Apparatus and methods for forming gastrointestinal tissue approximations

[0001] This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/433,065, filed Dec. 11, 2002, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0002] The present invention relates to methods and apparatus for reducing the effective cross-sectional area of a gastro-intestinal (“GI”) lumen.

[0003] The onset of minimally invasive surgery, laparoscopy, has significantly reduced the morbidity for patients and decreased costs for surgery. The next frontier in less invasive surgery is to perform these procedures using the natural passageways of the GI tract. There are numerous gastrointestinal indications that could benefit from an endoluminal approach. These indications include GERD, gastric resections, transluminal procedures, revision of gastric bypass procedures, anastomosis for gastric bypass, gastroplasty, colonic resections, large polyps, and transanal microsurgery.

[0004] Morbid obesity is a serious medical condition pervasive in the United States and other industrialized countries. Its complications include hypertension, diabetes, coronary artery disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, multiple orthopedic problems and pulmonary insufficiency with markedly decreased life expectancy.

[0005] Several surgical techniques have been developed to treat morbid obesity, e.g., bypassing an absorptive surface of the small intestine, or reducing the stomach size. These procedures are difficult to perform in morbidly obese patients because it is often difficult to gain access to the digestive organs. In particular, the layers of fat encountered in morbidly obese patients make difficult direct exposure of the digestive organs with a wound retractor, and standard laparoscopic trocars may be of inadequate length.

[0006] In addition, previously known open surgical procedures may present numerous life-threatening post-operative complications, and may cause atypical diarrhea, electrolytic imbalance, unpredictable weight loss and reflux of nutritious chyme proximal to the site of the anastomosis.

[0007] The gastrointestinal lumen includes four tissue layers, wherein the mucosa layer is the top tissue layer followed by connective tissue, the muscularis layer and the serosa layer. When stapling or suturing from the peritoneal side of the GI tract, it is easier to gain access to the serosal layer. In endoluminal approaches to surgery, the mucosa layers are visualized. The muscularis and serosal layers are difficult to access because they are only loosely adhered to the mucosal layer. In order to create a durable tissue approximation with suture or staples or some form of anchor, it is important to create a serosa to serosa approximation. In other words, the mucosa and connective tissue layers typically do not heal together in a way that can sustain the tensile loads imposed by normal movement of the stomach wall during ingestion and processing of food. In particular, folding the serosal layers in a way that they will heal together will form a durable plication. This problem of capturing the muscularis or serosa layers becomes particularly acute where it is desired to place an anchor or other apparatus transesophageally rather than intraoperatively, since care must be taken in piercing the tough stomach wall not to inadvertently puncture adjacent tissue or organs.

[0008] In view of the aforementioned limitations, it would be desirable to provide methods and apparatus for folding serosal layers and plicating them to heal together. This can be used to achieve gastric reduction by reconfiguring the GI lumen of a patient as well as stopping bleeding in the GI tract and resecting lesions from the inside of the gastrointestinal lumens.

[0009] It also would be desirable to provide methods and apparatus for gastric reduction wherein an anchor assembly is extended across stomach folds that include the muscularis and serosa tissue layers, thereby providing a durable foundation for placement of gastric reduction apparatus.

[0010] It further would be desirable to provide methods and apparatus for gastric reduction, wherein the anchors are deployed in a manner that reduces the possibility of injuring neighboring organs.

[0011] In view of the foregoing, it is an object of the present invention to provide methods and apparatus for achieving a serosa-to-serosa approximation endoluminally.

[0012] It is another object of the present invention to provide methods and apparatus for gastric reduction by reconfiguring the GI lumen of a patient, by creating a restriction to the passage of food.

[0013] It is another object of the present invention to provide methods and apparatus for gastric reduction using anchors that can be reconfigured from a reduced delivery profile to an expanded deployed profile.

[0014] It is an additional object of this invention to provide methods and apparatus for gastric reduction in which an anchor assembly is extended across stomach folds that include the muscularis and serosa tissue layers, thereby providing a durable foundation for placement of gastric reduction apparatus.

[0015] It is a further object of the present invention to provide methods and apparatus for various gastrointestinal surgery including gastric reduction, wherein the anchors are deployed in a manner that reduces the possibility of injuring neighboring organs.

[0016] According to one aspect of the present invention, a gastrointestinal tissue fold is created by advancing a delivery catheter that includes first and second flexible tubes into a gastrointestinal lumen (“GI lumen”), wherein the first flexible tube has a distal tip carrying a tissue grabbing assembly. A tissue wall of the GI lumen is engaged with the tissue grabbing assembly, and then maneuvered to create a tissue fold. The second flexible tube then is positioned so that its distal tip is substantially perpendicular to the tissue fold and an anchor assembly is delivered through the second flexible tube and across the tissue fold. Preferably, delivery of the anchor assembly across the tissue fold includes delivering the anchor assembly across the muscularis and serosa layers of the tissue wall and directed back inwardly into the gastric lumen.

[0017] According to other embodiments, the tissue grabbing assembly may comprise a pair of jaws configured to transform between open and closed configurations, wherein the jaws have sharpened teeth to facilitate tissue engagement. Preferably, the flexible tubes are connected by a hinge assembly that limits movement of the first flexible tube relative to the second flexible tube.

[0018] In another aspect of the present invention, a gastrointestinal tissue fold is formed by advancing a delivery catheter including a flexible tube into a gastrointestinal lumen. The flexible tube includes a distal tip having a tissue grabbing assembly disposed thereon, which is actuated to engage the tissue wall and then move the tissue wall to create a tissue fold. The tissue grabbing assembly then is rotated to move the tissue fold across a distal bend in the flexible tube, through which an anchor assembly is delivered across the tissue fold.

[0019] According to alternative embodiments, the tissue grabbing assembly may comprise a treadmill assembly including a plurality of needles. The needles are disposed on a band at regular intervals to form a conveyor that rotates around a distal hub and a proximal hub. The proximal hub is operatively coupled to a drive shaft disposed within the flexible tube so that rotation of the drive shaft rotates the proximal hub and linearly displaces the conveyor.

[0020] According to another method of the present invention, a gastrointestinal tissue fold is formed by engaging the tissue at a first engagement point, moving the first engagement point to a position proximal of a second engagement point to form a fold, and then engaging the tissue at the second engagement point. In a preferred embodiment, the tissue is engaged at the second engagement point by extending an anchor assembly through the tissue fold using a needle.

[0021] The anchor assembly comprises, in one embodiment, a pair of anchors comprising rods that are delivered through a needle in a reduced delivery profile, wherein the longitudinal axis of the rods is substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the needle. Once ejected from the needle, the rods are free to rotate about 90 degrees to engage the tissue. In other embodiments, the anchor assembly comprises a pair of anchors including cylinders that are delivered using an obturator. In a reduced delivery profile, a longitudinal axis of the cylinders is substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the obturator. After delivery the cylinders rotate 90 degrees about their longitudinal axes to bear against the tissue.

[0033] In accordance with the principles of the present invention, methods and apparatus are provided for treating obesity by approximating the walls of a gastrointestinal lumen to narrow the lumen, thus reducing the area for absorption in the stomach or intestines. More particularly, the present invention involves an endoscopic apparatus that engages a tissue wall of the gastrointestinal lumen, creates a tissue fold and disposes an anchor assembly through the tissue fold. Preferably, the anchor assembly is disposed through the muscularis and/or serosa layers of the gastrointestinal lumen. In operation, the distal tip of the probe engages the tissue, then moves the engaged tissue to a proximal position relative to the catheter tip, thereby providing a substantially uniform plication of predetermined size.

[0034] Formation of a tissue fold preferably is accomplished using two tissue contact points that are separated by a linear or curvilinear distance, wherein the separation distance between the tissue contact points affects the length and/or depth of the fold. In operation, a tissue grabbing assembly engages the tissue wall in its normal state (i.e., non-folded and substantially flat), thus providing a first tissue contact point. The first tissue contact point then is moved to a position proximal of a second tissue contact point to form the tissue fold. An anchor assembly then may be extended across the tissue fold at the second tissue contact point.

[0035] More preferably, the first tissue contact point is used to engage and then stretch or rotate the tissue wall over the second tissue contact point to form the tissue fold. The tissue fold is then articulated to a position so that a portion of the tissue fold overlies the second tissue contact point at an orientation that is substantially normal to the tissue fold. An anchor then is delivered across the tissue fold at or near the second tissue contact point.

[0036] Referring to FIGS. 1A and 1B, apparatus 10 of the present invention comprises torqueable catheter 11 having distal region 12 from which first and second interconnected flexible tubes 13 and 14 extend, and proximal region 15 having handle 16 and actuator 17. Catheter 11 is configured to be inserted through a patient's mouth and esophagus and into the gastrointestinal lumen. Tissue grabbing assembly 18 is disposed on the distal end of flexible tube 13, and is coupled to actuator 17 via control wire 19 that extends through flexible tube 13.

[0037] As better illustrated in FIG. 1B, flexible tubes 13 and 14 are connected via hinge assembly 20 that comprises link 21 attached to flexible tube 13 at pivot point 22 and attached to flexible tube 14 at pivot point 23. Hinge assembly 20 prevents tissue grabbing assembly 18 from moving more than a predetermined distance relative to distal end 24 of flexible tube 14.

[0038] Still referring to FIG. 1B, flexible tubes 13 and 14 preferably include bendable sections 25 and 26, respectively, that comprise a plurality of through-wall slots 27 to enhance flexibility of the tube. Preferably, flexible tubes 13 and 14 are made from stainless steel with an etched or laser-cut slot pattern. More preferably, the slot pattern is a sinusoidal repeating pattern of slots perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of tubes 13 and 14.

[0039] Referring to FIGS. 2A and 2B, tissue grabbing assembly 18 comprises pair of jaws 28a, 28b arranged to rotate about pivot point 29 between an open configuration (FIG. 2A) and a closed configuration (FIG. 2B). Control wire 19 is coupled via pivot point 30 to arms 31a and 31b. Arms 31a and 31b are in turn pivotally coupled to jaws 28a and 28b, respectively, at pivot points 32a and 32b. Each of jaws 28a and 28b preferably includes sharpened teeth 33 disposed near its distal ends to facilitate grasping of the tissue wall of the GI lumen.

[0040] Control wire 19 is coupled to actuator 17 of handle 16 so that translation of the wire within flexible tube 13 causes the jaws to open or close. In particular, urging control wire distally (as indicated by arrow A in FIG. 2A) moves pivot point 30 distally, thereby forcing the jaws to open. Urging control wire 19 proximally (as indicated by arrow B in FIG. 2B) moves pivot point 30 proximally, thereby forcing the jaws to close together. In alternative embodiments, tissue grabbing assembly 18 may comprise a grappling hook or fork, or plurality of needles coupled to the distal end of flexible tube 13.

[0041] Flexible tube 14 is affixed to and immovable within catheter 11, while flexible tube 13 is coupled to catheter 11 only via hinge 20. Accordingly, when control wire 19 is extended in the distal direction, flexible tube 13 is carried in the distal direction. When control wire 19 is retracted in the proximal direction, flexible tube remains stationary until jaws 28a and 28b close together, after which further retraction of control wire 19 by moving actuator 17 causes flexible tube to buckle in bendable region 25, as described hereinafter.

[0042] Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 3A-3E, operation of apparatus 10 is described to create a tissue fold in a tissue wall of a GI lumen. In FIG. 3A, distal region 12 of catheter 11 is positioned within a patient's GI lumen transesophageally, and jaws 28a and 28b of tissue grabbing assembly 18 are opened by moving actuator 17 to the distal-most position on handle 16. As depicted in FIG. 3B, actuator 17 may then be moved proximally until the jaws of tissue grabbing assembly 18 engage a portion of tissue wall W at contact point P1.

[0043] Referring to FIG. 3C, after the tissue wall has been engaged at contact point P1, flexible tube 13 is urged proximally within catheter 11 by further proximal retraction of control wire 19 to stretch tissue wall W and create tissue fold F. During this movement of flexible tube 13, link 21 of hinge assembly 20 causes tissue grabbing assembly 18 to move from a position distal to distal end 24 of flexible tube 14, to a position proximal of distal end 24 of flexible tube 14. Bendable sections 25 and 26 of flexible tubes 13 and 14, respectively, accommodate any lateral motion caused by operation of hinge assembly 20. Advantageously, formation of fold F facilitates the penetration of the tissue wall by a needle and subsequent delivery of an anchor assembly, as described hereinafter.

[0044] Referring to FIG. 3D, additional proximal movement of actuator 17 causes flexible tubes 13 and 14 to buckle at bendable sections 25 and 26. The force applied to flexible tube 13 via control wire 19 and actuator 17 is transmitted to the distal tip 24 of the flexible tube 14 by hinge assembly 20. Preferably, flexible tube 14 is configured so that distal tip 24 contacts, and is substantially perpendicular, to tissue fold F at contact point P2. As illustrated in FIG. 3E, once tissue fold F is stretched across distal tip 24 of flexible tube 14, sharpened needle or obturator 34 may be extended from distal tip 24 of flexible tube 14 to pierce all four layers of the tissue wall W. Sharpened needle or obturator 34 is inserted via inlet 35 to flexible tube 14 on handle 16 (see FIG. 1A).

[0045] As discussed above, the GI lumen comprises an inner mucosal layer, connective tissue, the muscularis layer and the serosa layer. To obtain a durable purchase, e.g., in performing a stomach reduction procedure, the staples or anchors used to achieve reduction of the GI lumen must engage at least the muscularis tissue layer, and more preferably, the serosa layer as well. Advantageously, stretching of tissue fold F across distal tip 24 permits an anchor to be ejected through both the muscularis and serosa layers, thus enabling durable gastrointestinal tissue approximation.

[0046] As depicted in FIG. 3E, after tissue fold F is stretched across distal tip 24 of flexible tube 14 to form contact point P2 with tissue wall W, needle 34 may be extended from distal tip 24 and through tissue fold F. Because needle 34 penetrates the tissue wall twice, it exits within the gastrointestinal lumen, thus reducing the potential for injury to surrounding organs. Once the needle has penetrated tissue fold F, an anchor assembly is ejected through distal tip 24 as described hereinbelow.

[0047] With respect to FIGS. 4A-4C, a first embodiment of an anchor assembly suitable for use with the apparatus of the present invention is described. Anchor assembly 36 comprises T-anchor assembly having distal rod 38a and proximal rod 38b connected by suture 39. The precise shape, size and materials of the anchors may vary for individual applications. In addition, the suture material also may vary for individual applications. By way of example, the suture material may consist of monofilament wire, multifilament wire or any other conventional suture material. Suture 39 extends through a pair of through holes 40 in each rod, thereby forming a loop. Alternatively, suture 39 may be attached to the rods via an eyelet or using a suitable adhesive. Preferably, through-holes 40 are located near the center of the rods 38a and 38b.

[0048] Referring to FIG. 4B, rods 38a and 38b may be delivered through needle 34 (see FIG. 3E) using push rod 42. Push rod 42 is adapted to freely translate through flexible tube 14 and needle 34. Push rod 42 is preferably flexible, so that it may slide through bendable section 26 of flexible tube 14. In addition, push rod 42 may include notch 43 near its distal end to facilitate grasping and tensioning suture 39 after anchor delivery.

[0049] During anchor delivery, the longitudinal axis of distal rod 38a is substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of needle 34. However, once distal rod 38a is ejected from needle 34, suture tension induces the rod to rotate approximately 90 degrees about its longitudinal axis, so that its longitudinal axis is substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of needle 35. This rotation of distal rod 38a prevents it from being pulled back through tissue wall W.

[0050] Referring to FIG. 4C, once rod 38a is ejected on the distal side of fold F, needle 35 is retracted and push rod 42 is used to eject rod 38b on the proximal side of tissue fold F. Like distal rod 38a, tension in the suture causes proximal rod 38b to rotate about 90 degrees once it is ejected from the needle. Notch 43 in push rod 42 then may be employed to tighten suture 39 by any of a variety of mechanisms.

[0051] Referring now to FIG. 5A, according to other embodiments, the anchor assembly comprises a T-anchor assembly suitable to be disposed over obturator 50. More particularly, distal rod 38a includes through-hole 51 dimensioned for the passage of obturator tip 52, and obturator 50 is translatably inserted through flexible tube 14 via inlet 35 of handle 16 (see FIG. 1A). Proximal rod 38b may be a solid rod that does not include a through-hole for passage of obturator 50. Alternatively, proximal rod 38b may include a through-hole for the passage of the obturator. Preferably, obturator tip 52 is sharpened to facilitate tissue penetration.

[0052] With respect to FIG. 5B, once rod 38a is ejected on the distal side of fold F, it rotates into a position substantially parallel to tissue wall W and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the obturator. Obturator 50 then is retracted and proximal rod 38b is ejected from flexible tube 14. More particularly, when flexible tube 14 is retracted from tissue wall W, proximal rod 38b is pulled through distal tip 24. Proximal rod 38b then rotates substantially 90 degrees as it is ejected from flexible tube 14 so that rod 38b is urged against tissue wall W.

[0053] Referring to FIG. 6A, according to further embodiments, anchor assembly 55 comprises a T-anchor assembly similar to the embodiment depicted in FIG. 4A. However, anchor assembly 55 includes fine wire tether 56 that may be twisted to maintain the tension between rods 38a and 38b.

[0054] With respect to FIG. 6B, a method of delivering anchor assembly 55 is described. Initially, distal rod 38a is delivered across both tissue walls using needle 34. The needle then is retracted to release distal rod 38a so that it engages the tissue wall. Next, needle 34 is retracted to release proximal rod 38b, so that it too rotates into engagement with the tissue wall. A proximal portion of the wire tether is captured by notch 43 of push rod 42 (see FIG. 4B), and the push rod is rotated to cause proximal rod 38b to clamp down on the tissue fold. Because wire tether 56 is twisted by rotation of push rod 42, it maintains the desired force on the tissue walls.

[0055] FIGS. 7A-7D depict other alternative anchor embodiments suitable for use with the methods and apparatus of the present invention. Referring to FIG. 7A, articulating anchor 60 includes semi-cylindrical base 61, rod 62 and suture 39. Rod 62 rotates about pivot point 63 (as indicated by arrow 64) between an expanded position (shown in FIG. 7A) and a reduced profile position, wherein rod 62 pivots within the semi-cylindrical base 61. Articulating anchor 60 may be delivered through a tissue fold using needle 34 described hereinabove with respect to FIG. 3E. Preferably, articulating anchor 60 is biased in the expanded position so that it automatically expands once it is ejected from the needle.

[0056] With respect to FIGS. 7B and 7C the anchors of the present invention also may comprise a pair of oblong bodies connected by at least one suture. In FIG. 7B, anchor 65 comprises elliptical ring 66 having sutures 39 attached at substantially opposite sides of the ring. In FIG. 7C, anchor 68 comprises angle bracket 69 having a pair of through-holes 70 for suture 39. In FIG. 7D, anchor 71 comprises oblong bead 72 having a pair of through-holes 73 for suture 39. All three anchors 65, 68 and 71 have a first dimension (e.g., width) that is substantially larger than a second dimension (e.g., height). This dimensional difference necessitates that anchors 65, 68 and 71 be inserted within needle (e.g., needle 34 of FIG. 3E) in a particular orientation. Once the anchor is ejected through a tissue wall, tension on suture 39 forces the anchor to rotate so that it cannot be pulled back through the tissue wall. As will be understood by those of skill in the art, numerous other anchors may be employed without departing from the scope of the present invention.

[0057] Referring now to FIG. 8A, an alternative embodiment of apparatus for forming a tissue fold, constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention, is described. Apparatus 75 comprises treadmill assembly 76 disposed at distal tip 74 of flexible tube 77. Flexible tube 77 is configured to be inserted through a patient's mouth, esophagus and into the stomach. Treadmill assembly 76 comprises conveyor 80 that circles around a pair of hubs 81a and 81b.Hubs 81a and 81b rotate about axles 82a and 82b, respectively, and are interconnected by bracket 83. A plurality of barbs or needles 85 are disposed at substantially regular intervals around the circumference of conveyor 80.

[0058] Flexible tube 77 preferably includes a plurality of through-wall slots 86 to enhance flexibility of the tube, yet maintain torqueability. Preferably, flexible tube 77 is made from stainless steel with an etched or laser-cut slot pattern. Preferably, the slot pattern is a sinusoidal repeating pattern of slots perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tube.

[0059] Referring to FIGS. 8 and 9, transmission of motive force to treadmill assembly 76 is described. In particular, drive shaft 102 disposed within flexible tube 77 is coupled to a manual knob or motor located at the proximal end of the catheter. The distal tip of drive shaft 102 is provided with beveled gear 103 that meshes with beveled gear 104 provided on axle 82b. Accordingly, rotation of beveled gear 103 is transmitted to beveled gear 104, thereby causing axle 82b to rotate. Axle 82b in turn rotates hub 81b, actuating conveyor 80. The direction of conveyor 80 may be reversed by reversing the rotation of drive shaft 102.

[0060] Referring again to FIGS. 8A-8D, a method of forming a gastrointestinal tissue fold F using apparatus 75 is described. In FIG. 8A, flexible tube 77 is positioned transesophageally so that treadmill assembly 76 contacts tissue wall W. Preferably, contact should be made at an angle relative to the tissue wall W. For example, an angle of approximately 45 degrees is depicted in FIG. 8A, while many other angles may be used without departing from the scope of the present invention.

[0061] When treadmill assembly 76 contacts tissue wall W, needle 85 engages the tissue at contact point P1 as the needle moves around distal hub 81a. As depicted in FIG. 8B, as the needle moves away from distal hub 81a, tissue wall W is pulled towards proximal end 81b, thereby forming a small tissue fold F. As the treadmill assembly continues to turn, subsequent needles 85 engage the tissue wall so that it becomes securely engaged to treadmill assembly 76 along the length of conveyor 80.

[0062] As depicted in FIG. 8C, once tissue wall W is securely engaged to treadmill assembly 76, distal end 74 of flexible tube 77 may be articulated in bendable section 90, thereby moving treadmill assembly 76 away from tissue wall W. The articulation of flexible tube 77 may be accomplished using a control wire and actuator disposed at the proximal end of the catheter, as described for the embodiment of FIG. 1. By moving the treadmill assembly away from tissue wall W, additional tissue is pulled proximally and tissue fold F becomes elongated.

[0063] In FIG. 8D, tissue fold F is stretched across bendable section 90 of flexible tube 77 to create contact point P2. This permits a sharpened needle or obturator to be extended through one of slots 86 of bendable section 90 and across all four layers of the tissue wall W. Advantageously, stretching of tissue fold F across bendable section 90 permits an anchor to be ejected through both the muscularis and serosa layers, thus providing a durable foundation for gastrointestinal tissue approximation. For example, needle 92 may be extended through slot 86 in bendable section 90, and through the base of tissue fold F, and an anchor assembly (such as described with respect to FIGS. 4A-4C) may be ejected from needle 92 to secure the fold. Alternatively, an obturator (such as described with respect to FIGS. 5A and 5B) may be used to pierce the tissue fold at contact point P2 and deliver the anchor assembly. Treadmill assembly 76 may be disengaged from tissue wall W by reversing the rotation of proximal hub 81b.

[0064] Referring now to FIG. 1A, a further alternative embodiment of apparatus for forming a tissue fold in accordance with the principles of the present invention is described. Apparatus 100 comprises tissue grabbing assembly 18′ coupled to the distal end of a flexible tube 77′, such as described with respect to the embodiment of FIG. 8. Flexible tube 77′ preferably includes a plurality of through-wall slots 86′ to enhance flexibility of the tube, yet maintain torqueability. In addition, flexible tube 77′ may be made from stainless steel with an etched or laser-cut slot pattern, such as a sinusoidal repeating pattern of slots perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tube.

[0065] Tissue grabbing assembly 18′ is similar to that described with respect to the embodiment of FIG. 1, and comprises a pair of jaws 28a′, 28b′ arranged to rotate about pivot point 29′ between an open configuration and a closed configuration. Each of jaws 28a′, 28b′ preferably includes sharpened teeth 33′ disposed near its distal end to facilitate grasping tissue wall W.

[0066] With respect to FIG. 10A, tissue grabbing assembly 18′ is positioned transesophageally adjacent to tissue wall W and jaws 28a′, 28b′ are moved to the open position. Tissue grabbing assembly 18′ then is moved into contact with tissue wall W. As depicted in FIG. 10B, tissue grabbing assembly 18′ is used to grab the tissue wall at a first contact point P1. After capturing a portion of tissue wall W within jaws 28a′, 28b′, flexible tube 77′ is urged proximally to stretch tissue wall W and create tissue fold F.

[0067] Referring to FIG. 10C, once tissue fold F is formed, the distal end of flexible tube 77′ is articulated about bendable section 90′ to move tissue grabbing assembly 18′ away from tissue wall W. Articulation of flexible tube 77′ may be controlled using an actuator disposed at the proximal end of the catheter, thus causing tissue fold F to become elongated.

[0068] In FIG. 10D, tissue fold F is shown stretched across bendable section 90′ so that a sharpened needle or obturator may be extended from one of slots 86′ in bendable section 90′ and across all four layers of the tissue wall W. Needle 92′ then may be extended from slot 86′ in bendable section 90′ through contact point P2 and tissue fold F. An anchor assembly (e.g., as described with respect to FIGS. 4A-4C) then may be ejected from needle 92′ to secure the fold. Alternatively, an obturator (e.g., as described with respect to FIGS. 5A and 5B) may be used to pierce the tissue fold at contact point P2 and deliver the anchor assembly.

[0069] Although preferred illustrative embodiments of the present invention are described above, it will be evident to one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the invention. It is intended in the appended claims to cover all such changes and modifications that fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.