I/Q mismatch compensation in an OFDM receiver in presence of frequency offset

[0001] This invention relates to an orthogonal frequency division multiplex (‘OFDM’) receiver with compensation for frequency offset. As used herein, ‘receiver’ refers to apparatus capable of receiving a radio signal, whether or not it is also capable of transmitting a radio signal.

[0002] OFDM transmissions are widely used. Examples of their use include Digital Video Broadcast (DVB), Digital Audio Broadcast (DAB), and wireless broadband transmission standards such as IEEE 802.11a, ETSI/BRAN/Hiperlan2 and ARIB/MMAC/HiSWAN.

[0003] An OFDM transmitter/receiver (‘transceiver’) includes an analogue signal processing part, the RF front-end, and a digital signal processing (DSP) part, also referred to as the base-band digital IC. In the reception direction, the function of the RF front-end is to convert the OFDM signal from the RF frequency (e.g. 5 GHz in IEEE802.11a) to base-band, and to generate the in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) components of the base-band signal. The digitised I and Q signals are then processed by the DSP unit. There are two basic architectures to generate I and Q digital signals:

• • [0004] The first architecture, which is not utilised by the present invention, is known as digital I/Q generation. In digital I/Q generation, the RF signal is converted to a low intermediate frequency (IF) (for example 20 MHz in IEEE802.11a) and sampled at a relatively high frequency (e.g. greater than 40 MHz in IEEE802.11a) by a single Analogue to Digital Converter (ADC). The single digitised signal is then processed by the DSP unit, which digitally generates the I and Q signals and processes them. A drawback of this architecture is that it is power consuming and increases the complexity of the DSP. Also, many I/Q compensation techniques only deal with a mismatch that remains constant over the whole frequency band of the signal and only give good results for narrow band signals.
  • [0005] The second architecture is called analogue I/Q generation. An example of a transceiver in conformity with the IEEE802.11a standards with this architecture as disclosed in our co-pending European Patent Application N° EP 01401631.5 filed 20 Jun. 2001 is shown in FIG. 1 and the signals appearing in operation at various stages of the receiver are shown in FIG. 2.

[0006] An analogue I/Q receiver may include a first down-conversion stage, which converts the RF signal to an intermediate frequency, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. However it is also possible for the receiver to convert the RF signal directly down to base-band.

[0007] The transceiver illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 comprises an analogue I/Q receiver section 1 and a transmitter section 2. In the analogue receiver section 1, the RF signal is filtered in a band-pass filter 3, amplified in a low-noise amplifier 4, converted down to intermediate frequency by mixing in a mixer 5 with an RF signal generated locally by a voltage controlled oscillator 6 and filtered in a band-pass filter 7. The IF signal is then mixed in two mixers 8 and 9 with two sine waves produced by a voltage controlled oscillator 10 and which have the same IF frequency with a phase difference of 90 degrees, so as to generate the base-band I and Q signals. The I and Q signals are filtered by respective low-pass filters 11 and 12. Then they are digitised using respective analogue-to-digital converters 13 and 14 and demodulated in an OFDM demodulator 15. The two ADCs are typically clocked at a frequency that is at least a factor of two lower than in digital I/Q receivers, which reduces the circuit area and power consumption and also simplifies the base-band digital IC compared to a receiver using digital I/Q generation.

[0008] Analogue I/Q generation has been found to be more difficult to implement than digital I/Q generation, however, because avoiding signal impairment (such as cross-talk between the sub-carriers especially, for example) has required high quality matching between the I and Q signal paths. The analogue treatment of the I/Q signals is sensitive to mismatch. Such mismatch arises from slight differences in the values and behaviour of active and passive elements found in the I and Q signal paths, even though great care is taken in the design and layout of these elements in a symmetrical way during the design of the system and/or circuit. Mismatches are even more pronounced when the effects of thermal drift are taken into account.

[0009] The present invention enables signal impairments to be reduced without requiring such high quality matching between the I and Q signal paths. The overall solution combines the advantages of a high quality signal and a low power consumption and circuit area.

[0010] The present invention provides a receiver for an orthogonal frequency division multiplex radio signal as described in the accompanying claims.

[0019] Our co-pending European Patent Application N° EP 01401631.5 filed 20 Jun. 2001 describes a digital method for mismatch compensation of the I and Q paths of an OFDM transmitter or receiver implementing analogue I/Q generation. FIGS. 1 and 2 (taken from our co-pending European Patent Application) show an OFDM transceiver system with the sources of the I/Q mismatch and the analogue signals in the receiver (in the context of an architecture with one IF frequency).

[0020] The method that is described in our co-pending European Patent Application allows the compensation of the I/Q mismatch in an OFDM receiver when there is no offset or a negligible offset between the transmitter and the receiver carrier frequency. However, when the carrier frequency offset becomes bigger, the data transmission quality degrades very quickly (i.e. higher bit error rate) and it becomes necessary to implement a different compensation method.

[0021] The embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. 3 is applicable to any OFDM receiver implementing analogue I/Q generation, compliant or not with the wireless broadband transmission standards such as IEEE 802.11a, ETSI/BRAN/Hiperlan2 and ARIB/MMAC/HiSWAN mentioned above. In this embodiment of the invention, the I and Q mismatch is compensated in the digital signal processor (‘DSP’) part of the OFDM receiver, taking advantage of the specific properties of OFDM signals. This compensation substantially reduces the signal impairments with little increase in DSP complexity. The overall solution combines the advantages of a high quality signal and a low power consumption and circuit area.

[0022] FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the processing section of an analogue I/Q receiver of the kind shown in FIG. 1, similar references being used to designate similar elements. The upper part of FIG. 3 represents the RF front-end and the lower part represents the processing section of the DSP.

[0023] The two digital signals x_I(n) and x_Q(n) from the ADCs 13 and 14 are sent to the DSP which implements the functions described below:

• • [0024] As in most OFDM systems, the receiver (and transmitter) generates its clock signals internally from its own crystal (not shown). During data transmission, the receiver is tuned nominally to the same channel as the transmitter from which it is receiving the signals but a frequency offset equal to the difference between the transmitter and the receiver carrier central frequency usually appears. When the digital I and Q signals enter the DSP, this carrier frequency offset is compensated in the time domain by a frequency offset compensation circuit 16.
  • [0025] The OFDM demodulator 15 performs a fast Fourier transform (‘FFT’) by converting the time domain signals to the frequency domain and recovers the sub-carriers that were transmitted.
  • [0026] An I/Q mismatch compensation block 17 removes cross-talk between sub-carriers, which is generated by the mismatch between the analogue components of the I and Q channels, especially the IF mixers, the low pass filter and the analogue to digital converter. The I/Q mismatch compensation method is described in more detail below.
  • [0027] The signals then pass to a phase offset compensation and equalisation circuit 18.
  • [0028] Finally, the data is decoded from the compensated sub-carriers in a circuit 19.

[0029] Cross-talk between sub-carriers is generated In operation of an OFDM receiver without compensation after the conversion from IF to base-band by the mismatch between the analogue components of the I and Q channels and increases the data transmission error rate. This cross-talk will now be described by equations and the method to remove this cross-talk in order to improve the data transmission quality will then be analysed.

[0030] In the time domain, an OFDM signal is the sum of K sinusoidal waveforms, that is to say the sub-carriers that carry the data to be transmitted. Each sub-carrier's amplitude and phase is represented by the complex element S_k with k=[−K/2, −1, . . . , +1, +K/2].

[0031] The OFDM signal is transmitted after being up converted with a central carrier frequency f_c. Then, each sub-carrier is sent at the frequency f_c+kf_s/N, with N being the size of the inverse fast Fourier transform (‘IFFT’) being used for the OFDM modulation and f_s the sampling frequency. The signal at the transmitter antenna is represented by the following equation:

[0032] $\begin{array}{cc}x\left(t\right)=\mathrm{Re}\left(\sum _{k=-\frac{K}{2}}^{k=\frac{K}{2}}{S}_k{e}^{\left(\mathrm{j2\pi }\left(f_c+\frac{k}{N}{f}_s\right)t\right)}\right)& \mathrm{Equation}1\end{array}$

[0033] In the receiver, after down conversion to base-band, the sub-carriers are placed symmetrically around the DC frequency if there is no carrier frequency offset as shown in the upper part of FIG. 4. With the presence of a carrier frequency offset Δf_c between the transmitter and the receiver, the sub-carriers are shifted by Δf_c, as shown in the lower part of FIG. 4.

[0034] In a receiver system working with analogue I/Q generation, the essential path mismatch originates from the analogue part imperfections. Putting G_k as the common gain for the I and Q path, α_k and θ_k as the low pass filter and A/D converter amplitude mismatch and phase mismatch, they are function of the sub-carrier k frequency. The IF mixers have an amplitude mismatch α and a phase mismatch θ that are independent of the sub-carrier frequency. Then, the I and Q samples at the output of the receiver A/D converters are modelled as follows:

[0035] $x_I\left(n\right)=\mathrm{Re}\left(\sum _{k=-\frac{K}{2}}^{k=\frac{K}{2}}\left(1+\alpha \right)\left(1+{\alpha }_k\right)e^{(j\left(\theta +{\theta }_k\right)}{G}_k{S}_k{e}^{\left(j2\pi \frac{n.k}{N}\right)}{e}^{j\left(2\pi \frac{\Delta f_c}{f_s}n+{\phi }_0\right)}\right)$ $x_Q\left(n\right)=\mathrm{Im}\left(\sum _{k=-\frac{K}{2}}^{k=\frac{K}{2}}\left(1-\alpha \right)\left(1-{\alpha }_k\right)e^{(-j\left(\theta +{\theta }_k\right)}{G}_k{S}_k{e}^{\left(j2\pi \frac{n.k}{N}\right)}{e}^{j\left(2\pi \frac{\Delta f_c}{f_s}n+{\phi }_0\right)}\right)$
We consider α and α_k to be small compared to 1. Then, for sub-carrier k, the overall amplitude mismatch can be represented by a_k and the overall phase mismatch by φ_k, with a_k=α+α_k and φ_k=θ+θ_k. The I and Q samples at the output of the receiver A/D converters can be described as follows:

[0036] $\begin{array}{cc}{x}_I\left(n\right)=\mathrm{Re}\left(\sum _{k=-\frac{K}{2}}^{k=\frac{K}{2}}\left(1+{\alpha }_k\right)e^{\left(j{\varphi }_k\right)}{G}_k{S}_k{e}^{\left(j2\pi \frac{n.k}{N}\right)}{e}^{j\left(2\pi \frac{\Delta f_c}{f_s}n+{\phi }_0\right)}\right)& \mathrm{Equation}2\\ x_Q\left(n\right)=\mathrm{Im}\left(\sum _{k=-\frac{K}{2}}^{k=\frac{K}{2}}\left(1-{\alpha }_k\right)e^{\left(-j{\varphi }_k\right)}{G}_k{S}_k{e}^{\left(j2\pi \frac{n.k}{N}\right)}{e}^{j\left(2\pi \frac{\Delta f_c}{f_s}n+{\phi }_0\right)}\right)& \mathrm{Equation}3\end{array}$

• • [0037] where n=−E . . . −1,0,1 . . . N−1, E being the length of the cyclic extension and φ₀ the phase offset for the first sample.

[0038] The complex signal before the frequency offset compensation is:

[0039] $\begin{array}{cc}x\left(n\right)=x_I\left(n\right)+j·x_Q\left(n\right)=\sum _{k=-\frac{K}{2}}^{k=\frac{K}{2}}\left(I_k{G}_k{S}_k{C}_n+J_k{\stackrel{\_}{G}}_{-k}{\stackrel{\_}{S}}_{-k}{\stackrel{\_}{C}}_n\right)e^{j2\pi \frac{n.k}{N}}\mathrm{where}{I}_k=\cos \left({\varphi }_k\right)-j·a_k\sin \left({\varphi }_k\right),J_k=a_k·\cos \left({\varphi }_k\right)+j·\sin \left({\varphi }_k\right)\&C_n=e^{j\left(2\pi \frac{\Delta f_c}{f_s}n+{\phi }_0\right)}.& \mathrm{Equation}4\end{array}$

[0040] The offset frequency compensation is implemented in the time domain by multiplying the received samples by

[0041] $e^{-j\left(2\pi \frac{\Delta f_c}{f_S}n+{\phi }_1\right)},$
where n=0,1 . . . N−1.

[0042] The demodulation is performed by a fast Fourier transform on the useful samples. The received sub-carrier R_I is described by the following equations:

[0043] $\begin{array}{cc}{R}_l=I_l{G}_l{S}_l{e}^{j\left({\phi }_0+{\phi }_1\right)}+e^{-j\left({\phi }_0+{\phi }_1\right)}\sum _{k=-\frac{K}{2}}^{k=\frac{K}{2}}{\lambda }_{l,k}\frac{J_k}{I_k}{\stackrel{\_}{I}}_{-k}{\stackrel{\_}{G}}_{-k}{\stackrel{\_}{S}}_{-k}& \mathrm{Equation}5\\ \mathrm{with}{\lambda }_{l,k}=\frac{1}{N}{e}^{j\pi \left(N-1\right)\left(\frac{k-l}{N}-2\frac{\Delta f_c}{f_s}\right)}\frac{\sin \left(\pi N\left(\frac{k-l}{N}-2\frac{\Delta f_c}{f_s}\right)\right)}{\sin \left(\pi \left(\frac{k-l}{N}-2\frac{\Delta f_c}{f_s}\right)\right)}& \mathrm{Equation}6\end{array}$

[0044] Equation 5 shows that each received sub-carrier R_I is the sum of the transmitted sub-carrier S_I multiplied by the coefficient I_I and the channel gain G_I plus a cross-talk (right-hand term), which is dependent on all the other sub-carriers.

[0045] Since the phase φ₁ is known, it can be set to zero for simplification. Furthermore, it is known that the effect of a clock frequency offset on the frequency domain symbol is a rotation of sub-carrier k by a phase that depends on the sub-carrier frequency and is denoted by φ_VPE(k). It can be verified that in the presence of I/Q imbalance, carrier and clock frequency offset, Equation 5 is modified as follows:

[0046] $\begin{array}{cc}{R}_l=I_l{G}_l{S}_l{e}^{j{\phi }_0}{e}^{j{\phi }_{\mathrm{VPE}}\left(k\right)}+\sum _{k=-\frac{K}{2}}^{k=\frac{K}{2}}{\lambda }_{l,k}\frac{J_k}{I_k}\stackrel{\_}{e^{j{\phi }_0}{e}^{j{\phi }_{\mathrm{VPE}}\left(-k\right)}}\stackrel{\_}{I_{-k}}{\stackrel{\_}{G}}_{-k}{\stackrel{\_}{S}}_{-k}& \mathrm{Equation}7\end{array}$

[0047] The I/Q mismatch that is represented in these equations is compensated as follows in this embodiment of the present invention.

[0048] Based on equation 7, and the assumption that the cross-talk term remains small compared to the left-hand term, the compensation is implemented by subtracting the cross-talk from the received signal. Then, the corrected signal Z_I is defined by the equation below:

[0049] $\begin{array}{cc}{Z}_l=R_l-\sum _{k=-\frac{K}{2}}^{k=\frac{K}{2}}{\lambda }_{l,k}\frac{J_k}{I_k}{\stackrel{\_}{R}}_{-k}=R_l-\sum _{k=-\frac{K}{2}}^{k=\frac{K}{2}}{\lambda }_{l,k}{A}_k{\stackrel{\_}{R}}_{-k}\mathrm{and}& \mathrm{Equation}8\\ S_l=\frac{Z_l{e}^{-j{\varphi }_{\mathrm{VPE}}\left(k\right)}}{I_l{G}_l}& \mathrm{Equation}9\end{array}$

• • [0050] where R_I is the received signal and S_I is the original transmitted signal. As shown in equation 9, the transmitted sub-carrier S_I is recovered by calculation from Z_I by doing a phase shift of −φ_VPE followed by a division by I_IG_I. The phase compensation and the equalisation digital treatments in the circuit 18 that follows the I/Q mismatch compensation block 17 in the base-band digital IC implement these calculations.

[0051] If we assume that the amplitude and phase mismatch a_k and φ_k are small compared to 1, the second order term in I_k can be neglected and the ratio J_k/I_k can be simplified as follows:

[0052] $I_k=\cos \left({\varphi }_k\right)-j·a_k\sin \left({\varphi }_k\right)\approx \cos \left({\varphi }_k\right),\frac{J_k}{I_k}=\frac{a_k·\cos \left({\varphi }_k\right)+j·\sin \left({\varphi }_k\right)}{\cos \left({\varphi }_k\right)}$ $\text{=> }{A}_k=\frac{J_k}{I_k}=a_k+j·\tan \left({\varphi }_k\right)$

[0053] The corrected signal Z_I can then be rewritten as:

[0054] $\begin{array}{cc}{Z}_l=R_l-\sum _{k=-\frac{K}{2}}^{k=\frac{K}{2}}{\lambda }_{l,k}\left(a_k+j·\tan \left({\varphi }_k\right)\right){\stackrel{\_}{R}}_{-k}& \mathrm{Equation}10\end{array}$

[0055] When there is negligible carrier frequency offset (Δf_C˜0) the coefficient λ_I,k is equal to 1 for k equal to I and 0 otherwise. Then Equation 8 can be simplified and we obtain the same compensation as in the receiver described in our co-pending European Patent Application N° EP 01401631.5:
Z_k=R_k−(a_k+j.tan (φ_k)) R_−k  Equation 11

[0056] The complex term A_k or the simplified terms a_k and tan(φ_k) are called the I/Q mismatch coefficients and are calculated during a calibration procedure; various calibration procedures are available and a suitable procedure is described below.

[0057] As shown in the upper part of FIG. 5, each received sub-carrier is compensated for the I/Q mismatch by removing the cross-talk that is generated by a single symmetric sub-carrier when there is no carrier frequency offset.

[0058] When the carrier frequency offset becomes significant cross-talk is generated by all the other sub-carriers. However, since the function |sin (πN.x)/sin (πx)| decreases quickly when |x| increases, |λ_I,k| also decreases quickly with increasing values of

[0059] $\frac{k-l}{N}-2\frac{\Delta f_c}{f_s}.$
It has been shown by simulation that it is possible to obtain sufficient compensation while reducing the complexity of the implementation by compensating the cross-talk of a limited number of sub-carriers only. For instance, three or even two sub-carriers (out of 64 in Hiperlan 2) are enough in some cases.

[0060] As shown in the lower part of FIG. 5, the cross-talk to be subtracted from each received sub-carrier is calculated from a selected number k of other sub-carriers which have the highest λ_I,k values (see equation 6) which corresponds to

[0061] $N\frac{k-l}{N}-2\frac{\Delta f_c}{f_s}$
being smaller than a chosen maximum value. For instance the criterion

[0062] $N\frac{k-l}{N}-2\frac{\Delta f_c}{f_s}\le 2$
can be selected.

[0063] The corrected signal Z_I becomes:

[0064] $\begin{array}{cc}{Z}_l=R_l-\sum _k{\lambda }_{l,k}\left(a_k+j.\tan \left({\varphi }_k\right)\right){\stackrel{\_}{R}}_{-k}\mathrm{with}N\frac{k-l}{N}-2\frac{\Delta f_c}{f_s}\le \mathrm{max\_value}& \mathrm{Equation}12\end{array}$

[0065] A calibration procedure is used to calculate the mismatch coefficients a_k and tan (φ_k), for each sub-carrier k that are used to implement the I/Q mismatch compensation. The calibration procedure is preferably executed once only, after power up of the system and is carried out before normal data transmission in order to avoid adding any overhead to the normal operation. The calibration method may be changed depending on the actual values of the analogue components mismatch in the various components of the RF front-end. The calibration method described below is similar to that described in our co-pending European Patent Application N° EP 01401631.5.

[0066] In FIG. 6, we illustrate by way of example a preferred configuration of the OFDM transceiver enabling the calibration of the I and Q paths. In addition to the receiver section, the transceiver comprises a transmitter section including digital-to-analogue converters (‘DACs’) 20 and 21 that normally convert digital I and Q transmission signals from the base-band DSP to analogue I and Q signals, transmitter low pass filters 22 and 23 that filter the I and Q transmission analogue signals respectively and IF mixers 8′ and 9′ that shift the transmitted signal from baseband to an intermediate frequency. During the calibration mode of operation of the transceiver, two training signals S_t1 and S_t2 are generated by the base-band DSP and sent through I and Q calibration paths 24, 25 and 25′ (shown in thick lines in FIG. 6), which are different from the normal data signal path and are created using switches S1, S2, S3 S4, S5 and S6. This structure is sufficient for the training of the receiver if the transmitter DACs 20 and 21 and the IF mixers 8′ and 9′ are well matched. However, as described in our co-pending European Patent Application N° EP 01401631.5, further calibration paths (not shown) are preferably provided to invert periodically the route of the I and Q training signals S_t1 and S_t2 so as to compensate for residual mismatch of the transmitter DACs 20 and 21 and IF mixers 8′ and 9′.

[0067] The first training signal S_t1 is used to measure the crosstalk coefficient for the negative sub-carriers (k=−1 to −K:2). S_t1 is a time domain signal made of at least one symbol. It can either be stored as a set of time domain samples or be obtained by OFDM modulation of a plurality of stored frequency domain components D_k=B_ke^jP_k mapped on sub-carriers of frequency (f_c+k f_s/N). In a preferred embodiment, S_t1 comprises a single OFDM symbol corresponding to the modulation of K/2 non-zero components D₁ to D_K/2 such that B_k=1, P_k=0, and thus D_k=1 for all k from 1 to K/2.

[0068] After insertion of the cyclic extension, the I and Q components are obtained and, for the purposes of this embodiment of the present invention, are used to train the receive path (although it would also be possible to use them to train the transmit path). Denoting by R_k and R_−k the FFT outputs corresponding to sub-carriers k and −k as described above, the crosstalk coefficients for sub-carrier −k, a_−k and tan (φ_k) are obtained by the following complex operations:

[0069] $a_{-k}=\Re \left(\frac{R_{-k}}{R_k^{*}}\right)\mathrm{and}\tan \left({\varphi }_{-k}\right)=𝔍\left(\frac{R_{-k}}{R_k^{*}}\right)\mathrm{with}k=1\mathrm{to}K/2$
and where the asterisk * denotes complex conjugation.

[0070] The second training signal S_t2 is used to measure the crosstalk coefficient for the positive sub-carriers (k=1 to K:2). S_t2 comprises a single OFDM symbol corresponding to the modulation of K/2 non-zero components D₋₁ to D_−K/2 such that B_−k=1, P_−k=0, and thus D_−k=1 for all k from −1 to −K/2. In the same way as the first training signal, the crosstalk coefficients for sub-carrier k, a_k and tan (φ_k) are obtained by the following complex operations:

[0071] $a_{-k}=\Re \left(\frac{R_k}{R_{-k}^{*}}\right)\mathrm{and}\tan \left({\varphi }_k\right)=𝔍\left(\frac{R_k}{R_{-k}^{*}}\right)\mathrm{with}k=1\mathrm{to}K/2.$

[0072] FIG. 7 illustrates a preferred implementation of the compensation with the chosen maximum value of 1. In this case, the interference from only 2 sub-carriers is removed from each sub-carrier of index I, although it will be appreciated that this implementation can readily be extended to compensation of the cross-talk from a greater number of sub-carriers. The indexes k₁ and k₂ of these sub-carriers are directly computed for each value of I since the frequency offset and the chosen maximum value are known.

[0073] In more detail, the sub-carriers numbers of indexes I, k₁ and k₂ from the OFDM demodulation FFT circuit 17 are selected by a selection circuit 26 for each value of the index I in turn as defined by a counter 27. In this preferred implementation, the values λ_I,k1 and λ_I,k2 (see equation 6) are pre-computed and stored in a look-up table 28 for the various values of/and of the frequency offset, although it would also be possible to compute them directly as and when needed. The complex numbers A(k)=J_k/I_k=a_k+j tan (φ_k) have also been computed during the calibration phase and are stored in another look-up table 29. Then for each FFT sub-carrier output of index I, complex multiplications are performed of A_k1 by λ_I,k1 in a multiplier 30 and of A_k2 by λ_I,k2 in a multiplier 31. Complex conjugations of R_k1 and R_k2 are performed in circuits 32 and 33 and the results are multiplied by the outputs of multipliers 30 and 31 in multipliers 34 and 35 respectively. Two complex subtractions of R_k1 and R_k2 from R_I are performed in a sum circuit 36 to obtain the compensated symbol Z_I.

[0074] The number of operations per symbol depends on the chosen maximum value, but the resulting complexity is typically small compared to other blocks like FFT 15 and in any case much smaller than digital I/Q generation complexity.

[0075] In order to evaluate the effect of the I/Q mismatch compensation of the above embodiments of the invention, simulations of packet error rate (PER) were performed on a Hiperlan2 simulator with a carrier frequency offset ranging from −310 kHz to +310 kHz, which is a range wider than the ETSI specifications (40 PPM between transmitter and receiver clock, corresponding to +/− 200 kHz with a 5 GHz channel central frequency).

[0076] The results from simulations that implement the I/Q mismatch compensation algorithm described by Equation 12 (with max_value equal to 1) are shown in FIG. 8. For comparison, the results from simulations without I/Q mismatch compensation and from simulations implementing the algorithm described by Equation 11 are shown in the same Figure.

[0077] It will be noted that when the carrier frequency offset is close to zero, the algorithm described by Equation 12 and that described by Equation 11 produce the same improvement in data transmission and the PER is substantially lower than that obtained without I/Q mismatch compensation.

[0078] However, when the carrier frequency offset becomes bigger (more than a few tens of kHz) the data transmission quality becomes much better for the algorithm described by Equation 12 than that described by Equation 11. Above a frequency offset of 70 kHz, it can be seen that the algorithm described by Equation 11 can even degrade the data transmission quality compared to no I/Q mismatch compensation at all. This is explained by the fact that the compensation method calculates the cross-talk to be removed from the received sub-carrier using a single symmetric sub-carrier despite the fact that the cross-talk was generated by several other sub-carriers.