US 7,513,896 B2Grant
Dual synchro-resonant electrosurgical apparatus with bi-directional magnetic coupling
Issue Date:2009-04-07
•14 Claims
•4 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
An electrosurgical generator is disclosed, which includes an RF output stage connected to a DC power supply and first and second connections. The first connection includes a first switching component and a first parallel inductor-capacitor resonant circuit. The second connection includes a second switching components and a second parallel inductor-capacitor resonant circuit. The first and second switching components are configured to open and close at a predetermined frequency based on a phase-correlated dual drive signal emitted by a driver and are in a 180 degree out-of-phase relationship. The first parallel inductor-capacitor resonant circuit is further configured to produce a first half-sinusoidal waveform and the second parallel inductor-capacitor resonant circuit is configured to produce a second half-sin half-sinusoidal waveform. The RF output stage further includes a transformer having a primary winding and a secondary winding and a series inductor-capacitor resonant circuit, which are configured to generate a sinusoidal waveform.
Metadata
Assignee
- Covidien AG
Inventor
- James H. Orszulak
Application Information
Application Number:US 11/338,309
Filing Date:2006-01-24
Priority Date:2006-01-24
Art Unit:4177
Classifications
IPC:
A61B18/18
Patent Drawings (4 sheets)
Description
Background
[0001] 1. Field
[0002] The present disclosure relates generally to electrosurgical system, and more specifically, to an electrosurgical generator for delivering high power radiofrequency (RF) energy using multiple resonant inductor-capacitor (LC) networks and a switching module for adjusting the energy to make it suitable for a variety of electrosurgical procedures.
[0003] 2. Description of the Related Art
[0004] Electrosurgery involves application of high radio frequency (RF) electrical current to a surgical site to cut, ablate, or coagulate tissue. In monopolar electrosurgery, a source or active electrode delivers radio frequency energy from the electrosurgical generator to the tissue and a return electrode carries the current back to the generator. In monopolar electrosurgery, the source electrode is typically part of a surgical instrument held by the surgeon and applied to the tissue to be treated. A patient return electrode is placed remotely from the active electrode to carry the current back to the generator.
[0005] In bipolar electrosurgery, a hand-held instrument typically carries two electrodes, e.g., electrosurgical forceps. One of the electrodes of the hand-held instrument functions as the active electrode and the other as the return electrode. The return electrode is placed in close proximity to the active (i.e., current supplying) electrode such that an electrical circuit is formed between the two electrodes. In this manner, the applied electrical current is limited to the body tissue positioned between the two electrodes.
[0006] In electrosurgery, radio frequency (RF) power is the preferred type of energy. However, RF energy must be generated having sufficient frequency, so that the RF energy may be used to cut, coagulate, etc. tissue by sustaining tissue thermal heating for prolonged periods of time. Current state of the art electrosurgical generators do not provide sufficiently powerful RF energy for prescribed periods of time. In addition, for each type of an electrosurgical procedure (e.g., monopolar, bipolar, vessel sealing) a different generator is used.
[0007] Therefore, there is a need for an electrosurgical generator which can develop high RF power with high efficiency and can be used to provide RF energy suitable for performing various types of electrosurgical procedures.
Summary
[0008] The present disclosure provides for an electrosurgical generator which includes an RF output stage connected to a DC power supply. The RF output stage includes two connections which receive DC energy and are connected to a transformer. Each of the two connections includes a switching component that is cycled between on and off positions at the same frequency but in a 180 degree out-of-phase relationship and a parallel inductor-capacitor resonant circuit. The two connections also include a series inductor-capacitor resonant circuit oriented at a primary winding of the transformer. The first connection produces a first positive half-sinusoidal waveform and the second connection also produces a second positive half-sinusoidal waveform, which is phase-delayed 180 degrees with respect to the first positive half-sinusoidal waveform. The waveforms combine at the transformer to form a sine waveform suitable for electrosurgical procedures involving RF energy. The RF output stage also includes a switching module having two capacitors with each oriented in parallel with the capacitors of the parallel inductor-capacitor circuits. The switching module is controlled by a selection module which closes and opens three switches of the switching module to include the capacitors into the circuit thereby modifying the resulting sinusoidal wave.
[0009] The present disclosure also relates to an electrosurgical generator which includes a selection module configured to transmit control signals for adjusting the electrosurgical generator to produce sinusoidal waveforms suitable for the at least one electrosurgical mode and an RF output stage for generating sinusoidal waveforms for at least one electrosurgical mode. The RF output stage is connected to a DC power supply including first and second connections, the first connection includes a first switching component and a first parallel inductor-capacitor resonant circuit and a second connection includes a second switching components and a second parallel inductor-capacitor resonant circuit. The first and second switching components are configured to open and close at a predetermined frequency based on a phase-correlated dual drive signal emitted by a driver and are in a 180 degree out-of-phase relationship.
[0010] The first parallel inductor-capacitor resonant circuit is configured to produce a first positive half-sinusoidal waveform and the second parallel inductor-capacitor resonant circuit is configured to produce a second positive half-sinusoidal waveform, which is phase-delayed 180 degrees with respect to the first positive half-sinusoidal waveform. The RF output stage further includes a transformer having a primary winding and a secondary winding, which is a patient connective side, and a series inductor-capacitor resonant circuit. The series inductor-capacitor resonant circuit and the transformer are configured to generate a sinusoidal waveform. The RF output stage further includes a switching module which, in response to the control signals, adjusts the first and second half-sinusoidal waveforms thereby producing the sinusoidal waveforms suitable for the at least one electrosurgical mode. The first and second waveforms generate in-sync ripple components at the primary winding, which generate opposing magnetic fields thereby preventing transfer of parasitic RF harmonic ring energy to the secondary winding.
Brief Description of the Drawings
[0011] The above and other aspects, features, and advantages of the present disclosure will become more apparent in light of the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
[0012] FIGS. 1A-1B are schematic block diagrams of an electrosurgical system according to the present disclosure;
[0013] FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of a generator according to the present disclosure; and
[0014] FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram of a radio frequency (RF) output stage according to the present disclosure.
Detailed Description
[0015] Particular embodiments of the present disclosure will be described herein below with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the following description, well-known functions or constructions are not described in detail to avoid obscuring the present disclosure in unnecessary detail.
[0016] The present disclosure includes an RF electrosurgical apparatus having a dual synchronous-resonant, magnetically coupled architecture which generates multi-mode and multi-frequency, monopolar, bipolar, and sealing type RF energy. RF energy is developed using a phase correlated dual drive network having a single or integer multiple number of drive pulses applies to switching devices which generate the dual synchronous-resonant RF energy, coupled in the magnetic field of a patient connective isolating transformer. Magnetically coupled RF energy is used to both generate the applied RF, used in clinical applications, and simultaneously cancel the unwanted parasitic RF harmonics during RF off periods. The RF harmonic unwanted energy is canceled when low duty cycle RF burst energy is repeatedly applied to the tissue site with a repetition rate frequency which is lower than the RF burst frequency. This architecture provides dynamic switching of high crest factor RF burst energy or low crest factor continuous sinusoidal RF delivered to the tissue for clinical efficacy to either individually coagulate blood vessels, seal vessels and cut tissue or simultaneously cut and coagulate tissue and vessels with hemostasis.
[0017] The generator according to the present disclosure can perform monopolar and bipolar electrosurgical procedures, including vessel sealing procedures. The generator includes a plurality of outputs for interfacing with various electrosurgical instruments (e.g., a monopolar active electrode, return electrode, bipolar electrosurgical forceps, footswitch, etc.). Further, the generator includes electronic circuitry configured for generating radio frequency power specifically suited for various electrosurgical modes (e.g., cutting, blending, division, etc.) and procedures (e.g., monopolar, bipolar, vessel sealing).
[0018] FIG. 1A is a schematic illustration of an electrosurgical system 1 configured for a monopolar procedure. The system 1 includes an active electrode 14 and a return electrode 16 for treating tissue of a patient P. Electrosurgical RF energy is supplied to the active electrode 14 by a generator 10 via a cable 18 allowing the active electrode 14 to ablate, cut or coagulate the tissue. The return electrode 16 is placed at the patient P to return the energy from the patient P to the generator 10 via a cable 19.
[0019] The generator 10 includes input controls (e.g., buttons, activators, switches, etc.) for controlling the generator 10. The controls allow the surgeon to adjust power of the RF energy, waveform, and other parameters to achieve the desired waveform suitable for a particular task (e.g., cutting, coagulating, etc.). Disposed between the generator 10 and the active electrode 14 on the cable 18 is a hand piece 12, which includes a plurality of input controls which may be redundant with certain input controls of the generator 10. Placing the input controls at the hand piece 12 allows for easier and faster modification of RF energy parameters during the surgical procedure without having the surgeon divert his attention to the generator 10. It is also envisioned that a footswitch may be connected to the generator to control energy delivery during monopolar procedures.
[0020] FIG. 1B is a schematic illustration of the electrosurgical system 1 configured for bipolar procedures. The active electrode 14 and the return electrode 16 are replaced by an electrosurgical forceps 20 which are connected to the generator 10 through the cable 18. More specifically, the electrosurgical forceps 20 include an active electrode 14 and a return electrode 16 disposed within jaws. The active electrode of the forceps 20 receives power from the cable 18 and the return electrode returns power via the cable 18.
[0021] FIG. 2 shows a schematic block diagram of the generator 10 having a microprocessor 22, a high voltage DC power supply (HVPS) 28, and an RF output stage 30. The microprocessor 22 includes a controller 26 and an output port which is electrically connected to the HVPS 28 configured to supply DC voltage, from about 0 V to about 150 V, to the RF output stage 30. The microprocessor 22 receives input signals from the generator 10, the hand piece 12, or the footswitch and the controller 26, in turn, adjusts power outputted by the generator 10, more specifically the HVPS 28, and/or performs other control functions thereon.
[0022] The RF output stage 30 converts DC power into RF energy and delivers the RF energy, at about 470 KHz, to the active electrode 14, the forceps 20, or other electrosurgical devices connected to the generator 10. In addition, the RF output stage 30 also receives RF energy from the return electrode 16. More specifically, the RF output stage 30 is connected to one or more steering relays 32a-n. The steering relays 32a-n route RF energy from the RF output stage 30 to the multiple outputs of the generator 10, which may have a bipolar output configured for connection to the forceps 20, a monopolar output configured for connection to the active electrode 14, a footswitch output, etc. It is also envisioned that that the generator 10 may have multiple outputs of each type of output, e.g., the generator 10 can have two monopolar outputs and two bipolar outputs. This is particularly useful in electrosurgical procedures where multiple instruments are required (e.g., a smaller and a larger electrosurgical forceps configured for grasping tissue of various thicknesses). Only one output can be active at any one time, therefore, the steering relays 32a-n also provides isolation between the multiple outputs and their respective circuits.
[0023] The RF output stage 30 is shown in more detail in FIG. 3 . The RF output stage 30 receives DC voltage from the HVPS 28 wherein first and second connections 32, 34 of a first winding 62 of a transformer 60 create two half-sinusoidal waveforms 180° out-of-phase which then combine at a secondary winding 64 of the transformer 60 to form a pure (e.g., full) sinusoidal waveform.
[0024] The power of the HVPS 28 can be varied to modify RF magnitude (e.g., amplitude) thereby adjusting the power of the RF energy delivered to the tissue. This allows for accurate regulation of the power of delivered RF energy.
[0025] The first and second connections 32, 34 include switching components 48, 50 and parallel inductor-capacitor resonant circuits 45, 47 (parallel LC circuits 45, 47), respectively. The switching components 48, 50 can be, for example, transistors, such as metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFET), insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBT), relays, and the like. The switching components 48, 50 are turned on and off at a predetermined frequency which is also the operating frequency of the generator 10, thereby closing and opening the first and second connections 32, 34 respectively. The frequency at which the switching components 48, 50 are turned on and off is controlled by a driver (not shown). The driver emits a phase-correlated (e.g., the switching components 48, 50 have a phase relationship) dual drive signal, (T_ON DRIVE and T_ON—180 DRIVE) more simply put, the driver signal cycles the switching components 48, 50 between on and off positions at the same frequency but out of sync, to create two half-sinusoidal waveforms 180° out-of-phase. Therefore, adjusting the phase-correlated dual drive signal provides a means for varying operating RF frequency. Pulsing of the phase-correlated dual drive signal also provides means for RF duty cycle control.
[0026] Each of the first and second connections 32, 34 includes the parallel LC circuits 45, 47, respectively, which convert DC electrical energy into RF energy (e.g., AC energy having a high frequency from about 300 kHz to about 1000 kHz). The parallel LC circuits 45, 47 include inductors 44, 46 connected in parallel with first capacitors 52, 54 respectively. When the switching components 48, 50 are closed, DC power is supplied to the inductors 44, 46 which thereafter discharge through the first capacitors 52, 54, respectively, when the switching components 48, 50 are open. This process converts the constant pulse of DC energy into half-sinusoidal waveforms 70, 72 by the first and second connections 32, 34 respectively. Since the switching components 48, 50 turn on and off at the same frequency but 180° out-of-phase, the resulting half-sinusoidal waveforms 70, 72 are also 180° out-of-phase.
[0027] The first and second connections 32, 34 also include a series inductor-capacitor (LC) resonant circuit 58 which includes an inductor 56 and a capacitor 57 coupled to the second connection 34 of the primary winding 62. The series LC circuit 58 and the parallel LC circuits 45, 47 each have a resonant operating frequency which is mode dependant. The series resonant LC circuit 58 may be within 50 kHz of the operating frequency, which may be about 424 kHz. The parallel resonant LC circuits 45, 47 may be within 20 kHz of the operating frequency, which may be about 490 kHz. The resonant frequency is based on the inductance and capacitance values of the series LC circuit 58 and the parallel LC circuits 45, 47. The inductance of the inductors 44, 46, 56 and capacitance of the capacitors 52, 54, 57, 84, 86 should be selected to maximize the RF power developed for performing medical procedures. Inductors 44, 46 may be about 3.5 μhγ each, with inductor 56 at 44 μhγ. Capacitors 52, 54 may be both 0.025 μf and capacitors 84, 86 may be both 0.033 μf, with capacitor 57 having a value of 3.2 nf. The primary winding 62 inductance contributes to the series and parallel resonant LC tune and is optimized dependent on the delivered RF energy.
[0028] The inductor 56 and the capacitor 57 can be oriented in a plurality of ways. The alternate orientations have no effect on the functionality of the first and second connections 32, 34. In one embodiment, the inductor 56 and the capacitor 57 are coupled in series to the first connection 32, with the capacitor 57 coupled between the primary winding 62 and the inductor 56. It is also envisioned that the capacitor 57 is coupled to the second connection 34 and the inductor 56 is oriented to the first connection 32. In another embodiment, the capacitor 57 is coupled to the first connection 32 and the inductor 56 is coupled to the second connection 34. In a further embodiment, the inductor 56 and the capacitor 57 are coupled to the second connection 34, with the inductor 56 being oriented between the primary winding 62 and the capacitor 57.
[0029] As discussed above, the switching components 48, 50 are alternately switched on and off at the same frequency by the phase correlated dual drive signal (T_ON DRIVE and T_ON—180 DRIVE). This synchronizes the parallel LC circuits 45, 47 and the series LC circuit 58 and develops the half-sinusoidal waveforms 70, 72. The half-sinusoidal waveform 70 is magnetically coupled through the transformer 60 to develop a positive half-sine voltage to a patient-connective side 68 leading to the active electrode 14. The half-sinusoidal waveform 72 is coupled through the transformer 60 to develop a second positive half-sine voltage. The half-sinusoidal waveforms 70, 72 combine on the secondary winding (e.g., the patient-connective side 68) to generate a pure sine wave 74 because the half-sinusoidal waveforms 70, 72 are 180° out-of-phase.
[0030] The RF output stage 30 also includes a switching circuit 75 for switching between multiple modes of operation of the generator 10, such as cutting, blending, division, fulguration, ablation, vessel sealing and coagulation. It is envisioned that certain modes can be used in bipolar and monopolar procedures (e.g., cutting, blending, division, etc.) while others are best suited for uses during specific procedures (e.g., ablation via monopolar and vessel sealing via bipolar).
[0031] The switching circuit 75 includes switches 78, 80, 82 and a capacitor 84 which along with the switch 78 is parallel with the capacitor 52 and a capacitor 86 which along with the switch 80 is parallel with the capacitor 54. The capacitors 84, 86 modify the waveform generated at the first and second connections 32, 34 when the switches 78, 80, 82 are closed. The switches 78, 80, 82 can be FET switches or relays. The capacitors 84, 85 modify the timing of the half-sine waveforms 70, 72 at connections 32, 34 by changing the resonant tune.
[0032] The switches 78, 80, 82 are controlled by a mode selection module 76 which receives control signals (e.g., selecting a specific mode) from the inputs of the generator 10 or the hand piece 12. Depending on which mode is chosen, the mode selection module 76 closes and/or opens corresponding switches. The cut mode is chosen with switches 78 and 80 closed and switch 82 open. Coagulation modes (e.g., blend, division with hemostatis, and fulgurate) operate with all of the switches 78, 80, 82 being in close position. Other modes are envisioned where the switch 82 is closed and switches 78 and 80 are open to achieve a higher tune parallel resonant network.
[0033] The RF output stage 30 is capable of generating a variety of waveforms suitable for performing specific electrosurgical procedures. For example, in cutting mode, the RF output stage generates a 473 kHz continuous sine wave with a crest factor of 1.5 or less, the duty cycle is 100%. In blend mode, the RF output stage 30 generates bursts of 473 kHz sine wave reoccurring at a 26.2 kHz rate, with the duty cycle of the bursts being 50%. In the blend mode, the crest factor of one period of the sine wave is less than 1.5 and the crest factor of the 26.2 kHz burst will be between 2.3 and 2.7. The division mode which is defined as “division with hemostatis,” includes bursts of 473 kHz sine wave reoccurring at a 28.3 kHz rate, with the duty cycle being 25%; the crest factor of each of the 28.3 kHz bursts will be 3.2 to 4.3 with impedance being from about 100 Ohms to about 2,000 Ohms. The fulgurate mode includes bursts of 473 kHz sine wave reoccurring at a 30.7 kHz rate having a duty cycle of the bursts be about 6.5%; the crest factor of each of the bursts is from about 5.5 to about 7.2 with impedance being also from about 100 Ohms to about 2,000 Ohms.
[0034] The present disclosure provides for an electrosurgical generator which includes coupled series and parallel resonant LC networks. The LC networks permit development of high RF power without sacrificing high efficiency. In addition, the generator according to the present disclosure provides increasing lesion creation capability, more specifically, the generator allows for creation of larger ablation volumes in tissue. This is due to reduced power loss attributable to the coupled LC resonant topology, which minimizes the need for additional heat removal associated with high power RF energy generation processes. The dual resonant topology, with combined series and parallel LC resonant circuits provides efficient energy transfer between reactive LC component which consume minimal power loss. The LC network generates less heat as a result of the reactive impedance compared to the real power loss associated with resistive elements.
[0035] The electrosurgical generator according to the present disclosure provides many advantages. For example, the generator has multiple RF based operating modes (e.g., monopolar, bipolar, sealing, etc.) which produce suitable type RF energy from either single or multiple RF sources. The generator also generates synchronous-resonant RF energy, which is coupled in the magnetic field of the patient connective isolation transformer. Magnetically coupled RF energy is used to both generate the applied RF, used in clinical applications, and simultaneously cancel the unwanted parasitic RF harmonics during RF off periods, when low duty cycle RF burst energy is repeatedly applied to the tissue site with a repetition rate frequency lower than the RF burst frequency. Magnetic coupling of the dual resonant RF also creates automatic damping of RF ring energy during off periods, without the need for damping components with low duty cycle coagulation waveforms applied to tissue loads.
[0036] In particular, the RF topology illustrated in FIG. 3 is uniquely configured such that the synchronously phased waveforms of 70, 72 generate in-sync ripple components, impressed upon the primary 62 winding of the transformer 60 at the completion of their respective half-sine waveforms. These ripple voltages generate an opposing magnetic field coupling in the primary winding 62 equivalent to the common mode rejection principle, such that the unwanted parasitic RF harmonics do not transfer to the secondary winding 68 of the patient connective transformer 60. As a result, the RF output stage 30 automatically cancels the parasitic Rf content during the RF off periods, independent of the variable low duty RF waveforms, for the RF modes such as blend, fulgurate, division with hemostatis, spray, etc.
[0037] The generator also allows for dynamic RF switching of high crest factor RF burst energy or low crest factor continuous sinusoidal RF delivered to the tissue. This allows for clinical efficacy to either individually coagulate or seal vessels and cut tissue or simultaneously cut and coagulate tissue and vessels with hemostasis. The generator also provides additional advantages: 1) the generator provides multiple RF operating frequencies from a single RF source by altering tuning of the RF; 2) the generator provides a phase correlated dual drive network, having singular and integer multiple number of drive pulses applied to switching device which generate the dual synchronous-resonant RF energy; 3) the generator provides RF operating modes are selected and processed on the ground referenced primary side of the patient connective isolation transformer thereby providing a fast RF response for clinical applications; 4) the generator does not allow energy storage or filter components to be present on the patient connective output; 5) there are no RF output surging or back emf effects result with rapid tissue desiccation and arcing due to the removal of output energy storage and filter components; 6) the generator provides controlled RF delivery in the presence of delivered arc energy; and 7) the generator provides high immunity to disruptive arc energy in vessel sealing mode due to the elimination of output energy storage and filter components.
[0038] The described embodiments of the present disclosure are intended to be illustrative rather than restrictive, and are not intended to represent every embodiment of the present disclosure. Various modifications and variations can be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure as set forth in the following claims both literally and in equivalents recognized in law.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An electrosurgical generator comprising:
a selection module configured to transmit control signals which adjusts the electrosurgical generator to produce sinusoidal waveforms suitable for the at least one electrosurgical mode;
an RF output stage which generates sinusoidal waveforms for at least one electrosurgical mode, the RF output stage connected to a DC power supply including first and second connections, the first connection including a first switching component and a first parallel inductor-capacitor resonant circuit and the second connection including a second switching components and a second parallel inductor-capacitor resonant circuit, the first and second switching components being configured to open and close at a predetermined frequency based on a phase-correlated dual drive signal emitted by a driver and are in a 180 degree out-of-phase relationship, the first parallel inductor-capacitor resonant circuit being configured to produce a first half-sinusoidal waveform and the second parallel inductor-capacitor resonant circuit being configured to produce a second half-sinusoidal waveform, the RF output stage including:
a transformer having a primary winding and a secondary winding and a series inductor-capacitor resonant circuit, the series inductor-capacitor resonant circuit and the transformer configured to generate a sinusoidal waveform;
a switching module which, in response to the control signals, adjusts the first and second half-sinusoidal waveforms thereby producing the sinusoidal waveforms suitable for the at least one electrosurgical mode.
2. An electrosurgical generator as in claim 1, wherein the first parallel inductor-capacitor resonant circuit is tuned to a first self-resonant frequency which is substantially equivalent to the predetermined frequency.
3. An electrosurgical generator as in claim 2, wherein the first parallel inductor-capacitor resonant circuit includes a first inductor having a first inductance value and a first capacitor having a first capacitance value, wherein the first inductance value and the first capacitance correspond to the first self-resonant frequency.
4. An electrosurgical generator as in claim 1, wherein the second parallel inductor-capacitor resonant circuit is tuned to a second self-resonant frequency which is substantially equivalent to the predetermined frequency.
5. An electrosurgical generator as in claim 4, wherein the second parallel inductor-capacitor resonant circuit includes a second inductor having a second inductance value and a second capacitor having a second capacitance value, wherein the second inductance value and the second capacitance correspond to the second self-resonant frequency.
6. An electrosurgical generator as in claim 1, wherein the first and second switching components are selected from the group consisting of transistors and relays.
7. An electrosurgical generator as in claim 1, wherein the first and second switching components are selected from the group consisting of metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors and insulated gate bipolar transistors.
8. An electrosurgical generator as in claim 1, wherein the series inductor-capacitor resonant circuit is tuned to a third self-resonant frequency which is substantially equivalent to the predetermined frequency.
9. An electrosurgical generator as in claim 8, wherein the series inductor-capacitor resonant circuit includes a third inductor having a third inductance value and a third capacitor having a third capacitance value, wherein the third inductance value and the third capacitance correspond to the third self-resonant frequency.
10. An electrosurgical generator as in claim 1, wherein the switching module includes a fourth capacitor and a first switch in parallel with the first capacitor, a fifth capacitor and a second switch in parallel with the second capacitor, and a third switch in parallel with the series inductor-capacitor resonant circuit.
11. An electrosurgical generator as in claim 1, wherein the at least one electrosurgical mode is selected from the group consisting of cutting, blending, division with hemostasis, fulguration, ablation, vessel sealing and coagulation.
12. An electrosurgical generator as in claim 1, further including at least one output configured to interface with an electrosurgical instrument suitable for a specific electrosurgical procedure.
13. An electrosurgical generator as in claim 12, wherein the electrosurgical procedure is selected from the group consisting of bipolar, monopolar, vessel sealing and ablation.
14. An electrosurgical generator as in claim 1, wherein first and second half-sinusoidal waveforms generate in-sync ripple components at the primary winding thereby producing opposing magnetic fields which prevent transfer of parasitic RF harmonic ring energy to the secondary winding.
Patent Citations (723)
| Patent | Date | Inventor | Cited By |
|---|---|---|---|
| US1787709(A) | 1931-01-01 | Wappler | Applicant |
| US1813902(A) | 1931-07-01 | Bovie | Applicant |
| US1841968(A) | 1932-01-01 | Lowry | Applicant |
| US1863118(A) | 1932-06-01 | Liebel | Applicant |
| US1945867(A) | 1934-02-01 | Rawls | Applicant |
| US2827056(A) | 1958-03-01 | Degelman | Applicant |
| US2849611(A) | 1958-08-01 | Adams | Applicant |
| US2982881(A) | 1961-05-01 | Reich | Applicant |
| US3058470(A) | 1962-10-01 | Seeliger et al. | Applicant |
| US3089496(A) | 1963-05-01 | Degelman | Applicant |
| US3163165(A) | 1964-12-01 | Islikawa | Applicant |
| US3252052(A) | 1966-05-01 | Nash | Applicant |
| US3391351(A) | 1968-07-01 | Trent | Applicant |
| US3402326(A) | 1968-09-01 | Guasco et al. | Applicant |
| US3413480(A) | 1968-11-01 | Biard et al. | Applicant |
| US3436563(A) | 1969-04-01 | Regitz | Applicant |
| US3439253(A) | 1969-04-01 | Piteo | Applicant |
| US3439680(A) | 1969-04-01 | Thomas, Jr. | Applicant |
| US3461874(A) | 1969-08-01 | Martinez | Applicant |
| US3471770(A) | 1969-10-01 | Haire | Applicant |
| US3478744(A) | 1969-11-01 | Leiter | Applicant |
| US3486115(A) | 1969-12-01 | Anderson | Applicant |
| US3495584(A) | 1970-02-01 | Schwalm | Applicant |
| US3513353(A) | 1970-05-01 | Lansch | Applicant |
| US3514689(A) | 1970-05-01 | Giannamore | Applicant |
| US3515943(A) | 1970-06-01 | Warrington | Applicant |
| US3551786(A) | 1970-12-01 | Van Gulik | Applicant |
| US3562623(A) | 1971-02-01 | Farnsworth | Applicant |
| US3571644(A) | 1971-03-01 | Jakoubovitch | Applicant |
| US3589363(A) | 1971-06-01 | Banko | Applicant |
| US3595221(A) | 1971-07-01 | Blackett | Applicant |
| US3601126(A) | 1971-08-01 | Estes | Applicant |
| US3611053(A) | 1971-10-01 | Rowell | Applicant |
| US3641422(A) | 1972-02-01 | Farnsworth et al. | Applicant |
| US3642008(A) | 1972-02-01 | Bolduc | Applicant |
| US3662151(A) | 1972-05-01 | Haffey | Applicant |
| US3675655(A) | 1972-07-01 | Sittner | Applicant |
| US3683923(A) | 1972-08-01 | Anderson | Applicant |
| US3693613(A) | 1972-09-01 | Kelman | Applicant |
| US3697808(A) | 1972-10-01 | Lee | Applicant |
| US3699967(A) | 1972-10-01 | Anderson | Applicant |
| US3720896(A) | 1973-03-01 | Bierlein | Applicant |
| US3743918(A) | 1973-07-01 | Maitre | Applicant |
| US3766434(A) | 1973-10-01 | Sherman | Applicant |
| US3768482(A) | 1973-10-01 | Shaw | Applicant |
| US3783340(A) | 1974-01-01 | Becker | Applicant |
| US3784842(A) | 1974-01-01 | Kremer | Applicant |
| US3801766(A) | 1974-04-01 | Morrison, Jr. | Applicant |
| US3801800(A) | 1974-04-01 | Newton | Applicant |
| US3812858(A) | 1974-05-01 | Oringer | Applicant |
| US3815015(A) | 1974-06-01 | Swin et al. | Applicant |
| US3826263(A) | 1974-07-01 | Cage et al. | Applicant |
| US3828768(A) | 1974-08-01 | Douglas | Applicant |
| US3848600(A) | 1974-11-01 | Patrick, Jr. et al. | Applicant |
| US3870047(A) | 1975-03-01 | Gonser | Applicant |
| US3875945(A) | 1975-04-01 | Friedman | Applicant |
| US3885569(A) | 1975-05-01 | Judson | Applicant |
| US3897787(A) | 1975-08-01 | Ikuno et al. | Applicant |
| US3897788(A) | 1975-08-01 | Newton | Applicant |
| US3901216(A) | 1975-08-01 | Felger | Applicant |
| US3905373(A) | 1975-09-01 | Gonser | Applicant |
| US3913583(A) | 1975-10-01 | Bross | Applicant |
| US3923063(A) | 1975-12-01 | Andrews et al. | Applicant |
| US3933157(A) | 1976-01-01 | Bjurwill et al. | Applicant |
| US3946738(A) | 1976-03-01 | Newton et al. | Applicant |
| US3952748(A) | 1976-04-01 | Kaliher et al. | Applicant |
| US3963030(A) | 1976-06-01 | Newton | Applicant |
| US3964487(A) | 1976-06-01 | Judson | Applicant |
| US3971365(A) | 1976-07-01 | Smith | Applicant |
| US3978393(A) | 1976-08-01 | Wisner et al. | Applicant |
| US3980085(A) | 1976-09-01 | Ikuno | Applicant |
| US4005714(A) | 1977-02-01 | Hiltebrandt | Applicant |
| US4024467(A) | 1977-05-01 | Andrews et al. | Applicant |
| US4041952(A) | 1977-08-01 | Morrison, Jr. et al. | Applicant |
| US4051855(A) | 1977-10-01 | Schneiderman | Applicant |
| US4063557(A) | 1977-12-01 | Wuchinich et al. | Applicant |
| US4074719(A) | 1978-02-01 | Semm | Applicant |
| US4092986(A) | 1978-06-01 | Schneiderman | Applicant |
| US4094320(A) | 1978-06-01 | Newton et al. | Applicant |
| US4097773(A) | 1978-06-01 | Lindmark | Applicant |
| US4102341(A) | 1978-07-01 | Ikuno et al. | Applicant |
| US4114623(A) | 1978-09-01 | Meinke et al. | Applicant |
| US4121590(A) | 1978-10-01 | Gonser | Applicant |
| US4123673(A) | 1978-10-01 | Gonser | Applicant |
| US4126137(A) | 1978-11-01 | Archibald | Applicant |
| US4145636(A) | 1979-03-01 | Doi | Applicant |
| US4171700(A) | 1979-10-01 | Farin | Applicant |
| US4188927(A) | 1980-02-01 | Harris | Applicant |
| US4191188(A) | 1980-03-01 | Belt et al. | Applicant |
| US4196734(A) | 1980-04-01 | Harris | Applicant |
| US4200104(A) | 1980-04-01 | Harris | Applicant |
| US4200105(A) | 1980-04-01 | Gosner | Applicant |
| US4209018(A) | 1980-06-01 | Meinke et al. | Applicant |
| US4231372(A) | 1980-11-01 | Newton | Applicant |
| US4232676(A) | 1980-11-01 | Herczog | Applicant |
| US4237887(A) | 1980-12-01 | Gosner | Applicant |
| US4237891(A) | 1980-12-01 | DuBose et al. | Applicant |
| US4281373(A) | 1981-07-01 | Mabille | Applicant |
| US4287557(A) | 1981-09-01 | Brehse | Applicant |
| US4303073(A) | 1981-12-01 | Archibald | Applicant |
| US4311154(A) | 1982-01-01 | Sterzer et al. | Applicant |
| US4314559(A) | 1982-02-01 | Allen | Applicant |
| US4321926(A) | 1982-03-01 | Roge | Applicant |
| US4334539(A) | 1982-06-01 | Childs et al. | Applicant |
| US4343308(A) | 1982-08-01 | Gross | Applicant |
| US4372315(A) | 1983-02-01 | Shapiro et al. | Applicant |
| US4376263(A) | 1983-03-01 | Pittroff et al. | Applicant |
| US4378801(A) | 1983-04-01 | Oosten | Applicant |
| US4384582(A) | 1983-05-01 | Watt | Applicant |
| US4397314(A) | 1983-08-01 | Vaguine | Applicant |
| US4407272(A) | 1983-10-01 | Yamaguchi | Applicant |
| US4411266(A) | 1983-10-01 | Cosman | Applicant |
| US4416276(A) | 1983-11-01 | Newton et al. | Applicant |
| US4416277(A) | 1983-11-01 | Newton et al. | Applicant |
| US4429694(A) | 1984-02-01 | McGreevy | Applicant |
| US4436091(A) | 1984-03-01 | Banko | Applicant |
| US4437464(A) | 1984-03-01 | Crow | Applicant |
| US4438766(A) | 1984-03-01 | Bowers | Applicant |
| US4452546(A) | 1984-06-01 | Hiltebrandt et al. | Applicant |
| US4463759(A) | 1984-08-01 | Garito et al. | Applicant |
| US4470414(A) | 1984-09-01 | Imagawa et al. | Applicant |
| US4472661(A) | 1984-09-01 | Culver | Applicant |
| US4474179(A) | 1984-10-01 | Koch | Applicant |
| US4492231(A) | 1985-01-01 | Auth | Applicant |
| US4492832(A) | 1985-01-01 | Taylor | Applicant |
| US4494541(A) | 1985-01-01 | Archibald | Applicant |
| US4514619(A) | 1985-04-01 | Kugelman | Applicant |
| US4520818(A) | 1985-06-01 | Mickiewicz | Applicant |
| US4559496(A) | 1985-12-01 | Harnden, Jr. et al. | Applicant |
| US4559943(A) | 1985-12-01 | Bowers | Applicant |
| US4565200(A) | 1986-01-01 | Cosman | Applicant |
| US4566454(A) | 1986-01-01 | Mehl et al. | Applicant |
| US4569345(A) | 1986-02-01 | Manes | Applicant |
| US4576177(A) | 1986-03-01 | Webster, Jr. | Applicant |
| US4582057(A) | 1986-04-01 | Auth et al. | Applicant |
| US4586120(A) | 1986-04-01 | Malik et al. | Applicant |
| US4590934(A) | 1986-05-01 | Malis et al. | Applicant |
| US4608977(A) | 1986-09-01 | Brown | Applicant |
| US4615330(A) | 1986-10-01 | Nagasaki et al. | Applicant |
| US4630218(A) | 1986-12-01 | Hurley | Applicant |
| US4632109(A) | 1986-12-01 | Patterson | Applicant |
| US4644955(A) | 1987-02-01 | Mioduski | Applicant |
| US4646222(A) | 1987-02-01 | Okado et al. | Applicant |
| US4651264(A) | 1987-03-01 | Shiao-Chung Hu | Applicant |
| US4651280(A) | 1987-03-01 | Chang et al. | Applicant |
| US4657015(A) | 1987-04-01 | Irnich | Applicant |
| US4658815(A) | 1987-04-01 | Farin et al. | Applicant |
| US4658819(A) | 1987-04-01 | Harris et al. | Applicant |
| US4658820(A) | 1987-04-01 | Klicek | Applicant |
| US4662383(A) | 1987-05-01 | Sogawa et al. | Applicant |
| US4691703(A) | 1987-09-01 | Auth et al. | Applicant |
| US4712559(A) | 1987-12-01 | Turner | Applicant |
| US4727874(A) | 1988-03-01 | Bowers et al. | Applicant |
| US4735204(A) | 1988-04-01 | Sussman et al. | Applicant |
| US4739759(A) | 1988-04-01 | Rexroth et al. | Applicant |
| US4741334(A) | 1988-05-01 | Irnich | Applicant |
| US4754757(A) | 1988-07-01 | Feucht | Applicant |
| US4767999(A) | 1988-08-01 | VerPlanck | Examiner |
| US4788634(A) | 1988-11-01 | Schlecht et al. | Applicant |
| US4805621(A) | 1989-02-01 | Heinze et al. | Applicant |
| US4818954(A) | 1989-04-01 | Flachenecker et al. | Applicant |
| US4827911(A) | 1989-05-01 | Broadwin et al. | Applicant |
| US4827927(A) | 1989-05-01 | Newton | Applicant |
| US4832024(A) | 1989-05-01 | Boussignac et al. | Applicant |
| US4848335(A) | 1989-07-01 | Manes | Applicant |
| US4848355(A) | 1989-07-01 | Nakamura et al. | Applicant |
| US4860745(A) | 1989-08-01 | Farin et al. | Applicant |
| US4862889(A) | 1989-09-01 | Feucht | Applicant |
| US4880719(A) | 1989-11-01 | Murofushi et al. | Applicant |
| US4887199(A) | 1989-12-01 | Whittle | Applicant |
| US4890610(A) | 1990-01-01 | Kirwan et al. | Applicant |
| US4903696(A) | 1990-02-01 | Stasz et al. | Applicant |
| US4907589(A) | 1990-03-01 | Cosman | Applicant |
| US4922210(A) | 1990-05-01 | Flachenecker et al. | Applicant |
| US4931047(A) | 1990-06-01 | Broadwin et al. | Applicant |
| US4931717(A) | 1990-06-01 | Gray et al. | Applicant |
| US4938761(A) | 1990-07-01 | Ensslin | Applicant |
| US4942313(A) | 1990-07-01 | Kinzel | Applicant |
| US4959606(A) | 1990-09-01 | Forge | Applicant |
| US4961047(A) | 1990-10-01 | Carder | Applicant |
| US4961435(A) | 1990-10-01 | Kitagawa et al. | Applicant |
| US4966597(A) | 1990-10-01 | Cosman | Applicant |
| USRE33420(E) | 1990-11-01 | Sussman | Applicant |
| US4969885(A) | 1990-11-01 | Farin | Applicant |
| US4992719(A) | 1991-02-01 | Harvey | Applicant |
| US4993430(A) | 1991-02-01 | Shimoyama et al. | Applicant |
| US4995877(A) | 1991-02-01 | Ams et al. | Applicant |
| US5015227(A) | 1991-05-01 | Broadwin et al. | Applicant |
| US5019176(A) | 1991-05-01 | Brandhorst, Jr. | Applicant |
| US5024668(A) | 1991-06-01 | Peters et al. | Applicant |
| US5029588(A) | 1991-07-01 | Yock et al. | Applicant |
| US5087257(A) | 1992-02-01 | Farin | Applicant |
| US5099840(A) | 1992-03-01 | Goble et al. | Applicant |
| US5103804(A) | 1992-04-01 | Abele et al. | Applicant |
| US5108389(A) | 1992-04-01 | Cosmescu | Applicant |
| US5108391(A) | 1992-04-01 | Flachenecker | Applicant |
| US5122137(A) | 1992-06-01 | Lennox | Applicant |
| US5133711(A) | 1992-07-01 | Hagen | Applicant |
| US5151102(A) | 1992-09-01 | Kamiyama et al. | Applicant |
| US5152762(A) | 1992-10-01 | McElhenney | Applicant |
| US5157603(A) | 1992-10-01 | Scheller et al. | Applicant |
| US5160334(A) | 1992-11-01 | Billings et al. | Applicant |
| US5162217(A) | 1992-11-01 | Hartman | Applicant |
| US5167658(A) | 1992-12-01 | Ensslin | Applicant |
| US5190517(A) | 1993-03-01 | Zieve et al. | Applicant |
| US5196008(A) | 1993-03-01 | Kuenecke | Applicant |
| US5196009(A) | 1993-03-01 | Kirwan, Jr. | Applicant |
| US5201900(A) | 1993-04-01 | Nardella | Applicant |
| US5207691(A) | 1993-05-01 | Nardella | Applicant |
| US5230623(A) | 1993-07-01 | Guthrie et al. | Applicant |
| US5233515(A) | 1993-08-01 | Cosman | Applicant |
| US5249121(A) | 1993-09-01 | Baum et al. | Applicant |
| US5254117(A) | 1993-10-01 | Rigby et al. | Applicant |
| USRE34432(E) | 1993-11-01 | Bertrand | Applicant |
| US5267994(A) | 1993-12-01 | Gentelia et al. | Applicant |
| US5267997(A) | 1993-12-01 | Farin | Applicant |
| US5281213(A) | 1994-01-01 | Milder et al. | Applicant |
| US5300068(A) | 1994-04-01 | Rosar et al. | Applicant |
| US5300070(A) | 1994-04-01 | Gentelia | Applicant |
| US5318563(A) | 1994-06-01 | Malis et al. | Applicant |
| US5323778(A) | 1994-06-01 | Kandarpa et al. | Applicant |
| US5324283(A) | 1994-06-01 | Heckele | Applicant |
| US5330518(A) | 1994-07-01 | Neilson et al. | Applicant |
| US5334183(A) | 1994-08-01 | Wuchinich | Applicant |
| US5334193(A) | 1994-08-01 | Nardella | Applicant |
| US5341807(A) | 1994-08-01 | Nardella | Applicant |
| US5342356(A) | 1994-08-01 | Ellman | Applicant |
| US5342357(A) | 1994-08-01 | Nardella | Applicant |
| US5342409(A) | 1994-08-01 | Mullett | Applicant |
| US5348554(A) | 1994-09-01 | Imran et al. | Applicant |
| US5370645(A) | 1994-12-01 | Klicek et al. | Applicant |
| US5370672(A) | 1994-12-01 | Fowler et al. | Applicant |
| US5370675(A) | 1994-12-01 | Edwards et al. | Applicant |
| US5372596(A) | 1994-12-01 | Klicek et al. | Applicant |
| US5383874(A) | 1995-01-01 | Jackson | Applicant |
| US5383876(A) | 1995-01-01 | Nardella | Applicant |
| US5383917(A) | 1995-01-01 | Desai et al. | Applicant |
| US5385148(A) | 1995-01-01 | Lesh et al. | Applicant |
| US5396062(A) | 1995-03-01 | Eisentraut et al. | Applicant |
| US5400267(A) | 1995-03-01 | Denen et al. | Applicant |
| US5403311(A) | 1995-04-01 | Abele et al. | Applicant |
| US5403312(A) | 1995-04-01 | Yates et al. | Applicant |
| US5409000(A) | 1995-04-01 | Imran | Applicant |
| US5409006(A) | 1995-04-01 | Buchholtz et al. | Applicant |
| US5409485(A) | 1995-04-01 | Suda | Applicant |
| US5413573(A) | 1995-05-01 | Koivukangas | Applicant |
| US5414238(A) | 1995-05-01 | Steigerwald et al. | Applicant |
| US5417719(A) | 1995-05-01 | Hull et al. | Applicant |
| US5422567(A) | 1995-06-01 | Matsunaga | Applicant |
| US5423808(A) | 1995-06-01 | Edwards et al. | Applicant |
| US5423809(A) | 1995-06-01 | Klicek | Applicant |
| US5423810(A) | 1995-06-01 | Goble et al. | Applicant |
| US5425704(A) | 1995-06-01 | Sakurai et al. | Applicant |
| US5430434(A) | 1995-07-01 | Lederer et al. | Applicant |
| US5432459(A) | 1995-07-01 | Thompson | Applicant |
| US5433739(A) | 1995-07-01 | Sluijter et al. | Applicant |
| US5434398(A) | 1995-07-01 | Goldberg | Applicant |
| US5436566(A) | 1995-07-01 | Thompson | Applicant |
| US5438302(A) | 1995-08-01 | Goble | Applicant |
| US5443463(A) | 1995-08-01 | Stern et al. | Applicant |
| US5445635(A) | 1995-08-01 | Denen | Applicant |
| US5451224(A) | 1995-09-01 | Goble et al. | Applicant |
| US5458597(A) | 1995-10-01 | Edwards et al. | Applicant |
| US5462521(A) | 1995-10-01 | Brucker et al. | Applicant |
| US5472441(A) | 1995-12-01 | Edwards et al. | Applicant |
| US5472443(A) | 1995-12-01 | Cordis et al. | Applicant |
| US5478303(A) | 1995-12-01 | Foley-Nolan et al. | Applicant |
| US5480399(A) | 1996-01-01 | Hebborn | Applicant |
| US5483952(A) | 1996-01-01 | Aranyi | Applicant |
| US5490850(A) | 1996-02-01 | Ellman et al. | Applicant |
| US5496312(A) | 1996-03-01 | Klicek | Applicant |
| US5496313(A) | 1996-03-01 | Gentelia et al. | Applicant |
| US5500012(A) | 1996-03-01 | Brucker et al. | Applicant |
| US5500616(A) | 1996-03-01 | Ochi | Applicant |
| US5514129(A) | 1996-05-01 | Smith | Applicant |
| US5520684(A) | 1996-05-01 | Imran | Applicant |
| US5531774(A) | 1996-07-01 | Schulman et al. | Applicant |
| US5534018(A) | 1996-07-01 | Wahlstrand et al. | Applicant |
| US5536267(A) | 1996-07-01 | Edwards et al. | Applicant |
| US5540681(A) | 1996-07-01 | Strul et al. | Applicant |
| US5540683(A) | 1996-07-01 | Ichikawa | Applicant |
| US5540684(A) | 1996-07-01 | Hassler, Jr. | Applicant |
| US5540724(A) | 1996-07-01 | Cox | Applicant |
| US5556396(A) | 1996-09-01 | Cohen et al. | Applicant |
| US5558671(A) | 1996-09-01 | Yates | Applicant |
| US5569242(A) | 1996-10-01 | Lax et al. | Applicant |
| US5571147(A) | 1996-11-01 | Sluijter et al. | Applicant |
| US5573533(A) | 1996-11-01 | Strul | Applicant |
| US5584830(A) | 1996-12-01 | Ladd et al. | Applicant |
| US5588432(A) | 1996-12-01 | Crowley | Applicant |
| US5594636(A) | 1997-01-01 | Schauder | Applicant |
| US5596466(A) | 1997-01-01 | Ochi | Applicant |
| US5599344(A) | 1997-02-01 | Paterson | Applicant |
| US5599345(A) | 1997-02-01 | Edwards et al. | Applicant |
| US5599348(A) | 1997-02-01 | Gentelia et al. | Applicant |
| US5605150(A) | 1997-02-01 | Radons et al. | Applicant |
| US5613966(A) | 1997-03-01 | Makower et al. | Applicant |
| US5613996(A) | 1997-03-01 | Lindsay | Applicant |
| US5625370(A) | 1997-04-01 | D'Hont | Applicant |
| US5626575(A) | 1997-05-01 | Crenner | Applicant |
| US5628745(A) | 1997-05-01 | Bek | Applicant |
| US5643330(A) | 1997-07-01 | Holsheimer et al. | Applicant |
| US5647869(A) | 1997-07-01 | Goble et al. | Applicant |
| US5647871(A) | 1997-07-01 | Levine et al. | Applicant |
| US5651780(A) | 1997-07-01 | Jackson et al. | Applicant |
| US5658322(A) | 1997-08-01 | Fleming | Applicant |
| US5660567(A) | 1997-08-01 | Nierlich et al. | Applicant |
| US5674217(A) | 1997-10-01 | Wahlstrom et al. | Applicant |
| US5685840(A) | 1997-11-01 | Schechter et al. | Applicant |
| US5688267(A) | 1997-11-01 | Panescu et al. | Applicant |
| US5690692(A) | 1997-11-01 | Fleming | Applicant |
| US5693042(A) | 1997-12-01 | Boiarski et al. | Applicant |
| US5694304(A) | 1997-12-01 | Telefus et al. | Applicant |
| US5695494(A) | 1997-12-01 | Becker | Applicant |
| US5696351(A) | 1997-12-01 | Benn et al. | Applicant |
| US5696441(A) | 1997-12-01 | Mak et al. | Applicant |
| US5702386(A) | 1997-12-01 | Stern et al. | Applicant |
| US5702429(A) | 1997-12-01 | King | Applicant |
| US5707369(A) | 1998-01-01 | Vaitekunas et al. | Applicant |
| US5712772(A) | 1998-01-01 | Telefus et al. | Applicant |
| US5713896(A) | 1998-02-01 | Nardella | Applicant |
| US5718246(A) | 1998-02-01 | Vona | Applicant |
| US5720744(A) | 1998-02-01 | Eggleston et al. | Applicant |
| US5722975(A) | 1998-03-01 | Edwards et al. | Applicant |
| US5729448(A) | 1998-03-01 | Haynie et al. | Applicant |
| US5733281(A) | 1998-03-01 | Nardella | Applicant |
| US5749869(A) | 1998-05-01 | Lindenmeier et al. | Applicant |
| US5749871(A) | 1998-05-01 | Hood et al. | Applicant |
| US5755715(A) | 1998-05-01 | Stern | Applicant |
| US5766165(A) | 1998-06-01 | Gentelia et al. | Applicant |
| US5769847(A) | 1998-06-01 | Panescu | Applicant |
| US5772659(A) | 1998-06-01 | Becker et al. | Applicant |
| US5792138(A) | 1998-08-01 | Shipp | Applicant |
| US5797802(A) | 1998-08-01 | Nowak | Applicant |
| US5797902(A) | 1998-08-01 | Netherly | Applicant |
| US5814092(A) | 1998-09-01 | King | Applicant |
| US5817093(A) | 1998-10-01 | Williamson, IV et al. | Applicant |
| US5820568(A) | 1998-10-01 | Willis | Applicant |
| US5827271(A) | 1998-10-01 | Bussey et al. | Applicant |
| US5830212(A) | 1998-11-01 | Cartmell | Applicant |
| US5836909(A) | 1998-11-01 | Cosmescu | Applicant |
| US5836943(A) | 1998-11-01 | Miller, III | Applicant |
| US5836990(A) | 1998-11-01 | Li | Applicant |
| US5846236(A) | 1998-12-01 | Lindenmeier et al. | Applicant |
| US5868737(A) | 1999-02-01 | Taylor et al. | Applicant |
| US5868739(A) | 1999-02-01 | Lindenmeier et al. | Applicant |
| US5868740(A) | 1999-02-01 | LeVeen et al. | Applicant |
| US5871481(A) | 1999-02-01 | Kannenberg et al. | Applicant |
| US5897552(A) | 1999-04-01 | Edwards et al. | Applicant |
| US5908444(A) | 1999-06-01 | Azure | Applicant |
| US5913882(A) | 1999-06-01 | King | Applicant |
| US5921982(A) | 1999-07-01 | Lesh et al. | Applicant |
| US5925070(A) | 1999-07-01 | King et al. | Applicant |
| US5931836(A) | 1999-08-01 | Hatta et al. | Applicant |
| US5938690(A) | 1999-08-01 | Law et al. | Applicant |
| US5948007(A) | 1999-09-01 | Starkebaum et al. | Applicant |
| US5951545(A) | 1999-09-01 | Schilling | Applicant |
| US5951546(A) | 1999-09-01 | Lorentzen | Applicant |
| US5954686(A) | 1999-09-01 | Garito et al. | Applicant |
| US5954717(A) | 1999-09-01 | Behl et al. | Applicant |
| US5954719(A) | 1999-09-01 | Chen et al. | Applicant |
| US5961344(A) | 1999-10-01 | Rosales et al. | Applicant |
| US5971980(A) | 1999-10-01 | Sherman | Applicant |
| US5976128(A) | 1999-11-01 | Schilling et al. | Applicant |
| US5983141(A) | 1999-11-01 | Sluijter et al. | Applicant |
| US6010499(A) | 2000-01-01 | Cobb | Applicant |
| US6014581(A) | 2000-01-01 | Whayne et al. | Applicant |
| US6033399(A) | 2000-03-01 | Gines | Applicant |
| US6044283(A) | 2000-03-01 | Fein et al. | Applicant |
| US6053910(A) | 2000-04-01 | Fleenor | Applicant |
| US6053912(A) | 2000-04-01 | Panescu et al. | Applicant |
| US6055458(A) | 2000-04-01 | Cochran et al. | Applicant |
| US6056745(A) | 2000-05-01 | Panescu et al. | Applicant |
| US6056746(A) | 2000-05-01 | Goble et al. | Applicant |
| US6063075(A) | 2000-05-01 | Mihori | Applicant |
| US6063078(A) | 2000-05-01 | Wittkampf | Applicant |
| US6068627(A) | 2000-05-01 | Orszulak et al. | Applicant |
| US6074386(A) | 2000-06-01 | Goble et al. | Applicant |
| US6074388(A) | 2000-06-01 | Tockweiler et al. | Applicant |
| US6080149(A) | 2000-06-01 | Huang et al. | Applicant |
| US6093186(A) | 2000-07-01 | Goble | Applicant |
| US6102497(A) | 2000-08-01 | Ehr et al. | Applicant |
| USRE36871(E) | 2000-09-01 | Epstein | Applicant |
| US6113591(A) | 2000-09-01 | Whayne et al. | Applicant |
| US6113596(A) | 2000-09-01 | Hooven | Applicant |
| US6123702(A) | 2000-09-01 | Swanson et al. | Applicant |
| US6132429(A) | 2000-10-01 | Baker | Applicant |
| US6142992(A) | 2000-11-01 | Cheng et al. | Applicant |
| US6155975(A) | 2000-12-01 | Urich et al. | Applicant |
| US6162217(A) | 2000-12-01 | Kannenberg et al. | Applicant |
| US6171304(B1) | 2001-01-01 | Netherly et al. | Applicant |
| US6188211(B1) | 2001-02-01 | Rincon-Mora et al. | Applicant |
| US6203541(B1) | 2001-03-01 | Keppel | Applicant |
| US6210403(B1) | 2001-04-01 | Klicek | Applicant |
| US6222356(B1) | 2001-04-01 | Taghizadeh-Kaschani | Applicant |
| US6228080(B1) | 2001-05-01 | Gines | Applicant |
| US6228081(B1) | 2001-05-01 | Goble | Applicant |
| US6231569(B1) | 2001-05-01 | Bek | Applicant |
| US6235020(B1) | 2001-05-01 | Cheng et al. | Applicant |
| US6238387(B1) | 2001-05-01 | Miller, III | Applicant |
| US6238388(B1) | 2001-05-01 | Ellman | Applicant |
| US6241725(B1) | 2001-06-01 | Cosman | Applicant |
| US6245065(B1) | 2001-06-01 | Panescu | Applicant |
| US6246912(B1) | 2001-06-01 | Sluijter et al. | Applicant |
| US6251106(B1) | 2001-06-01 | Becker et al. | Applicant |
| US6258085(B1) | 2001-07-01 | Eggleston | Applicant |
| US6261285(B1) | 2001-07-01 | Novak | Applicant |
| US6261286(B1) | 2001-07-01 | Goble et al. | Applicant |
| US6273886(B1) | 2001-08-01 | Edwards | Applicant |
| US6275786(B1) | 2001-08-01 | Daners | Applicant |
| US6293941(B1) | 2001-09-01 | Strul | Applicant |
| US6293942(B1) | 2001-09-01 | Goble et al. | Applicant |
| US6296636(B1) | 2001-10-01 | Cheng et al. | Applicant |
| US6306131(B1) | 2001-10-01 | Hareyama et al. | Applicant |
| US6306134(B1) | 2001-10-01 | Goble et al. | Applicant |
| US6309386(B1) | 2001-10-01 | Bek | Applicant |
| US6325799(B1) | 2001-12-01 | Goble | Applicant |
| US6337998(B1) | 2002-01-01 | Behl et al. | Applicant |
| US6338657(B1) | 2002-01-01 | Harper et al. | Applicant |
| US6350262(B1) | 2002-02-01 | Ashley | Applicant |
| US6358245(B1) | 2002-03-01 | Edwards | Applicant |
| US6364877(B1) | 2002-04-01 | Goble et al. | Applicant |
| US6383183(B1) | 2002-05-01 | Sekino et al. | Applicant |
| US6391024(B1) | 2002-05-01 | Sun et al. | Applicant |
| US6398779(B1) | 2002-06-01 | Buysse et al. | Applicant |
| US6398781(B1) | 2002-06-01 | Goble et al. | Applicant |
| US6402741(B1) | 2002-06-01 | Keppel et al. | Applicant |
| US6402743(B1) | 2002-06-01 | Orszulak et al. | Applicant |
| US6416509(B1) | 2002-07-01 | Goble et al. | Applicant |
| US6436096(B1) | 2002-08-01 | Hareyama | Applicant |
| US6451015(B1) | 2002-09-01 | Rittman, III et al. | Applicant |
| US6458121(B1) | 2002-10-01 | Rosenstock | Applicant |
| US6464689(B1) | 2002-10-01 | Qin | Applicant |
| US6464696(B1) | 2002-10-01 | Oyama | Applicant |
| US6498466(B1) | 2002-12-01 | Edwards | Applicant |
| US6506189(B1) | 2003-01-01 | Rittman, III et al. | Applicant |
| US6508815(B1) | 2003-01-01 | Strul | Applicant |
| US6511476(B2) | 2003-01-01 | Hareyama | Applicant |
| US6511478(B1) | 2003-01-01 | Burnside et al. | Applicant |
| US6517538(B1) | 2003-02-01 | Jacob et al. | Applicant |
| US6524308(B1) | 2003-02-01 | Muller et al. | Applicant |
| US6547786(B1) | 2003-04-01 | Goble | Applicant |
| US6558376(B2) | 2003-05-01 | Bishop | Applicant |
| US6560470(B1) | 2003-05-01 | Pologe | Applicant |
| US6562037(B2) | 2003-05-01 | Paton | Applicant |
| US6565559(B2) | 2003-05-01 | Eggleston | Applicant |
| US6573248(B2) | 2003-06-01 | Ramasamy et al. | Applicant |
| US6575969(B1) | 2003-06-01 | Rittman, III et al. | Applicant |
| US6582427(B1) | 2003-06-01 | Goble et al. | Applicant |
| US6620157(B1) | 2003-09-01 | Dabney et al. | Applicant |
| US6623423(B2) | 2003-09-01 | Sakurai | Applicant |
| US6629973(B1) | 2003-10-01 | Wardell et al. | Applicant |
| US6635057(B2) | 2003-10-01 | Harano | Applicant |
| US6645198(B1) | 2003-11-01 | Bommannan et al. | Applicant |
| US6648883(B2) | 2003-11-01 | Francischelli | Applicant |
| US6652514(B2) | 2003-11-01 | Ellman | Applicant |
| US6663623(B1) | 2003-12-01 | Oyama et al. | Applicant |
| US6663624(B2) | 2003-12-01 | Edwards | Applicant |
| US6666860(B1) | 2003-12-01 | Takahashi | Applicant |
| US6679875(B2) | 2004-01-01 | Honda | Applicant |
| US6682527(B2) | 2004-01-01 | Strul | Applicant |
| US6685700(B2) | 2004-02-01 | Behl | Applicant |
| US6685701(B2) | 2004-02-01 | Orszulak et al. | Applicant |
| US6685703(B2) | 2004-02-01 | Pearson et al. | Applicant |
| US6689131(B2) | 2004-02-01 | McClurken | Applicant |
| US6692489(B1) | 2004-02-01 | Heim | Applicant |
| US6693782(B1) | 2004-02-01 | Lash | Applicant |
| US6712813(B2) | 2004-03-01 | Ellman | Applicant |
| US6730080(B2) | 2004-05-01 | Harano | Applicant |
| US6733495(B1) | 2004-05-01 | Bek | Applicant |
| US6733498(B2) | 2004-05-01 | Paton | Applicant |
| US6740079(B1) | 2004-05-01 | Eggers | Applicant |
| US6740085(B2) | 2004-05-01 | Hareyama | Applicant |
| US6755825(B2) | 2004-06-01 | Shoenman et al. | Applicant |
| US6758846(B2) | 2004-07-01 | Goble et al. | Applicant |
| US6783523(B2) | 2004-08-01 | Qin | Applicant |
| US6786905(B2) | 2004-09-01 | Swanson et al. | Applicant |
| US6790206(B2) | 2004-09-01 | Panescu | Applicant |
| US6796981(B2) | 2004-09-01 | Wham | Applicant |
| US6824539(B2) | 2004-11-01 | Novak | Applicant |
| US6830569(B2) | 2004-12-01 | Thompson | Applicant |
| US6843789(B2) | 2005-01-01 | Goble | Applicant |
| US6849073(B2) | 2005-02-01 | Hoey | Applicant |
| US6855141(B2) | 2005-02-01 | Lovewell | Applicant |
| US6855142(B2) | 2005-02-01 | Harano | Applicant |
| US6860881(B2) | 2005-03-01 | Sturm | Applicant |
| US6864686(B2) | 2005-03-01 | Novak | Applicant |
| US6875210(B2) | 2005-04-01 | Refior | Applicant |
| US6893435(B2) | 2005-05-01 | Goble | Applicant |
| US6923804(B2) | 2005-08-01 | Eggers et al. | Applicant |
| US6929641(B2) | 2005-08-01 | Goble et al. | Applicant |
| US6939346(B2) | 2005-09-01 | Kannenberg et al. | Applicant |
| US6939347(B2) | 2005-09-01 | Thompson | Applicant |
| US6942660(B2) | 2005-09-01 | Pantera et al. | Applicant |
| US6948503(B2) | 2005-09-01 | Refior et al. | Applicant |
| US6966907(B2) | 2005-11-01 | Goble | Applicant |
| US6989010(B2) | 2006-01-01 | Francischelli et al. | Applicant |
| US6994704(B2) | 2006-02-01 | Qin et al. | Applicant |
| US6994707(B2) | 2006-02-01 | Ellman et al. | Applicant |
| US7001381(B2) | 2006-02-01 | Harano et al. | Applicant |
| US7004174(B2) | 2006-02-01 | Eggers et al. | Applicant |
| US7041096(B2) | 2006-05-01 | Malis et al. | Applicant |
| US7044948(B2) | 2006-05-01 | Keppel | Applicant |
| US7044949(B2) | 2006-05-01 | Orszulak et al. | Applicant |
| US7060063(B2) | 2006-06-01 | Marion et al. | Applicant |
| US7062331(B2) | 2006-06-01 | Zarinetchi et al. | Applicant |
| US7063692(B2) | 2006-06-01 | Sakurai et al. | Applicant |
| US7066933(B2) | 2006-06-01 | Hagg | Applicant |
| US7094231(B1) | 2006-08-01 | Ellman et al. | Examiner |
| US7122031(B2) | 2006-10-01 | Edwards et al. | Applicant |
| US7131860(B2) | 2006-11-01 | Sartor et al. | Applicant |
| US7137980(B2) | 2006-11-01 | Buysse et al. | Applicant |
| US7147638(B2) | 2006-12-01 | Chapman et al. | Applicant |
| US7160293(B2) | 2007-01-01 | Sturm et al. | Applicant |
| US7172591(B2) | 2007-02-01 | Harano et al. | Applicant |
| US7175618(B2) | 2007-02-01 | Dabney et al. | Applicant |
| US7175621(B2) | 2007-02-01 | Heim et al. | Applicant |
| US7211081(B2) | 2007-05-01 | Goble | Applicant |
| US7214224(B2) | 2007-05-01 | Goble | Applicant |
| US7220260(B2) | 2007-05-01 | Fleming et al. | Applicant |
| US7247155(B2) | 2007-07-01 | Hoey et al. | Applicant |
| US7250746(B2) | 2007-07-01 | Oswald et al. | Applicant |
| US7255694(B2) | 2007-08-01 | Keppel | Applicant |
| US7282048(B2) | 2007-10-01 | Goble et al. | Applicant |
| US7300435(B2) | 2007-11-01 | Wham et al. | Applicant |
| US7303557(B2) | 2007-12-01 | Wham et al. | Applicant |
| US7364577(B2) | 2008-04-01 | Wham et al. | Applicant |
| US7367972(B2) | 2008-05-01 | Francischelli et al. | Applicant |
| USRE40388(E) | 2008-06-01 | Gines | Applicant |
| US7396336(B2) | 2008-07-01 | Orszulak et al. | Applicant |
| US2001/0014804(A1) | 2001-08-01 | Goble et al. | Applicant |
| US2001/0029315(A1) | 2001-10-01 | Sakurai et al. | Applicant |
| US2001/0031962(A1) | 2001-10-01 | Eggleston | Applicant |
| US2002/0035363(A1) | 2002-03-01 | Edwards et al. | Applicant |
| US2002/0035364(A1) | 2002-03-01 | Schoenman et al. | Applicant |
| US2002/0052599(A1) | 2002-05-01 | Goble | Applicant |
| US2002/0068932(A1) | 2002-06-01 | Edwards | Applicant |
| US2002/0107517(A1) | 2002-08-01 | Witt et al. | Applicant |
| US2002/0111624(A1) | 2002-08-01 | Witt et al. | Applicant |
| US2002/0151889(A1) | 2002-10-01 | Swanson et al. | Applicant |
| US2002/0193787(A1) | 2002-12-01 | Qin | Applicant |
| US2003/0004510(A1) | 2003-01-01 | Wham et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0060818(A1) | 2003-03-01 | Kannenberg | Applicant |
| US2003/0078572(A1) | 2003-04-01 | Pearson et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0139741(A1) | 2003-07-01 | Goble et al. | Applicant |
| US2003/0153908(A1) | 2003-08-01 | Goble | Applicant |
| US2003/0163123(A1) | 2003-08-01 | Goble | Applicant |
| US2003/0163124(A1) | 2003-08-01 | Goble | Applicant |
| US2003/0171745(A1) | 2003-09-01 | Francischelli | Applicant |
| US2003/0181898(A1) | 2003-09-01 | Bowers | Applicant |
| US2003/0199863(A1) | 2003-10-01 | Swanson | Applicant |
| US2003/0225401(A1) | 2003-12-01 | Eggers et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0002745(A1) | 2004-01-01 | Flemming | Applicant |
| US2004/0015159(A1) | 2004-01-01 | Slater et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0015163(A1) | 2004-01-01 | Buysse et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0015216(A1) | 2004-01-01 | DeSisto | Applicant |
| US2004/0019347(A1) | 2004-01-01 | Sakurai | Applicant |
| US2004/0024395(A1) | 2004-02-01 | Ellman | Applicant |
| US2004/0030328(A1) | 2004-02-01 | Eggers | Applicant |
| US2004/0030330(A1) | 2004-02-01 | Brassell et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0044339(A1) | 2004-03-01 | Beller | Applicant |
| US2004/0049179(A1) | 2004-03-01 | Francischelli | Applicant |
| US2004/0054365(A1) | 2004-03-01 | Goble | Applicant |
| US2004/0059323(A1) | 2004-03-01 | Sturm et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0068304(A1) | 2004-04-01 | Paton | Applicant |
| US2004/0082946(A1) | 2004-04-01 | Malis | Applicant |
| US2004/0095100(A1) | 2004-05-01 | Thompson | Applicant |
| US2004/0097912(A1) | 2004-05-01 | Gonnering | Applicant |
| US2004/0097914(A1) | 2004-05-01 | Pantera | Applicant |
| US2004/0097915(A1) | 2004-05-01 | Refior | Applicant |
| US2004/0116919(A1) | 2004-06-01 | Heim | Applicant |
| US2004/0133189(A1) | 2004-07-01 | Sakurai | Applicant |
| US2004/0138653(A1) | 2004-07-01 | Dabney et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0138654(A1) | 2004-07-01 | Goble | Applicant |
| US2004/0143263(A1) | 2004-07-01 | Schechter et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0147918(A1) | 2004-07-01 | Keppel | Applicant |
| US2004/0167508(A1) | 2004-08-01 | Wham et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0172016(A1) | 2004-09-01 | Bek | Applicant |
| US2004/0193148(A1) | 2004-09-01 | Wham et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0230189(A1) | 2004-11-01 | Keppel | Applicant |
| US2004/0243120(A1) | 2004-12-01 | Orszulak et al. | Applicant |
| US2004/0260279(A1) | 2004-12-01 | Goble | Applicant |
| US2005/0004564(A1) | 2005-01-01 | Wham | Applicant |
| US2005/0004569(A1) | 2005-01-01 | Witt et al. | Applicant |
| US2005/0021020(A1) | 2005-01-01 | Blaha et al. | Applicant |
| US2005/0021022(A1) | 2005-01-01 | Sturm et al. | Applicant |
| US2005/0101949(A1) | 2005-05-01 | Harano et al. | Applicant |
| US2005/0101951(A1) | 2005-05-01 | Wham | Applicant |
| US2005/0113818(A1) | 2005-05-01 | Sartor | Applicant |
| US2005/0113819(A1) | 2005-05-01 | Wham | Applicant |
| US2005/0149151(A1) | 2005-07-01 | Orszulak et al. | Examiner |
| US2005/0182398(A1) | 2005-08-01 | Paterson | Applicant |
| US2005/0197659(A1) | 2005-09-01 | Bahney | Applicant |
| US2005/0203504(A1) | 2005-09-01 | Wham et al. | Applicant |
| US2006/0025760(A1) | 2006-02-01 | Podhajsky | Applicant |
| US2006/0079871(A1) | 2006-04-01 | Plaven et al. | Applicant |
| US2006/0161148(A1) | 2006-07-01 | Behnke | Examiner |
| US2006/0178664(A1) | 2006-08-01 | Keppel | Applicant |
| US2006/0224152(A1) | 2006-10-01 | Behnke et al. | Applicant |
| US2006/0281360(A1) | 2006-12-01 | Sartor et al. | Applicant |
| US2007/0038209(A1) | 2007-02-01 | Buysse et al. | Applicant |
| US2007/0093800(A1) | 2007-04-01 | Wham et al. | Applicant |
| US2007/0093801(A1) | 2007-04-01 | Behnke | Applicant |
| US2007/0135812(A1) | 2007-06-01 | Sartor | Applicant |
| US2007/0173802(A1) | 2007-07-01 | Keppel | Applicant |
| US2007/0173803(A1) | 2007-07-01 | Wham et al. | Applicant |
| US2007/0173804(A1) | 2007-07-01 | Wham et al. | Applicant |
| US2007/0173805(A1) | 2007-07-01 | Weinberg et al. | Applicant |
| US2007/0173806(A1) | 2007-07-01 | Orszulak et al. | Applicant |
| US2007/0173810(A1) | 2007-07-01 | Orszulak | Applicant |
| US2007/0173813(A1) | 2007-07-01 | Odom | Applicant |
| US2007/0208339(A1) | 2007-09-01 | Arts et al. | Applicant |
| US2007/0225698(A1) | 2007-09-01 | Orszulak et al. | Applicant |
| US2007/0250052(A1) | 2007-10-01 | Wham | Applicant |
| US2007/0265612(A1) | 2007-11-01 | Behnke et al. | Applicant |
| US2007/0282320(A1) | 2007-12-01 | Buysse et al. | Applicant |
| US2008/0015564(A1) | 2008-01-01 | Wham et al. | Applicant |
| US2008/0039831(A1) | 2008-02-01 | Odom et al. | Applicant |
| US2008/0039836(A1) | 2008-02-01 | Odom et al. | Applicant |
| US2008/0082094(A1) | 2008-04-01 | McPherson et al. | Applicant |
| US2008/0125767(A1) | 2008-05-01 | Blaha | Applicant |
| DE179607 | 1905-03-01 | Applicant | |
| DE1099658 | 1961-02-01 | Applicant | |
| DE1139927 | 1962-11-01 | Applicant | |
| DE1149832 | 1963-06-01 | Applicant | |
| DE1439302 | 1969-01-01 | Applicant | |
| DE2439587 | 1975-02-01 | Applicant | |
| DE2455174 | 1975-05-01 | Applicant | |
| DE2407559 | 1975-08-01 | Applicant | |
| DE2602517 | 1976-07-01 | Applicant | |
| DE2504280 | 1976-08-01 | Applicant | |
| DE2540968 | 1977-03-01 | Applicant | |
| DE2820908 | 1978-11-01 | Applicant | |
| DE2803275 | 1979-08-01 | Applicant | |
| DE2823291 | 1979-11-01 | Applicant | |
| DE2946728 | 1981-05-01 | Applicant | |
| DE3143421 | 1982-05-01 | Applicant | |
| DE3045996 | 1982-07-01 | Applicant | |
| DE3120102 | 1982-12-01 | Applicant | |
| DE3510586 | 1986-10-01 | Applicant | |
| DE3604823 | 1987-08-01 | Applicant | |
| DE390937 | 1989-04-01 | Applicant | |
| DE3904558 | 1990-08-01 | Applicant | |
| DE3942998 | 1991-07-01 | Applicant | |
| DE4339049(A1) | 1995-05-01 | Applicant | |
| DE19717411 | 1998-11-01 | Applicant | |
| DE19848540(A1) | 2000-05-01 | Applicant | |
| EP246350 | 1987-11-01 | Applicant | |
| EP310431 | 1989-04-01 | Applicant | |
| EP325456 | 1989-07-01 | Applicant | |
| EP336742 | 1989-10-01 | Applicant | |
| EP390937 | 1990-10-01 | Applicant | |
| EP556705 | 1993-08-01 | Applicant | |
| EP569130(A1) | 1993-11-01 | Applicant | |
| EP608609 | 1994-08-01 | Applicant | |
| EP694291 | 1996-01-01 | Applicant | |
| EP836868 | 1998-04-01 | Applicant | |
| EP878169 | 1998-11-01 | Applicant | |
| EP1051948 | 2000-11-01 | Applicant | |
| EP1053720 | 2000-11-01 | Applicant | |
| EP1151725 | 2001-11-01 | Applicant | |
| EP1293171 | 2003-03-01 | Applicant | |
| EP1472984 | 2004-11-01 | Applicant | |
| EP1495712 | 2005-01-01 | Applicant | |
| EP1500378 | 2005-01-01 | Applicant | |
| EP1535581 | 2005-06-01 | Applicant | |
| EP1609430 | 2005-12-01 | Applicant | |
| EP1645235 | 2006-04-01 | Applicant | |
| EP880220(B1) | 2006-06-01 | Applicant | |
| EP1707143 | 2006-10-01 | Applicant | |
| EP1810628 | 2007-07-01 | Applicant | |
| EP1810630 | 2007-07-01 | Applicant | |
| EP1810633 | 2007-07-01 | Applicant | |
| FR1275415 | 1961-10-01 | Applicant | |
| FR1347865 | 1963-11-01 | Applicant | |
| FR2313708 | 1976-12-01 | Applicant | |
| FR2502935 | 1982-10-01 | Applicant | |
| FR2517953 | 1983-06-01 | Applicant | |
| FR2573301 | 1986-05-01 | Applicant | |
| GB607850 | 1948-09-01 | Applicant | |
| GB855459 | 1960-11-01 | Applicant | |
| GB902775 | 1962-08-01 | Applicant | |
| GB1290304 | 1972-09-01 | Examiner | |
| GB2164473 | 1986-03-01 | Applicant | |
| GB2214430 | 1989-09-01 | Applicant | |
| GB2358934(A) | 2001-08-01 | Applicant | |
| SU166452 | 1965-01-01 | Applicant | |
| SU727201 | 1980-04-01 | Applicant | |
| WO92/06642 | 1992-04-01 | Applicant | |
| WO93/24066 | 1993-12-01 | Applicant | |
| WO94/24949 | 1994-11-01 | Applicant | |
| WO94/28809 | 1994-12-01 | Applicant | |
| WO95/09577 | 1995-04-01 | Applicant | |
| WO95/19148 | 1995-07-01 | Applicant | |
| WO96/02180 | 1996-02-01 | Applicant | |
| WO96/04860 | 1996-02-01 | Applicant | |
| WO96/08794 | 1996-03-01 | Applicant | |
| WO96/18349 | 1996-06-01 | Applicant | |
| WO96/29946 | 1996-10-01 | Applicant | |
| WO96/39086 | 1996-12-01 | Applicant | |
| WO96/39914 | 1996-12-01 | Applicant | |
| WO97/06739 | 1997-02-01 | Applicant | |
| WO97/06740 | 1997-02-01 | Applicant | |
| WO97/06855 | 1997-02-01 | Applicant | |
| WO97/11648 | 1997-04-01 | Applicant | |
| WO97/17029 | 1997-05-01 | Applicant | |
| WO2/11634 | 2002-02-01 | Applicant | |
| WO2/45589 | 2002-06-01 | Applicant | |
| WO2/47565 | 2002-06-01 | Applicant | |
| WO2/053048 | 2002-07-01 | Applicant | |
| WO2/088128 | 2002-07-01 | Applicant | |
| WO3/090630 | 2003-11-01 | Applicant | |
| WO3/090635 | 2003-11-01 | Applicant | |
| WO3/092520 | 2003-11-01 | Applicant | |
| WO2004/028385 | 2004-04-01 | Applicant | |
| WO2004/098385 | 2004-04-01 | Applicant | |
| WO2004/103156 | 2004-12-01 | Applicant | |
| WO2005/046496 | 2005-05-01 | Applicant | |
| WO2005/048809 | 2005-06-01 | Applicant | |
| WO2005/050151 | 2005-06-01 | Applicant | |
| WO2005048809(A1) | 2005-06-01 | Applicant | |
| WO2005/060365 | 2005-07-01 | Applicant | |
| WO2005/060849 | 2005-07-01 | Applicant |
Non-Patent Literature (39)
- International Search Report EP 06000708.5 dated Apr. 21, 2006.Applicant
- International Search Report-Extended EP 06000708.5 dated Aug. 22, 2006.Applicant
- International Search Report EP 05002769.7 dated Jun. 9, 2006.Applicant
- International Search Report EP 06006717.0 dated Aug. 7, 2006.Applicant
- Ni W et al: “A Signal Processing Method for the Coriolis Mass Flowmeter Based on a Normalized . . . ” Journal of Applied Sciences-Yingyong Kexue Xuebao, Shanghai CN, vol. 23 No. 2; (Mar. 2005); 160-164.Applicant
- International Search Report EP06022028.2 dated Feb. 5, 2007.Applicant
- International Search Report EP06025700.3 dated Apr. 12, 2007.Applicant
- International Search Report EP07001481.6 dated Apr. 23, 2007.Applicant
- International Search Report EP07001485.7 dated May 15, 2007.Applicant
- International Search Report EP07001527.6 dated May 9, 2007.Applicant
- International Search Report EP07004355.9 dated May 21, 2007.Applicant
- Muller et al., “Extended Left Hemicolectomy Using the LigaSure Vessel Sealing System” Innovations That Work; Sep. 1999.Applicant
- Alexander et al., “Magnetic Resonance Image-Directed Stereotactic Neurosurgery: Use of Image Fusion with Computerized Tomography to Enhance Spatial Accuracy” Journal Neurosurgery, 83; (1995) pp. 271-276.Applicant
- Anderson et al., “A Numerical Study of Rapid Heating for High Temperature Radio Frequency Hyperthermia” International Journal of Bio-Medical Computing, 35 (1994) pp. 297-307.Applicant
- Astrahan, “A Localized Current Field Hyperthermia System for Use with 192-Iridium Interstitial Implants” Medical Physics, 9 (3), May/Jun. 1982.Applicant
- Bergdahl et al. “Studies on Coagulation and the Development of an Automatic Computerized Bipolar Coagulator” J.Neurosurg, vol. 75, Jul. 1991, pp. 148-151.Applicant
- Chicharo et al. “A Sliding Goertzel Algorith” Aug. 1996, pp. 283-297 Signal Processing, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. Amsterdam, NL vol. 52 No. 3.Applicant
- Cosman et al., “Methods of Making Nervous System Lesions” In William RH, Rengachary SS (eds): Neurosurgery, New York: McGraw-Hill, vol. 111, (1984), pp. 2490-2499.Applicant
- Cosman et al., “Radiofrequency Lesion Generation and Its Effect on Tissue Impedance” Applied Neurophysiology 51: (1988) pp. 230-242.Applicant
- Cosman et al., “Theoretical Aspects of Radiofrequency Lesions in the Dorsal Root Entry Zone” Neurosurgery 15:(1984) pp. 945-950.Applicant
- Geddes et al., “The Measurement of Physiologic Events by Electrical Impedence” Am. J. MI, Jan. Mar. 1964, pp. 16-27.Applicant
- Goldberg et al., “Tissue Ablation with Radiofrequency: Effect of Probe Size, Gauge, Duration, and Temperature on Lesion Volume” Acad Radio (1995) vol. 2, No. 5, pp. 399-404.Applicant
- Medtrex Brochure “The O.R. Pro 300” 1 p. Sep. 1998.Applicant
- Ogden Goertzel Alternative to the Fourier Transform: Jun. 1993 pp. 485-487 Electronics World: Reed Business Publishing, Sutton, Surrey, BG vol. 99, No. 9. 1687.Applicant
- Sugita et al., “Bipolar Coagulator with Automatic Thermocontrol” J. Neurosurg., vol. 41, Dec. 1944, pp. 777-779.Applicant
- Valleylab Brochure “Valleylab Electroshield Monitoring System” 2 pp. Nov. 1995.Applicant
- Vallfors et al., “Automatically Controlled Bipolar Electrosoagulation-‘COA-COMP’” Neurosurgical Review 7:2-3 (1984) pp. 187-190.Applicant
- Wald et al., “Accidental Burns”, JAMA, Aug. 16, 1971, vol. 217, No. 7, pp. 916-921.Applicant
- Richard Wolf Medical Instruments Corp. Brochure, “Kleppinger Bipolar Forceps & Bipolar Generator” 3 pp. Jan. 1989.Applicant
- International Search Report PCT/US03/37110 dated Jul. 25, 2005.Applicant
- International Search Report PCT/US03/37310 dated Aug. 13, 2004.Applicant
- International Search Report EP 04009964 dated Jul. 13, 2004.Applicant
- International Search Report EP 98300964.8 dated Dec. 4, 2000.Applicant
- International Search Report EP 04015981.6 dated Sep. 29, 2004.Applicant
- International Search Report EP 05014156.3 dated Dec. 28, 2005.Applicant
- International Search Report EP 05021944.3 dated Jan. 18, 2006.Applicant
- International Search Report EP 05022350.2 dated Jan. 18, 2006.Applicant
- International Search Report EP 07008207.8 dated Sep. 5, 2007.Applicant
- International Search Report EP 07010673.7 dated Sep. 24, 2007.Applicant