Method and apparatus for inexpensively monitoring and controlling remotely distributed appliances

[0001] This invention relates to both wire-based and wireless communication systems and, in particular, to such systems used to collect data from unattended devices and to control the configuration and operating parameters of such devices.

[0002] Unattended devices such as vending machines and utility meters all require periodic servicing. Vending machines need to be serviced on a routine basis, often daily, regardless of their need to be replenished, to collect the cash deposited into the machines and to check their inventories. Many businesses have widely dispersed points of sale that must currently be monitored by employees who periodically travel to these sites to collect receipts and replenish stock. Others depend on customers to report the need to service or maintenance or for information updates. Utility meters have to be read periodically, usually once each month, commonly requiring someone's physical presence at each customer's site. These activities take a significant amount of effort and represent significant expense to the vending machine operators and utility companies. This expense could be greatly reduced by monitoring such devices remotely. Vending machines would need to be serviced only when the inventory actually needs to be replenished, the cash container is nearing capacity or the machine is malfunctioning. Meters could be read without requiring someone's physical presence at the site.

[0003] Similarly, the ability to control devices such as thermostats from remote locations would enable building managers and utility companies to manage energy consumption dynamically, thereby moderating demand and substantially reducing the cost to the consumer. Building managers can control the environments and monitor security in clusters of buildings much more efficiently if this can be done remotely. Other devices, such as kitchen appliances and cash registers can also benefit from remote monitoring and control by, for example, enabling manufacturers to monitor malfunctions and schedule repairs or by providing real-time cash-flow information. Appliance manufacturers can improve customer satisfaction by monitoring their installed appliances and dispatch service personnel even before the customer is aware of a problem. Another area in which remote monitoring can be useful is in home and building automation. Such capability would allow travelers or home caretakers to check the temperature in their living rooms and to adjust the heating or air-conditioning accordingly so that it will be comfortable when they arrive home and to open or close drapes or turn on or off lights remotely to give the appearance of an occupied house or to ensure that their house plants receive the correct amount of sun.

[0004] Current techniques to provide such remote monitoring and control capabilities typically rely on proprietary radio-frequency networks, often with limited range, thereby still requiring personnel to travel physically to the site, to drive a specially equipped van to within a few hundred yards of the site, or to use private radio frequencies or third-party communication links. Other techniques rely on the presence of a personal computer at the site to provide a communication link between the device of interest and the remote location. In addition, these current techniques require expensive communication hardware, thereby greatly limiting their use in price-sensitive applications. They are also typically tailored to specific applications.

[0005] A three-level architecture is disclosed whereby remotely distributed, unattended appliances such as vending machines, utility meters, thermostats and ordinary household appliances can be inexpensively monitored and controlled from a central site. The apparatus needed to implement the first level, the device level, consists of:

• • [0006] a. a relatively simple and inexpensive device communication module (DCOM) that is tailored to each application and used to convert between the data protocol native to the appliance (e.g., DEX, the data-exchange protocol used in many vending machines or the electrical pulses found in utility meters) to a special protocol used for connecting one or more DCOMs over a local-area network to a module, called the cluster communications module (CCOM), capable of communicating both with the DCOMs and with a central server over the Internet;
  • [0007] b. a CCOM, serving as a master of the aforementioned local-area network and accommodating a plug-in core modules (CM);
  • [0008] c. a CM that is implemented with any one of three Internet access formats, one (the CM-T) having a 56 Kbaud telephony interface, a second (the CM-E) having an Ethernet Interface for accessing the Internet over a cable or digital subscriber loop (DSL) and a third (the CM-G) having a GSM/GPRS (Global System for Mobile communication/General Packet Radio Services) interface for accessing the Internet using either of those mechanisms;
  • [0009] d. a CM that, additionally, contains both a digital signal processor (DSP) chip for modulating and demodulating and otherwise processing communication signals, a central processing unit (CPU) for data formatting and processing, a flash memory for storing data processing programs and a random-access memory for storing received data

[0010] The second level of the architecture, the server level, features a centrally located server, accessible over the Internet by a plurality of CCOMs and by a plurality of users equipped with standard personal computers or handheld Internet access devices. The server implements application-specific data mining, formatting and user interface programs that enable users to access, in an accessible format, that information that is most useful to them. Its database is updated from its associated CCOMs either periodically, on an event-driven basis or on demands relayed to the CCOMs by the server.

[0011] The third level in the disclosed architecture, the user level, comprises a plurality of users, each equipped with an Internet access device, such as a personal computer or standard handheld device such as a Palm Pilot or an IPAQ, and running application-specific programs providing user-readable access to relevant information stored in the server. In addition, depending on the application, users are able to send commands through the server to individual CCOMs and, through them, to individual DCOMs, to control such things as item pricing, set points on thermostats and other switch settings.

[0012] Advantages include cost savings from reducing or eliminating entirely the need to send personnel to customer sites on a regular basis. Such cost savings can be realized with automatic, remote monitoring, enabling necessary data to be read at a central location, possibly requiring a worker's physical presence only when something breaks or needs to be replenished. Vending machine companies and utilities are two examples of businesses that can realize substantial benefits through remote monitoring. The cost of the enabling apparatus can be made low enough to be paid for by the cost-savings. The need to customize devices for specific applications and the need to travel to within a certain radio transmission range of the controlled device can be eliminated.

[0023] As illustrated in FIG. 1, the present invention is based on a three-level architecture: device level, server level and user level. The device level is composed of the physical entities (100-106) being monitored or controlled remotely (e.g., vending machines, utility meters, thermostats, etc.) The user level is composed of the interfaces (e.g., 129, 130; which may be Palm Pilots or PCs, etc.) through which the user communicates with the system. The server level refers to the central computing facility (128) to which data is transmitted and stored and from which control signals are sent to the devices and formatted information is sent to the user. Communication between the device and server levels and between the server and user levels takes place over the Internet using standard Internet protocols and procedures.

[0024] The inventive apparatus at the device level consists of embedded hardware that links the appliance with the Internet. The basic hardware building block is relatively simple, customizable board, called a device communication module (DCOM). Each DCOM (107-112) contains a power converter and logic to provide physical and electrical interfaces to the appliance or appliances of interest. It communicates with one or more associated appliances using physical connections (e.g., serial RS232 or RS485 lines, TTL ports, power line carrier (PLC) links) and communication protocols (e.g., X.10 commands in home automation applications, the DEX protocol in vending machine applications) particular to that device. The DCOMs in turn use a dedicated, bi-directional, communications protocol, the DCOM/CCOM protocol (DCP), to communicate with a module (119-121) centrally located at the same site, called a cluster communication module (CCOM), over a local-area network (LAN) using any of several physical links (113-118), for example, ISM-band RF links, RS-485 links or power-line carrier (PLC) links, depending on the nature of, and facilities at, the site in question. The DCP supports both a master/slave and a peer-to-peer communications mode, the latter used primarily in those environments in which multiple CCOMs are present and, for reliability purposes, it is advantageous to allow each DCOM to communicate with an alternate CCOM should it not be able to reach its primary CCOM. The DCOM contains sufficient processing power to convert data received from its associated appliance into a format appropriate for communication over the DCP and for converting commands received from the CCOM into appropriate control signals back to the appliance. Since each DCOM module contains only that logic needed to convert between the physical- and link-level appliance and DCP protocols and to serve as a slave on the LAN, it can be very small, of the order of two to three square inches, and sufficiently inexpensive to be incorporated into appliances such as thermostats without prohibitively increasing their cost.

[0025] In many applications, each CCOM supports a plurality of DCOMs, in some cases as many as 64 or more. In some applications, however, when devices cannot be efficiently clustered, a CCOM may be able to support only one DCOM. In those applications, the functionality of the DCOM is integrated onto the CCOM (122), thereby eliminating the need for the DCOM as a separate module. In other applications in which large numbers of DCOMs are deployed in a area in which the distance between some of the DCOMs and their associated CCOM may exceed the range of a single LAN, relay communication modules (RCOMs, not shown in FIG. 1) can be inserted between a cluster of DCOMs and the CCOM. Their function is simply to collect data from each of their associated DCOMs and relay that information to the CCOM. Each CCOM, in turn, can be located within a range of a plurality of RCOMs, thereby significantly increasing the number of DCOMs that can be supported by one CCOM.

[0026] Each CCOM communicates over the Internet (127) using any one of three wide-area network (WAN) access methods: In installations in which a telephone line is readily available, it may use a telephony link (123). In installations having cable access to the Internet, it may use an Ethernet link (124). When neither of these two access methods is convenient, it uses a GSM/GPRS link (125-126).

[0027] A flowchart of the procedure for transferring data from a device to a central server, where it can then be accessed by an authenticated user, is shown in FIG. 2. Steps 201 through 205 (FIG. 2a) are executed by the DCOM, steps 211 through 215 (FIG. 2b) by the CCOM and steps 221 through 225 (FIG. 2c) by the server.

[0028] Data generated by the device is periodically collected by the DCOM in response to some sort of triggering mechanism, typically a clock tick or in response to a command received from a user of the system. The DCOM then formats and stores the data (201) for subsequent retrieval. In response to a query from a CCOM (202), it reformats the data for transmission over the LAN used to communicate between the CCOM and its associated DCOMs (203). Alternatively, in some applications, the DCOM periodically initiates the transfer without an explicit query. In either case, the DCOM checks to determine if a successful transmission was acknowledged (204). If it was not, it retries the transmission, and, if several such retries are unsuccessful and if its configuration tables indicate that a backup CCOM is available, attempts to transfer the data to that CCOM (205).

[0029] The CCOM, on receiving new data from a DCOM similarly reformats the data for temporary storage (211) and waits for a request for data from the server (212). Like the DCOM, the CCOM can be programmed to initiate data transfers to the server on a periodic basis if the application so requires. In either event, the CCOM formats the data and transfers it to its associated server (213) and checks for the acknowledgement of a successful transfer (214). If none is received, it attempts a retransmission (215). If more than one WAN channel is available, some of the retry attempts are made using these alternative channels.

[0030] The server, on receiving the data, again reformats it (221), this time for storage in a database that can be accessed using application-specific programs. When a user application attempts to get access to the database (222), the access privileges of the user are first authenticated using standard authentication procedures (223). If the user is determined not to have the requisite access privileges for the type of access it is attempting, an “access denied” message is returned (224). Otherwise, the data is formatted as appropriate to the specific inquiry using an application-specific program and made available to the user (225).

[0031] The procedure for sending commands from a user to a CCOM or DCOM is illustrated in the flowchart in FIG. 3. Here, steps 311 through 316 (FIG. 3a) are those implemented in the server, 321 through 326 (FIG. 3b) those implemented in the CCOM and 331 and 332 (FIG. 3c) those implemented in the DCOM.

[0032] User-initiated commands received by the server are first parsed (311) to determine the nature of the command. The server then determines if the user issuing the command in fact has the authority to do so (312). If it does not, an “access denied” response is returned to the user (313). If the user has the privileges need to issue the command, the command is formatted for WAN transmission to the designated CCOM (314) and relayed on to it. If the transmission is not successful (315) and the command is destined for a DCOM, it checks its configuration tables to determine if the DCOM can be accessed through another CCOM and, if so, attempts to use that backup link (316). If its configuration tables indicate that an alterative WAN is available, the server may also attempt to reach the CCOM in question through that means as well.

[0033] The CCOM on receiving the command parses it (321) to determine, among other things, whether it is addressed to the CCOM or to one of its associated DCOMs (322). In the former case, it executes the command and generates a “command executed”0 message to be returned, using the previously described data transfer procedure, back to the server (323). In the latter case, I formats the command and transmits it to the designated DCOM or DCOMs (324). If a successful transfer is not acknowledged (325), it attempts to retransmit it and, if still unsuccessful, attempts to use an alternative LAN link if one is available (326). In any event, it generates an error message indicating the number of retries attempted, the LANs used and the eventual success or lack thereof in transmitting the command to its destination.

[0034] On receiving a command, the DCOM parses and executes it (331) and creates an appropriate “command executed message (332) to be returned to the server, and from there made available to the user, again using the previously described data transmission procedure. Command execution by a DCOM may entail relaying that command to one or more of its associated devices to, for example, control the set points on a thermostat or to switch on or off some subset of those devices for purposes of energy consumption management. In such applications, a DCOM is in effect a gateway to its associated devices, allowing them to be controlled remotely and at the same time providing a means for collecting information (e.g., the rate at which energy is being consumed at any given time) pertaining to those devices. Furthermore, the DCOM can be programmed to issue commands to its associated devices autonomously, executing stored or down-loaded algorithms for changing device settings based, for example, on current energy consumption rates and user profiles.

[0035] One embodiment of the DCOM is illustrated in FIG. 3. It consists of five basic sections: The microcontroller section (400), the LAN section (401), the device interface section (402), the service interface section (403) and the power section (404). The Microcontroller section is implemented in one preferred embodiment of the invention with Rabbit Semiconductor's model 2000 microcontroller supported by 128 Kbytes of static random access memory and 256 Kbytes of read-only memory. It is used to control signal flow on the DCOM and for first-level aggregation, compression and protocol conversion. It can be programmed to support any device-specific communication protocol such as the DEX protocol for vending machine applications and the X.10 command-link protocol. It stores behavioral parameters that control the way in which this data collection and processing is executed. These parameters can be modified based on commands relayed to the DCOM from its associated CCOM.

[0036] The DCOM communicates with a centrally located CCOM over local-area network (LAN). In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, the LAN is a low-power ISM-band radio-frequency link. The DCOM communicates over that link using rf transceiver 407 (e.g., Atmel Corporation's model RF211 transceiver) and SMA connector 408, which is connected to a half-wave antenna (not shown). This section is augmented, in the preferred embodiment, with rf microcontroller 406 (e.g., the ATmega32), used to offload microcontroller 400 by implementing the analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion and other modulation functions needed to support rf transceiver 407. In other embodiments in which rf communication is impractical, other physical LAN links, such as Blue Tooth, power-line carrier (PLC), the HPNA (Home Phoneline Networking Alliance) protocol, or Ethernet links (including IEEE standard 802.11 a & b wireless Ethernet) can be supported using different implementations of LAN section 401.

[0037] Data is received from and commands relayed to its associated device or devices through the device interface section 402, implemented in the embodiment shown in FIG. 4 with RS-485 port 414 and transceiver 413. In applications in which the device does not convey data through an RS-485 interface, this section is replaced by an interface section tailored to the device in question. Virtually any convenient physical link, including RS-232 and TTL links, can be supported through an appropriately modified device interface section 402.

[0038] Service section 403 is implemented with RS-232 transceiver 409 and male DB-9 connector 410 wired in the data terminal equipment (DTE) mode. It is used for on-site diagnostics and configuration purposes. In addition, in some applications in which data is presented by the device over an RS-232 link, this section can be used as the device interface section.

[0039] Power section 404 consists of a switching DC-to-DC regulator (411) and a power connector 412 appropriate to the device. In some applications (e.g., some vending machine applications), data signals may also be transferred through the same connector that is used for power, in which case, an alternative power section such as 405 containing, in addition to the combined power and signal control 417 and the switching regulator 416, a set of opto-couplers 415 used to provide electrical isolation between the DCOM and its associated device.

[0040] The RCOM is similar to a DCOM, and in fact can be identical to it, but with the microcontroller program enhanced so as to support its role both as a DCOM and as a relay between other DCOMs and a CCOM. In applications in which the RCOM is used purely as a relay, however, it can be implemented as a stripped down version of the DCOM, with, for example, sections 405 and 405 in FIG. 4 removed entirely. When serving as an rf-LAN relay, it time-multiplexes its communication activity, alternately communicating with its associate DCOMs and its associated CCOM.

[0041] In one preferred embodiment, the CCOM is implemented on a carrier board that contains a power converter and a local-area network interface enabling the CCOM to serve either as a LAN master or as a LAN peer and thereby communicate individually with each of its associated DCOMs. (In some applications in which only a single appliance is located at a site, the DCOM's device interface can be integrated directly onto the CCOM carrier board, thereby eliminating the need for a separate DCOM board.) The programmable computing, signal processing and communication logic that enable the data collected from the DCOMs to be processed and relayed over the Internet to the server level and the commands received from the server to be transferred to the DCOMs is, in this embodiment, implemented on a plug-in module, called the core module (CM), that is appliance independent. In this way, the amount of custom work needed to interface to different appliances is kept to a minimum, thereby significantly reducing the cost of the apparatus. The complexity associated with formatting, processing and storing data and supporting various communication protocols is implemented on the CM and does not need to be physically modified to support different applications. In another embodiment of the CCOM, however, the core module logic and the carrier board logic are implemented on a single integrated module.

[0042] The CCOM carrier board (FIG. 5) is similar in structure to the DCOM with the DCOM's microcontroller 400 replaced by connector 500 into which the appropriate core module can be plugged to give it both processing power and Internet access. It contains three basic interface sections: LAN section 501 (containing microcontroller 509, rf transceiver 510 and rf connector 511), service section 502 (comprising RS-232 transceiver 507 and DB-9 male connector 508) and power section 503 (containing switching regulator 512 and power connector 513). In applications in which a RS-485-based LAN is used rather than an rf LAN, LAN section 501 is replaced by alternative LAN section 504 consisting of a RS-485 transceiver 505 and connector 506. Each of these sections is identical to its DCOM counterpart. Moreover, in applications in which clustering is not feasible thereby requiring each device to have its own Internet access, the CCOM is implemented with the appropriate DCOM device interface (e.g., RS-232 interface 403 or RS-485 interface 402).

[0043] The major difference between the CCOM and the DCOMs is in the core module, or in the equivalent portion of an integrated CCOM. There are three versions of the CM, depending on its method of communicating with the Internet: the CM-G (FIG. 6a) is used for GSM/GPRS (Global System for Mobile communication/General Packet Radio Services) Internet access, the CM-E (FIG. 6b) for Ethernet access over a cable or digital subscriber loop (DSL) and the CM-T (FIG. 6c) is used for telephonic access using a 56-Kbaud modem. The three core modules are identical except for the communications interface. Each CM contains a central processing unit 600 running a real-time kernel and having external address and data buses (603) to which both read-only (501) and random-access (602) memories are connected, an oscillator (604), a power regulator (605) and a connector (606) to mate with the corresponding connector (500) on the CCOM carrier board. Read-only memory 601 is used to store both the operating system code and the application code used to aggregate, compress, format and analyze the data received from the devices associated with each DCOM as well as the commands to be relayed to these devices. Random access memory 602 is used for buffering data transferred to and from the central server and for storing intermediate values calculated in processing and formatting that data.

[0044] In one preferred embodiment of the core module, the microprocessor is implemented with an Analog Devices Athena processor. An Athena chip includes a 32-bit, 39 MHz ARM7 processor core, a 16-bit, 78 MHz integrated digital signal processor (DSP), and 512 Kbytes of internal shared random-access memory. It also includes 24 Kbytes of DSP code and 16 Kbytes of IDSP data memory. The DSP implements low-level data formatting and encoding and decoding operations associated with the serial digital data stream, thereby freeing up the microprocessor for higher-level operations. These higher-level operations include data aggregation and formatting for transfer to the central server and parsing and distributing control information received from the central server. Behavioral parameters that control the nature of the data to be collected by the DCOMs are also stored in the core module's random access memory and, when modified on command from the central server, are relayed to the appropriate DCOM(s), thereby enabling these parameters to be changed dynamically.

[0045] In addition to the above, the CM-G also contains analog-to-digital (AD) and digital-to-analog (DA) converters 608 connected to the microprocessor through its serial I/O bus 607. The AD and DA converters are implemented with Analog Devices' Pegasus chip in one preferred embodiment of the CM-G. This chip also implements the Gaussian-filtered minimum shift keying (GMSK) modulation and demodulation required for communication over wireless GSM/GPRS channels. Radio-frequency modulation and demodulation, amplification and filtering take place in rf-modem 609. The modem output is connected through rf connector 610 to a half-wave antenna (not shown).

[0046] The core module CM-E (FIG. 6b) is used in installations, such as those having cable or digital subscriber loop (DSL) access, requiring Ethernet communication capability. In this module, AD/DA converters 608 and rf modem 609 are omitted and Ethernet controller and transceiver 611 and RJ-44 connector 612 are added to the microprocessor's address and data bus 603. One preferred embodiment of the CM-E uses the Realtek RTL8019AS, with its fully integrated 10Base-T Ethernet controller and transceiver, to implement this function. The CM-G's rf connector 610 is replaced in the CM-E with RJ-44 connector 512 for connection to a 10Base-T Ethernet cable.

[0047] A block diagram of the CM-T core module used for 56-Kbaud telephonic applications is shown in FIG. 6c. In this case, the logic represent by blocks 608, 609 and 610 in the CM-G block diagram are replaced, on the microprocessor's serial bus, by codec 613, AD and DA converters 614 and RJ-11 connector 615. Those telephony digital signal processing functions that cannot be implemented in the DSP associated with microprocessor 600 are implemented in voice-band codec 613 and DA/AD converters 614. One preferred embodiment of the CM-T module uses Analog Devices' AD1803 for codec 613 and the Claire's CPC510 for the DA/AD converters 614.

[0048] The server level is implemented with standard, off-the-shelf servers running software modules including: communications modules that support virtually all wireless access devices using standard cable and wireless communication protocols (e.g., IP, HTTP, XML); processing modules that enable information to be presented to the user in a visually consistent manner and in multiple languages; a system management module to enable users and operators to specify system configurations and behavioral parameters such as alert and alarm triggers; and customization modules particularized to the data collection and distribution requirements of each application. Data received from the CCOMs can be archived on the server and subsequently mined to discern appliance usage trends for operations management and predicting purposes.

[0049] The user level in the architecture encompasses the set of interfaces that enable a user of the system to gain access to the collected, aggregated and formatted data and to issue behavioral commands to any subset of the CCOMs and DCOMs comprising the system of interest. All standard user Internet access devices are supported (e.g., personal computers, laptops, Palm-based systems, WindowsCE-based hand-held computers, etc.). Depending on the application and on the Internet access device being used, software applications can be run on the user device providing even greater data access and control capability. Again, depending on the application, the user has the ability to issue commands that are relayed by the server to a specific CCOM, and through it to a specific DCOM or set of DCOMs, thereby setting various appliance parameters such as item pricing in a vending machine or set points in a thermostat.

[0050] A typical user level display if shown in FIG. 7. In this case, the application involves the maintenance of a set of vending machines and the display is shown on a Compaq Corporation's IPAQ handheld computer. This particular screen shows the state of the four vending machines at one particular installation, including the number and dollar value of the products sold at that location since it was last serviced and the current inventory of each of the vending machines there, as well as the distance between that location and the user. Users can request other menu-driven displays, for example, an aggregation of the inventory needs of all vending machines in a given area, depending upon their needs and objectives.

[0051] Other applications, of course, require different information to be displayed at the user level. FIG. 8, for example, shows a typical display for a metering application. This display shows both the current rate of electrical power consumption at a specific site identified by the serial number of the meter and the total consumption at that site since the time that meter was last reset. Other screens can be selected to show similar information aggregated across any subset of DCOM-equipped meters.