Method for creating a double bundle ligament orientation in a single bone tunnel during knee ligament reconstruction

[0001] This a application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/515,429, filed Oct. 30, 2003.

[0002] 1. Field of the Invention

[0003] The present invention relates to cruciate ligament reconstruction, and more specifically to anatomically accurate cruciate ligament reconstruction using double-bundle ligament grafts in single bone tunnels.

[0004] 2. Description of the Related Art

[0005] Cruciate ligament reconstruction is routinely performed by creating femoral and tibial tunnels, and various graft types are used to replace the native cruciate ligament. Most reconstructions are performed using a single-bundle ligament graft made of autograft or allograft material.

[0006] Biomechanical studies have shown that an anatomic double-bundle cruciate ligament reconstruction can be superior in restoring normal knee laxity compared with conventional single-bundle isometric reconstructions. Double-bundle reconstructions, as compared to single-bundle reconstructions, more closely approximate the structure and configuration of the native tendon, and better accommodate the knee's “screw-home” mechanism.

[0007] Double-bundle reconstructions currently involve individual fixation for each strand of the graft. The need to individually fixate each strand of the double-bundle graft adds to the complexity and cost of the procedure. Double-bundle reconstructions also are performed as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,623,524 to Schmieding, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Methods for repairing torn cruciate ligaments using double-bundle grafts that are simpler to complete and more closely approximate the native ligament development would enhance reconstruction results.

[0008] The present invention provides methods and apparatus for fixing a double bundle ligament in single bone tunnels during knee ligament reconstruction. The techniques produce a more anatomically correct ligament reconstruction, particularly as in the case of the anteromedial and posterolateral bundles of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL).

[0009] In order to reestablish native anatomical biomechanics of the damaged ligament, the fixation method of the present invention provides a double bundle configuration of the ligament using a single tunnel at each of the femoral and tibial attachment sites.

[0010] A double, triple, or quadruple graft is prepared, and a femoral socket and a tibial tunnel, in the form of axially elongate openings, are created for ligament reconstruction in the standard fashion. Reference is made to examples of standard ligament reconstruction techniques disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,320,626 to Schmieding and U.S. Pat. No. 5,350,383 to Schmieding et al., the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0011] A notcher, burr or rasp is used to remove material from the tunnel walls to notch or widen the tunnel openings. The notches accommodate graft strands that are forced against the tunnel walls and into the notches by a fixation implant inserted between strands of the replacement graft, as described further below.

[0012] The notches are oriented such that strands of a ligament graft fixed in the tunnel achieve an orientation that more closely approximates that of the native ligament bundles. A fixation implant installed between strands of the graft spread the strands to approximate the anatomical attachment and functionality of the ligament being replaced. In a preferred embodiment, fixation is achieved using an interference implant, preferably in the form of a threaded screw. The technique provides simultaneous anatomical spreading and fixation in each tunnel.

[0013] An exemplary application of the technique to reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament in the human knee features positioning a threaded interference screw between the anteromedial and posterolateral bundles of the ACL in each of the pre-formed tibial tunnel and femoral socket. Installation of the tibial and femoral screws preferably is made in a retrograde fashion, reference being made to examples of retrograde interference fixation described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,461,373 to Wyman et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0014] The reconstruction techniques according to the present invention provide a more anatomical reconstruction that maximizes graft stiffness with true joint line fixation, which reduces tunnel widening. In addition, with respect to knee reconstructions, the techniques substantially increase femoral and tibial graft fixation strength compared to standard interference screws. Further, the invention maintains graft tension during tibial screw fixation, and replaces the need for double tunnel surgery using reproducible transtibial techniques and instrumentation.

[0028] An exemplary method of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in a human knee according to the present invention is described below in conjunction with FIGS. 1-12. The teachings, methods, and techniques presented can be applied as well to other surgical applications, including without limitation posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction in the human knee, for example, as well as reconstructions of other ligaments and joints in humans and skeletal creatures. Adaptations and adjustments to the exemplary technique of human ACL reconstruction described undoubtedly will be necessary in the other surgical applications. They will be well within the skill of the practitioner capable of understanding and undertaking the present teachings and techniques, however, and readily accomplished without undue experimentation.

[0029] Referring initially to FIG. 1, a double hamstring autograft or tibialis tendon allograft 2 of a minimum length of 140 mm is preferred for the double bundle ACL technique. A midline 4 is marked and 20 mm whip-stitches 6, 8 of #2 FiberWire™ suture is placed on each side of the graft mid line 4. (FiberWire™ suture is sold by Arthrex, Inc. of Naples, Fla., the assignee of the present application, and is described and claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,716,234, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference). Suturing across the midline 4 is avoided to allow for folding of the graft during tunnel insertion, described in more detail below. Another pair of 20 mm whip-stitches 10, 12 is placed 50 mm from the proximal ends of the graft 2 to enhance tibial RetroScrew fixation, described further below. A #5 FiberWire™ graft passing suture 14 is looped around the midline 4. Sutures 16, 18 are secured with whip-stitching to the ends of graft 2.

[0030] Referring to FIG. 2, a skeletal knee joint 20 is illustrated showing terminal portions of a femur 22 with femoral condyles 24 engaging medial and lateral menisci 26, 28 of a tibia 30. A portion of a fibula 32 also is shown. Femoral socket 34 and tibial tunnel 36 are prepared in standard transtibial fashion. Femoral socket orifice 38 is notched at the 10:00 (40) and 4:00 (42) positions for left knee 20, to accommodate anteromedial and posterolateral bundles of graft 2, described below in further detail. The anterior and posterior tibial tunnel orifices are notched using a 5 mm wide Retro Tunnel notcher 44, sold by Arthrex, Inc. of Naples, Fla.

[0031] Referring to FIG. 3, graft 2, folded at the midline 4. is passed into the femoral socket 40. A #2 FiberStick™ 46 (FiberStick™ is a length of FiberWire™ with a stiffened tip, disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2003/0153948, incorporated herein by reference) is preloaded in a RetroScrew driver 48 with a 2 cm length extending from the tip of driver 48. The driver 48 is inserted through the tibial tunnel 36 anterior the graft 2. The extended end of FiberWire™ 46 is retrieved and pulled out an anteromedial portal. The FiberStick™ 46 is inserted to a head of a femoral retroscrew 50. The FiberStick™ 46 is knotted at the tip of the Femoral RetroScrew 50 with at least three half hitches. The Femoral RetroScrew 50 is then snapped into the end of a Shoehorn Cannula 52, sold by Arthrex, Inc. of Naples, Fla. The cannula 52 is inserted into the anteromedial portal and a cannula obturator (not shown) is used to push the screw 50 into the joint.

[0032] Referring to FIG. 4, the retroscrew 50 is urged by drawing on FiberStick 46 until the RetroScrew 50 is in axial alignment with tibial tunnel 36. The Femoral RetroScrew 50 is then mounted on the tip of driver 48, care being taken to remove soft tissue from the driver/screw interface prior to seating the screw 50. The RetroScrew 50 is fully inserted onto the driver when a laser line 54 is flush with the head of the screw. The FiberStick™ suture 46 is removed out the anteromedial portal.

[0033] Referring next to FIG. 5, graft 2 is pulled distally to visualize the whip-stitching 6, 8 and to position the Femoral RetroScrew 50 between the two strands of the folded graft 2. The graft 2 is pulled slowly so that it is seated fully in the femoral socket 40 while advancing the screw 50 into the femoral socket 40 between the graft strands. A probe (not shown) may be used to orient the two bundles of graft 2 anatomically into the respective notches of femoral tunnel 40. The distal end of the whip-stitching 6, 8 should be flush with the opening of tunnel 40 prior to insertion of screw 50.

[0034] The graft 2 is tensioned in the femoral socket 40, and graft strands are positioned into the notches of the femoral tunnel 40. The Femoral RetroScrew 50, is positioned between the graft strands and axially aligned with the tunnel 40 in 90° of knee flexion. The diameter of femoral RetroScrew 50 should be equal to or 1 mm larger than the diameter of the drilled femoral socket. The femoral RetroScrew 50 separates the folded graft 2 into two anatomical bundles. The concentrically-positioned screw 50, under the looped graft 2, substantially increases femoral pull-out strength of the graft 2 as compared to prior techniques.

[0035] Referring to FIG. 7, the knee is cycled and the driver 48 is reloaded with a #2 FiberStick™ 56 and reinserted up the tibial tunnel 36 anterior to the graft 2. The proximal end of the FiberStick™ 56 is retrieved and pulled out the anteromedial portal using a grasper 58.

[0036] Referring to FIG. 8, the end of FiberStick™ 56 is passed through the tip of a Tibial RetroScrew 60 having a diameter appropriate to the tibial tunnel diameter. A Mulberry knot is tied behind the round head of the retroscrew 60. The Tibial RetroScrew 60 is snapped into the end of the Shoehorn Cannula 52 and the cannula 52 inserted into the anteromedial portal. A cannula obturator is used to push the retroscrew 60 into the joint.

[0037] Referring to FIG. 9, the knee is cycled and the driver 48 is reloaded with a #2 FiberStick™ 62 and reinserted up the tibial tunnel 36 anterior to the graft 2. The Tibial RetroScrew 60 is mounted onto the tip of driver 48 by pulling on the FiberStick™ suture 62. Soft tissue is removed from the screw/driver interface prior to seating of the screw 60. The screw 60 is fully inserted on the driver 48 when a laser line on the driver 48 is flush with the tip of the screw. The FiberStick™ 62 is wrapped around handle posts on the driver 48 (FIG. 10) to secure the screw 60 for retrograde insertion.

[0038] While fully tensioning the graft 2 in approximately 20° of knee flexion, the Tibial RetroScrew 60 is inserted counter-clockwise, anterior to the graft 2 under full visual control. Insertion is completed when the round head of the screw 2 is slightly countersunk with respect to the tibial tunnel orifice. The FiberWire™ 62 is released from the driver handle and withdrawn out the anteromedial portal by pulling from the knotted end using a grasper 58, as shown in FIG. 11.

[0039] Secondary screw fixation of the graft in the tibial tunnel may be performed by inserting a second Femoral RetroScrew 64 into the distal end of the tibial tunnel 36 (in an antegrade fashion). Such bi-cortical fixation of the graft 2 in the tibial tunnel 36 provides maximum graft fixation strength, creates a blood-rich healing environment in the tunnel 36 between the two screws 60, 64, and reduces post-op soft tissue hematoma.

[0040] Although the present invention has been described in connection with preferred embodiments, many modifications and variations will become apparent to those skilled in the art.