Single use pulse oximeter

[0001] The present invention relates to oximeters and more particularly to a single use oximeter that is self-contained in a patch, such as for example a self-adhesive bandage. The present invention further relates to a disposable patch oximeter having telecommunication capabilities.

[0002] Oximeters are well known. Prior to the instant invention, self-contained oximeters come in the form of bulky housings that clip onto the finger of a patient, such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,792,052. Another example of a self-contained oximeter is that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,654,621, assigned to the assignee of the instant application. In these prior art self-contained finger oximeters, electronics are contained in housings that pivotally grasp the finger of a patient ('052 patent) or a housing that forms an opening to which the finger of the patient is inserted ('621 patent). Once the oxygen saturation level of the patient is determined, these finger oximeters may be removed from the patient and used on other patients, as these finger oximeters are reusable devices.

[0003] There is also in the market a bandage that has embedded therein the light emitter and sensor of an oximeter. The electronics for operating the light emitter and sensor and to which the bandage is connected is located remotely from the bandage. This device is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,735,459, 6,721,585, 6,684,091, 6,519,487, 6,343,224, 6,321,100 and 6,144,868. Only the bandage is disposable in this device.

[0004] The present invention is a self-contained, fully disposable, single use pulse oximeter that activates when the backing paper for its adhesive is peeled off. All of the components for the oximeter are mounted, integrated, or embedded to a multi-layered patch, or bandage. In addition to the light or radiation emitter that outputs a multifrequency light to the patient, be it the digit or the forehead of the patient, and the sensor or detector that senses the light passing through, or reflecting from, the patient for obtaining data from the patient and then calculating the oxygen saturation level of blood (SpO2) from the acquired data, the other components for the pulse oximeter are also mounted to the patch. This includes the oximetry circuitry, an optional display, an optional alarm possibly in the form of a piezoelectric transducer (audible) and/or an optical indicator on the display (visual) and the power source. The circuitry may be integrated to an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) platform or chip, and is embedded to a layer of the bandage that is protected by at least two thin barrier layers that are immune to moisture and prevent the ASIC from being exposed to the environment. The power source may be a thin conventional button battery, or a fuel cell battery, that may also be embedded in the same layer as the ASIC chip. The same layer of the bandage may also include the optional display and alarm. Alternatively, the display and the alarm may be formed at a layer of the bandage that is above the ASIC platform layer and beneath a protective membrane layer that may include preprinted graphics. Membrane switches may also be provided under the protective membrane to provide the user the capability to activate a limited number of functions, as for example turning on/off the alarm and/or display.

[0005] The bandage is a sterile bandage with a peel off sheet covering its lower most adhesive layer that allows the bandage to be removably attached to the patient. To provide additional sterility, the bandage may be stored or housed in a sterile package that may have a removable cover.

[0006] The light emitter and detector are positioned onto the patch depending on whether the patch is to be used in a transmissive mode in which the patch, or bandage, is wrapped around a digit or an earlobe of a patient, or in a reflective mode whereby the patch is adhesively secured to the forehead, or another substantially flat surface, of the patient.

[0007] Telecommunication capabilities may also be added to the disposable patch oximeter of the instant invention. For the wireless patch oximeter, a transmitter or transceiver is mounted to, or embedded in, the patch or bandage. The circuitry required for transmitting or transceiving the signals to/from the patch oximeter are either added or integrated to the ASIC chip, or is added as a separate circuit to the electronics layer of the patch.

[0008] For the patch oximeter of the instant invention, be it the stand alone bandage or the wireless bandage, the most convenient way in which to attach the bandage to the patient is by means of an adhesive layer, as is conventionally done in conventional bandages that are used to cover cuts on an individual. However, other attachment mechanisms may also be used for the instant invention patch oximeter or bandage. Such attachment mechanisms may include for example velcro or snaps that would allow the bandage to be securely attached to the patient. Instead of a full layer of adhesive, only portions of the lower most layer of the bandage need to be provided with the adhesive in order to enable the bandage to be removably attachable to a patient.

[0009] With respect to the wireless version of the inventive patch oximeter, in addition to being able to wirelessly communicate with a host monitor system where at least the patient's oxygen saturation level of arterial blood (SpO2) is remotely monitored, each patch oximeter may also be able to communicate with another similar patch oximeter that is attached to another location on the patient. With at least two oximeters attached to the patient, a differential of the SpO2 of the patient may be obtained, so that a hypovolemic shock determination could be made on the patient, i.e., whether the patient is just bleeding, on the verge of going into shock, or in fact is in shock.

[0010] Electrodes may also be added to the bandage oximeter of the instant invention, so that physiological parameters other than the oxygen saturation level of the arterial blood of the patient, for example EEG, ECG, EKG, etc., may be obtained from the patient, at the same time that the SpO2 is being obtained from the patient. For measuring additional physiological parameters from the patient, additional electronics that enable the patch oximeter to perform additional measurement functions are either integrated to the ASIC circuit, or mounted to the electronics layer of the patch as separate additional circuits.

[0011] With respect to the wireless patch oximeter, instead of embedding the power source onto the patch, a power source remote from the patch, which would supply power to the patch when the patch comes within a predetermined or given distance from the remote power source, may be used. For this radio frequency identification (RFId) equipped embodiment, an antenna coil, as well as an RF power receiver, are added to the oximeter patch, so that power may be retrieved from the remote power source when the bandage comes within communication distance from the remote power source. For this embodiment, and possibly other wireless embodiments of the inventive patch oximeter, the display and/or the alarm may not be needed on the patch.

[0012] The present invention is therefore a one-piece disposable flexible patch or bandage adaptable to be attachable to a patient for measuring at least the oxygen saturation level of arterial blood of the patient. This disposable patch has mounted thereto a light emitter and a light detector to detect the light from the light emitter that passes through the patient so that data relating to at least the SpO2 of the patient is acquired. Also mounted to the disposable patch is an electronic circuit for effecting operation of the light emitter and the light detector, and to calculate from the data acquired at least the SpO2 of the patient. An attachment mechanism is also provided at the patch to enable the patch to be removably attached to the patient.

[0013] The present invention also relates to an oximeter that comprises a patch that is adapted to be attached to the patient. The oximeter includes a light emitter and a light detector each mounted to the patch, with the light detector detecting the light from the light emitter that passes through the patient. An electronic circuit also mounted to the patch operates the light emitter and the light detector, and calculates from the data acquired by the light detector at least the oxygen saturation level of arterial blood of the patient. Means is provided at the patch to enable the patch to be removably attached to the patient.

[0014] The instant invention further relates to a method of making a disposable oximeter that includes the steps of: a) obtaining a flexible patch adaptable to be attached to a patient; b) mounting a light emitter and a light detector to the patch; c) ensuring that the light detector and the light emitter are arranged on the patch to work cooperatively with each other so that the light detector would detect the light from the light emitter that passes through the patient, or reflected back from the patient, and acquires data relating to at least the oxygen saturation level of arterial blood of the patient; d) mounting an electronic circuit to the patch for effecting operation of the light emitter and the light detector, and to calculate from the acquired data at least the oxygen saturation level of arterial blood of the patient; and e) providing means to the patch to enable the patch to be removably attached to the patient.

[0015] The wireless one-piece disposable oximeter of the instant invention is a one-piece disposable patch that is adapted to be attached to a patient for measuring at the oxygen saturation level of arterial blood of the patient. The wireless patch oximeter includes a light emitter mounted to the patch, a light detector mounted to the patch to detect the light from the light emitter that passes through the patient, or reflected back from the patient, so that data relating to at least the oxygen saturation level of the arterial blood of the patient may be acquired, an electronic circuit mounted to the patch for effecting operation of the light emitter and the light detector, and to calculate from the data acquired the oxygen saturation level of arterial blood of the patient, a transceiver mounted to the patch to at least transmit the calculated oxygen saturation level of arterial blood or data acquired of the patient to a remote device, and an attachment mechanism at the patch that enables the patch to be removably attached to the patient.

[0016] The oximeter of the instant invention furthermore includes a patch adaptable to be attached to the patient, a light emitter and a light detector each mounted to the patch, an electronic circuit mounted to the patch for effecting operation of the light emitter and the light detector, and to calculate from the data acquired by the light detector due to the light from the light emitter that passes the patient it senses, at least the oxygen saturation level of the arterial blood of the patient, a transceiver mounted to the patch to enable the patch to at least transmit the signal representing the oxygen saturation level of arterial blood of the patient or the data acquired by the light detector to a remote device, and means provided at the patch to enable the patch to be removably attached to the patient.

[0017] The present invention also relates to a method of determining whether a patient is in hypovolemic shock that includes the steps of: a) attaching at least two oximeters to different areas of the patient, with each of the oximeters being a patch adaptable to be attached to the patient. Each of the patch oximeters has mounted thereto a light emitter, a light detector, an electronic circuit for operating the light emitter and light detector and to calculate from the data acquired by the light detector of light from the light emitter that passes through the patient at least the oxygen saturation level of arterial blood of the patient, a transceiver that allows the patch to communicate the calculated oxygen saturation level of arterial blood of the patient to a remote device or to another oximeter attached to the patient, and means that enables the patch to be removably attached to the patient; b) determining the difference between the respective oxygen saturation levels of blood of a patient measured by each of the oximeters attached to the patient; and c) comparing the determined difference with a predetermined condition to decide whether the patient is in shock.

[0035] With reference to FIG. 1, a flexible patch 2, in the form of a bandage or strip, has mounted thereto a light or radiation emitter 4 and a photodetector or sensor 6. As is well known, light emitter 4 may be made up of a number of LEDs each outputting a light at a different frequency, so that emitter 4 in essence outputs a multifrequency light to a part of the patient, be that part a digit, the bridge of the nose, an earlobe, the forehead or some other body part of the patient. Photodetector 6 then senses or detects the light that passes through the patient as data obtained from the patient.

[0036] Also mounted onto patch 2 is an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) 8, possibly in the form of a flexible circuit platform or chip, in which the various electronic components for controlling emitter 4 and sensor 6, as well as for calculating from the data collected or acquired by sensor 6 at least the oxygen saturation level of arterial blood (SpO2) and the heart rate of the patient. As shown in FIG. 1, in accordance with the conventional processes for manufacturing an ASIC chip, representative electronic components required for the operation of a pulse oximeter are formed or integrated into the ASIC circuit 8. These include a processor 10, a memory 12, an electronic circuit 14 specifically designed for performing the oximetry functions, an emitter or detector interface circuit 16, a sensor interface circuit 18, a display driver 20 and an alarm driver 22. Other electronics that may also be integrated to the ASIC circuit 8 are not shown for the sake of simplicity. For the oximeter embodiments discussed herein, ASIC circuit 8 is presumed to be in the form of a thin chip that may be flexible and/or is mounted or embedded in a particular layer of the patch, as will be discussed in more detail, infra.

[0037] The algorithm for performing the SpO2 analysis may be that described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,558,096, assigned to the assignee of the instant invention. The disclosure of the '096 patent is incorporated by reference herein. Other algorithms or software that may be needed for effecting the operation of emitter 4 and sensor 6 in a conventional way may also be stored in memory 12. Moreover, the software for operating other components or electronics that are to be discussed hereinbelow may also be stored in memory 12.

[0038] For the oximeter shown in FIG. 1, also mounted to the patch 2 is a display 24, an alarm 26, and a power source in the form of a battery 28. Display 24 may be a thin membrane LCD display while alarm 26 may be a piezoelectric transducer that conceivably could be integrated as a separate electronic component mounted on patch 2. Battery 28, for the instant invention oximeter, may be a conventional thin plate battery or a fuel cell battery that self activates when the patch is removed from its sterile packaging. A chemical light source that also self activates when the patch is removed from its sterile package, or having its adhesive backing strip removed, may be used as an illumination source for display 24. Using a chemical illumination source would extend the battery life. Self activation would eliminate the need for an “on” switch. Further, the illumination source could be automated to sense ambient lighting conditions to determine the need for the illumination source, thereby conserving battery power when self-illumination is not required. For the instant invention, the duration of the chemical light may be adjusted to mirror the life of the battery.

[0039] For illustration purposes, also provided at patch 2 are attached portions 30 and 32. Even though shown as separate portions, it should be noted that such attached portions may in fact be an adhesive layer at the face of the patch that comes into contact with the patient for adhesively attaching the patch to the patient. Attach portions 30 and 32 may also be made of velcro, so that the patch, in the form a bandage, may be wrapped around a digit or an earlobe of the patient. Other types of attach mechanisms such as clasps or snaps may also be used. This is particularly true insofar as emitter 4 and sensor 6, as shown in the FIG. 1 embodiment, are arranged or oriented to work cooperatively in a transmissive mode when the patch oximeter is wrapped around the digit, earlobe or bridge of the nose of the patient. A more detailed discussion of the various layers of the oximeter patch will be given below with respect to the discussion of FIG. 12.

[0040] FIG. 2 has the same components as those shown in FIG. 1. The same components in FIG. 2, as well as those same components in the other figures to be discussed, are accordingly labeled the same. The one difference between the patch oximeter shown in FIG. 2 from that shown in FIG. 1 is the placement of the emitter 4 and sensor 6 on the patch. As shown, emitter 4 and sensor 6 are mounted in defined proximity to each other on the patch, so as to enable the patch oximeter to measure the SpO2 of the patient reflectively. Thus, the reflective mode patch oximeter of FIG. 2 is best adapted to attach to the forehead, or another substantially flat skin surface, of the patient.

[0041] FIG. 3 shows another embodiment of the instant invention in which, in addition to having all of the components of the previously discussed embodiments, the patch oximeter further has electronic components mounted thereto that enable it to operate as a wireless patch oximeter. In particular, a transmitter or transceiver 34 is added to the electronics layer of the patch, and an antenna 36 coupled to transceiver 34 provides the means by which signals may be transmitted and/or transceived to or from the patch oximeter. To provide additional functionalities that are required for the operation of the transceiver 34, electronics in the form of a transmission circuit 38 is added to the electronics layer of the patch, either as a separate circuit or integrated to the ASIC circuit 8. The functionalities of the transceiver 34 and its associate transmission circuit 38 may be gleaned from assignee's U.S. Pat. No. 6,731,962, the disclosure of which being incorporated by reference herein.

[0042] As the patch oximeter is equipped with a transceiver 34, not only could the patch oximeter transmit information to a remote device, it could likewise receive information from the remote device. For example the patch oximeter may ordinarily be in a sleep mode, and may be awakened by a signal from the remote device that awakens the patch oximeter to begin its monitoring or measurement. By way of another example, the last transmission of the patch oximeter may not have been correctly received by the remote device and hence the remote device could request the patch oximeter to resend the data.

[0043] Even though the light emitter 4 and sensor 6 of the wireless patch oximeter embodiment are shown to be arranged for operating in the transmissive mode, it should be appreciated that the wireless patch oximeter could likewise work in the reflective mode by simply rearranging the respective positions of emitter 4 and sensor 6 as shown per the FIG. 2 embodiment.

[0044] With the wireless functionalities, the patch oximeter of FIG. 3 is capable of at least transmitting the calculated SpO2 of the patient to a remote device, for example a monitor system such as the assignee's Vital Sign monitor equipped with the appropriate telecommunication transceiver such as for example an RF transmitter with its RF link, for displaying and/or recording the patient's SpO2 at the remote device. With transceiver 34 being integrated to the patch oximeter, the information or data acquired by sensor 6, or by the to be discussed electrodes added to the patch oximeter, may be transmitted to a similar wireless patch oximeter, so that a mini telecommunication network may be established among a plurality of wireless patch oximeters to enable the medical personnel to closely monitor the different physiological parameters of the patient. Such monitoring will be discussed in more detail, infra, with respect to FIG. 15.

[0045] FIG. 4 illustrates another embodiment of the instant invention in which the battery power source has been removed from the patch oximeter. Instead, power for the patch oximeter is obtained remotely by the incorporation of an antenna 40 and a coil 42. Antenna 40 is optional, as coil 42 is the component that allows the patch oximeter to receive power from a remote power source. The electronics that may be required to provide the functionalities to retrieve power remotely is added to the patch by way of a remote power circuit 44. The operation of the remote power grab is similar to the conventional RFID (radio frequency identification) technology that is being used for identifying goods. One example of the use of such RFID technology is in the miniaturized electronic circuit labels that are placed on items, for example, that would identify the items when they are sold. If perchance the customer had not paid for an item, when the item is taken past the cash register or out the store, an alarm is triggered. The electronic circuit that operates to trigger the alarm gets its power from a remote power source. The same scenario may be used with the FIG. 4 wireless patch oximeter, with the proviso that the power required for operating the patch oximeter embodiment such as that shown in FIG. 4 be increased by at least two fold, so that a sufficient level of power is provided for the operation of emitter 4.

[0046] For the FIG. 4 embodiment, even though display 24 and alarm 26 remain, it should be appreciated that those components may not necessarily be needed, especially when there is no need for the patient to look at the display, as for example when the patient wears the patch oximeter because she is in a sleep study involving for example sleep apnea, whereby the readings from the patient are displayed remotely on a remote monitor. A patch oximeter that does not include the display and alarm components, and their respective drivers, is shown in FIG. 5. As was mentioned previously, for all of the disclosed embodiments, it is assumed that the patch oximeter is adapted to work in both the transmissive mode and the reflective mode, irrespective of how the emitter 4 and sensor 6 are shown to be positioned in the figures.

[0047] Another aspect of the instant invention is illustrated by the block diagram of the strip or bandage shown in FIG. 6. As shown, the disposable patch oximeter of FIG. 6 has added thereto two electrodes 45 and 46, and their respective interface circuits 45a and 44b, which may be integrated to the ASIC circuit 8, or as additional electronics mounted separately to the electronics layer of the patch 2. Additional electronics represented by electrode circuit 48 may also be integrated to the ASIC circuit 8, or be mounted as an individual component on the electronics layer of the patch 2. In either event, electrodes 45 and 46 are conventional bioelectric electrodes (without limitation for example silver-silver chloride, possibly pre-jelled electrodes) that, when positioned at a distance from each other (or formed concentrically), are able to measure additional physiological parameters of the patient, such as for example EKG, ECG, etc. EKG and ECG are well known physiological parameters associated with the electrical stimuli of the heart. The addition of electrodes to measure bioelectric events permits the determination of time differences between the ECG QRS complex and the patient's plethysmograph waveform which has been shown to correlate with non-invasive blood pressure (NIBP).

[0048] In addition to the above mentioned physiological parameters that involve the pulse, the heart rate and the SpO2 of the patient, an electrode or sensor in the form of a temperature probe may also be added to the patch, along with the appropriate electronics, to measure the temperature of the patient. Thus, with the patch oximeter of FIG. 6, in addition to SpO2 and heart rate, other types of physiological parameters such as temperature, blood pressure, in the form of a non-invasive blood pressure (NIBP) could be continuously monitored, or obtained.

[0049] FIG. 7 shows in block diagram format the possible different placements of electrodes 45 and 46, as well as the placement of emitter 4 and sensor 6 on the patch, in the event that the SpO2 to be obtained from the patient needs to be done on the patient's forehead, or another substantially flat surface of the patient, via the reflective mode.

[0050] FIG. 8 shows a wireless patch oximeter with ECG electrodes 45 and 46, and the electrode circuit 48 for acquiring the data measured by the electrodes. For the FIG. 8 embodiment, in addition to the SpO2 and data collected by sensor 6 for calculating at least the SpO2, data relating to other physiological parameters of the patient, as collected by electrodes 45 and 46, may likewise be transmitted to a remote device, such as the previously mentioned Vital Signs monitor for display and/or recording. It should be appreciated that even though separate telecommunications circuit 38 and electrode circuit 48 are shown, those circuits may in fact be incorporated into the main electronic circuit 14 of the ASIG circuit 8 mounted to the electronics layer of patch 2.

[0051] FIG. 9 illustrates in block diagram format the embodiment of the wireless patch oximeter of the instant invention where SpO2, heart rate and other physiological parameters may be measured from the patient. The FIG. 9 embodiment is similar to the FIG. 4 embodiment in that the power for the operation of the patch oximeter is retrieved from a remote power source when the patch oximeter comes within a given distance from the remote power source. Thus, for the patch oximeter of FIG. 9, as well as for the remote power access patch oximeters described in FIGS. 4 and 5, the patch oximeter attached to the patient may not be activated until the patient gets within a given distance from the remote power source, in which case the electronic circuit, for example circuit 14, would awake to activate the remaining electronic circuits to perform their respective functions, and power up emitter 4. If sufficient power is accessed from the remote power source, the patient may also be able to view, per display 24, her SpO2 and heart rate, as well as the ECG and possibly a strength bar graph. Membrane switches, not shown, may be provided on the top layer of the patch to activate/deactivate alarm 26, and/or display 24.

[0052] FIG. 10 shows the patch oximeter of FIG. 9 but without any display or alarm. Such wireless oximeter/electrode combination patch may be used where there is no need for the patient to view any readings or hear any alarms, as for example in the above-discussed sleep apnea study where the patient is asleep while measurement of the various physiological parameters of the patient takes place.

[0053] FIG. 11 is an illustration of the patch oximeter of the instant invention in the form of a bandage. As shown, display 24 of the bandage shows both the heart rate and the SpO2 of the patient.

[0054] FIG. 12 shows in a cross-sectional view the different layers of the patch of the oximeter of the instant invention. It should be appreciate that the various layers shown in FIG. 2 are not drawn to scale or in proportion to their respective thicknesses. As shown, starting with the peel off sheet 50, the layer 52 that comes into contact with the patient is an adhesive layer. As was noted earlier, such adhesive layer may in fact be replaced by appropriate attachment mechanisms such as velcro and snaps. In any event, adhesive layer 52 is prevented from being exposed to the environment by the peel off sheet or paper 50. Above adhesive layer 52 is a foam layer 54 that provides comfort to the patient and also compensates for movements of the patient. On top of foam layer 54 is a barrier layer 56, which may be a plastic sheet or a polyimide sheet that acts as a moisture resistant and electrically insulation layer.

[0055] Protected by barrier layer 56 on its lower side and another barrier layer 58 on its upper side is the electronics layer 60 whereby the various electronic components including the ASIC circuit and the other circuits mentioned previously are embedded or mounted. The electrical interconnections among the various components and/or the ASIC circuit with emitter 4 and sensor 6 are represented by the electronics layer 60 being in direct contact therewith. Emitter 4 and sensor 6 each are shown to be extending from electronics layer 60 to be flush with, or slightly above, adhesive layer 52. The optional electrodes 44 and 46 likewise are shown to extend from electronics layer 60 to adhesive layer 52. Although shown as being flush with adhesive layer 52, to operate more efficiently, the surfaces of the electrodes may in fact extend slightly beyond adhesive layer 52 and may be pre-gelled. In any event, each of the contact surfaces of emitter 4, sensor 6 and electrodes 44, 46 are protected by peel off sheet 50.

[0056] As noted above, the electronics layer is sandwiched by two protective barrier layers 56 and 58. As shown in FIG. 12, display 24 extends from electronics layer 60 to be flush with the top surface with barrier layer 58. Alternatively, display 24 may be mounted within electronics layer 60, as barrier layer 58, similar to barrier layer 56, may be a clear plastic moisture resistant and electrically insulating sheet that allows the display to be seen from the top of the patch. Also shown are optional switches 61 that may be a part of barrier layer 58 or be embedded in electronics layer 60. Barrier layer 58 is topped with a protective membrane layer 62 that may have graphics printed thereon and appropriate clear window areas, so that display 24 may be viewed, per shown in FIG. 11. With the appropriate graphics printed on protective membrane layer 62, if optional switches 61 are provided, the patient can readily determine which switch to push in order to activate/deactivate the operation of those components to which the caregiver/patient is allowed to control, for example optional display 24 and/or alarm 26, which are not shown in the FIG. 12 patch layers.

[0057] FIG. 13 illustrates the packaging of the patch oximeter of the instant invention. Patch 2 may be housed or stored in a package 63 that includes a clear top wrap 64 and a bottom wrap 66. Bottom wrap 66 may be the peel off sheet 50 shown in FIG. 12 which may have the additional function of activating battery 28 when peeled off, if battery 28 is a fuel cell type battery that utilizes the zinc/air chemistry to operate. Such battery, when stored in air tight environment, is inactive. But as soon as the sheet, for example 50, is peeled off from the patch, the battery becomes activated due to its exposure to air. This feature is advantageous in that it allows the patch oximeter to be stored for an extended length of time. The battery should have sufficient power to operate the oximeter for an appropriate length of time, for example 8-10 hours. Battery 28 may also be a photovoltaic type battery in which power is supplied when the battery is exposed to light. When a photovoltaic battery is used, the placement of the battery on the patch is such that light is allowed to reach the photovoltaic cell via a clear window provided at the membrane layer 62. The peeling off of sheet 50 from the adhesive layer may also be used to activate the above-mentioned chemical light source, which presumably begins its chemical reaction when exposed to air or light.

[0058] FIG. 14 illustrates the telecommunication functionalities of the wireless embodiment of the patch oximeter of the instant invention. Patch oximeter 2 retrieves power from a remote power source 68 when it is within a given distance therefrom (for the non-self powered wireless patch oximeter), and then transmits data collected from the patient and/or the calculated SpO2 to the monitor system 70 via the latter's receiver 72. The operation of the transmission of the data from patch oximeter 2 to the monitor system is similar to that given in the above incorporated by reference '962 patent, which discloses the use of an RF link for transmitting data packets from the oximeter to the monitor system 70, and the unpacking of the packets by the monitor system 70.

[0059] FIG. 15 illustrates the use of a plurality of patch oximeters of the instant invention, in their wireless form, for transmitting information to a remote device for informing the medical personnel whether the patient is in shock. As shown, a patch oximeter 2 is attached to the forehead of patient 74. Another patch oximeter 2′ is attached to an extremity, for example a finger digit of the patient. As each of the patch oximeters measures the SpO2 of the patient at their respective locations, the respective rates of blood perfusion at the forehead and at the extremity of the patient are also measured and the differential between the measurements is determined. This is important insofar as when a person goes into shock, for example hypovolemic shock, the extremities of the patient would tend to shut down the blood perfusion before the brain. Thus, by comparing the difference in the perfusion measurements between an extremity and the forehead of the patient, a determination could be made on whether the patient is about to go into shock, or is in shock due to potential bleeding. With the patch oximeter of the instant invention, if appropriate electrodes which are adaptable to measure the temperature or other physiological parameters of the patient are added, septic or systolic shock may also be measured. As is known, perfusion is conventionally represented by an index, calculated as the ratio of the peak-to-peak red transmission signal to the peak-to-peak infrared transmission signal. See for example U.S. patent publication 2003/0236452, the disclosure of which being incorporated by reference herein.

[0060] A flow diagram illustrating the method of determining whether a patient is in shock or at the onset of shock is provided in the flow chart of FIG. 16. Specifically, the process of determining shock in the patient begins with the attachment of a plurality of the patch oximeters of the instant invention to the patient, per step 76. Perfusion measurements are obtained from the oximeter per step 78. A determination is made, per step 80, on whether there is a perfusion differential between the measurements at for instance the forehead and an extremity of the patient. If there is a differential, such differential is compared with a predetermined condition range, for example a predefined 1-10, that has been pre-calibrated to determine whether the patient is okay, at the onset of shock, or already in shock. For the exemplar 1-10 scale, assume that 1-4 correspond to normal, 5-8 correspond to possible onset and 9-10 correspond to the patient being in shock. The comparison of the measured perfusion differential with the predetermined scale takes place in decisional steps 84 and 86. If the measured perfusion differential is within the shock range, then a shock status is sent out per step 88. On the other hand, if the measured differential is within the range that the patient is at the onset of shock, such on the verge status is sent out per step 90. If the patient appears to be stable and not in shock, the process returns to the monitor phase whereby the differences in the measurements between the at least two areas of the patient where the patch oximeters of the instant invention are attached are continuously monitored and calculated. As with the different patch oximeter embodiments of the instant invention, the patch oximeters, once used, are disposed of.