System and method for performing automatic spread trading

[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/137,979 filed May 3, 2002 which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/361,958, filed Mar. 5, 2002, entitled System and Method for Performing Automatic Spread Trading, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein.

[0002] The present invention is generally directed to electronic trading, and in particular, facilitates trading of any tradeable object in an electronic trading environment.

[0003] Many exchanges throughout the world implement electronic trading in varying degrees to trade tradeable objects, where a tradeable object refers simply to anything that can be traded. Tradeable objects may include, but are not limited to, all types of traded financial products, such as, for example, stocks, options, bonds, futures, currency, and warrants, as well as funds, derivatives and collections of the foregoing, and all types of commodities, such as grains, energy and metals. Electronic trading has made it easier for a larger number of people with many different trading strategies to participate in the market at any given time. The increase in the number of potential traders has led to, among other things, a more competitive market, greater liquidity, and rapidly changing prices. Speed is of great importance otherwise the risk of loss can be substantial.

[0004] Exchanges that implement electronic trading are generally based on centralized computers (host), one or more networks, and the exchange participants' computers (client). The host forms the electronic heart of the fully computerized electronic trading system. The host's operations typically cover order-matching, maintaining order books and positions, price information, and managing and updating the database for the online trading day as well as nightly batch runs. The host is also equipped with external interfaces that maintain online contact to quote vendors and other price information systems.

[0005] Typically, traders can link to the host through one or more networks, where a network can include a direct data line between the host and the client, or where a network can also include other common network components such as high-speed servers, routers, and gateways, and so on. For example, a high speed data line can be used to establish direct connections between the client and the host. In another example, the Internet can be used to establish a connection between the client and the host. There are many different types of networks known in the art that can link traders to the host.

[0006] Regardless of the way in which a connection is established, the client devices allow traders to participate in the market. Each client uses software that creates specialized interactive trading screens. The trading screens enable the traders to enter and execute orders, obtain market quotes, and monitor positions while implementing various trading strategies including those previously used on the floor of an exchange. Such strategies incorporated into an electronic marketplace can improve the speed, accuracy, and ultimately the profitability of trading electronically. One such trading strategy is spread trading.

[0007] Spread trading is the buying and/or selling of two or more tradeable objects, the purpose of which is to capitalize on changes or movements in the relationships between the tradeable objects. A spread trade could involve buying two or more tradeable objects, buying and selling two or more tradeable objects, selling two or more tradeable objects or some combination thereof. Typically, spread trading is the simultaneous trading of at least one tradeable object and the trading of at least one other. Often, the tradeable objects being spread are contracts for different delivery months (expiration dates) of the same tradeable object or contracts of the same tradeable object at different strike prices, but sometimes involve different tradeable objects or the same tradeable object on different exchanges. Spread trading is usually less risky than other types of trading strategies such as position trades, because a position is protected where an investment is made by taking an offsetting position in a related product in order to reduce the risk of adverse price movements. For example, a trader might simultaneously buy and sell two options of the same class at different strike prices and/or expiration dates. Of course, there are many other reasons for spread trading, and there are many known varieties of spread trading techniques.

[0008] With the advent of electronic trading, trading strategies such as spread trading can be incorporated into the electronic marketplace. However, the success of a trader who trades in a competitive electronic trading environment may depend on many factors. Among those factors include speed, such as the speed in calculating what tradeable objects to quote, the speed in calculating what price to quote at, and the speed in calculating how much to quote. Because speed is of great importance, it is desirable for electronic trading systems to offer tools that can assist a trader in trading in an electronic marketplace, and help the trader to make trades at the most favorable prices in a speedy and accurate manner.

[0025] The present embodiments, referred to herein as the “automatic spreader,” are provided to facilitate the automatic trading of spreads. Generally, a “spread” is the purchase or sale of one or more tradeable objects and an associated purchase or sale of one or more tradeable objects, in the expectation that the price relationships will change so that subsequent offsetting trades yield a net profit. As used herein, the term “tradeable object” refers simply to anything that can be traded with a quantity and/or price. It includes, but is not limited to, all types of tradeable objects such as financial products, which can include, for example, stocks, options, bonds, futures, currency, and warrants, as well as funds, derivatives and collections of the foregoing, and all types of commodities, such as grains, energy, and metals. The tradeable object may be “real”, such as products that are listed by an exchange for trading, or “synthetic”, such as a combination of real products that is created by the user.

[0026] According to the present embodiments, a user selects the individual tradeable objects underlying the spread, referred to herein as the “legs” of the spread. The automatic spreader generates a spread data feed based on information in the legs and based on spread setting parameters, which are configurable by a user. The spread data feed is communicated to a graphical user interface manager (“GUI manager”) where it is displayed in a spread window and the legs may also be displayed, but preferably the legs are displayed in separate windows from the spread window. At the electronic terminal, the user can enter orders in the spread window and the automatic spreader will automatically work the legs to achieve (or attempt to achieve) the spread. It should be understood that those skilled in the art of trading are familiar with a wide variety of spread trading techniques and the present embodiments are not limited to any particular type of spread trading technique.

[0027] FIG. 1 is a flowchart 100 that, in general, shows the method for facilitating the automatic trading of spreads according to the present embodiments. Each step of the flowchart 100 is described with respect to the sections below. It should be understood, however, that the flowchart 100 provides only an illustrative description of the operation of the automatic spreader, and that more or fewer steps may be included in the flowchart 100, and/or the steps may occur in one or more orders which are different from the order of steps shown in FIG. 1. For example, the step 104 “configure the spread data feed,” may occur before or at the same time as the step 102 “receive one or more market data feeds.”

[0028] At step 102, market data feeds are received from one or more exchanges. A market data feed generally includes the price, order, and fill information for an individual tradeable object. In a preferred embodiment, the market data feed provides the highest bid price (HBP) and the lowest ask price (LAP) for a tradeable object, referred to as the “inside market,” in addition to the current bid and ask prices and quantities in the market, referred to as “market depth.” Some exchanges provide an infinite market depth, while others provide no market depth or only a few prices away from the inside market. The number of market data feeds received at step 102 may depend on the number of tradeable objects selected for spread trading by a user, or alternatively, some or all of the data feeds from an exchange are received and only those tradeable objects which are part of the spread are traded.

[0029] FIG. 2 shows a preferred system 200 that is suitable for facilitating the automatic trading of spreads. The system 200 includes an applications program interface (“API”) 206 that translates market data 208 for one or more tradeable objects to an appropriate data format, referred to as market data feed(s) 202, which are communicated between the different exchanges and trading applications hosted on the electronic terminals. Electronic terminals may be computing devices such as personal computers, laptop computers, hand-held devices, and so forth. The system 200 preferably supports up to “T” exchanges and up to “M” electronic terminals.

[0030] An electronic terminal 212 is shown in more detail to illustrate the interaction between its software and/or hardware components. The electronic terminal 212 includes many components, some of which are not shown for purposes of clarity, but those that are shown include a trading application 210, an automatic spreader 214, and a GUI manager 216. In a preferred embodiment, the trading application 210 and the automatic spreader 214 are software applications hosted on the electronic terminal 212. Although the automatic spreader 214 is shown together with the trading application 210, it should be understood that the automatic spreader 214 and the trading application may be the same software application or separate software applications on the same or different terminals. Alternatively, the automatic spreader 214 and/or the trading application 210 are hosted on a server and accessed by the electronic terminal 212 over a network. The GUI manager 216 is a software application (as shown in FIG. 2), but preferably may work with hardware components such as an input device like a mouse, keyboard, or touch screen, and an output device like a monitor, for example.

[0031] In the preferred embodiment, the trading application 210 is an X_TRADER® trading application which is commercially available from Trading Technologies, Inc. of Chicago, Ill. The X_TRADER® trading application incorporates display screens of the type illustrated in FIG. 7 and such display screens are sometimes referred to herein as MD_TRADER™-style displays. MD_TRADER™-style displays show information, such as market depth or working orders, in association with an axis or scale of prices. FIG. 7 shows an embodiment in which the system displays the market depth on a vertical plane, which fluctuates logically up or down the plane as the market prices fluctuate. The invention is not limited, however, to any particular type of display—the information could be displayed on a horizontal plane, n-dimensionally or in any other fashion. The MD_TRADER™-style display is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/590,692, entitled “Click Based Trading With Intuitive Grid Display of Market Depth,” filed on Jun. 9, 2000, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/971,087, entitled “Click Based Trading With Intuitive Grid Display Of Market Depth And Price Consolidation,” filed on Oct. 5, 2001, the contents of both are incorporated by reference herein. Moreover, the trading application 210 may implement tools for trading tradeable objects that are described in a U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/125,894 filed on Apr. 19, 2002, entitled “Trading Tools for Electronic Trading,” the contents of which are incorporated by reference.

[0032] Turning back to FIG. 2, in general, “Z” market data feeds (for a total of Z tradeable objects or contracts) are communicated from the API 206 to the trading application 210 where they are stored and continuously updated (or periodically updated). Using some or all of the Z market data feeds and the spread setting parameters, the automatic spreader 214 generates a third data feed, referred to herein as a spread data feed. The spread data feed preferably includes spread price, and spread market depth, but may alternatively include other items of interest to the user such as the last traded price (LTP) and the last traded quantity (LTQ). The configuration and generation of the spread data feed using the market data feeds and the spread setting parameters are described in the sections below. The spread data feed is communicated to the GUI manager 216 where it can be displayed in a spread window and traded.

[0033] Referring back to the flowchart 100 in FIG. 1, at step 104, the spread data feed may be uniquely configured by a user to customize, among other things described below, calculation of spread prices and spread market depth. Preferably, the calculation of spread prices and spread market depth are based on the bids and offers from the actual markets for the tradeable objects of the legs and the spread setting parameters, which are set by the user. In the preferred embodiment, the user may re-configure existing spreads, or the user can create new spreads to configure by first selecting the underlying tradeable objects (legs) for the spread. Once the tradeable objects are selected, the spread may be configured by the user upon the entering of spread setting parameters in a configuration window, described below.

[0034] FIG. 3 shows a preferred spread manager window 300 that may be used to create new spreads, edit and/or delete existing ones, and that can display a list of the created spreads. In the preferred embodiment, the spread manager window 300 is opened upon execution of the automatic spreader. The spread manager window 300 has a number of icons that can be used to launch spreads which have already been created, as well as, create new spreads or edit and/or delete existing ones. Preferably, the icons are “grayed out” (icons 304, 306, 308, and 310 are shown “grayed out”) to indicate to the user that the option is not available at the present time. When the option is available to the user, the icon will return to black text (such as icon 302) indicating that the option may be used. The icons include: “New” 302 that when pressed opens a new configuration spread window used to create a new spread (e.g., see the configuration spread window 400 in FIG. 4); “Edit” 304 that when pressed opens the configuration window already filled in with the spread information for the spread selected from the list (e.g., see the configuration spread window 600 in FIG. 6); “Delete” 306 that when pressed deletes the spread selected from the list for the workspace; “Clone” 308 that when pressed duplicates the selected spread and adds it to the list with the word ‘copy’ added to the end of the spread title to distinguish between spreads; “Launch” 310 that when pressed, an instance of the spread window with the spread parameters selected during its initial creation is displayed. More or fewer icons may be provided depending on the application.

[0035] FIG. 4 shows a preferred spread configuration window 400 that may be opened upon pressing “Sew” 302 in the spread manager window 300 in FIG. 3. The spread configuration window 400 may be used to create a new spread by adding one or more legs to it. There are many ways in which legs may be added to the spread window 400 and include selecting two or more tradeable objects from a market grid window (e.g., see the market grid window 500 in FIG. 5) and dragging them into the spread configuration window 400, or selecting two or more tradeable objects from the market grid window, and through a pop-up menu, selecting to spread trade only the highlighted tradeable objects. Alternatively, one leg at a time may be individually selected and dragged into the spread configuration window 400. Other methods and icons may be used for adding the legs to the spread configuration window 400 such as having an icon that allows a user to browse a list of tradeable objects and select the desired tradeable objects from the list, or having a field that allows a user to enter the desired tradeable objects in by name, and so forth. FIG. 5 shows an example of a market grid window 500 that displays tradeable objects (contracts) and market information corresponding to the tradeable objects. In one embodiment, a user may select two or more tradeable objects by highlighting the tradeable objects with an input device such as a mouse, keyboard, or touch screen. Upon highlighting the tradeable objects, the user may drag them into a spread configuration window (e.g., the spread configuration window 400 in FIG. 4) to create a new spread, or the user may instead click on the highlighted tradeable objects in the market grid window 500 to get a pop-up menu and then select an option in the pop-up menu to spread only the highlighted tradeable objects. Note that there are many other known ways, not described here, in which legs can be added to the spread configuration window.

[0036] FIG. 6 shows a spread configuration window 600 that already has two legs added to it, although any number of legs may be added to the spread configuration window 600. Preferably, the spread configuration window 600 has many spread setting parameters that can be set by a user to customize the spread data feed. As such, the spread setting parameters may control the behavior of the spread as it is generated and/or displayed and/or traded, depending on the particular parameter. Although each spread setting parameter shown in FIG. 6 will be explained in greater depth below with respect to its function, a preferable list of them are provided here. The “Spread Name” 602 provides the name of the spread and/or the names of the underlying tradeable objects (e.g., “TTSIM-D FGBL SEP02 vs. TTSIM-D FGBM SEP02”). Moreover, the names of the legs are displayed in the “Leg” fields 604 and 606. Alternatively, a user can personalize the spread by renaming the spread and/or the legs to have any desired name. Other parameters include “Inside Slop” 608, “Outside Slop” 610, “Leg Color ID” 612, “Implied Spread Price” 614, “Net Change” 616, “Customer Account” 618, “Active Quoting” 620, “Adjust for Market Depth” 622, “Offset with” 624, “Payup Ticks” 626, “Spread ratio” 628, “Spread Multiplier” 630, “Use Cancel/Replace rather than Change” 632, and “Price Reasonability check on leg” 634. A user may select “OK” 636 when the spread has been configured to open a spread window and leg windows. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the parameters above may be flexible and/or changed as circumstances dictate because of the wide range of products that can be traded using the automatic spreader. Moreover, the columns in the spread configuration window 600 can be dragged and dropped such that the user can re-arrange the order of the legs.

[0037] Referring back to the flowchart 100 in FIG. 1, at step 106, the automatic spreader generates a spread data feed based on selected market data feeds and the spread setting parameters. In a preferred embodiment, the spread data feed includes spread prices and spread depth. Additionally, the spread data feed may also include the last traded price (LTP) and the last traded quantity (LTQ), in addition to other useful items of interest such as open, close, settlement, daily high/low, and so on. Of course, the spread data feed can include more or fewer items of interest, depending on the limits of the exchange from which the market data feed came, and so forth. It is also possible to allow the trader to customize the type of information included in the spread data feed.

[0038] The spread data feed may be continuously (or periodically) updated and stored at the electronic terminal according to the received market data feeds. Therefore, the process of generating a spread data feed may continue on a real time basis as such information is relayed from the market. However, the generating of the spread data feed may continue on a periodic time basis, for example, every half-second, if programmed. Preferably, only those values that are displayed in the spread window that change from one moment in time to another are updated on the display.

[0039] During spread generation and/or after spread generation, the spread data feed is displayed in a spread window. FIG. 7 illustrates one such type of spread window 700 of the preferred embodiment and its two legs displayed in the “first leg” window 702 and the “second leg” window 704, which are generated upon pressing the “OK” icon 636 in FIG. 6. In FIG. 7, the first leg window 702 corresponds to the “FGBL SEP02” contract, whereas the second leg window 704 corresponds to the “FGBM SEP02” contract. FIG. 7 illustrates a two-legged spread for sake of simplicity and thus illustrates a spread window and two leg windows, however, it should be known that the number of windows displayed depends on the number of legs in the spread and the user's preferences.

[0040] Preferably, the windows 700, 702, 704 show the inside market and the market depth of the generated spread data feed (displayed in window 700) and for the legs (displayed in leg windows 702 and 704). Columns 706, 708, and 710 provide the buy quantities and columns 712, 714, and 716 provide the ask quantities at corresponding price levels shown in columns 718, 720, and 722, respectively. Columns 724, 726, and 728 display the user's working orders, described in greater detail with respect to entering orders in the spread window below. As expressed earlier, the MD_TRADER™-style screen displays of the type illustrated in FIG. 7 are described in the above incorporated patent applications entitled “Click Based Trading With Intuitive Grid Display Of Market Depth,” “Click Based Trading With Intuitive Grid Display of Market Depth and Price Consolidation,” and “Trading Tools for Electronic Trading.” It should be understood, however, that the present invention is not limited to this particular type of screen display.

[0041] Preferably, the MD_TRADER™-style screen display shown in FIG. 7 is configurable by a user to display one or more icons or fields of interest to the user. This may be advantageous because it allows the user to tailor the display to his or her liking. Some of the icons or fields of interest that can be displayed or hidden by the user include a system clock that shows the current time. A pull-down menu allows a trader to specify which account the trader is trading. Moreover, the Stop Market (SM)/Stop Limit (SL) buttons are optional depending on user preferences and they enable stop limit and stop market orders. The “Del All Button” deletes all bids and offers from the market. Del Bids Button deletes all bids from the market (a “5” is shown to indicate the number of bids which are currently in the market). Del Offers Button deletes all offers from the market (a “0” is shown to indicate the number of offers which are currently in the market). Of course, more or fewer items of interest may be included in the MD_TRADER™-style screen display of FIG. 7, some of which are described in the incorporated patent applications entitled “Click Based Trading With Intuitive Grid Display Of Market Depth,” “Click Based Trading With Intuitive Grid Display of Market Depth and Price Consolidation,” and “Trading Tools for Electronic Trading.”

A. Implied Prices or Net Change

[0042] Through a spread configuration window (e.g., see the spread configuration window 600 in FIG. 6), a user can selectively choose whether the generated spread prices are based on implied price levels or net change. Implied price is the price of the spread displayed as a cash value based on the current price for each leg of the spread. Net change is the price of the spread displayed as a net change value based on a price differential over a period which the user selects, such as the previous settlement price for each leg of the spread. Those skilled in the art of trading are familiar with a wide variety of spread pricing techniques and the preferred embodiments are not limited to any particular type of pricing scheme.

[0043] In a preferred embodiment, when the spread data feed is based on the implied spread price, the automatic spreader may calculate for any unknown variable such as the implied spread price k or one of the leg prices p, using the following equation. Examples are provided herein to illustrate how the automatic spreader might use this equation to calculate spread prices and quote legs.
k=m_leg1p_leg1+m_leg2p_leg2+ . . . +m_legnp_legn  [EQN 1]

• • [0044] k=spread price (implied price);
  • [0045] n=total number of legs;
  • [0046] m_legn=spread multiplier for leg n; and
  • [0047] p_legn=price for leg n.

[0048] In another preferred embodiment, when the spread data feed is based on the net change, the automatic spreader 214 may calculate for any unknown variable such as the net change, k or leg prices p, using the following equation, which may be used instead of EQN 1.
k=NCT_leg1m_leg1+NCT_leg2m_leg2+ . . . +NCT_legnm_legn  [EQN2]

• • [0049] k=spread price (net change);
  • [0050] n=total number of legs;
  • [0051] m_legn=spread multiplier for leg n; and
  • [0052] NCT_legn=Net Change of the spread over a period for leg n.

[0053] In accordance with the preferred embodiment, the spread multipliers, m_legn, are chosen by the user and attempt to homogenize the tradeable objects in terms of tick and currency differentials. For example, if one product is in Euros and another product is in U.S. dollars, the spread multipliers may be used to convert the two products into a uniform currency (e.g. both in U.S. dollars). The spread multipliers for each leg may also be entered by the user into a spread configuration window (e.g., 600 in FIG. 6). Note also that the automatic spreader may accommodate any spread multiplier values.

B. Determining Spread Bid Depth

[0054] FIG. 8 shows a flowchart 800 that illustrates a method of determining the spread depth and prices, which are then displayed in the buy quantities column 706, sell quantities column 712 and price column 718 of the spread window 700 in FIG. 7. The flowchart 800 illustrates a way to determine the spread depth and prices, however, it should be understood that the flowchart 800 may include more or fewer steps, in the same or different order, to achieve the same result. Thus, the present embodiments should not be limited to the steps shown in flowchart 800.

[0055] The following discussion walks through the flowchart 800 with respect to the example spread illustrated and set-up in FIGS. 6 and 7. This particular spread, as configured in FIG. 6, is set up so that for each spread buy there will be a buy in the first leg and a sell in the second leg. This is defined by the spread ratios set at 1 for leg 1 and −1 for leg 2 as shown at 628 in FIG. 6. The spread ratio indicates the quantity of each leg in relation to the others. A positive spread ratio preferably indicates a long leg (i.e., a buy), whereas a negative spread ratio (−) preferably indicates a short leg (i.e., a sell). Any value for the spread ratio(s) may be entered for each leg at 628 in FIG. 6. A spread can be configurable in any number of ways other than the particular spread in FIG. 6.

[0056] At step 802, preferably all quantities, which include both buy and sell quantities at each price level in each leg are stored. The quantities are preferably stored in a temporary fashion, such as buffering, in a data file, but alternatively the quantities may be stored for long periods of time for future processing. To illustrate step 802, the quantities in columns 708, 714, 710, and 716 in FIG. 7 are stored at their corresponding price levels. For instance, in column 708 (i.e., the buy column for the first leg) a file may contain data as follows: 10 at 105.12, 1 at 105.11, 5 at 105.10, 7 at 105.09, and 5 at 105.08. Note that in this example only the data in columns 708 and 716 are used in determining spread bid depth and prices, whereas only the data in columns 714 and 710 are used in determining spread ask depth and prices as described below.

[0057] At step 804, the automatic spreader can calculate spread quantities at corresponding spread prices based on the stored quantities from step 802. To better illustrate the step of 804, FIG. 9 shows a flowchart 900 that illustrates a method of determining the spread quantities and spread prices.

[0058] At step 902, spread units in each leg are calculated, where a spread unit is the absolute value of the quantity available at a price level in a leg divided by the spread ratio for that leg. Recall that the spread ratio is input by the user in the spread configuration window.

[0059] $\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{spread}\mathrm{unit}=\mathrm{abs}\left(\frac{Q_{{\mathrm{leg}}^n}}{{\mathrm{ratio}}_{\mathrm{leg}n}}\right)& \left[\mathrm{EQN}3\right]\end{array}$
Spread units as defined in EQN 3 may be interchangeable with quantities as used herein, depending on the ratio input by the user. Returning back to the example in FIG. 7, the spread ratio of 1 was input for the first leg (i.e., the buy leg) and the spread ration of −1 was input for the second leg (i.e., the sell leg). Therefore, the spread units for column 708 are 10/1=10, 1/1=1, 5/1=5, 7/1=7, and 5/1=5. This is repeated for column 716, except that the spread ratio for the second leg would be used. In another example, assume that a spread ratio of −2 was input for the first leg, then the spread units for column 708 would be 10/2=5, 1/2=0.5, 5/2=2.5, 7/5=3.5, and 5/2=2.5. Again, this would be repeated for column 716. The method of determining spread units is also repeated for columns 714 and 710 when determining spread ask depth and prices described in the following section.

[0060] At step 904, preferably starting at the spread units with the highest bid price (HBP) in the buy leg(s) and the spread units with the lowest ask price (LAP) in the sell leg(s), the minimum spread unit is determined. To illustrate step 904, using the example laid out in FIGS. 6 and 7, with a spread ratio of 1 (i.e., a buy leg) for the first leg, and a −1 (i.e., a sell leg) for the second leg, the spread unit at the HBP is 10 at 105.12, and the spread unit at the LAP is 2 at 104.24. The minimum spread unit is 2, that is, 2 is less than 10.

[0061] At step 906, if the minimum spread unit is one or greater, the spread quantity is equal to the minimum spread unit (a decimal number greater than 1 may be rounded up/down or truncated), then per step 908, the spread price is calculated using either EQN 1 or EQN 2. Referring back to the example illustrated in FIG. 7, the minimum spread unit is 2, which is greater than 1, so the spread quantity is 2 for this example, and the spread price is calculated to be 0.880 using the following relationship.
k=m_leg1p_leg1+m_leg2p_leg2+ . . . +m_legnp_legn

• • [0062] k=spread price;
  • [0063] n=2;
  • [0064] M_leg1=1;
  • [0065] M_leg2=1;
  • [0066] P_leg1=105.12; and
  • [0067] P_leg2=104.24.
    If the minimum spread unit is less than one, then a weighted average of prices is determined, per steps 910, 912, and 914, for each leg that has a minimum spread unit less than one, determined in step 904.

[0068] At step 910, assuming that there is a leg with a minimum spread unit less than one, the automatic spreader would look to the next level of depth for enough spread units to make 1 spread unit. For instance, using the numbers illustrated in FIG. 7, assume that the spread ratio for the second leg was −4, then column 716 would be: 0.5, 0.25, 1, 0.25, and 0.75. Therefore, spread units would be added together until one spread unit is found, thus, 0.5+0.25+0.25=1.

[0069] At step 912, the weighted average of prices for those spread units used in step 910 is calculated. This weighted average of prices is a price for the leg with the minimum spread unit less that one that is used in either EQN 1 or EQN 2. Using the example in step 910 with a spread ratio of −4, the weighted average may be calculated by the following relationship.
(0.5*104.24)+(0.25*104.25)+(0.25*104.26)=104.25 (i.e., 104.2475 rounded up)

[0070] At step 914, using the example set out in steps 910 and 912, the spread quantity is 1, and the spread price would be calculated as 0.870 using the following relationship.
k=m_leg1p_leg1+m_leg2p_leg2+ . . . +m_legnp_legn

• • [0071] k=spread price;
  • [0072] n=2;
  • [0073] M_leg1=1
  • [0074] m_leg2=−1
  • [0075] P_leg1=105.12; and
  • [0076] P_leg2=104.25 (the weighted average price for this example).

[0077] Returning back to FIG. 8, at step 806, the spread quantity and the spread price are stored in memory, either temporarily or for a longer period of time, depending on the programming.

[0078] At step 808, the quantities or spread units that were used in step 804 are preferably removed from the stored quantities in step 802.

[0079] At step 810, if there are quantities left over in any leg, then move to step 814, otherwise, per step 812, all of the spread quantities and spread prices stored in step 806 can be displayed in the spread window. The spread quantities are displayed at their corresponding spread prices in a spread window. To illustrate this step, the spread quantities in column 706 in FIG. 7 are displayed at their corresponding spread prices. For instance, in column 706 (i.e., the buy column for the spread) there are 2 at 0.880, 1 at 0.870, 4 at 0.860, 1 at 0.850, 2 at 0.840, and 1 at 0.830. It should be understood that the spread quantities and spread prices may be displayed as they are generated and/or after all of the spread quantities and spread prices are generated, depending on how the automatic spreader is programmed.

[0080] In a preferred embodiment, only those values that change from one moment in time to another are updated, but alternatively, all of the values can be updated or refreshed at once on a frequent basis. In addition, the spread quantities and spread prices may be updated when a trader indicates an update, such as re-centering or re-positioning the spread. Re-centering or re-positioning the spread is described in the incorporated patent applications entitled “Click Based Trading With Intuitive Grid Display Of Market Depth,” “Click Based Trading With Intuitive Grid Display of Market Depth and Price Consolidation,” and “Trading Tools for Electronic Trading.” In yet another preferred embodiment, a throttle adjustment, which is set by a trader or programmer, is utilized in combination with one of the above update techniques. In the throttle adjustment embodiment, a value is provided that reduces the number of times the automatic spreader updates the spread quantities and prices. To illustrate the throttle adjustment embodiment, assume that the throttle value is set to 10 milliseconds. Then, when a change to the spread quantities in a leg occurs, the automatic spreader determines if an update to the spread quantities for the spread has occurred within the last 10 milliseconds. If an update has not occurred within the last 10 milliseconds, then an update to the spread quantities for the spread is calculated. If an update has occurred within the last 10 milliseconds, then an update to the spread quantities for the spread is temporarily postponed until 10 milliseconds has past since the last update. The throttle adjustment embodiment preferably reduces the number of calculations the computer processors has to perform in calculating the spread quantities and prices for the spread, thereby freeing the processing to perform other processing tasks.

[0081] At step 814, if there are quantities left over, the automatic spreader repeats the process in steps 804, 806, 808, and 810 using only the left over quantity. This is repeated until all of the remaining quantity has been used up in at least one of the legs.

C. Spread Ask Depth

[0082] To determine spread ask depth and prices, the method used in determining the spread bid depth and prices above may also be used, except that the automatic spreader will look to the ask depth in the buy leg(s) and the bid depth in the sell leg(s). So, for example, at step 904 in FIG. 9, the automatic spread would start at the spread units with the lowest ask price (LAP) in the buy leg(s) and the spread units with the highest bid price (HBP) in the sell leg(s) to determine which is the minimum spread unit.

[0083] As a result of looking to the ask depth in the buy leg(s) and the bid depth in the sell leg(s), per step 812, all of the spread quantities and spread prices stored in step 806 can be displayed in the spread window. The spread quantities are displayed at their corresponding spread prices in a spread window. To illustrate this step, the spread quantities in column 712 in FIG. 7 are displayed at their corresponding spread prices. For instance, in column 712 (i.e., the ask column for the spread) there are 1 at 0.960, 3 at 0.950, 3 at 0.940, 3 at 0.930 and 1 at 0.900.

D. Determining Last Traded Price and Last Traded Quantity

[0084] In an embodiment, the last traded price (LTP) and the last traded quantity (LTQ) of the spread are also calculated using LTP and LTQ values received from the market data feeds using the following relationship.

[0085] $\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{LTP}\mathrm{of}\mathrm{spread}=\left({\mathrm{LTP}}_{\mathrm{leg}1}*m_{\mathrm{leg}1}\right)+\left({\mathrm{LTP}}_{\mathrm{leg}2}*m_{\mathrm{leg}2}\right)+\dots +\left({\mathrm{LTP}}_{\mathrm{leg}n}*m_{\mathrm{leg}n}\right)& \left[\mathrm{EQN}4\right]\\ \mathrm{LTQ}\mathrm{of}\mathrm{spread}=\mathrm{minimum}\hspace{1em}\left(\mathrm{abs}\left(\frac{{\mathrm{LTQ}}_{\mathrm{leg}1}}{{\mathrm{ratio}}_{\mathrm{leg}1}}\right)\mathrm{and}\mathrm{abs}\left(\frac{{\mathrm{LTQ}}_{\mathrm{leg}2}}{{\mathrm{ratio}}_{\mathrm{leg}2}}\right)\dots \mathrm{and}\mathrm{abs}\left(\frac{{\mathrm{LTQ}}_{\mathrm{leg}n}}{{\mathrm{ratio}}_{\mathrm{leg}n}}\right)\right)& \left[\mathrm{EQN}5\right]\end{array}$

[0086] For example, according to FIG. 7, the first leg in column 726 has an LTQ of 1 at an LTP of 105.12, whereas the second leg in column 728 has an LTQ of 1 at an LTP of 104.23. Using the above equations EQN 5 and EQN 6 for LTP and LTQ, respectively:
LTP of spread=(105.12_leg1*1_leg1)+(104.23_leg2*−1_leg2)=0.89
LTQ of spread=minimum(abs(1_leg1/1_leg1) and abs(1_leg2/−1_leg1))=1
For the spread window 700 in FIG. 7, LTP=0.89 and LTQ=1, which is evident by the LTP/LTQ indicator in column 724.

[0087] In another embodiment, the LTP and LTQ can be calculated based on the spread units that can be filled with an offsetting sale in the other leg(s). When the LTQ of the first leg (i.e., the buy leg) was traded at or below the highest bid price (HBP), then the LTQ of the spread equals the maximum number of spread units that can be filled with an offsetting sale in the second leg at the HBP; and the LTP of the spread is calculated using that best bid price in the second leg. In some instances, there may not be enough quantity at the HBP in the second leg to create at least one spread unit. Then, preferably, this approach would look to the quantity at the next best bid (next best bid=HBP−one price level) and continue to do so until there is enough quantity to fill one spread unit. In this instance, the LTQ equals 1 and the LTP of the spread would be calculated using the weighted average of the various prices in the second leg needed to fill that quantity. When the LTQ of the first leg was traded at or above the lowest ask price (LAP), then the LTQ of the spread equals the maximum number of spread units that can be filled with an offsetting buy in the second leg at the LAP; and the LTP of the spread is calculated using that LAP in the second leg. This approach can be applied to n legs. Moreover, this approach may use the same weighted average technique described above if there is not enough quantity at the best offer in the second leg to create at least one spread unit.

[0088] To illustrate an aspect of this alternative embodiment, referring to the example of FIG. 7, the LTQ in the first leg was 1 at a price of 105.12, this is shown in column 726. This occurred at the HBP in the first leg. Accordingly, the LTQ of the spread is the maximum number of spread units that can be filled with an offsetting sale in the second leg at 104.23 (the HBP in the second leg). In this example, the LTQ of the spread equals 1 because the spread ratios are 1 for the first leg and −1 for the second leg and there is a quantity of 1 at 104.23, this is shown in column 728. Using any of the equations, EQN1, EQN 2, or EQN 4, described above, the LTP of the spread can be calculated using the following relationship:
LTP of spread=(105.12*1)+(104.23*−1)=0.89
In this particular example, the method results in the same number as the method above, that is, the method above which used both EQN 5 and EQN 6, but this will not necessarily occur in other examples.

[0089] In this alternative embodiment, the LTQ and LTP may also be calculated starting from the second leg (rather than starting from the first leg, as described above). When the LTQ of second leg was traded at or below the best bid, then the LTQ of the spread equals the maximum number of spread units that can be filled with an offsetting sale in first leg at the best HBP; and the LTP of the spread is calculated using that best bid price in the first leg. If the LTQ of second leg was traded at or above the best offer, then the LTQ of the spread equals the maximum number of spread units that can be filled with an offsetting buy in the first leg at the LAP and the LTP of the spread is calculated using that best offer price in the first leg. Similarly, this approach will use the same weighted average technique described above if there is not enough quantity at the best offer in the first leg to create at least one spread unit.

[0090] Regardless of which approach is used, the automatic spreader will preferably update the LTQ and LTP for the spread each time there is an update to the LTQ or LTP of any leg.

[0091] In a preferred embodiment, once the LTQ is calculated, it is indicated on the spread window only when at least one spread unit is available. For example, referring to FIG. 7, the LTQ is shown in column 724 when at least one spread unit is available, which in this instance there is 1 spread unit. Alternatively, an LTQ of zero is displayed when there are spreads available but not enough to complete a full spread unit. Although FIG. 7 illustrates an LTQ in integer form, it should also be understood that the spread units can instead be displayed in decimal form.

[0092] Note also that the LTQ of the spread can be calculated and/or displayed based on any unit scale that the user chooses. For example, it can be calculated and displayed in spread units (corresponding to the exact spread ratios set by the trader) or it can be calculated and displayed based on the lowest common denominator of the spread ratios or it can be calculated and displayed based on any other spread ratio. For example, assume that a trader sets the spread ratios of a two legged spread to be 100 for the first leg and −70 for the second leg, and assume also that the LTQ for the first leg was a buy of 100 and there is 70 available in the bid depth of the second leg. Then, according to this example, if the trader selects to use spread units, the LTQ of the spread would be displayed as a 1, but if the trader selects to use the highest common integer factor, the LTQ of the spread would be displayed as 10 (because the highest common integer factor of the 100/70 spread is 10).

[0093] Furthermore, in another embodiment, color coding or other indicators may be utilized to indicate to the trader intra-spread unit variations in the LTQ. For example, the automatic spreader can be programmed to display the LTQ in various shades of color (e.g., ranging from white to green) to indicate increments of a spread unit.

[0094] Using one or more of the techniques described above, the automatic spreader can generate and display a spread window and its corresponding leg windows, per step 108 of the flowchart 100 in FIG. 1. In the preferred embodiment, the spread window displays both the spread price (e.g., using EQN 1 and EQN 2) and the total quantity traded (e.g., using EQN 3 and EQN 4) at that spread price, although more or fewer items of interest may be displayed such as the LTP/LTQ (e.g., using EQN 4 and EQN 5).

[0095] At step 110 in FIG. 1, once the spread window is displayed, a user can enter an order(s) that has quantity at a specified price. The user may enter the order(s) in the spread window by a click of a mouse, or by any other input device, such as a keyboard, light pen, or a variety of other means. Using the ongoing example presented above with respect to FIGS. 6 and 7, this section describes how the automatic spreader facilitates the trading of a spread once the order has been entered.

[0096] FIG. 10 is substantially similar to FIG. 7, except that it shows an entered order 1032 to buy 5 of the spread at a price of 0.860 in the spread window 1000 and shows the corresponding working orders 1034, 1036 automatically entered by the automatic spreader. That is, a buy order 1034 was quoted in leg window 1002 and a sell order 1036 was quoted in leg window 1004. FIG. 10 illustrates an example of quoting both legs of the spread, but alternatively, the automatic spreader can quote only one of the legs, or more than two legs. How many legs the automatic spreader quotes preferably depends on the user's spread setting parameters. In any instance, the method for quoting any number of legs preferably remains the same.

[0097] Referring back to the configuration window 600 in FIG. 6, the user can preferably select the appropriate spread setting parameters to quote one or more legs of the spread. That is, by selecting any one of the “Active Quoting” fields 620 corresponding to the underlying leg, the automatic spreader will automatically quote the selected leg based on information from the other legs, the order, and the user's preferences (e.g., multiplier, spread ratio, etc.). For example, by only selecting the “Active Quoting” field for leg A, the automatic spreader will quote only leg A first. The same is true quoting leg B, or any other leg underlying the spread. In another example, by selecting the “Active Quoting” field for both legs A and B, the spreader will quote both legs (this example is shown in FIG. 6). Again, regardless of whether one or more legs are quoted, in the preferred embodiment, the same calculation applies to determine where to place the quote in the leg(s). An example of which is provided below.

A. Determining Where to Quote

[0098] In a preferred embodiment, at the instant of placing an order in the spread window, the automatic spreader determines where to quote one or more legs of the spread.

[0099] FIG. 11 shows a flowchart 1100 that illustrates a method of quoting a leg of a spread. The illustrated method can accommodate any number of legs, and the method of quoting one, some, or all of the legs preferably remains the same. However, it should be understood that more or fewer steps, in the same or different order, may be included in the flowchart 1100 to obtain similar results. For the sake of simplicity, the method in FIG. 11 is illustrated using the two-legged spread example first laid out with respect to FIGS. 6, 7, and 10. Then, looking to FIG. 10, it is visually apparent that a trader has entered an order to buy 5 lots of the spread at a price of 0.860, per step 1102. This working order is shown in column 1006.

[0100] At step 1104, the automatic spreader quotes a leg based on information from the entered order, information from the other n−1 legs, and the user's preferences. In a preferred embodiment, the automatic spreader starts by looking to the inside market of the legs of the spread. In particular, it looks to the highest bid price (HBP) with quantity in a legs for which a quote to sell will be needed for this order and it also looks to the lowest ask price (LAP) in those legs for which a quote to buy will be needed. In this example, the order is to buy the spread, so in the preferred embodiment, the automatic spreader will be looking to sell at the HBP in the sell legs and will be looking to buy at the LAP in the buy legs. Recall that the user can select which legs are buy legs and sell legs by entering a positive or negative ratio.

[0101] Referring back to this example, the first leg is quoted based on information from the second leg. Looking to the second leg (i.e., a sell leg), there is a buy quantity of 1 in column 1024 at the HBP price of 104.23 in column 1028. However, when there is not enough quantity at that level to fill an offsetting order, the software preferably looks to the next highest bid price (or next lowest sell price depending on if it is a buy) in that leg and continues to do so until it finds enough quantity.

[0102] In one embodiment, once enough offsetting quantity is found, the automatic spreader uses the lowest bid price (or the highest sell price depending on if it is a buy) of the quantity used. To illustrate this embodiment, referring to FIG. 10, the quantity needed to offset the buy order is 5. However, the buy quantity of 1 in column 1024 at 104.23 is not enough to offset the user's buy order of 5. Thus, in this embodiment, the automatic spreader looks to the next level of quantity to supplement the buy quantity of 1, and in this example, finds a buy quantity of 6 in column 1024 at 104.22. As a result, the buy quantity of 1 plus 4 of the buy quantity of 6 may be used to offset the buy order of 5. According to this embodiment, the price for the second leg is 104.22.

[0103] At step 1104, the price at which to quote in the first leg can be calculated using either EQN 1 or EQN 2.
k=m_leg1p_leg1+m_leg2p_leg2+ . . . +m_legnP_legn,
k=0.860; n=2; m₁=1; m₂=−1; P₂=104.22; p₁=unknown

[0104] Solving for the unknown price to quote the first leg, p₁=105.08. Therefore, a buy order of 5 is entered in the first leg in column 1014 at a price of 105.08 in column 1020. This is evidenced by the illustration of a buy order 1034 in the working order column 1014 of the first leg shown in window 1002.

[0105] In another embodiment, once enough offsetting quantity is found, the software can instead calculate the weighted average of prices for that quantity.

[0106] FIG. 12 shows a flowchart 1200 to better illustrate how the automatic spreader can calculate a price in an offsetting order using the weighted average of prices, if necessary. Although the flowchart 1200 can accommodate any number of legs, it is illustrated using the ongoing example from FIG. 10. It should be understood, however, that the flowchart 1200 provides only an illustration of how to calculate the weighted average price, and therefore the present invention should not be limited to the steps, or orders of the steps, shown in the figure.

[0107] At step 1202, the quantity needed to fill the order is determined. In this example, the quantity needed to offset the buy order is 5. This value is known from the entered buy order and from the spread ratios. Note that a trader can enter a sell order, whichever is desired.

[0108] At step 1204, the quantity at the LAP in the first leg or the quantity at the HBP in the second leg is determined (or in other n−1 legs, if necessary) depending on the entered order. In this example, the trader entered an order to buy the spread, so to determine where enter an order in the buy leg(s) (in this example, the buy leg is the first leg), the automatic spreader preferably determines where it would currently be possible to fill an offset order by looking at the HBP price in the sell leg. In the ongoing example, a quantity of 1 in column 1024 at the HBP price of 104.23 is shown in column 1028.

[0109] At step 1206, a value used in determining the weighted average of prices is found at that quantity, so using a general variable, B, the price determined at that quantity can be calculated: B=(1)(104.23)=104.23. The variable, B, represents the actual price multiplied by the most recent quantity determined in step 1204.

[0110] At step 1208, another general variable, Total, is calculated to be used in the weighted average price: Total=B+Total (initially, total=0)=104.23+0=104.23. The variable, Total, represents a running total of B in step 1206.

[0111] At step 1210, it is determined whether there is sufficient quantity to offset the order, in this example, a quantity of 4 more is needed (5−1=4).

[0112] At step 1212, the next lower price level from the HBP is determined (or a next higher level from the LAP, if used), which is a quantity of 6 in column 1024 at price of 104.22 in column 1028. This value will be used in step 1206.

[0113] At step 1206, the remaining quantity of 4 is needed (determined from step 1210), so B=(4)(104.22)=416.88.

[0114] At step 1208, Total=B+Total=416.88+104.23=521.11.

[0115] At step 1210, it is determined that there is sufficient quantity to complete the order (i.e., a quantity of 6 is available in column 1024 at a price of 104.22 in column 1028, however only a quantity of 4 is needed to offset the order).

[0116] At step 1214, Total is divided by the total number of quantity included in the order, which is 5. Thus, Total/5=(521.11)/5=104.222. So, the weighted average for the price in the second leg is p₂=104.222.

[0117] Referring back to FIG. 11, at step 1104, the price at which to quote in the first leg can be calculated using either EQN 1 or EQN 2.
k=m_leg1p_leg1+m_leg2p_leg2+ . . . +m_legnp_legn;
k=0.860; n=2; m₁=1; m₂=−1; p₂=104.222; p₁=unknown

[0118] Solving for the unknown price to quote the first leg, p₁=105.08 (105.082 rounded down) (Note that due to rounding, the weighted average approach results in the same price as with the previous approach, however, this may not always be true.)

[0119] At step 1106 in FIG. 11, it is determined whether there are any legs which remain to be quoted. The steps 1104 and 1106 are repeated until all of the legs have been quoted.

[0120] Continuing with the example in FIGS. 6, 7 and 10, the second leg is also quoted. So, the automatic spreader will place an order to sell 5 in the second leg, using information from the first leg. The automatic spreader starts by looking to the inside market of the first leg, and in particular, looks to the lowest ask price (LAP) with quantity, which in this example is a quantity of 1 in column 1018 at a price of 105.13 in column 1020.

[0121] As described above, in one embodiment, once enough offsetting quantity is found, the automatic spreader can use the lowest bid price (or the highest sell price depending on if it is a buy) of the quantity used. Again, the quantity needed to offset the order is 5. However, the ask quantity of 1 in column 1018 at 105.13 is not enough to offset the order of 5. Thus, the automatic spreader looks to the next level of quantity to supplement the ask quantity of 1, and in this example, finds an ask quantity of 3 in column 1024 at 104.22 and a ask quantity of 6 in column 1024 at 105.16. As a result, the buy quantity of 1 plus 3 plus 1 of the ask quantity of 6 may be used to offset the order of 5. According to this embodiment, the price for the first leg is 105.16.

[0122] At step, 1104, it is determined where to quote the second leg, preferably this step uses the same equation as the first leg:
k=m_leg1p_leg1+m_leg2p_leg2+ . . . +m_legnp_legn,

[0123] k=0.860; n=2; m₁=1; m₂=−1; p₂=unknown; p₁=105.16

[0124] Solving for the price to quote in the second leg, P₂=104.30.

Therefore, a sell order 1036 of 5 in column 1022 is entered in the second leg at 104.30 in column 1028. This is evidenced by the entered sell order 1036 in FIG. 10.

[0125] Alternatively, finding the weighted average of prices of the quantity needed for an offsetting order can instead be calculated:
p1=((*105.13)+(3*105.15)+(1*105.16))/5=105.148.
Thus, p1=105.148.

[0126] At step, 1104, it is determined where to quote the second leg, preferably this step uses the same equation as the first leg:
k=m_leg1p_leg1+m_leg2p_leg2+ . . . +m_legnp_legn,
k=0.860; n=2; m₁=1; m₂−1; p₂=unknown; p₁=105.148

[0127] Solving for the price to quote in the second leg, p₂=104.29 (104.288 rounded up).

Therefore, a sell order 1036 of 5 in column 1022 could be entered in the second leg at 104.29 in column 1028 (not shown).

[0128] This process continues until all of the legs are quoted.

[0129] In the preferred embodiment, the user may instead select to have the automatic spreader quote only based on the inside market prices by unselecting the “Adjust For Market Depth” icon in a spread configuration window for any given leg. Using the above example, if this option was unselected, then when quoting the first leg, price_leg2 would have been set at 104.23. The offsetting order on the first leg would have been entered, then, at
spread price=(price_leg1*m_leg1)+(price_leg2*m_leg2)

• • [0130] spread price=0.860;
  • [0131] m_leg1=1;
  • [0132] m_leg2=−1;
  • [0133] price_leg1=unknown
  • [0134] price_leg2=104.23
  • [0135] then, plugging in the known values into EQN 1 or EQN 2 gives:
    0.860=(price)(1)+(104.23)(−1), where price_leg1=105.09.

[0136] Similarly, for quoting the second leg, price_leg1 would have been set at 105.13 and the offsetting order on the second leg would have been entered at 104.27.

[0137] Regardless of which method is used to quote a leg, the automatic spreader preferably determines if there is enough quantity to complete an offsetting order before an order is entered. In the examples above, there was enough quantity to complete the offsetting order and thus the automatic spreader allowed the entering of the buy order in the spread. Preferably, the automatic spreader allows a trader to select how to enter orders when there is not enough quantity to complete the order, but alternatively, the automatic spreader could be programmed on how to enter orders when there is not enough quantity to complete the order. In a preferred embodiment, when there is not enough quantity to complete the offsetting order, the automatic spreader does not allow the order (i.e., to buy or sell the spread) to be entered at that time, and preferably advises the trader that there is not enough quantity to complete the order. The trader can change his or her order accordingly. In another preferred embodiment, when only a fraction of the offsetting order can be completed, the automatic spreader will allow an order for only the fraction available and advise that the order could not be entered for the remaining portion of the order. For example, assume that a trader has attempted to enter an order to buy 30, but only 10 was available at that time, then in this embodiment, the automatic spreader would enter an order to buy 10, and advise the trader that the remaining 20 could not be entered. In yet another preferred embodiment, if there was enough quantity at the time the order was entered, but the quantity changed and now there is not enough quantity to complete the order, the automatic spreader can delete the order or part of the order, if possible. Alternatively, the automatic spreader can be programmed to look for more quantity than is needed to complete an offsetting order before an order is entered to operate as a protective mechanism that would increase the likelihood that an offset will get filled. There are many other ways in which the automatic spread may allow orders to be entered or not entered, depending on available quantities in the market and the invention is not limited to any particular approach.

B. Re-pricing of Quotes

[0138] At this point, a user has already entered an order. As the markets for each leg move, the price levels of the working orders in the legs need to change in order to maintain the spread level being sought by the trader. Preferably, the automatic spreader automatically moves the working orders in the legs accordingly. A trader may want to limit the number of times the automatic spreader re-quotes the legs. This may desirably reduce the chances of losing a trader's spot in the queue at the exchange, or may reduce the charges for submitting orders at an exchange, etc. Thus, in the preferred embodiment, the automatic spreader allows an acceptable range of prices to change before the automatic spreader re-prices the order into the legs. Therefore, if the market has moved, but is still within the acceptable range set by the user, the working orders in the legs will not be moved. Accordingly, if a working order gets filled the actual price that the trader purchased or sold the spread at may be different (within the acceptable range set by the trader) than the price of the spread at which the trader originally entered the order.

[0139] This acceptable range is defined by variables that are referred to herein as “slop”. Generally, slop is a number based on units of change in whatever denomination the prices of the spread are calculated A preferred embodiment uses values for both an ‘inside’ and an ‘outside’ slop. As described herein, the inside slop value generally defines the worst price (the highest in the case of spread bid and the lowest in the case of a spread offer) a user is willing to accept for a spread, and the outside slop generally defines the best price (the lowest in the case of a spread bid and the highest in the case of a spread offer) the user is willing to accept for a spread. Referring back to the spread configuration window 600 in FIG. 6, the slop variables can be set by the user with ‘Inside Slop’ and ‘Outside Slop’ fields 608 and 610. In the preferred embodiment, a slop value of 0 indicates that the slop range is zero, and more specifically, that the legs will be re-quoted every time the market prices in the legs move. The larger the slop value, the larger the slop range will be, which allows for more market fluctuation before the automatic spreader re-quotes the legs.

[0140] As previously described above, using slop, the spreader will change the price levels of working orders in the legs when the working spread changes such that it is out of the range between the inner and outer prices. Whenever market prices change, a trader's working spread orders are preferably checked against the trader's desired spread price for price validity (e.g., whether or not they are within the slop settings).

[0141] For spread bid:
Inner Price=Target Price+Inside Slop  [EQN 6]
Outer Price=Target Price−Outside Slop  [EQN 7]
If Outer Price<=Working Price<=Inner Price, then the working orders in the legs may be unchanged. Otherwise, working orders may be re-calculated and re-entered pursuant to the quoting algorithms described above.

[0142] For spread offer:
Inner Price=Target Price−Inside Slop  [EQN 8]
Outer Price=Target Price+Outside Slop  [EQN 9]
If Inner Price<=Working Price<=Outer Price, then the working orders in the legs may be unchanged. Otherwise, working orders may be re-calculated and re-entered pursuant to the quoting algorithms described above.

[0143] In the calculations above, the ‘working price’ is the trader's working spread price based on the current markets in the legs. The working price starts off equal to the user's target or desired price, and moves up and down in price as the market fluctuates. The ‘target price’ is the desired price of the trader's spread order entered in the spread window. The ‘inner price’ and ‘outer price’ are the prices that form the slop range that are preferably set by the user. Below are two examples that further illustrate slop and the automatic re-pricing mechanism.

[0144] FIG. 13 shows a spread window 1300 for this example. Assume that a trader has working spread orders at a bid price of 80.00 and an offer price of 84.00. Assuming that this example involves a two leg spread, the spread bid corresponds to a bid in a first leg and an offer in a second leg. Similarly, the spread offer corresponds to an offer in the first leg and a bid in the second leg.

[0145] Assuming that both the inside and outside slop settings in the spread configuration window were set to 5, the spread range for the offer would be between the prices of 79.00 and 89.00 and the spread range for the bid would be between the prices of 75.00 and 85.00. According to this example, the working spread range values are calculated as follows:

• • [0146] For the spread bid:
    Inner Price=80.00+5=85.00
    Outer Price=80.00−=75.00
  • [0147] For the spread offer:
    Inner Price=84.00−5=79.00
    Outer Price=84.00+5=89.00

[0148] FIG. 14 shows a graph illustrating the working offer spread for this example. The target price is 84.00 and the slop range is between 79.00 and 89.00. The prices at which the working orders in the legs are quoted only change when the working spread price crosses either the outer price designation or the inner price designation. Thus, an order might not be filled at the original order price of 84.00, but at a price within the slop range of 79.00-89.00. It should be understood that the invention is not limited to this exact use of inside or outside slop and is not limited to triggering a change in the working orders based on the working price crossing either the inner or outer price designations. For example, alternatively the working orders can be re-priced if the working spread price reaches either the outer or inner price designations.

[0149] FIG. 15 shows a graph illustrating the working bid spread offer for this example. The target price is 80.00 and the slop range for the bid is between the prices of 75.00 and 85.00. Only when the working spread crosses either the outer price designation or the inner price designation, will the working orders be re-priced. Again, an order might not be filled at the original order price of 80.00, but at a price within the slop range of 75.00-85.00.

[0150] In yet another example, assume that a trader is trying to buy a spread at a price of 700 with an inside slop of 20 and an outside slop of 50. Thus, if the working spread price remains within a range of 650-720, the auto spreader may not re-price the working orders in either of the two spread legs. Moreover, this also means that the trade may get filled anywhere between 650-720, even though the spread order bid is at 700. Similarly, if the trader were trying to sell the spread at 700 with the same slop values, the acceptable fill range is between 680-750. The relevant spread parameters might include for leg A: spread ratio=1, multiplier=10, active quoting on; for leg B: spread ratio=−1, multiplier=−10, and active quoting is turned off. Also, for the purposes of this example it is assumed that the trader has chosen to use inside market prices as the basis for quoting.

[0151] For this example, the trader wants to buy the spread at 700, assuming that the market is currently:

[0152]

	Bid	Offer
Leg A:	1000	1005
Leg B:	900	920

Knowing that the trader would have to sell leg B at 900, the auto spreader calculates where to put the buy in for leg A to achieve a spread price of 700 by using either EQN 1 or EQN 2:
(10*X)−(10*900)=700
X=970
So, the spreader places a bid in leg A for 970. Now, assume the slop settings are an inside slop of 20 and an outside slop of 50.

[0153] In this embodiment, because the trader is buying the spread, the inside slop applies to spread prices above the target price, and the outside slop applies to spread prices below the target price. If the trader were selling the spread, the opposite would be true. So, in this particular case, with these slop settings (i.e., inside slop=20, outside slop=50), the trader is trying to buy the spread at 700, but in the interest of avoiding constant quoting the trader is willing bid the spread in a range between 650 and 720. Since the trader is only actively quoting leg A, the only thing that might cause the order in leg A to move, is a change in the buy price for leg B (e.g., because the trader would like to sell leg B).

[0154] Now, assume that the market in B moves to 899 in leg B, 920 in leg A. Thus, if our working buy order in leg A were to hit at 970, the order in leg B would sell at 899 and the spread price would be:
(10*970)−(10*899)=710
The spread price of 710 is within the acceptable range of spread prices (i.e., 650-720) so the automatic spreader would not move the resting order in leg A at 970. Next, assume that the market in leg B drops to 896 in leg B, 919 in leg A. If the working buy order in leg A were hit at 970, the order in leg B would sell at 896 which implies:
(10*970)−(10*896)=740

[0155] This price (i.e., 740) is now outside of the acceptable price range established by the slop so the quote in leg A is moved. The automatic spreader would then calculate the new price for leg A based on the spread order price of 700 and a bid price in leg B of 896:
(10*x)−(10*896)=700
X=966
The automatic spreader changes the price of the bid order on leg A to 966. Now, assume that the bid in B moves back up to 900. If the buy order at 966 in leg A is filled and leg B would sell at 900. That gives a spread price of:
(10*966)−(10*900)=660
The spread price of 660 is within the acceptable range of 650-720, so the quote in leg A does not need updating. However, suppose that the bid in leg B continues up to 903. If the buy order at 966 in leg A is filled and sell leg B at 903, it would give us a spread price of:
(10*966)−(10*903)=630
Since, the spread price of 630 is outside the acceptable range of 650-720, the buy order in leg A would be updated, like before:
(10*X)−(10*903)=700; X=973
Thus, the working order in A is moved up to 973.

[0156] In the preferred embodiment, a trader can choose the particular manner in which the automatic spreader re-prices orders. For example, preferably the trader can choose to cause the automatic spreader to delete old orders and enter new orders or the trader can choose to have the automatic spreader use cancel/replace orders.

C) After an Order is Filled

[0157] Once a leg is filled, an “offset order” is preferably sent to fill the other leg(s) at either the market price or as a limit order with pre-defined “pay-up ticks,” depending on the configuration of the spread as set by the user. A market order is a bid or ask order that is executed at the best price currently available in the market. In this embodiment, the best prices are those prices nearest to the inside market, where the inside market is the highest bid price and the lowest ask price for the tradeable object being traded for which there is quantity in the market. A limit order is executed at a specific price as dictated by the trader, regardless of whether it is the best price and/or regardless of whether there is sufficient quantity available for an immediate fill.

[0158] Preferably, the user may configure the automatic spreader 214 to use either of these two offset techniques, but alternatively, other offset techniques known in the art of trading may be implemented. Referring to FIG. 6, the value entered in the ‘Offset with’ field 624 may be used to determine whether quantities are entered as market orders or limit orders. If the ‘Offset with’ field 624 is set to ‘market orders’, then quantities will be entered into the market as market orders. If the field 624 is set to ‘limit orders’, then quantities will be entered as limit orders based on the value in the ‘Payup Ticks’ field 626. The limit orders can be based on any price level, either pre-set or customizable by the user. In the preferred embodiment, the limit orders are based on a price that will achieve the desired spread. Alternatively, the limit orders are based on the inside market (either the best offer in the case of a bid or the best bid in the case of an offer).

[0159] In this embodiment, the ‘payup tick’ value in field 626 represents the number of ticks (a tick is the minimum change in a price value that is set by the exchange for a tradeable object) that a trader is willing to pay beyond the basis of the limit price to complete a spread. To establish the price of the limit order, the payup tick value is added to the basis for a buy order and subtracted from the basis for a sell order. This allows the trader to set a level of tolerance with respect to the filling of an additional leg. In the preferred embodiment this tolerance is defined by the user specifying a number of ticks but the invention is not limited to this particular technique. The use of pay-up ticks is further illustrated in the example below.

[0160] For example, when quoting one leg of a two-legged spread, after the working order is filled in the quoted leg, the automatic spreader will preferably send an offset market order to fill the other leg. If the automatic spreader is quoting both legs of a two-legged spread, after one of the working orders in one of the legs is filled, the automatic spreader preferably sends an offset market order to the other leg and then attempts to delete the working order that was being quoted in the other leg. If some or all of that working order gets filled before it can be deleted, in the preferred embodiment, the automatic spreader sends a corresponding offset market order to the other leg. This situation is called a double fill scenario. Alternatively, the automatic spreader can be set to first delete the working order being quoted in the other leg before sending the offset market order. The invention is not limited to the specific technique used.

[0161] When a partial quantity is filled in one of these legs, the spread ratio settings are preferably used to determine the quantity of the order that is sent into the second leg's market For example, suppose a trader is working a 10-by-30-spread order and two of the 10 working quantity are filled on the first leg (20% of the working quantity). An equal percentage (20%) of the offset quantity may be sent into the market for the second leg. For the above example, a quantity of six (20% of 30) would be sent into the second leg's market, and the quantity of the spread would be adjusted based on the partially filled quantity. If the quantity (or spread units) are not whole numbers, the automatic spreader can round up/down or truncate, depending on how it is programmed.

[0162] Referring to FIG. 16, assume that a trader is working a spread for products A and B, sells the actively quoted quantity for Product B and consequently now wants to buy in product A in order to complete the spread. Assume that the desired spread value can be achieved by buying product A and a price of 63. Therefore, in the preferred embodiment, the price of 63 is the basis for calculating the limit order. Also assume that the ‘payup tick’ field for that leg contains a value of three. As such, a limit order may be entered at a price of 66.0, which is the equivalent to the basis plus the three payup ticks. If there is sufficient quantity available to complete the spread at a bid price of 66.0 or less, that quantity might be filled immediately. If no such quantity is available, the limit order might not immediately be filled, but may instead remain entered at the price of 66.0 until sufficient quantity becomes available. In addition, if the trader sets the ‘payup tick’ value to three and a limit order is entered at a price that is three ticks from the basis, but quantity is available at a price better than where his limit order was entered, he might get filled at that better price. The payup tick feature of the preferred embodiment thereby puts a limit (the extent of which is defined by the payup ticks) on how far away from the basis the trader is willing to allow an offset order to be filled. On the other hand, by enabling the feature a trader is risking that he will not be filled at all on a leg of the spread.

A. Using a Visual Indicator to Identify Spread Orders

[0163] In a preferred embodiment, a visual indicator is used to identify a spread window and the spread's associated orders from other spreads and/or orders. In this embodiment, the visual indicator is a color used to identify or distinguish a spread and its corresponding orders from other spreads and/or orders. Referring to FIG. 6, the leg color ID 612 allows a user to select the color for the spread. For example, according this embodiment, a green visual indicator is used (text may be used to indicate color in the figures). In this example, a trader can visually determine the spread and the corresponding orders in legs 1 and 2 by matching the green color shown in FIG. 7. Then, to trade a second spread, which is separate from the first “green” spread, another color may be chosen that is different from green to distinguish the second spread from the first spread. This may be repeated for as many spreads and orders as are traded.

[0164] In an alternate embodiment, other indicators such as text may be used to identify a spread window and the spread's associated orders from other spreads and/or orders. Moreover, a combination of indicators such as text and color may be used. Such indicators preferably allow a trader to easily and quickly distinguish spread orders from other spread orders, as well as orders entered directly into the underlying legs.

B. Multiple Spread Windows

[0165] In this embodiment, multiple spreader windows may be open, depending on the application. Each spreader window may be independent from each other, even if they share common legs.

C. Ability to Trade in Legs

[0166] In this embodiment, a user may also trade in the legs. That is, orders may be entered directly into one or more of the legs as trades that are independent from the spread trade. Using a visual indicator, or lack thereof, leg trades may be distinguished from working orders for a spread trade.

D. Ability to Move/Cancel Spread Quotes in Legs

[0167] In this embodiment, a user can move and/or cancel orders in any of the legs at any time before filling. For example, in FIG. 10, the spread window 1000 has an order entered at a price of 0.860. To delete the order 1032, the “Delete 5” icon 1040 can be pressed, which will delete only the order entered to buy 5 of the spread at 0.860. Alternative techniques can be used to delete the working orders, such as left clicking directly on the working order. Other orders in column 1006 (not shown) may also be deleted, along with the order 1032, by pressing the “Del All” icon 1042. Moreover, the order 1032 can be moved to a different price, by dragging the order to another cell in column 1006.

[0168] The same is true for orders entered in the legs. Using the delete icons shown in the legs, a user can delete some or all of the orders for that particular tradeable object. In addition, orders in the legs can be moved in a similar fashion as moving spread orders. Although, moving orders in the legs that are related to a spread may change the target or implied price of the spread.

[0169] The present embodiments facilitate the automatic trading of spreads. The present embodiments may assist a trader who trades in a competitive electronic trading environment. Sometimes, information in the markets is moving so rapidly that even the human mind cannot comprehend the numbers in a fast enough manner as to make accurate trades. The present embodiments, however, can take this fast-moving market information and may automatically calculate what to quote, what price to quote at, and how much to quote, in addition to other useful aids. This can result in successfully making trades at the most favorable prices.

[0170] Moreover, they provide a user with the ability to create a spread between one or more tradeable objects. This provides a unique opportunity to a trader because it allows the trader to trade a spread not otherwise offered by an exchange. The present embodiments provide a flexible solution because they allow a user to select which tradeable objects they desire to trade as a spread, and upon selection, a spread window may be generated and displayed. Moreover, the user can submit orders for one or more legs, while aspects of the present embodiments automatically and actively quote the other legs in order to achieve the spread. Other embodiments also assist the trader by allowing for the efficient and quick re-pricing of quotes in the legs of the spread and by allowing the trader to set tolerance levels (slop) so that the automatic spreader can automatically determine when to re-price in an efficient manner as specified by the trader. In addition, an embodiment allows the trader to easily simultaneously trade multiple spreads and the legs of the spread, across one or more markets. Furthermore, the present embodiments may allow a trader to identify an opportunity they would like to trade, automatically place the orders that establish the opportunity, and manage the opportunity until it closes.

[0171] There are many ways in which the present embodiments can be utilized in trading tradeable objects. Therefore, it should be understood that the above description of the invention and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the present invention, are given by way of illustration and not limitation. Many changes and modifications within the scope of the present invention may be made without departing from the spirit thereof, and the present invention includes all such changes and modifications. For example, the methods for generating the spread window may be modified for a particular type of trading, and in particular, for a particular type of spread trading. In yet another example, the methods for quoting the legs may also be modified for a particular type of trading.