US 7,608,489 B2Grant
High performance stress-enhance MOSFET and method of manufacture
Issue Date:2009-10-27
•10 Claims
•12 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
The invention relates to a semiconductor structure and method of manufacturing and more particularly to a CMOS device with a stress inducing material embedded in both gates and also in the source/drain region of the PFET and varying thickness of the PFET and NFET channel. In one embodiment, the structure enhances the device performance by varying the thickness of the top Silicon layer respective to the NFET or the PFET.
Metadata
Assignee
- International Business Machines Corporation
Inventors
- Dureseti Chidambarrao
- Ricardo A. Donaton
- William K. Henson
- Kern Rim
Application Information
Application Number:US 11/380,689
Filing Date:2006-04-28
Priority Date:2006-04-28
Art Unit:2826
Classifications
IPC:
H01L21/8232H01L21/335
Patent Drawings (12 sheets)
Description
Field of the Invention
[0001] The invention generally related to a semiconductor device and method of manufacture and, more particularly, to a semiconductor device and method of manufacture which imposes tensile and compressive stresses in the device during fabrication.
Background Description
[0002] Mechanical stresses within a semiconductor device substrate can modulate device performance. That is, stresses within a semiconductor device are known to enhance semiconductor device characteristics. Thus, to improve the characteristics of a semiconductor device, tensile and/or compressive stresses are created in the channel of the n-type device (e.g., NFETs) and/or p-type devices (e.g., PFETs). However, the same stress component, either tensile stress or compressive stress, discriminatively affects the characteristics of an n-type device and p-type device.
[0003] For example, it has been known that a device exhibits better performance characteristics when formed on a silicon layer (or cap) that is epitaxially grown on a SiGe layer that has relaxed on top of the silicon substrate. In this system, the silicon cap is subject to biaxial tensile strain. When epitaxially grown on silicon, an unrelaxed SiGe layer will have a lattice constant that conforms to that of the silicon substrate. Upon relaxation (through a high temperature process for example) the SiGe lattice constants approaches that of its intrinsic lattice constant which is larger than that of silicon. A fully relaxed SiGe layer has a lattice constant close to its intrinsic value. When the silicon is epitaxially grown thereon, the silicon layer conforms to the larger lattice constant of the relaxed SiGe layer and this applies physical biaxial stress (e.g., expansion) to the silicon layer being formed thereon. This physical stress applied to the silicon layer is beneficial to the devices (e.g., CMOS devices) formed thereon because the expanded silicon layer increases n-type performance while a higher Ge content in the SiGe layer improves p-type performance.
[0004] In order to maximize the performance of both NFETs and PFETs within integrated circuit (IC) chips, the stress components should be engineered and applied differently for NFETs and PFETs. That is, because the type of stress which is beneficial for the performance of an NFET is generally disadvantageous for the performance of the PFET. More particularly, when a device is in tension (e.g., in the direction of current flow in planar device), the performance characteristics of the NFET are enhanced while the performance characteristics of the PFET are diminished. To selectively create tensile stress in an NFET and compressive stress in a PFET, distinctive processes and different combinations of materials are used.
[0005] For example, a trench isolation structure has been proposed for forming the appropriate stresses in the NFETs and PFETs, respectively. When this method is used, the isolation region for the NFET device contains a first isolation material which applies a first type of mechanical stress on the NFET device in a longitudinal direction (e.g., parallel to the direction of current flow) and in a transverse direction (e.g., perpendicular to the direction of current flow). Further a first isolation region and a second isolation region are provided for the PFET and each of these isolation regions applies a unique mechanical stress on the PFET device in the transverse and longitudinal directions.
[0006] Alternatively, liners on gate sidewalls have been proposed to selectively induce the appropriate stresses in the channels of the FET devices (see, Ootsuka et al., IEDM 2000, p. 575, for example). By providing liners the appropriate stress is applied closer to the device than the stress applied as a result of the trench isolation fill technique.
[0007] While these methods do provide structures that have tensile stresses being applied to the NFET device and compressive stresses being applied along the longitudinal direction of the PFET device, they may require additional materials and /or more complex processing and thus, resulting in higher costs. Further, the level of stress that can be applied in these situations is typically moderate (i.e., on the order of 100s MPa). Therefore, it is desired to provide more cost-effective and simplified methods for creating large tensile and compressive stresses in the channels NFET and PFET, respectively.
Summary of the Invention
[0008] In a first aspect of the invention, a method of manufacturing a semiconductor structure includes forming, simultaneously, a layered structure with an underlying stress inducing material, in a p-type field-effect-transistor (PFET) channel region and a n-type field-effect-transistor (NFET) channel region. The method further includes protecting the NFET channel region while forming a layer over the underlying stress inducing material of the PFET channel region to reduce the stress effect in the PFET channel region. An island is etched in the NFET channel region and the PFET channel region, creating a higher resultant stress component in the NFET channel region. A stress inducing material is formed in etched portions of the PFET channel region creating an opposite stress component in the PFET channel region than in the NFET channel region.
[0009] In another aspect of the invention, a method of manufacturing a semiconductor structure is provided. The method includes forming a stress-inducing layer on a substrate in an NFET region and a PFET region and forming a top layer over the stress-inducing layer in the NFET region and the PFET region. The top layer is of a different thickness in the NFET region and the PFET region. Trenches are etched into sides of the PFET region and the NFET region. Upon etching, the elastic edge relaxation of the stress-inducing layer creates a tensile stress in the channel region. The thin top layer results in higher tensile stress in the NFET channel region and the thick top layer results in very small tensile stress in the PFET channel region. The trenches are filled with a first material for the NFET region and a second material for the PFET region. The second material creates a compressive stress in the PFET region.
[0010] Furthermore, in another aspect of the invention, a semiconductor structure is provided that includes a PFET and NFET channel formed in a substrate such as, for example, a Si layer. The PFET and NFET devices have a layered structure of the same materials in the channel region. A top layer of the same materials in the PFET channel region is thicker than a top layer of the NFET channel region. Trenches of the PFET channel region and the NFET channel region is different.
Brief Description of the Drawings
[0011] FIGS. 1 a through 1i represent a fabrication process to form a device in accordance with the invention;
[0012] FIG. 2 a illustrates a location of stress in a NFET device according to the invention;
[0013] FIG. 2 b shows a graph of stress as a function of longitudinal distance to the center of the gate of the NFET device in accordance with the invention; and
[0014] FIG. 3 illustrates and compares the Average Channel Stress as function of the thickness of the Silicon layer above the stress inducing layer, e.g., a pseudo SiGe layer in accordance with the invention.
Detailed Description of Embodiments of the Invention
[0015] This invention is directed to a semiconductor device and method of manufacture, which provides tensile stress in the NFET channel and compressive stress in the PFET channel of the CMOS. In embodiments of the invention, the stresses formed in the NFET and PFET channel can be achieved on a same substrate using similar processing steps, thus reducing the overall material costs and time for producing such device. In embodiments, channels are formed in the silicon layer in the area of the formation of the NFETs and PFETs. The channels of the devices are then separately and selectively treated such that while one device is covered, the other device can be etched and filled to obtain desired properties. By applying these techniques, tensile or compressive forces result in the overlying epitaxially grown layers in the channels of the NFETs and PFETs, respectively. In one embodiment, the overlying silicon layer of the PFETs are allowed to grow thicker than its homologous layer of the NFET. This fabrication process of the invention results in devices with improved channel properties.
[0016] FIGS. 1 a through 1i represent a fabrication process to form a device according to the invention. In FIG. 1 a, a substrate including for example a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) layer 10 or the like is provided. An optional buried oxide layer (BOX) 12 may also be formed on the SOI 10 with a silicon layer 14 on the BOX 12. FIG. 1 a further shows a pseudomorphic SiGe layer 16 epitaxially grown on the silicon layer 14, followed by another epitaxial silicon layer 18.
[0017] In embodiments, the thicknesses of the layers are in various ranges. For example, the BOX 12 may be between 1200 Å and 1600 Å, and the silicon layer 14 may be between 10 Å and 1000 Å, preferably 700 Å in thickness. Additionally, the SiGe layer 16 may be between 50 Å and 500 Å, 90 Å and 500 Å and preferably 400 Å. It should be understood, though, that the thickness of these layers can vary, depending on the various design parameters of the device.
[0018] In implementation, the pseudomorphic SiGe layer 16 is epitaxially grown in a conventional manner. The Ge content may be greater than 0% in ratio to the Si content, with a range of between 20% to 30% being contemplated by the invention. The silicon layer 18 on the pseudomorphic SiGe layer 16 can be deposited in a conventional manner via any selective epitaxial silicon formation technique, for example rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition (RTCVD) or molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) may be used to epitaxially grow device quality silicon.
[0019] FIG. 1 b shows the separated channels (or device regions) formed by shallow trench isolation (STI) 20. The insulating trenches 20 are formed by conventional patterning processes including lithography and etching steps. For example, the stacked layers 14, 16, 18 are patterned to form STIs 20 using standard techniques of pad oxidation, pad nitride deposition, lithography based patterning, reactive ion etching (RIE) of the stacked layers, to the buried oxide. A liner deposition, fill deposition, and chemical mechanical polish, for example, can then be used to form the STI 20. The STI formation process is well known in the art.
[0020] FIG. 1 c depicts a modification to the Si layer 18 of the PFET stack. In this process, a mask 22 is placed over the NFET region. Epitaxial Si is selectively grown on the Si layer 18 in the PFET region, resulting in a seamless new Si layer 24. The newly formed layer 24 is allowed to differ in its thickness compared to the top Si layer 18 in the NFET region. Preferably, the Si layer 24 is thicker than the Si layer 18 of the NFET region, with a range for the Si layer 24 being between 200 Å and 600 Å, with a delta of at least 100 Å between NFET Si layer 18 and PFET Si layer 24.
[0021] FIGS. 1 d through 1i show the fabrication process of the gate structures, including the source and drain (S/D) regions for the NFET and PFET channel, respectively. Referring to FIG. 1 d, SiN capped (28) polysilicon gates 26 are patterned in both the NFET and PFET region by conventional patterning processes, which include lithography and etching steps. By way of example, a polysilicon layer capped with a SiN 28 protection layer is formed on the structure. A lithography process is applied which entails applying a photoresist on the SiN capped polysilicon layer, exposing the photoresist to a pattern of radiation, and developing the pattern utilizing a conventional resist developer. Following the lithography step, a conventional etching process such as RIE, plasma etching, ion beam etching, or laser ablation may be employed in transferring the pattern to active areas of the NFET region and PFET region to form polysilicon gates 26. Sidewall spacers 30 are then formed, which will act as an etching stop material. The cap 28 and the polysilicon sidewall spacer 30 are also formed in a conventional manner. In this processing, a sacrificial block material is deposited on the structure. In one embodiment, the sacrificial material is a nitride material (e.g., Si.sub.3N.sub.4), which forms the SiN elements 28 and 30. The layers 28, 30 can be formed in a conventional manner, such as by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using a silane source. Other techniques which may be suitable for forming a nitride layer include LPCVD, and atmospheric pressure CVD (APCVD). The size of the polysilicon gate 26 and its two sidewall spacers 30, which cover the underlying layers 16 and 24 in the NFET and PFET region, respectively, ranges from 400 Å to 1000 Å, whereby the spacers have a preferred size of 100 Å, leaving the size of the gate 26 in a range of 200 Å and 800 Å, preferably 400 Å for both the NFET and PFET region. It should be understood that this is applicable for gate lengths centered around a nominal value (smallest size of the technology). For example, 400 Å is a reasonable gate length for 65 nm technology.
[0022] Referring to FIG. 1 e, a hard mask 22 is placed onto the PFET region prior to the preparation of the S/D trenches in the NFET channel. The regions in the NFET adjacent to the stack formed by layers 16, 18, 28, and 30 are etched down ideally to the silicon layer 14, although some overetch is tolerable. This etching causes elastic relaxation at the edges of the SiGe layer, resulting in tensile strain placed on the upper Si layer.
[0023] FIG. 1 f depicts the device after epitaxial silicon 32 is selectively grown in the S/D trenches between the gate island formed by the SiGe and Si layers. In view of the above described dimensions, the resulting gate island results in a longitudinal size between 500 Å and 1000 Å, preferably 800 Å. The pseudomorphic SiGe layer 16 within the gate island in the NFET region exercises a tensile stress onto the epitaxially grown silicon 18 in the channel region resulting in improved NFET device characteristics.
[0024] FIG. 1 g—analogous to FIG. 1 d—presents the S/D preparation of the PFET region. In this processing step, a protective hard mask 22 is placed over the NFET region and the S/D trenches adjacent to the stack formed by layers 16, 24, 26, 28, and 30 are etched down ideally to Si layer 14. Since the upper Si layer, over the SiGe layer, is thicker than that of the Si layer of the NFET region, much less tensile stress is imparted on the Si channel of the PFET region.
[0025] FIG. 1 h depicts the filled S/D trenches of the PFET device. In contrast to the NFET region, these trenches are filled with SiGe 34, which is grown epitaxially and, in one embodiment, substantially flush with layer 24. The longitudinal dimensions of these elements are similar to those described above for the NFET region. The PFET gate island formed by layers 16 and 24 have a resulting size of 500 Å to 1000 Å, preferably 800 Å. The SiGe material 34 induces a compressive stress on the Si channel of the PFET device, resulting in improved PFET device characteristics.
[0026] FIG. 1 i shows the fabricated CMOS device. The ratio of the eSiGe material 34 can vary between any germanium above 0% with respect to the total amount of silicon and germanium in the trench.
[0027] FIG. 2 a illustrates the locations of the stresses in an NFET device according to the invention. As shown in FIG. 2 a, tensile stresses are present in the channel of the NFET with a region of unrelaxed SiGe under compression. More specifically, in the structure of the invention, the lattice structure of the SiGe layer 16 matches the lattice structure of the underlying Si layer 14. This results in the SiGe layer 16 and the surrounding areas being under a compressive stress. Upon etching the S/D trenches (or wells), the edges of the SiGe layer will undergo elastic relaxation, resulting in a tensile stress on the Si layer 18 in the channel.
[0028] FIG. 2 b illustrates the course of stress as a function of longitudinal distance to the center of the gate of the NFET device. For a Ge content of 20% and a thickness of Si layer 18 of 200 Å, the current invention provides tensile stresses in the range of 300 MPa. In one implementation, the preferred range of the longitudinal stress component (stress in direction of current flow from source to drain) in the Si layer 18, is preferred to be greater than 100 MPa. FIG. 2 b also shows that the tensile stresses extent laterally into the epitaxially grown Si elements 32 and tensile stresses above 100 MPa reaches up to 150 Å into element 32 and reaches relaxation (no stress induction) at 250 Å from the edge of the gate.
[0029] FIG. 3 show the course of stress in the longitudinal direction of the above lying silicon layers 18 and 24. As shown in this graph, the Ge content of the SiGe layer ranged from 20% to 30%. The thickness of the upper Si layer in the NFET ranged from about 200 Å to 400 Å. Interestingly, high stresses (above 200 MPa) are obtained into the Si layer up to 200 Å and range between approximately 275 MPa and 415 MPa depending on the Ge content of layer 16, then relaxing into a substantially strainless region when the silicon layer becomes 400 Å thick. According, it is preferable for the Si layer, overlying the SiGe layer in the PFET to be 400 Å or thicker.
[0030] Thus, in the structure of the invention, tensile stresses are now formed in the channel of NFET and compressive stresses are formed in the PFET. By allowing such stresses, high device performance can be achieved. In addition, with the processes of the invention, the manufacturing costs can be reduced while resulting higher yields.
[0031] While the invention has been described in terms of embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention can be practiced with the modification within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. For example, the invention can be readily applicable to bulk substrates.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method of manufacturing a semiconductor structure:
forming, simultaneously, a layered structure with an underlying stress inducing material, in a p-type field-effect-transistor (PFET) channel region and a n-type field-effect-transistor (NFET) channel region;
protecting the NFET channel region while forming a layer over the underlying stress inducing material of the PFET channel region; and
etching an island in the NFET channel region and the PFET channel region, creating a higher resultant stress component in the NFET channel region; and
forming a stress inducing material in the etched portions of the PFET channel region creating an opposite stress component in the PFET channel region than in the NFET channel region.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the layered structure with an underlying stress inducing material includes a top layer of Si and an underlying layer of SiGe, wherein the top layer of Si is of a different thickness respective to the NFET or PFET channel regions.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the PFET channel region is thicker than the NFET channel region.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the PFET channel region has a top layer thicker than the NFET channel region.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the layered structure with an underlying stress inducing material includes a top layer of Si and an underlying layer of SiGe, wherein the top layer of Si in the PFET channel region is thicker than the top layer of Si in the NFET channel region.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the germanium content of the SiGe is approximate from 20% and 30%.
7. The method of claim 5, wherein a thickness of the top layer of Si in the PFET channel region is approximately 400 Å.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein a thickness of an Si layer in the PFET channel region substantially reduces tensile stress in the PFET channel region prior to the forming of the stress inducing material in etched portions of the PFET channel region.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the stress inducing material in etched portions of the PFET channel region create compressive forces in the PFET channel region.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the etching and forming steps of the PFET channel region are provided while the NFET channel region is protected.
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