Post CSR: The Tracking information edit box could not be found on the
	Create/Renew page.
6833	Entrust Post CSR: The Confirm button was not found on the confirmation page.
6834	Entrust Post CSR: The CSR provided has already been posted, duplicate csr.
6835	Entrust Post CSR: The CSR does not begin with -----BEGIN (five dashes and
	BEGIN) which is required by Entrust.
6836	Entrust Post CSR: The CSR if for an invalid domain.
6837	Entrust Post CSR: The CSR has an invalid country code.
6838	Entrust Post CSR: The company is using all of its SSL Server Certificates.
6850	Entrust Post CSR: Document Complete did not fire
6851	Entrust Post CSR: could not complete automation.
6852	Entrust Post CSR: An invalid UserId or Password was used.
6853	Entrust Post CSR: Could not complete navigation to Logon page
6854	Entrust Post CSR: Could not complete navigation to certificate management page
6855	Entrust Post CSR: Could not complete navigation to post CSR page
6856	Entrust Post CSR: Could not complete navigation to post CSR confirmation page
6857	Entrust Post CSR: Could not complete navigation to post CSR finished page
6858	Entrust Post CSR: Confirmation page not found
6859	Entrust Post CSR: Unable to navigate to Login Page
6861	Entrust Post CSR: Unable to Locate the Username Element in any of the Frames
	of the Web Browser Document.
6862	Entrust Post CSR: Unable to authenticate the login. The username and/or
	password are incorrect or refused by Entrust.
6863	Entrust Post CSR: Unable to start up and connect a browser instance.
6864	Entrust Post CSR: An error occurred while searching for the CSR header sting in
	the Html text from the WebBrowser document.
6865	Entrust Post CSR: An error occurred while searching for the Tracking label string
	in the Html text from the WebBrowser document.
6866	Entrust Post CSR: An error occurred while checking if the CSR is a duplicate.
6875	Entrust Post CSR: An error occurred while checking the CSR for five dashes
6876	Entrust Post CSR: An error occurred while checking if all the SSL Server Certs
	have been used for the login account.
6877	Entrust Approve Certificate: Document Complete Never Fired
6878	Entrust Approve Certificate: The automation did not occur or was not completed
	successfully. (m_bIsFinished was already true)
6879	Entrust Approve Certificate: Username/ID box not found on login page
6880	Entrust Approve Certificate: Password field not found on login page
6881	Entrust Approve Certificate: Login button not found on login page
6882	Entrust Approve Certificate: Username or password not valid
6883	Entrust Approve Certificate: Certificate was not found
6884	Entrust Approve Certificate: The User Id passed to Entrust Approve Certificate
	was blank
6885	Entrust Approve Certificate: The Password passed to Entrust Approve Certificate
	was blank
6886	Entrust Approve Certificate: The Certificate Id passed to Entrust Approve
	Certificate was blank
6887	Entrust Approve Certificate: Could not complete navigation to Logon page
6888	Entrust Approve Certificate: Could not complete navigation to certificate
	management page
6889	Entrust Approve Certificate: Could not find ‘Ready’ text in the TR tag
6890	Entrust Approve Certificate: Could not find Entrust generated tracking id
6891	Entrust Approve Certificate: Could not find Ready link with Entrust generated
	tracking id
6892	Entrust Approve Certificate: Could not complete navigation to Csr Posting
	Finished page
6900	Entrust Retrieve Certificate: Document Complete did not fire
6901	Entrust Retrieve Certificate: Automation did not complete
6902	Entrust Retrieve Certificate: Could not find the Unique Id field on the Entrust
	Login frame
6903	Entrust Retrieve Certificate: Could not find the Password field on the Entrust
	Login frame
7000	Entrust Retrieve Certificate: Could not find the Log in button
7001	Entrust Retrieve Certificate: Invalid Entrust Username or Password
7002	Entrust Retrieve Certificate: Certificate id was not found
8000	Entrust Retrieve Certificate: Could not find the BEGIN CERTIFICATE or END
	CERTIFICATE identifiers
8001	Entrust Retrieve Certificate: Could not find the Certificate page section identifier
8002	Entrust Retrieve Certificate: The User Id passed to Entrust Retrieve Certificate
	was blank
8010	Entrust Retrieve Certificate: The Password passed to Entrust Retrieve Certificate
	was blank
9003	Entrust Retrieve Certificate: The Certificate Id passed to Entrust Retrieve
	Certificate was blank
9011	Entrust Retrieve Certificate: Could not complete navigation to Logon page
9012	Entrust Retrieve Certificate: Could not complete navigation to Management page
9013	Entrust Retrieve Certificate: Could not find active text
9014	Entrust Retrieve Certificate: Could not find tracking ID
9015	Entrust Retrieve Certificate: Could not find active link
9016	Entrust Retrieve Certificate: Could not complete navigation to Finish page
9017	IIS 6.0: Could not create the private key
9018	IIS 6.0: Could not create the CSR
9019	IIS 6.0: Could not create the PFX
9020	IIS 6.0: Could not install the PFX
9021	AutocertMonitor: An exception occurred while calling the auto-update web
	service
9022	AutocertMonitor: Error loading local xml manifest document
9023	AutocertMonitor: Error occurred during LoadManifest call
9024	SMImport: Error connecting to csv file. Check file location.
9025	SMImport: Data type(s) incorrect in csv file. Check numerical data.
9026	SMImport: Data format incorrect in csv file. Verify that data in each field is
	correctly formatted.
9027	SMCertificate: Unable to update the Valid From and To dates in the Database
9028	ACLog: Could not get log configuration
9029	SMCertificate: Could not get certificate
9030	SMCertificate: Could not get certificates by status code
9031	SMCertificate: Could not get and sort certificates by status code
9032	SMCertificate: Could not get certificates in renewal window
9033	SMCertificate: Could not get all certificates
9034	SMCertificate: Could not get and sort all certificates
9035	SMCertificate: Could not get all certificates over max attempt number
9036	SMCertificate: Could not get and sort all certificates over max attempt number
9041	SMCertificate: Could not get generated CSR data
9042	SMCertificate: Could not insert certificate
9043	SMCertificate: Could not update certificate
9044	SMCertificate: Could not update certificate edited by the user
9045	SMCertificate: Could not update the certificate csr text
9046	SMCertificate: Could not update the certificate active flag
9047	SMCertificate: Could not update the certificate status code
9048	SMCertificate: Could not update the certificate attempt count
9049	SMCertificate: Could not update the certificate text
9050	SMCertificate: Could not update certificate private key text
9051	SMCertificate: Could not update certificate valid from/to date
9052	SMCertificate: Could not get certificate ID by common name
9053	SMCertificate: No certificate given to split
9054	SMCertificate: Unable to retrieve all custom field titles
9055	SMCertificate: Unable to get all custom fields
9056	SMCertificate: Unable to read valid dates from certificate text
9061	SMCertificate: Could not update the certificate CA tracking value
9062	SMCertificate: Count not get certificates in process
9063	SMCertificateAuthority: Could not get all certificate authorities
9064	SMCertificateAuthority: Could not get certificate authority
9065	EXCEPTION_SMCERTIFICATEAUTHORITY—
	GETCERTIFICATEAUTHORITYSETUPCOMPLETESORT
9066	SMCertificateAuthority: Could not update certificate authority setup complete
9067	SMCertificateAuthority: Could not update certificate authority username and
	password
9068	SMCertificateAuthority: Could not update certificate authority post csr url
9069	SMCertificateAuthority: Could not get any certificate authority setup complete
9071	SMCertificateAuthority: Could not get domain verifications by CA
9072	SMCertificateAuthority: Could not insert domain verification
9073	SMCertificateAuthority: Could not delete domain verification
9081	SMCertificateAuthority: Could not get organization verifications by CA
9091	SMCertificateAuthority: Could not insert organization verification
9092	SMCertificateAuthority: Could not delete organization verification
9093	SMCertificateAuthority: Could not get Entrust domain organization verification
9094	SMCertificateAuthority: Could not get semaphore error code
9095	SMCertificateAuthority: Could not update semaphore error code
9096	SMContact: Could not update contact
9097	SMContact: Could not update contact active flag
9098	SMContact: Could not insert contact
9099	SMContact: Could not get all contacts
9101	SMContact: Could not get and sort all contacts
9102	SMContact: Could not get contact
9103	SMContact: Could not get contact by certificate serial number
9104	SMContact: Could not get contact certificate serial number
9105	SMContact: Could not verify user rights
9106	SMDatabase: Could not backup database
9107	SMDatabase: Could not restore database
9108	SMDatabase: Unable to get all status codes
9112	SMMailParse: Could not process mail
9113	SMServer: Could not get all servers
9114	SMServer: Could not get all server type codes
9115	SMServer: Could not get and sort all servers
9116	SMServer: Could not get server
9117	SMServer: Could not insert server
9118	SMServer: Could not update the server active flag
9121	SMServer: Could not update server
9122	SMServer: Could not get server type code by certificate ID
9123	SMServer: Could not get server type code
9124	SMSettings: Could not get all settings
9125	SMSettings: Could not get settings
9126	SMSettings: Could not update settings critical error email
9127	SMSettings: Could not update settings database backup path
9128	SMSettings: Could not update settings database last backup date
9129	SMSettings: Could not update settings database last backup path
9130	SMSettings: Could not update settings database backup interval
9131	SMSettings: Could not update settings proxy server address
9132	SMSettings: Could not get settings critical error email
9133	SMSettings: Could not get settings database backup path
9134	SMSettings: Could not get settings max attempt number
9135	SMSettings: Could not get settings automation interval
9136	SMSettings: Could not get settings server email
9137	SMSettings: Could not get settings database backup interval
9231	SMSettings: Could not get settings proxy server address
9232	ACCryptography: Could not install verisign admin certificate
9233	ACCryptography: Could not remove verisign admin certificate
9234	ACCryptography: Exception occurred while reading pfx file
9235	ACCryptography: Not a valid pfx file
9141	ACCryptography: Incorrect password
9142	ACCryptography: Opening of pfx file failed
9143	ACCryptography: ‘MY’ system store failed to open in
	InstallVerisignAdminCertificate
9144	ACCryptography: Import of certificate to ‘MY’ store failed
9145	ACCryptography: Empty parameter for file path passed to
	InstallVerisignAdminCertificate
9146	ACCryptography: Empty parameter for password passed to
	InstallVerisignAdminCertificate
9147	ACCryptography: ‘MY’ system store failed to open in
	RemoveVerisignAdminCertificate
9148	ACCryptography: Failed to remove certificates from ‘MY’ store
9149	ACCryptography: Exception occurred while reading pfx file
9150	ACCryptography: Not a valid pfx file
9151	ACCryptography: Incorrect password
9152	ACCryptography: Empty parameter for file path passed to VerifyPfxFile
9160	ACCryptography: Empty parameter for password passed to VerifyPfxFile
9161	ACTelnet: Could not receive from server
9162	ACTelnet: Could not send to server
9163	ACTelnet: Could not process options
9164	ACTelnet: Could not respond to options
9165	ACTelnet: Could not arrange reply
9166	AutoCertService: Exception in Main( )
9167	AutoCertService: Unable to get expiring certificates
9171	AutoCertService: Unable to generate CSR
9172	AutoCertService: Unable to post CSR
9173	AutoCertService: Manual bulk approval failed
9174	AutoCertService: Unable to approve certificates
9200	AutoCertService: Unable to retrieve certificates
9201	AutoCertService: Unable to split certificates
9202	AutoCertService: Unable to install certificates
9203	AutoCertService: Unable to verify certificates
9204	AutoCertService: Unable to set proxy settings
9205	AutoCertService: Unable to set proxy settings
9206	Unable to connect to server while creating csr
9207	Exiting create csr
9208	Unable to connect to server while installing certificate
9209	Installation of certificate failed
9210	Unable to connect to server while creating csr
9211	Exiting create csr
9212	Unable to connect to server while installing certificate
9213	Installation of certificate failed
9214	Access denied, Please check the username and password (for the Certificate
	Authority) and try again
9215	Unable to retrieve the certificate
9216	Unable to approve the certificate
9217	Unable to post the CSR
9450	Common name exceeded maximum length
9451	Domain name must be at the end of the common name
9501	ServerID not found
9502	ContactID not found
9503	Server email not found
9511	SMCertificateAuthority: Domain Name already exists in the database
9512	SMCertificateAuthority: Organization Name already exists in the database
9521	SMCertificate: No certificate given to split
9522	SMCertificate: Server certificate not found
9600	Verisign Global Setup: Error occurred while stopping service.
9601	Verisign Global Setup: Error occurred while starting service.
9602	Verisign Standard Setup: Error occurred while stopping service.
9603	Verisign Standard Setup: Error occurred while starting service.
9604	Command prompt not received after terminal type input
9605	Command ‘genconf’ common name prompt not received
9606	Command ‘genconf’ country name prompt not received
9607	Command ‘genconf’ state prompt not received
9608	Command ‘genconf’ city prompt not received
9609	Command ‘genconf’ organization name prompt not received
9610	Command ‘genconf’ organizational unit prompt not received
9611	Command ‘genconf’ Are these correct? prompt not received
9612	Command ‘genconf’ command prompt not received
9613	Command ‘genkey’ key file already exists
9614	Command ‘genkey’ Are these correct? prompt not received
9615	Command ‘genkey’ country name prompt not received
9616	Command ‘genkey’ state prompt not received
9617	Command ‘genkey’ city prompt not received
9618	Command ‘genkey’ organization name prompt not received
9619	Command ‘genkey’ organizational unit prompt not received
9620	Command ‘genkey’ common name prompt not received
9621	Command ‘genkey’ second country name prompt not received
9622	Command ‘genkey’ second state prompt not received
9623	Command ‘genkey’ second city prompt not received
9624	Command ‘genkey’ second organization name prompt not received
9625	Command ‘genkey’ second organizational unit prompt not received
9626	Command ‘genkey’ second common name prompt not received
9627	Command ‘genkey’ second hit return prompt not received
9628	Command ‘genkey’ encrypt prompt not received
9629	Command ‘genkey’ passphrase prompt not received
9630	Command ‘genkey’ verify passphrase prompt not received
9631	Command ‘genkey’ command prompt not received after verify passphrase
9632	Command ‘cat’ command prompt not received
9633	Command prompt not received after echo
9634	Command ‘genkey’ key file already exists
9635	Command ‘genkey’ Hit return prompt not received
9636	Command ‘genkey’ command prompt not received
9637	Command ‘genkey’ remove key prompt not received
9638	Command ‘genkey’ command prompt not received after key removed
9639	Command ‘genkey’ remove csr prompt not received
9640	Command ‘genkey’ command prompt not received after csr remove
9641	Command ‘genkey’ remove crt prompt not received
9642	Command ‘genkey’ command prompt not received after crt remove
9643	Command prompt not received after terminal type input
9644	Command ‘genconf’ common name prompt not received
9645	Command ‘genconf’ country name prompt not received
9646	Command ‘genconf’ state prompt not received
9647	Command ‘genconf’ city prompt not received
9648	Command ‘genconf’ organization name prompt not received
9649	Command ‘genconf’ organizational unit prompt not received
9650	Command ‘genconf’ Are these correct? prompt not received
9651	Command ‘genconf’ command prompt not received
9652	Command ‘genkey’ Hit return prompt not received
9653	Command ‘genkey’ command prompt not received
9654	Command ‘genkey’ remove key prompt not received
9655	Command ‘genkey’ command prompt not received after key removed
9656	Command ‘genkey’ remove csr prompt not received
9657	Command ‘genkey’ command prompt not received after csr remove
9658	Command ‘genkey’ remove crt prompt not received
9659	Command ‘genkey’ command prompt not received after crt remove
9660	Command ‘genkey’ key file already exists
9661	Command ‘genkey’ Are these correct? prompt not received
9662	Command ‘genkey’ country name prompt not received
9663	Command ‘genkey’ state prompt not received
9664	Command ‘genkey’ city prompt not received
9665	Command ‘genkey’ organization name prompt not received
9666	Command ‘genkey’ organizational unit prompt not received
9667	Command ‘genkey’ common name prompt not received
9668	Command ‘genkey’ second country name prompt not received
9669	Command ‘genkey’ second state prompt not received
9670	Command ‘genkey’ second city prompt not received
9671	Command ‘genkey’ second organization name prompt not received
9672	Command ‘genkey’ second organizational unit prompt not received
9673	Command ‘genkey’ second common name prompt not received
9674	Command ‘genkey’ second hit return prompt not received
9675	Command ‘genkey’ encrypt prompt not received
9676	Command ‘genkey’ passphrase prompt not received
9700	Command ‘genkey’ verify passphrase prompt not received
9701	Command ‘genkey’ command prompt not received after verify passphrase
9702	Command ‘cat’ command prompt not received
9703	Command prompt not received after echo
9704	Verisign Retrieve Domains: Unable to start up and connect a browser instance.
9705	Verisign Retrieve Domains: Could not complete navigation to Verisign's MPKI
	main page
9776	Verisign Retrieve Domains: Error occurred during building of user services url
9777	Verisign Retrieve Domains: Could not complete navigation to user services page
9778	Verisign Retrieve Domains: Could not complete navigation to domains page
9779	Verisign Retrieve Domains: Error occurred during retrieving of domain names
	from page
9801	A timeout occurred while posting the csr, this may be due to network traffic or
	the server may be down
9802	A timeout occurred while approving the csr, this may be due to network traffic or
	the server may be down
9803	A timeout occurred while retrieving the certificate, this may be due to network
	traffic or the server may be down
9804	Unable to start the Windows2003Ca Process this could be due to a
	misconfiguration in the Windows 2003 Certificate Authority setup, please check
	the settings to make sure they are correct
−1	ERROR UNKNOWN