US 7,290,288 B2Grant
Method and system for controlling access, by an authentication server, to protected computer resources provided via an internet protocol network
Issue Date:2007-10-30
•187 Claims
•28 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A method and system for controlling access, by an authentication server, to protected computer resources provided via an Internet Protocol network that includes storing (i) a digital identification associated with at least one client computer device, and (ii) data associated with the protected computer resources in at least one database associated with the authentication server; authenticating, by the authentication server, the digital identification forwarded by at least one access server; authorizing, by the authentication server, the at least one client computer device to receive at least a portion of the protected computer resources requested by the at least one client computer device, based on the stored data associated with the requested protected computer resources; and permitting access, by the authentication server, to the at least the portion of the protected computer resources upon successfully authenticating the digital identification and upon successfully authorizing the at least once client computer device.
Metadata
Assignee
- Prism Technologies, L.L.C.
Inventors
- Richard L. Gregg
- Sandeep Giri
- Timothy C. Goeke
Application Information
Application Number:US 10/230,638
Filing Date:2002-08-29
Priority Date:2002-08-29
Art Unit:2134
Classifications
IPC:
H04L21/00
Patent Drawings (28 sheets)
Description
[0001] The present invention generally relates to security systems for use with computer networks. More particularly, the present invention relates to a secure transaction system that is particularly adapted for use with untrusted networks, such as the Internet.
[0002] There are many businesses that are connected to the Internet or some other untrusted network. Such businesses may provide transaction services without charge for certain transactions that can be accessed by any account holder having access to the network. However, the same business may want to generate revenue from other transaction services and also to protect its business assets. In order to generate revenue, there must be control over account holder access, transaction tracking, account data, and billing. For a business to offer transaction services on an untrusted network, such as the web, it must have access to a web server that connects to the Internet. Any account holder with a web browser can then access the web site.
[0003] To implement a secure transaction system for use over the web, businesses need to implement authentication, authorization and transaction tracking. Authentication involves providing restricted access to transaction services that are made available, and this is typically implemented through traditional account holder name-password schemes. Such schemes are vulnerable to password fraud because account holders can share their usernames and password by word of mouth or through Internet news groups, which obviously is conducive to fraudulent access and loss of revenue. Authorization, on the other hand, enables authenticated account holders to access transaction services based on the permission level they are granted. Transaction tracking involves collecting information on how account holders are using a particular web site, which traditionally involved the data mining of web server logs. This information is often inadequate to link web site transaction and a particular account holder who used the web site. There is also no generic transaction model that defines a web transaction, which contributes to the difficulty in implementing an account holder model based upon transactions. Thus, there is a need for an improved secure transaction system and method for securing and tracking usage by a client computer.
Summary of the Invention
[0004] The present invention discloses a system for securing and tracking usage of transaction services or computer resources by a client computer from a first server computer, which includes clearinghouse means for storing identity data of the first server computer and the client computer(s); server software means installed on the first server computer and client software means installed on the client computer(s) adapted to forward its identity data and identity data of the client computer(s) to the clearinghouse means at the beginning of an operating session; and a hardware key connected to the client computer, the key being adapted to generate a digital identification as part of the identity data; the server software means being adapted to selectively request the client computer to forward the identification to the first server computer for confirmation of the hardware key being connected; the clearinghouse means being adapted to authenticate the identity of the client computer responsive to a request for selected services or resources of the first server computer; the clearinghouse means being adapted to authenticate the identity of the first server computer responsive to the client computer making the request; and the clearinghouse means being adapted to permit access to the selected request responsive to successful initial authentication of the first server computer and the client computer making the request; wherein the hardware key is implemented using a hardware token access system, a magnetic card access system, a smart card access system, a biometric identification access system or a central processing unit with a unique embedded digital identification.
Description of the Drawings
[0005] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the secure transaction system embodying the present invention, wherein a secure transaction server is part of a local area network, with the server being connected to the Internet and to the local area network via a firewall;
[0006] FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of the secure transaction system embodying the present invention and illustrating the functional interaction of components of the system and a account holder;
[0007] FIG. 3 is a more detailed block diagram of the schema of the present invention;
[0008] FIG. 4 is a software block diagram illustrating the system architecture of the preferred embodiment in the web environment, also known as the secure transaction system;
[0009] FIG. 5 is a functional block diagram illustrating the structure and operation of the transaction clearinghouse database server process of the preferred embodiment;
[0010] FIG. 6 is a functional block illustrating the structure and operation of the transaction clearinghouse account holder authentication daemon of the preferred embodiment;
[0011] FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating the structure and operation of the transaction daemon of the preferred embodiment;
[0012] FIG. 8 is a functional block diagram illustrating the structure and operation of the transaction clearinghouse administration software of the preferred embodiment;
[0013] FIG. 9 is a functional block diagram illustrating the structure and operation of the server shared object of the preferred embodiment;
[0014] FIG. 10 is a functional block diagram illustrating the structure and operation of the server session manager of the preferred embodiment;
[0015] FIG. 11 is a functional block diagram illustrating the structure and operation of the server login common gateway interface (CGI) program of the preferred embodiment;
[0016] FIG. 12 is a functional block diagram illustrating the structure and operation of the server re-authentication common gateway interface (CGI) program of the preferred embodiment;
[0017] FIG. 13 is a functional block diagram illustrating the structure and operation of the server online application and activation common gateway interface (CGI) program of the preferred embodiment;
[0018] FIG. 14 is a functional block diagram illustrating the structure and operation of the server site administration common gateway interface program of the preferred embodiment;
[0019] FIG. 15 is a flow chart of the operation of the system at the start of a session where a account holder requests access to a secure transaction;
[0020] FIG. 16 is a flow chart of the system illustrating the steps that are taken during the login, account holder authentication and session initiation;
[0021] FIG. 17 is a flow chart of the sequence of steps that occur during transaction service and login;
[0022] FIG. 18 is a flow chart of the sequence of steps taken during a re-authentication operation;
[0023] FIG. 19 is a flow chart of the sequence of steps that occur during a session renewal;
[0024] FIG. 20 is a flow chart of the sequence of steps that occur during a session termination;
[0025] FIG. 21 is a block diagram of the hardware token access device that is part of the preferred embodiment of the present invention;
[0026] FIG. 22 is a block diagram of the magnetic card reader access device and access media that is part of the preferred embodiment of the present invention;
[0027] FIG. 23 is a block diagram of the smart card reader access device and access media that is part of the preferred embodiment of the present invention;
[0028] FIG. 24 is a block diagram of the biometric identification reader access device and access media that is part of the preferred embodiment of the present invention;
[0029] FIG. 25 is a block diagram of the secure central processing unit (CPU) access device and access media that is part of the preferred embodiment of the present invention;
[0030] FIG. 26 is a functional block diagram which illustrates multiple system servers with a single system transaction clearinghouse; and
[0031] FIG. 27 is a functional block diagram illustrating a system having multiple system servers and multiple system transaction clearinghouses.
Detailed Description
[0032] Broadly stated, the present invention is directed to a secure transaction system that is particularly adapted for use with an untrusted network, such as the Internet worldwide web. As used herein, an untrusted network is defined as a public network with no controlling organization, with the path to access the network being undefined and the user being anonymous. A client-server application running over such a network has no control over the transmitted information during all the phases of transmission. The present invention provides a platform for securing transactions between consumers and suppliers on an untrusted network. Because of its superior design and operation, it is capable of operating servers and transaction clearinghouses in a geographically distributed fashion. The present invention implements its platform by restricting transaction services to only authenticated and authorized account holders and by tracking their transaction in a generic transaction model that can be easily integrated to any billing model.
[0033] The system has four major components as shown in FIG. 1 , which are a transaction clearinghouse, indicated generally at 30; account holder administration software, shown generally at 32; a secure transaction server, indicated generally at 34; and a number of account holder software, one of which is shown generally at 36. The account holders are connected to the Internet 38 via a modem connection or a similar means, and the Internet 38 has a connection to the server. The server 34 is connected to a local area network (LAN) 40 through a firewall computer 42. A firewall is used to separate a local area network from the outside world. In general, a local area network is connected to the outside world by a “gateway” computer. This gateway machine can be converted into a firewall by installing special software that does not let unauthorized TCP/IP packets passed from inside to outside and vice versa. The LAN 40 also provides a connection to the account holder administration software 32 and to the transaction clearinghouse 30. While the configuration shown in FIG. 1 has a single secure transaction server 34 and a single transaction clearinghouse server 30, the secure transaction system of the present invention is adapted to be used in other configurations, which may include multiple secure transaction servers being controlled by a single transaction clearinghouse 30 or multiple secure transaction servers that interact with multiple transaction clearinghouses 30. Such flexibility in configurations is an extremely desirable aspect of the present invention.
[0034] With respect to the major components of the system as shown in FIG. 1 , the transaction clearinghouse 30 preferably resides on a back office platform in a corporate network. It has a secure interface to communicate with the secure transaction servers 34, which reside on the same machine that hosts the web server. The account holder software, on the other hand, resides on the account holder's desktop machine. The transaction clearinghouse server is preferably a Sun UNIX server which runs the transaction clearinghouse server processes and the database server. However, the database server could reside on a separate machine. The transaction clearinghouse is the entity that hosts all of the account and transaction data. The transaction clearinghouse provides a secure interface to the secure transaction servers 34, which enables the secure transaction servers 34 to authenticate the account holders and to send account holders' transaction data to the transaction clearinghouse. The transaction clearinghouse consists of a structured query language (SQL) database, which hosts the transaction clearinghouse database as well as an account holder authentication server for authenticating account holders on behalf of the secure transaction servers and processes online applications. The transaction clearinghouse also includes a transaction server that collects transaction data from the secure transaction servers 34 and updates the transaction clearinghouse database. The transaction clearinghouse also includes administration software 32 that provides a thin client graphical user interface to administer the transaction clearinghouse database.
[0035] With respect to the transaction clearinghouse administration software 32, it preferably resides on a desktop PC with a browser and is connected to the LAN 40 so that it can communicate with the transaction clearinghouse database server 30. This software will typically be on the LAN 40 of the organization so that database access through the administration software 32 is restricted within the organization. Using this administration software, an administrator can define the configuration for the account holder services, administer accounts, demographic data and transaction data. In the present invention, it is contemplated that the demographic data can be personal profile information, which may include at least two of the following items of information including: e-mail address, username, password, personal identification number, billing name, billing address, billing city, billing state, billing zip code, billing country, shipping name, shipping address, shipping city, shipping state, shipping zip code, shipping country, shipping method, home phone number, work phone number, cellular phone number, facsimile phone number, credit card number, credit card expiration date, credit card type, debit card number, debit card expiration date, debit card type, card-holders name, date of birth, and social security number.
[0036] With respect to the secure transaction server 34, the software for it is preferably located on the same machine that hosts the web server. It is preferably a Sun Solaris machine or comparable computer. The secure transaction server 34 operates in conjunction with the transaction clearinghouse to authenticate and authorize account holders and to collect their transaction data. The secure transaction server 34 also interacts with the account holder software at the account holder computer 36 to provide transaction capture. The secure transaction server 34 consists of a shared object that is incorporated as a part of the web server software. It also has a collection of common gateway interface programs (CGI's) that implement authentication tasks, such as login and access device polling. A session manager is provided for building sessions for every valid account holder so that a transaction list that contains all of the tasks performed during a account holder's session can be kept. The server also includes a thin client site administration software program that provides a web based visual interface to administer the session manager and maintain account holder profiles. The server sends transaction data to the transaction clearinghouse at the end of every account holder's session and includes added functionality for processing and activating online account applications.
[0037] The account holder computer 36 includes software that enables an account holder's web browser to access the untrusted network. The account holder desktop PC contains a browser to access the untrusted network and also includes account holder software for enabling the account holder to access secure transaction services. The account holder software, in addition to enabling the access to a web site providing secure transaction services, also allows for enforcement of the login process, re-authentication process and transaction tracking. All of these features are controlled by the secure transaction server 34, which sends specific commands to the account holder software 36 to perform the tasks as needed. The account holder software is a plug-in or control that adds secure transaction functionality to standard browser software. The account holder also includes a hardware key for providing two or three factor authentication. FIGS. 21-25 illustrate the hardware key, which include a hardware token, magnetic card reader, smart card reader, or biometric identification reader connected to each account holder's client computer or alternatively a secure central processing unit as part of the account holder's client computer capable of reading access media that generates a unique digital ID.
[0038] The account holder access components preferably use the transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP) and transaction datagram protocol/internet protocol(UDP/IP) to communication with each other. Any communication that needs to go through the web server or the web browser will follow the hyper text transfer protocol (HTTP) which is based on TCP/IP. These protocols are well known to those skilled in the art. The account holder's PC accesses web sites using HTTP. The web server and secure transaction server 34 communicate with each other using UDP/IP. The secure transaction server 34 and the transaction clearinghouse 30 preferably communicate with each other using TCP/IP and the transaction clearinghouse servers communicate with a database using open database connectivity (ODBC) drivers most commonly over a TCP/IP network. The transaction clearinghouse administration software 32 communicates with the database using an ODBC driver, most commonly over a TCP/IP or IPX network.
[0039] The four main components of the preferred embodiment of the system as described with respect to FIG. 1 interact with one another using a distributed architecture which establishes a many-to-many relationship between the secure transaction servers 34 and the transaction clearinghouse 30. One transaction clearinghouse 30 can be monitoring multiple secure transaction servers 34 while each secure transaction server is interacting with multiple account holders 36. Similarly, a secure transaction server 34 can be configured to interact with multiple transaction clearinghouses 30.
[0040] The manner in which the preferred embodiment of the system operates in the web environment can be broadly seen by the functional block diagram of FIG. 2 , which shows the transaction clearinghouse server 30, secure transaction server 34, and account holder 36 with steps that are taken during a session. The first step is for the account holder software 36 to request transaction services and that request is communicated to the secure transaction server 34 that then commands the account holder to login. The account holder software 36 inputs the login parameters that the secure transaction server 34 then forwards to the transaction clearinghouse. If the parameters are valid, the transaction clearinghouse 30 provides a response to the secure transaction server 34 that then enables the account holder software 36 to access the transaction services. The session transaction data is eventually forwarded for storage by the transaction clearinghouse 30.
[0041] While the steps that have been described with respect to FIG. 2 are a very broad overview of the preferred embodiment, the functional block diagram of FIG. 3 provides a more detailed general schema of the present invention. The system includes a server application 44, an account holder or client application 46, both of which are connected to an untrusted network via a traditional communication path indicated by the dotted lines 48 and 50. The system includes a session manager 52 for interacting with the transaction clearinghouse 30 and the secure transaction server 34 and a hardware key 54 which is connected to the account holder software 36. The solid lines connecting the blocks of the numbered components of FIG. 3 represent secure communications whereas the dotted lines are conventional communication paths that may not be secure.
[0042] Rather than describe the functions of the blocks of FIG. 3 , the manner in which these components function will be described in connection with FIGS. 17-23 , which provide more detailed flowcharts that relate to specific operations of the system.
[0043] The manner in which the system translates into the preferred embodiment in the web environment will be described in connection with the functional block diagram illustrated in FIG. 4 . The transaction clearinghouse 30 contains the account and transaction database storage capability. The transaction clearinghouse 30 controls the authentication and authorization of account holders for individually enabled secure transaction web servers. The transaction clearinghouse 30 includes a number of subcomponents, including a transaction clearinghouse database server 56 that provides an open database connectivity (ODBC) interface to a structured query language (SQL) database that contains the account holder database and transaction data warehouse.
[0044] The transaction clearinghouse 30 also has an account holder authentication daemon 58 that processes the requests for account holder authentication by the secure transaction servers 34. A daemon 58 is a program that is not invoked explicitly, but lays dormant waiting for one or more necessary conditions to occur such as an incoming request from one of its client programs. For every account holder authentication request, the account holder authentication daemon 58 first insures it is communicating with an authentic secure transaction server 34, and then it queries the transaction clearinghouse database server 56 to find the account holder's information. Based on this information, it sends an authentication response back to the secure transaction server 34. The account holder authentication daemon 58 also processes the secure transaction server's request for an online account holder application and an online account holder activation.
[0045] The transaction clearinghouse 30 also includes a transaction daemon 60 that is an independent server process that processes transaction data update requests made by secure transaction servers 34. Similar to the account holder authentication daemon 58, the transaction daemon 60 authenticates secure transaction servers before processing their requests. Upon successful authentication, it will accept all of the transaction data sent by a server and update the transaction clearinghouse database 56 with it. The transaction daemon 60 also authenticates secure transaction servers 34 before processing their request. The transaction clearinghouse 30 has administration software 64 that provides a visual interface on a computer with a web browser to administer the transaction clearinghouse database 56.
[0046] With respect to the secure transaction server 34, it runs in conjunction with a web server and is able to provide secure transaction services using the system of the present invention. The secure transaction server 34 authorizes each web transaction that involves account holder access of transaction services and does so by communicating with the account holder software 36 to make the account holders login. If the login is successful, the secure transaction server 34 initiates a session and collects all transaction data so that at the end of a session it can send the transaction data to the transaction clearinghouse. The secure transaction server also provides the functionality of session re-authentication. The secure transaction server includes a number of subcomponents including the session manager 52 which is a server process that processes messages sent by an account holder access shared object 66, an account holder access common gateway interface programs (CGI's) 68 and the transaction clearinghouse 30.
[0047] When an account holder 36 tries to log into a secure transaction system enabled web site, the session manager 52 communicates with the transaction clearinghouse 30 to authenticate the account holder. If successful, the session manager will start a new session for the account holder and from that point on, the account holder can access transaction services. Each web transaction during the session is reported to the session manager by the shared object 66 so that the session manager 52 can build a list of transactions for the account holder. At the end of the session, the session manager will send all of the session data and transaction data to the transaction clearinghouse 30 to update the database. If the system is utilizing two or three factor authentication (e.g., the username, password, PIN plus the digital ID generated by the access media read by the hardware key attached to the account holder's computer), the session manager 52 periodically communicates with the shared object 66 to perform re-authentication which involves polling of the account holder software 36 to insure that the hardware key 54 continues to be attached to the account holder computer.
[0048] The server shared object 66 is a binary module which provides function pointers to a web server 69 to perform secure transaction server 34 specific operations. To enable this, the server configuration files need to be changed so that the web server 69 knows which transaction services are provided by the secure transaction system. In this way, whenever an account holder attempts to access a transaction service, the server will call upon the account holder access functions that are defined in the shared object 66 and the web server 69 will not process the request for transaction services until it receives permission to do so from these functions. The functions in the shared object 66 insure that the account holder is operating as a valid session. If it is not a valid session, the functions redirect the account holder to the login process so that a new session can be created for the account holder. Once there is an active session, the shared object 66 will grant permission to the web server 69 to process requests for transaction services and once the request has been processed, the shared object sends a message to the session manager 52 about a particular transaction so that the session manager can update its lists of transactions for the active session.
[0049] There are a number of account holder access common gateway interface programs (CGI'S) that are a part of the secure transaction server 34, including a login CGI 68. Any time an account holder is redirected by the system shared object 66 to login and start a new session, the login CGI gets executed. These CGI's communicate with the account holder software to authenticate the secure transaction server and send a command to force the account holder to login. When the CGI's get the login parameters sent by the account holder software 36, they send a request to the session manager 52 to authenticate the account holder and start a new session. There is also a re-authentication CGI 70 that is provided. Once a session has been initiated, periodically the shared object 66 will redirect the account holder to get re-authenticated. The re-authentication CGI 70 communicates with the account holder software 36 to poll the account holder's machine for the hardware key 54, and based upon the response, the re-authentication CGI's communicates with the session manager 52 to validate re-authentication and renew the account holder session.
[0050] The secure transaction server 34 also includes an online account holder application and activation CGI's 74 which allow a person to apply online for transaction services. The CGI's collect the application data and send it to the transaction clearinghouse 30 that updates the account holder access database. Also, for an existing account holder who is trying to apply for another account, the CGI's will communicate with the transaction clearinghouse to get the account data on the account holder in order to fill out as much of the application automatically as it can. The activation feature is for users who have been approved and are trying to access secure transaction services for the first time. The CGI's for activation insure that the account holder has properly installed the account holder software and then these CGI's will send a message to the transaction clearinghouse to activate the account holder so that these approved users can access the new service. A site administration CGI 76 is another component included for providing an HTML visual interface to define the account holder profile and administer the session manager 52 for that particular account holder profile.
[0051] The account holder software 36 is installed on the account holder's personal computer. This software enables a web browser 77 to access the transaction services 78 provided by the secure transaction server. The account holder software is a plug-in or control that adds secure transaction functionality 79 to standard browser software. The account holder software accepts messages from the web server 69 and takes actions as commanded by the secure transaction server such as making the account holder login, polling for the optional hardware key, encrypting the login parameters and sending it to the secure transaction server. The account holder software also authenticates the server 34 before accepting any commands from it so that only authenticate servers can command the account holder software.
[0052] Referring to FIG. 5 , the main function of the transaction clearinghouse database server 56 is to provide the database interface to the rest of the account holder access components. The transaction clearinghouse database server 56 contains the enterprise-wide account holder and transaction data warehouse. This database server is a SQL server that has an ODBC interface so that the clients can interact with it using ODBC. The processes and application that interact directly with the transaction clearinghouse database server 56 are the account holder authentication daemon 58, the transaction daemon 60, and the thin client transaction clearinghouse administration software 64.
[0053] Referring to FIG. 6 , the account holder authentication daemon 58 interacts with the transaction clearinghouse database server 56, the session manager 52, the account holder application and activation CGI's 74, and any CGI's that use the API's provided by the secure transaction system, such as the credit card processing CGI's 80. In order to start a new session for a account holder, the session manager 52 sends an authenticate login (AL) message to the account holder authentication daemon 58, which queries the transaction clearinghouse database server 56 to find the appropriate account holder records in order to do the login validation. The result of this validation is sent back to the session manager 52 as an authentication response (AR) message.
[0054] The online application CGI's 74 interact with the account holder authentication daemon 58 to process an online account holder application. Normally, users fill out an online application form and submit it to one of the online application CGI's which will send all the application data in the form of an application (AP) message to the account holder authentication daemon. The daemon will verify and update the database with the application information and send back an application response (PR) message to the application CGI's indicating the status of the database update.
[0055] In cases where an existing account holder is applying for another account, the application CGI's 74 communicate with the account holder authentication daemon 58 to get the account holder information on the current account holder so that the application form can be filled automatically. In order to do this, one of the application CGI's 74 sends a verify application (VA) message to the account holder authentication daemon 58. The daemon will query the transaction clearinghouse database server 64 to verify the applicant and get the account holder information. Based on the query results, it will send a verification response (VR) back to the application CGI 74 which will contain the account holder information. The application CGI 74 will fill out the account holder part of the application form with this information. The account holder fills out the rest and submits the form that gets processed through the AP/PR message mentioned previously.
[0056] Once a user has been approved, the user needs to activate the account in order to access transaction services. This can be done online through the online activation CGI's 74. Typically, an approved user (i.e., an account holder) will have to login in order to access the online activation CGI 74, which in turn sends an AA (Activate Applicant) message to the account holder authentication daemon 58 with the approved user's login parameters. The daemon 58 will query the transaction clearinghouse database server 64 to validate this information, and based on the validation results, it will send back an activation response (AR) message to the online activation CGI.
[0057] For web applications that need credit card information on account holders, the account holder authentication daemon 58 provides an API to do so. This also assumes that the account holder has logged in successfully and has an active session, which means these web applications need to be secured. In order to obtain the credit card information, these web applications can send a CC (credit card) message to the account holder authentication daemon 58. The daemon will first validate the account holder and if the validation is successful, it will send back a credit response (CR) to the credit card processing web application 78 that includes the account holder's credit card information.
[0058] Referring to FIG. 7 , the main task of the transaction daemon 60 is to update the transaction clearinghouse database server 56 with transaction data sent by the secure transaction server session manager 52. The transaction daemon 60 is an independent process listening for TCP requests on a specific, well-known TCP port. When a account holder session terminates, the session manager 52 will send a transaction session (US) message to the transaction daemon 60 that provides some generic information about the account holder's session and also the number of transactions in the session. This message is followed by a series of session transaction (ST) messages, where each transaction in that session is represented by a ST message. The transaction daemon 60 reads the US message and the following ST message(s), formulates SQL queries that will update all that data into the transaction clearinghouse database 56. The transaction daemon 60 will then send back a message confirmation (MC) back to the session manager 52 that indicates the status of the database update.
[0059] As shown in FIG. 8 , the transaction clearinghouse administration software 64 is a thin client GUI web-based application for transaction clearinghouse database administration. This software runs on a computer with a web browser and communicates with the transaction clearinghouse database server 56. This application will typically be on the private network of an organization so that database access through the administration software 64 is restricted within the organization. The administration software 64 allows an administrator to define the particular transaction services that can be accessed by an account holder. It allows entering users as an account holder, approving and activating the account holder, and maintaining account holder profiles. It also provides inquiry screens to peruse transaction data. Also provided are table maintenance screens for the code tables in the database. The transaction clearinghouse servers preferably communicate with a database using open database connectivity (ODBC) drivers 81 most commonly over a TCP/IP network, and the transaction clearinghouse administration software 32 communicates with the database using an ODBC driver 81, most commonly over a TCP/IP or IPX network. As shown in FIG. 9 , the account holder access shared object 66 is a binary module that combines with the web server 69 to provide system-specific function pointers to the web server. Thus, when the web server 69 is configured to protect transaction services using the system, it will call upon these system specific functions. These functions provide a variety of features ranging from redirecting an account holder to the login CGI's 68 to communicating with the session manager 52 to authenticate every request for transaction services. Whenever there is an incoming request from a web browser 77 including the account holder software 36 that attempts to access a transaction service, the web server 69 invokes the shared object 66. The shared object 66 calls a secure transaction system function that first looks for an active session ID in the HTTP headers. If it does not find the session ID, it will redirect the account holder to the login CGI's 68 in order to initiate the login process. If it finds a session ID, it sends a check session (CS) message to the session manager 52 to validate the session ID. The session manager 52 will send the results of its validation in a session response (SR) message.
[0060] If the SR message has a SUCCESS status, the shared object 66 grants permission to the web server 69 to process the request for the account holder to access transaction services. At the end of processing this request, the shared object 66 calls another secure transaction system function that sends an end transaction (ET) message to the session manager so that the session manager 52 can log the end time for the specific web transaction. Periodically, the SR message will ask the shared object 66 to perform session re-authentication. At such times, the shared object 66 redirects the account holder to re-authentication CGI's 70.
[0061] With the system architecture, transactions are protected on a directory level. A web master or a system administrator needs to determine which transactions are to be protected and make sure that all these transactions are organized in separate directories from unprotected transaction services. In this way, the web server configuration can be changed to protect these particular directories using the secure transaction system. Among other things, the configuration parameters also need to state where the session manager 52 is running and the port where it is listening for UDP requests. If there are multiple account holders being hosted from the same web servers 69, it is very important to have their transaction services contained in separate directories, and also very important is to have separate copies of session managers 52 running for each account holder. This ensures that account holder authentication, authorization, and transaction tracking is done separately for separate account holders.
[0062] The secure transaction server session manager shown in FIG. 10 is an independent server process. It starts by reading configuration parameters from its configuration file, sessiond.conf. It listens for requests on two different ports—one UDP, and one TCP. The UDP port communicates with the account holder access shared object 66 and the account holder access CGI's that reside on the same machine where the session manager 52 is running. The TCP port is for communication with the account holder access transaction clearinghouse daemons.
[0063] The session manager 52 maintains a binary tree list of all the active account holder sessions. For every session, it maintains a linked list of all the transactions for that session. As stated in the description of the shared object 66, every time a web request comes in for a transaction service, the web server 69 will invoke the shared object 66. The shared object 66 looks at the web server configuration files to determine which session manager 52 (hostname and UDP port number) to send its check session (CS) message. In processing a CS message, the session manager 52 will traverse its list of active sessions looking for the particular session ID, and sends the result of this search back in a session response (SR) message.
[0064] During login, the login CGI's 68 send an initiate session (IS) message to the session manager 52, which will read the login parameters, and send an authenticate login (AL) message to the transaction clearinghouse account holder authentication daemon 58. The session manager 52 will read the account holder authentication daemon's 58 authentication response (AR) and determine whether or not to create a new session entry, and sends a session response (SR) back to the login CGI's 68 indicating the result of the session initiation process.
[0065] While processing a CS message sent by the shared object 66, periodically the session manager 52 will find that a particular session needs to be re-authenticated. In such instances, the session manger 52 will respond back to the shared object 66 with a session response (SR) message that tells the shared object 66 to initiate the re-authentication process. The shared object 66 in turn invokes the re-authentication CGI's 70. The re-authentication CGI's 70 perform the re-authentication task with the account holder software 36, and sends the results in a renew session (RS) message to the session manager 52. The RS message contains the newly encrypted digital ID optionally stored on the access media which is read by the hardware key 54 attached to the account holder's machine. The session manger 52 authenticates the digital ID by comparing it to the information it has in the session entry for the particular account holder. The results of this authentication are sent back to the re-authentication CGI 70 in a session response (SR) message.
[0066] During specific time intervals as set in the session manger 52 configuration, the session manager goes through its list of sessions and times out any idle sessions, flagging them as inactive. These are sessions that have not had an activity in the last n seconds, where n is a session manager configuration (REFRESH_TIME) value. For each one of these inactive sessions, the session manager 52 initiates a process that will send all the transaction data collected for that session to the transaction clearinghouse's transaction daemon 60. The process first reads the session-entry and sends a transaction session (US) message that will tell the transaction daemon 60 how many transaction entries will be sent for that session. The US message is followed by a series of session transaction (ST) messages where each ST message represents a transaction for that session. The process terminates after sending all the US and ST messages. The transaction daemon 60 will update the transaction clearinghouse database with all the transaction data, and sends a message confirmation (MC) message back to the session manager 52. The session manager 52 determines which specific session the MC message is for, and deletes that session and its transactions from its list. If the MC message status is not successful, the session manager 52 tries to resend the transaction data. The number of retries is set in the session manager 52 configuration. If it is still unsuccessful, then the session manger 52 sends an e-mail to the system administrator indicating the error in transaction data update.
[0067] Another entity that the session manager 52 performs processing for is the site administration CGI's 76. The specific operations provided are data recovery, data dump, and data restore features. During data recovery, the site administration CGI's 76 send a DR (data recovery) message to the session manager 52. The session manager 52 will retry sending the transaction data for the session(s) specified in the DR message to the transaction clearinghouse's transaction daemon 60.
[0068] During a data dump, the site administration CGI 76 sends a data dump (DD) message to the session manager 52 who makes a copy of all the active session data into a flat text file under the filename specified in the DD message. During a restore dump, the site administration CGI 76 sends a restore dump (RD) message to the session manager 52 who reads the dump file as named in the RD message and builds its list of sessions and transactions from the dump file data. To all these messages (DR, DD, RD), the session manager 52 sends a SR message back to the site administration CGI's 76 indicating the results of the particular operations whether they were successful or not.
[0069] Referring to FIG. 11 , the login CGI's 68 is initiated when the shared object 66 redirects a account holder to login. It first sends a start login message to the account holder software 36 combined with the web browser 77 through the web server 69. The account holder software 36 then creates a random challenge and sends it to the login CGI's 68 for secure transaction server authentication purposes. The login CGI's 68 encrypts the secure transaction server's password using the challenge sent by the account holder software 36 and sends it back to the account holder software along with a login command and a new random challenge created by the login CGI 68. The account holder software 36 then authenticates the secure transaction server's password, and if it authenticates successfully, it will force the account holder to login. The login parameters obtained from the account holder and the hardware key 54 are encrypted using the challenge sent by the login CGI 68, and sent back to the login CGI.
[0070] The login CGI's 68 take the encrypted login parameters sent by the account holder software 36 and send an initiate session (IS) message to the session manager 52. The session manager 52 conducts the account holder verification with the aid of the transaction clearinghouse 30 and sends back a session response (SR) indicating if a new session entry was created. If SR status is successful, the login CGI 68 will put the session ID in the HTTP headers for re-authentication purposes.
[0071] As shown in FIG. 12 , the re-authentication CGI's 70 are invoked by the account holder access shared object 66. The web server 69 sends a check login message to the account holder software 36 combined with the web browser 77 with a newly created challenge. In response to this message, the account holder software 36 polls the hardware key 54, reads the digital ID from the access media, and encrypts it using the challenge sent by the re-authentication CGI's 70, which is sent back to the re-authentication CGI 70 who will validate the information by sending a renew session (RS) message to the session manager 52. The session manager 52 validates the encrypted digital ID and sends back a session response (SR) message indicating the status of the re-authentication. If SR status is successful, the re-authentication CGI 70 redirects the account holder to the protected transaction services, otherwise they are directed to the login process.
[0072] Referring to FIG. 13 , the online application process is initiated by a new user filling out an HTML application form and submitting it to the application CGI 74. If the user is an existing account holder, a separate link can be activated by the user that will automatically fill out the demographic part of the application form. When an existing account holder goes through this link, the account holder must login. The particular application CGI 74 will then send a verify application (VA) message to the account holder authentication daemon 58. The daemon 58 will first authenticate the account holder, and if the authentication is successful, it will send back the demographic information on the account holder in its verification response (VR) message. The application CGI 74 will fill out the HTML application form with the information in the VR message. For a user who is not an existing account holder, the user is required to go to the application form directly to manually fill out all the fields, and submit the form back to the web server 69.
[0073] When the application form is submitted to the web server 69, the application data is sent to another application CGI 74 who will send an application (AP) message to the account holder authentication daemon 58. The daemon 58 will verify all the application data and update the transaction clearinghouse database. The result of the database update is sent back to the application CGI 74 in an application response (PR) message. The application CGI 74 will then display the result of this process to the user on the web browser 77.
[0074] The application approval process can be conducted in a variety of ways. For account holders offering one-factor authentication only, where a hardware key 54 is not used, a user can be instantly approved during the time of application, in which case the PR message contains the username, password, PIN assigned to the user. This information is immediately displayed back to the user so that the user can quickly proceed with the account holder activation process. Alternatively, another method is not approving the application immediately. Instead, a system administrator will perform additional processing of the application data to ensure that the user meets all the prerequisites of being an account holder. This could involve things like collecting payment, credit checks, etc. Once the requirements are met, the system administrator can approve the user using the transaction clearinghouse administration application software.
[0075] The result of the application approval process is that the user will now be assigned a unique account username and a password. If the account holder uses two-factor authentication, the approval process also involves assigning a unique digital ID to the user, and microcoding that digital ID into the access media read by the hardware key 54. All this information (username, password, PIN, digital ID), the user's hardware key and access media 54, and the account holder software 36 need to be made available to the approved user so that the user can successfully install the hardware key and account holder software 36 on the desktop, and proceed with the activation process.
[0076] The activation process is complete when the user becomes an account holder for a particular set of transaction services. Similar to the application process, this can be done through either online or through the account holder administration software 32. Online activation requires an approved user to install the account holder software on their desktop and visit the activation URL using the web browser 77. When the user clicks on the activation URL, the user must login. At this point, the approved user will use the username, password, PIN and the hardware key when using a two-factor authentication login. The activation CGI 74 takes all this information and sends an approve user (AU) message to the transaction clearinghouse's account holder authentication daemon 58. This daemon 58 will accept the AU message, and verify all the information with the approved user's information in the transaction clearinghouse database. If the verification is successful, the account holder authentication daemon 58 will create a new account holder record for the user if there is not already one, and also create a new account holder record for the particular account holder(s) for which the user was approved for. The result of this process is sent back to the activation CGI in an activation response (RA) message. If RA message status is successful, the activation CGI 74 will display a successful activation message to the account holder, and give the account holder an option to change their password if desired. Otherwise, the activation CGI 74 will display the error message explaining why application activation could not be conducted successfully.
[0077] A feature of the online application and activation process is the password change feature that can be made available as a separate link in a secured web site. This link must be protected by the system so that only valid account holders can use this feature. When this link is accessed, a password/PIN change form is displayed to the account holder where they type in the old and new passwords/PINs. Once this form is submitted, a password/PIN change CGI 82 will send a change password/PIN (CP) message to the account holder authentication daemon 58 in the transaction clearinghouse that will verify the account holder and the old password/PIN. If the verification is successful, the account holder authentication daemon 58 will make the password/PIN change in the transaction clearinghouse database. The status of this process is sent back to the password change CGI 82 in a password/PIN response (RP) response. Based on the RP message status, the password/PIN change CGI will display a message to the account holder indicating whether the password/PIN change was carried out successfully.
[0078] As shown in FIG. 14 , the site administration CGI's 76 allows for the session manager configuration entries to be defined and maintained through an HTML interface. It also allows for the starting, stopping, and restarting of the session manager(s) 52. The specific operations provided by the site administration CGI's 76 that involve message interaction with the session manager 52 are the data recovery, data dump, and the data restore features. During a data recovery, the site administration CGI's 76 send a DR (data recovery) message to the session manager 52. The session manager will retry sending the transaction data for the session(s) specified in the DR message to the transaction clearinghouse's transaction daemon 60.
[0079] During data dump, the site administration CGI 76 sends a data dump (DD) message to the session manager 52 that makes a copy of all the active session data into a flat text file under a specified filename in the DD message. During restore dump, the site administration CGI 76 sends a restore dump (RD) message to the session manager 52, which reads the named dump files(s) from the RD message and builds a list of sessions and transactions from the dump file data. For any of these messages (DR, DD, RD), the session manager 52 sends a SR message back to the site administration CGI's 76 for indicating the results of success or failure for these particular operations.
[0080] FIGS. 4-14 described the software components of the preferred embodiment. The specific operations of the system will now be described in connection with the flow charts of FIGS. 15-20 . In order to distinguish the present invention from the preferred embodiment in the web environment, the flowcharts use different terminology for the system components. The following table provides a cross reference between the flowchart components and the preferred embodiment.
[0081]
| FLOWCHART | REFERRED EMBODIMENT ONTO WEB |
|---|---|
| COMPONENTS | ENVIRONMENT |
| Client Application | Web browser |
| Client Messenger | a module of account holder software |
| Server Authenticator | a module of account holder software |
| Log-in interface | a module of account holder software |
| Access device interface | a module of account holder software |
| Client Cryptographer | a module of account holder software |
| Content Controller | a module of account holder software |
| Network transaction tracker | a module of account holder software |
| Server Application | Web Server |
| Communication Headers | HTTP headers |
| Client Authenticator | a module of Shared Object for Web Server |
| Transaction Monitor | a module of Shared object for Web Server |
| Log-in Enforcer | Log-in CGI's |
| Access device Validator | Re-authentication CGI's |
| Session Validator | a module of Session Manager |
| Session Initiator | a module of Session Manager |
| Session Terminator | a module of Session Manager |
| Authentication Server | Transaction clearinghouse Account holder |
| authentication daemon | |
| Transaction Data Server | Transaction clearinghouse Transaction |
| daemon | |
[0082] Referring to FIG. 15 , the flow chart illustrating the sequence of steps that occur during the start of a session is illustrated and begins with the account holder requesting access to a transaction service (block 100). The server application forwards the request to the client authenticator (block 102). If the session ID is in the communication headers (block 104), the client authenticator sends a check session message to the session validator (block 106), and the session validator searches for a session entry in its list of active sessions (block 108). If the session ID in not in the communication headers (block 104), the client authenticator denies permission to the server application for servicing the account holder's request (block 110). Also, if the active session entry is not found (block 112), the session validator sends an unsuccessful session response to the client authenticator (block 114). However, if there was an active session entry found, a subroutine of transaction service and logging is initiated (block 116), which will be described later in conjunction with FIG. 17 . If the client authenticator, on the other hand, denies permission to the server application (block 110) when the session ID is in the communication header (block 104) or after the session validator sends an unsuccessful session response (block 114), the server application invokes the login enforcer to make the account holder login (block 117). This results in a start login message being sent to the client messenger through the client application (block 118). The client messenger then sends a random challenge to the login enforcer through the server application (block 120), and the login enforcer encrypts the server application password with a client messenger challenger (block 122). The login enforcer then sends a login command in its encrypted password to the client messenger with a new random challenge of its own (block 124), and the client messenger then invokes server authenticator to authenticate server applications password (block 126). If the server authentication is successful (block 128), another subroutine of a login, account holder authentication and session initiation process is initiated (block 130), which will be described in conjunction with FIG. 16 . If not, the client messenger displays a server authentication error message to the account holder (block 132), and the process is completed.
[0083] A flow chart of the login, account holder authentication, and session initiation subroutine is shown in FIG. 16 , and indicated generally at 103. The client messenger first invokes a login interface to prompt account holder for a username, a password, and/or a PIN (block 140). The account holder then enters the username, the password, and/or the PIN (block 142), followed by the login interface requesting the hardware key interface to poll for the hardware key (block 144). If using two or three factor authentication, the hardware key interface reads the digital ID from the access media and sends it to the login interface (block 146). In the case of one factor authentication, the login interface assigns a blank digital ID for the login parameters. The login interface then sends the login parameters, including the username, password and digital ID to the client cryptographer (block 148). The client cryptographer encrypts the password and the digital ID using the challenge sent by the login enforcer and sends them to the login enforcer (block 150). The login enforcer then sends an initiate session message to the session initiator with the encrypted login parameters (block 152). The session initiator accordingly sends an authenticate login message to the transaction clearinghouse account holder authentication server (block 154), and the account holder authentication server accesses the account holder's information from its database and authenticates the login parameters (block 156). If using two or three factor authentication, this authentication involves the comparison of the digital ID, otherwise only username, password, and PIN are considered as login parameters. If the authentication was successful (block 158), the account holder authentication server sends a successful authentication response message to the session initiator (block 160). The session initiator enters a new session entry for the account holder in its list of active session with a unique session ID (block 162). The session initiator also sends a successful session response to the login enforcer (block 164), followed by the login enforcer entering the account holder's new session ID in the communication headers for re-authentication purposes (block 166). The login enforcer also grants permission to service the account holder's request for secure transaction services (block 168), and proceeds to initiate the subroutine of transaction service and logging (block 116) shown in FIG. 17 . However, if authentication is unsuccessful (block 158), the account holder authentication server sends an unsuccessful authentication response to the session initiator (block 172). The session initiator then sends an unsuccessful session response to the login enforcer (block 174). The login enforcer accordingly denies permission to the server application to service the account holder's request for transaction services (block 176), and the server application sends back an error response to the account holder (block 178).
[0084] The subroutine of the transaction service and logging process (block 16) is shown in FIG. 17 . The session validator first enters a new transaction entry for the account holder's current session (block 180). The session validator then sends a successful session response to the client authenticator (block 182), and the client authenticator grants permission to the server application to service the account holder's request (block 184). The server application invokes the appropriate service function to enable the account holder to access the requested transaction services (block 186) and the transaction monitor sends an end transaction message to the session validator (block 188). The session validator updates the transaction entry with the transaction-specific information in the end transaction message (block 190).
[0085] In accordance with an important aspect of the present invention, the system is preferably adapted to periodically re-authenticate an active session to prevent unauthorized use by someone who no longer has the hardware key 54 connected to his computer. With respect to the re-authentication process, and referring to FIG. 18 , the process begins with an account holder in an active session requesting a transaction service (block 200). The server application forwards the request to the client authenticator (block 202), and communication headers are screened to see if they have a session ID (block 204). If there is no session ID (block 204), the client authenticator denies permission to the server application to service the request (block 206) and the server application directs the account holder to the login enforcer to start a new session (block 208). If, however, the session ID is in the communication header (block 204), the client authenticator sends a check session CS message to the session validator (block 210).
[0086] From the CS message, the session validator searches for a session entry in its list of active sessions (block 212) and determines whether an activate session entry was found (block 214). If not, the session validator sends an unsuccessful session response to the client authenticator (block 216) and the client authenticator denies permission to service the request (block 206). The server application would again direct the account holder to the login enforced to start a new session (block 208). If an active session is found (block 214), then the session validator checks for the time of the last polling of the account holder's machine to determine whether the hardware key 54 is present (block 218). The time duration is checked to determine if the preset time limit has been exceeded (block 220), and if it has not, then the system goes to the subroutine of the transaction service and logging step (block 170) (see FIG. 17 ). If the time duration has exceeded the preset time limit, the session validator sends a session response to the client authenticator asking to poll for the account holder's hardware key attached to the account holder's computer (block 222). The client authenticator invokes the access device validator (block 224), and the access device validator then sends the check login message to client messenger with a new randomly generated challenge (block 226). The client messenger invokes the login interface (block 228), which in turn invokes the access device key interface (block 230). The access device interface polls the account holder's machine for the hardware key 54 (block 232) and reads the digital ID from the access media. If the digital ID is successfully read (block 234), the program implements a session renewal (block 236), which is shown in FIG. 19 . If the digital ID is not successfully read (block 234), the access device interface sends an error message to the login interface (block 238) and the login interface generates an error message to the client messenger (block 240). The client messenger then sends an unsuccessful polling message to the access device validator, which redirects the account holder to the login enforcer (block 242).
[0087] With respect to the session renewal and referring to FIG. 19 , the access device interface reads the digital ID of the access media and submits it to the login interface (block 250), which in turn submits the digital ID to the client cryptographer (block 252). The client cryptographer encrypts the digital ID using the challenge sent by the access device validator and sends the encrypted digital 10 to the access device validator (block 254), which then sends a renew session message to the session validator with the encrypted digital ID (block 256). The session validator finds account holder session entry and validates the encrypted digital ID (block 258) and determines whether the validation was successful (block 260). If not (block 260), the session validator sends an unsuccessful session response to the access device validator (block 262), and the access device validator redirects the account holder to the login enforcer to start a new session (block 264). If validation was successful (block 260), the session validator updates the session entry's time of last re-authentication (block 266) and sends a successful session response to the access device validator (block 268). The access device validator grants permission to the server application to process the account holder's request for transaction services (block 270), and then proceeds to the transaction service and logging step (block 116) (see FIG. 17 ).
[0088] With respect to session termination and referring to FIG. 20 , the first step is to begin with the first session entry of a session list (block 280) and the session terminator checks the difference between the current time and the time of the last request (block 282). If the time difference did not exceed the idle time limit (block 284), the program determines whether the first session entry is the last session entry in the session list (block 286). If so, the session is terminated (block 288). If it is not the last session entry in the list (block 286), the program fetches a next session entry in the list (block 288) and return to block 282. If the time difference did exceed the idle time limit (block 284), the session terminator tags the session entry as inactive (block 290) and sends all session transaction data to the transaction clearinghouse's transaction data server (block 292). The transaction data server updates the transaction clearinghouse database with the session transaction data (block 294), and the program determines whether the update was successful (block 296). If not, the transaction data server sends an unsuccessful message confirmation to the session terminator (block 298), which prompts the session terminator to send an error message to the system administrator (block 300). If the update was successful (block 296), the transaction data server sends a successful message confirmation to the session terminator (block 302) and the session terminator then removes the session entry from the session list (block 304).
[0089] In accordance with another important aspect of the present invention, and referring to FIG. 21 , a hardware token access device 450 for use as the hardware key 54 is shown in the illustrated functional block diagram. The access device 450 is an external hardware device, such as the iKey 1000 USB Smart Token device manufactured by Rainbow Technologies of Irvine, Calif. The hardware token access device 450 preferably connects to the USB port of the account holder's personal computer. The major function of the hardware token access device 450 is to uniquely identify a account holder that desires to access the transaction services and computer resources of an untrusted network, such as the Internet. It is used in conjunction with the username, password, and/or PIN to provide two factor authentication. Generally, two factor authentication provides that something is known (e.g., the username and password) and something is held (e.g., the physical hardware token that is attached to the computer or built into the computer). While the Rainbow iKey 1000 USB Smart Token is the preferred embodiment for the hardware token access device 450, it should be understood that the two factor authentication could be provided by some other physical device, such as a credit card, a key, an ATM card, or the like which is known to have been assigned and given to a specific person.
[0090] In FIG. 21 , the hardware token access device 450 includes a port interface 480, which provides an interface to support the personal computer of the account holder 36. Such may include, for example, USB, parallel, serial and/or keyboard ports. The access device 450 is transparent to the personal computer interface being utilized and does not prohibit the personal computer interface from being used in a normal fashion. In the Rainbow iKey 1000 Smart Token, it is preferred that the hardware token be connected to the USB port. The hardware token also includes a data bus buffer 482, which provides a minimum internal data bus of eight bits regardless of the port interface configuration. A read/write control logic block 484 manages all the internal and external transfer of data controlled status, while a control register 486 initializes the functional configuration of the access device 450. A status register 488 contains the result of the last operation performed using the control register 486 on the read/write control logic 484. A message digest encryption 490 is used to encrypt both a nonvolatile general purpose memory 492 during memory read and password read operations. The message digest encryption engine 490 accepts a seed value from the port interface 480 that can be used to uniquely encrypt the data being read. The memory 492 contains a minimum of 1024 bytes of data that can be used for storage of information for personally identifying the account holder. This information can include, but is not limited to a digital certificate. A password register 494 accepts a minimum of a 64 bit password from the port interface 480, and a password comparator 496 performs a logical XOR on the contents of the password register in the contents of the nonvolatile password memory 492. When the contents of the password register 494 are equal to the contents of the nonvolatile password memory 498, several operations can be performed, such as reading the nonvolatile general purpose memory, read the encrypted nonvolatile password memory, writing the nonvolatile general purpose memory, writing the nonvolatile password memory and writing a seed value to the message digest encryption engine. The nonvolatile password memory contains a minimum of a 64 bit password. The password is set to a known default value at the time of manufacture but can be reprogrammed at any time.
[0091] In accordance with another important aspect of the present invention, and referring to FIG. 22 , a magnetic card reader access device in use with an access media 54 is implemented as the hardware key 54 is shown in the illustrated functional block diagram, and indicated generally at 499. A magnetic card is a plastic card with a strip of magnetic recording tape adhered to the back of the card. The magnetic recording strip has three tracks that can be used for storing and retrieving data. In the context of the preferred embodiment, the magnetic card 500 is the preferred access media containing a digital ID. Magnetic stripe cards, which typically only store about 1 kilobyte of data (compared with 8, 16, or 32 KB in smart cards), do not have a CPU and rely on the card reader, the PC to which it's attached, or a remote computer accessed via modem to perform transaction processing. Magnetic card technology is widely utilized in Point of Sale (POS) terminals, Automated Teller Machines (ATM), ticketing, card issuing, transportation, and access control.
[0092] Two types of devices, a reader and a terminal can read magnetic cards. A reader is interfaced to a personal computer for the majority of its processing requirements, while a terminal is a self-contained processing device. Magnetic card readers are available that interface to RS232 serial ports, USB ports, PCMCIA slots, parallel ports, infrared IRDA ports and keyboards. Terminals have their own operating systems and in addition to reading a magnetic card typically support other functions such as network connectivity, transaction printing, and keypad entry. Both terminals and readers are considered access devices 501 in the context of the preferred embodiment.
[0093] For example, a magnetic card reader can be attached to a personal computer (PC) and serves the role of an access device. The magnetic card reader connects in-line between a PC and its keyboard. The magnetic card reader is intended to remain virtually invisible to both the PC and the keyboard until a magnetic card is read. When a magnetic card is read, the magnetic card reader takes over the interface to the PC and sends card data using the same scan codes used by the keyboard. These scan codes are routed to the account holder software 36. Magnetic card readers also support the operation of a keypad that can be used to enter one or any combination of username, password or PIN codes in addition to the digital ID read from the access media by the access device.
[0094] In accordance with another important aspect of the present invention, and referring to FIG. 23 , a smart card reader access device in use with an access media is implemented as the hardware key 54 is shown in the illustrated functional block diagram, and indicated generally at 502. A smart card is a type of plastic card embedded with a computer chip that stores and transacts data between users. This data can contain several digital IDs that are stored and processed within the card's chip, either a memory or a microprocessor. The card data is transacted via a reader that is part of a computing system. Smart cards greatly improve the convenience and security of any transaction. They provide tamper-proof storage of user and account identity. Smart cards protect against a full range of security threats, from careless storage of user passwords to sophisticated system hacks. Within the context of the preferred embodiment, a smart card 503 is considered access media.
[0095] Two types of devices, a reader and a terminal can read smart cards. A reader is interfaced to a personal computer for the majority of its processing requirements, while a terminal is a self-contained processing device. Both are considered access devices in the context of the preferred embodiment. Both the terminals and the readers read and write to smart cards. Readers come in many forms and in a wide variety of capabilities. Smart card readers that interface to RS232 serial ports, USB ports, PCMCIA slots, floppy disk slots, parallel ports, infrared IRDA ports and keyboards are presently available. Smart card terminals have their own operating systems and typically support other functions such as reading a magnetic card, network connectivity, transaction printing, and keypad entry. Both the terminals and the readers are considered access devices 504 in the context of the preferred embodiment.
[0096] Smart cards have the tremendous advantage, over their magnetic stripe ancestors, of being able to execute cryptographic algorithms locally in their internal circuitry. This means that the user's secrets (be these PIN codes or keys) never have to leave the boundaries of the tamper-resistant silicon chip, thus bringing maximum security to the overall system where the cards are used. Smart-cards contain special-purpose microcontrollers with built-in self-programmable memory and tamper-resistant features intended to make the cost of a malevolent attack more than any benefits gained from the attack. Smart Card readers can also support the operation of a keypad that can be used to enter one or any combination of username, password or PIN codes in addition to the digital ID read from the access media by the access device.
[0097] In accordance with another important aspect of the present invention, and referring to FIG. 24 , a biometric identification reader access device in use with an access media is implemented as the hardware key 54 is shown in the illustrated functional block diagram, and generally indicated 505. As organizations search for more secure authentication methods for user access, e-commerce, and other security applications, biometrics is increasingly gaining attention in the marketplace. A biometric is one of the most secure and convenient authentication tool. It cannot be borrowed, stolen, or forgotten and is practically impossible to forge. Biometrics measure an individuals' unique physical or behavioral characteristics as a way to recognize or authenticate their identity. Common physical biometrics include fingerprints; hand or palm geometry; and retina, iris, or facial characteristics. Behavioral characters include signature, voice (which also has a physical component), keystroke pattern, and gait.
[0098] A biometric system works by capturing the chosen biometric with a biometric reader. The reader converts the biometric into a digital identification that is stored in a local repository for comparison during authentication. In the case of the preferred embodiment, the biometric reader 506 is equivalent to the access device; the biometric identification data 507 is equivalent to the digital ID created when the access device reads the fingerprint 508 access media; and the local repository that stores the biometric identification data can be the transaction clearinghouse. When logging into the secure transaction system, the account holder would have the chosen biometric (e.g., access media—fingerprint, palm, etc.) scanned by the biometric reader 506, forwarded to the clearinghouse using the previously described log-in process (FIGS. 15-20 ). The digital ID created by the biometric data would be compared to the digital ID already stored in the transaction clearinghouse for authenticity. It is also possible in the preferred embodiment to combine the digital ID created by the biometric scan to be supplemented with one or any combination of username, password, or PIN in addition to the digital ID read from the access media by the access device. Biometric identification can be also combined with smart cards or magnetic cards in the preferred embodiment.
[0099] In accordance with another important aspect of the present invention, and referring to FIG. 25 , a secure central processing unit (CPU) in use with an access media is implemented as the hardware key 54 is shown in the illustrated functional block diagram, and indicated generally at 509. In order to secure the CPU, a trusted subsystem must be inserted into the standard personal computer platform. The trusted subsystem is then able to extend its trust to other parts of the whole platform by building a ‘chain of trust’ where each link extends its trust to the next one. In this way, the secure CPU subsystem provides the foundation for a fully trusted platform and a basis for extending trusted computing across system and network boundaries.
[0100] The root of trust is a small hardware device called a Trusted Platform Module (TPM) 510. The TPM 510 is basically a secure controller that provides features like secure memory, cryptographic sign/verify, and an immutable key pair used to generate anonymous identities. In the preferred embodiment, the CPU and its associated platform 511 is the access device and the secure memory of the TPM 510 preferably acts as the access media and holds several types of unique digital IDs. Together they provide secure CPU functionality and provide all the functions of the account holder's PC. Another important feature of the TPM 510 is the possibility of producing random numbers. The TPM 510 can create digital signatures using the random number generator as the source of randomness required by the digital ID generation process. In order to generate a unique digital ID, each single TPM 510 has a unique key that identifies the TPM.
[0101] With these capabilities, the TPM 510 is able to produce a statistically unique digital fingerprint of the PC's basic input/output system (BIOS) firmware at boot time. This fingerprint is also called an integrity metric or cryptographic digest. Once this metric is available, it is saved in the TPM's secure memory location. During the PC boot process, other integrity metrics are collected from the PC platform, for instance, fingerprints of the boot loader and the operating system itself. Device drivers may be hashed; even hardware like PCI cards can be detected and identified. Every metric of the TPM 510 is concatenated to the already available metrics. This generates a final metric, which provides a unique digital ID for the PC.
[0102] The digital ID can also be used to encrypt other unique digital identification including account numbers, digital certificates, etc., and store the results in the protected storage of the TPM. The protected storage of the TPM is essentially non-volatile storage that has a means of access control. This access control determines which entities (e.g., user, programs, etc.) have permission to read, write, modify, and update the secure memory of the TPM. It is assumed that protected storage has some form of access control protocol that is used to protect against certain kinds of attack.
[0103] A distributed architecture of the system software enabling multiple web servers 69, each of which may host their own copy of a server 34 to communicate and interact with one or more transaction clearinghouses 30 is shown in FIG. 26 . As shown in FIG. 26 , there are multiple servers 69 residing in a geographically distributed manner on the Internet, each one of them with their own copy of a secure transaction server. The transaction clearinghouse 30 contains the enterprise wide account holder database, the transaction and demographics data warehouse, and controls the authentication and authorization of account holders on all the web servers 69.
[0104] When an account holder attempts to access a transaction service from any secure transaction enabled web sites, the respective server 69 for that web site will need to authenticate the account holder. In order to perform account holder authentication, the secure transaction server will need to interact with the system transaction clearinghouse 30 by establishing and maintaining a communication line between itself and the transaction clearinghouse. The information transmitted on this communication line is encrypted using a public/private key mechanism so that only authentic servers and an authentic transaction clearinghouse can communicate with each other. The server 69 also implements the same mechanism in sending transaction data to the transaction clearinghouse's data warehouse.
[0105] The other secure transaction servers interact with the transaction clearinghouse 30 in the same manner. Thus a transaction service can host several geographically distributed secure transaction enabled web sites. Once an account holder is authenticated at one of the system enabled web sites, that account holder can access other likewise enabled web sites transparently using the same username, password, PIN combination, and the optional digital ID read from the access media by the hardware key 54, without having to again provide their username, password, PIN, and optional digital ID thus creating a single sign-on scenario where transaction services and computer resources can be accessed from a multitude of sources. All the transaction data generated by the account holder on all these different enabled web sites will be reported back to the transaction clearinghouse, regardless of how the account holder accesses the different enabled web servers 69. In the configuration of FIG. 26 , the same transaction clearinghouse 30 was controlling all the secure transaction servers. However, the distributed architecture can be further extended to allow multiple secure transaction servers to interact with multiple transaction clearinghouses 30, which is shown in FIG. 27 .
[0106] FIG. 27 shows multiple transaction clearinghouse two transaction clearinghouses shown), specifically a transaction clearinghouse A in Omaha and a transaction clearinghouse B in Chicago. Each transaction clearinghouse contains the business rules for account holder services, enforced by the individual transaction clearinghouse's enterprise wide account holder database. Assume that account holder “a” is registered with transaction clearinghouse A, and account holder “b” is registered with transaction clearinghouse B. Each secure transaction server 69 can provide secure transaction services for account holders from more than one transaction clearinghouse. For example, server 1 in Boston can provide secure transactions services to account holder A and account holder B even though they are registered at different transaction clearinghouses. In this case, the secure transaction server 1 in Boston is doing all the authentication, authorization and transaction data updates for account holder A through transaction clearinghouse A, and account holder B through transaction clearinghouse B. This scenario fits perfectly for a secure transaction service provider who wants to provide hosting services for several customers. The provider can run a web site with a copy of the secure transaction server, and host different transaction services through the secure transaction server, where different transaction clearinghouses are controlling different transaction services.
[0107] This also presents the possibility of transaction clearinghouses forming alliances with one another. For instance, in our example above, let's suppose transaction clearinghouse A and transaction clearinghouse B form a joint agreement that they will let each other's account holders access each other's account holder services, and each transaction clearinghouse will pay a share of the dividend to the other based on transaction volumes. In order to do this, system servers will need to be configured to perform authentication from both transaction clearinghouses. As a result, an account holder who is registered with transaction clearinghouse A can access account holder services that fall under transaction clearinghouse B.
[0108] With regard to the case of server 1 hosting account holders A and B, since now an account holder registered with transaction clearinghouse A can also access account holder services that fall under transaction clearinghouse B, account holder “a” should be able to access account holder B through server 1. In order to do this, the server 1 will need to change its configuration so that it is able to separate transaction clearinghouse A account holders from transaction clearinghouse B account holders. When account holder “a” tries to access transaction services, secure transaction server 1 will interact with transaction clearinghouse A to do authentication, and if it is account holder “b”, secure transaction server 1 will interact with transaction clearinghouse B.
[0109] However, the transaction data for a particular account holder will be sent to the transaction clearinghouse that owns the account holder. So even if account holders from transaction clearinghouse A can now access account holder B, all their transaction data will still be sent to transaction clearinghouse B. Thus, all of account holder “a” is transaction data regarding account holder B and go to transaction clearinghouse B. In this way, transaction clearinghouse B knows how many account holders from other transaction clearinghouses have accessed account holders that belong to transaction clearinghouse B, and based on that data, transaction clearinghouse B will be able to charge other transaction clearinghouses.
[0110] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the manner in which messages are sent among the various components will now be described in connection with the preferred embodiments of the programs that are utilized by the system. In this regard, the following is a listing of the software products that are part of the preferred embodiment of the present invention. The documents identified are specifically incorporated by reference.
Account Holder Database
- [0111] Product: Sybase SQL Server XI
- [0112] Installing Sybase SQL Server for Microsoft Windows NT
- [0113] Sybase SQL Server Release 11.0.x
- [0114] Document ID: 34714-1101-02
- [0115] Last Revised: Mar. 6, 1996
- [0116] Introducing Sybase SQL Server for Microsoft Windows NT
- [0117] Sybase SQL Server Release 11.0.x
- [0118] Document ID: 31965-1101-02
- [0119] Last Revised: Feb. 10, 1996
- [0120] Configuring and Administering Sybase SQL Server for Microsoft Windows NT
- [0121] Sybase SQL Server Release 11.0.x
- [0122] Document ID: 36446-1101-02
- [0123] Last Revised: Feb. 22, 1996
- [0124] Installing Sybase Products on Sun Solaris 2.x (SPARC)
- [0125] Open Client/Server Release 11.1.x
- [0126] Document ID: 35075-1100-03
- [0127] Last Revised: Sep. 10, 1996
- [0128] Open Client/Server Configuration Guide for UNIX
- [0129] Open Client/Server Release 11.1.x
- [0130] Document ID: 35831-1100□02
- [0131] Last Revised: Aug. 21, 1996
- [0132] Open Client/Server Programmer's Supplement for UNIX
- [0133] Open Client/Server Release 11.1.x
- [0134] Document ID: 35456-1100-04
- [0135] Last Revised: Aug. 23, 1996
- [0136] Sybase SQL Server Utility Programs for UNIX
- [0137] Sybase SQL Server Release 10.0
- [0138] Document ID: 30475-01-1000-04
- [0139] Change Level: 1
- [0140] Last Revised: Feb. 1, 1994
- [0141] Sybase SQL Server System Administration Guide
- [0142] Sybase SQL Server Release 10.0
- [0143] Document ID: 32500-01-1000-03
- [0144] Change Level: 3
- [0145] Last Revised: Jun. 17, 1994
- [0146] Sybase SQL Server Reference Manual: Volume 1 Commands, Functions, and Topics
- [0147] Sybase SQL Server Release 10.0
- [0148] Document ID: 32401-01-1000-03
- [0149] Change Level: 2
- [0150] Last Revised: Jun. 17, 1994
- [0151] Sybase SQL Server Reference Manual: Volume 1 System Procedures and Catalog Stored Procedures
- [0152] Sybase SQL Server Release 10.0
- [0153] Document ID: 32402-01-1000-03
- [0154] Change Level: 2
- [0155] Last Revised: Jun. 17, 1994
- [0156] Sybase SQL Server 11 Unleashed
- [0157] by Ray Rankins, Jeffrey R Garbus, David Solomon, and Bennett W McEwan
- [0158] ISBN # 0-672-30909-2
- [0159] Library of Congress Catalog Card # 95-72919
- [0160] Sams Publishing, 201 West 103rd Street, Indianapolis, Ind. 46290
- [0161] Copyright © 1996
- [0162] Sybase Developer's Guide
- [0163] by Daniel J Worden
- [0164] ISBN # 0-672-30467-8
- [0165] Library of Congress Catalog Card # 93-87172
- [0166] Sams Publishing, 201 West 103rd Street, Indianapolis, Ind. 46290
- [0167] Copyright © 1994
ODBC Driver
- [0168] Intersolv DataDirect ODBC Drivers
- [0169] October 1995
- [0170] 9420 Key West Avenue
- [0171] Rockville, Md. 20850
- [0172] MA-ODBC-211-DREF
- [0173] Intersolv DataDirect ODBC Drivers Installation Guide
- [0174] Microsoft Windows, Microsoft Windows 95, Microsoft Windows NT, and OS/2
- [0175] October 1995
- [0176] 9420 Key West Avenue
- [0177] Rockville, Md. 20850
- [0178] MA-ODBC-211-INST
- [0179] Intersolv ServiceDirect Handbook
- [0180] Fourth Edition 11/95
- [0181] Copyright © 1995
- [0182] Intersolv, Inc.
- [0183] 9420 Key West Avenue
- [0184] Rockville, Md. 20850
- [0185] QCS95-S-0231
- [0186] Inside ODBC by Kyle Geiger
- [0187] ISBN # 1-55615-815-7
- [0188] Library of Congress Catalog Card # 95-18867
- [0189] Microsoft Press
- [0190] Copyright © 1995
Server Application (Web Server)
- [0191] Product: Netscape Enterprise Server
- [0192] Netscape Enterprise Server Version 2.0 Administrator's Guide
- [0193] Copyright © 1996
- [0194] Netscape Communications Corporation
- [0195] 501 East Middlefield Road
- [0196] Mountain View, Calif. 94043
- [0197] 802-7610-10
- [0198] Netscape Enterprise Server Version 2.0 Programmer's Guide
- [0199] Copyright © 1996
- [0200] Netscape Communications Corporation
- [0201] 501 East Middlefield Road
- [0202] Mountain View, Calif. 94043
- [0203] 802-7611-10
- [0204] Client Application (Web browser)
- [0205] Product: Netscape Navigator
- [0206] Netscape Navigator Gold Authoring Guide
- [0207] Copyright © 1996
- [0208] Netscape Communications Corporation
- [0209] 501 East Middlefield Road
- [0210] Mountain View, Calif. 94043
- [0211] 802-7612-10
- [0212] Using Netscape
- [0213] ISBN # 0-7897-0211-8
- [0214] Library of Congress Catalog # 95-67809
- [0215] Copyright © 1995
- [0216] Que Corporation
- [0217] 201 W. 103rd Street
- [0218] Indianapolis, Ind. 46290
- [0219] Hardware Key
- [0220] Product: iKey 1000 Smart Token (Hardware Token)
- [0221] Rainbow Technologies, Inc.
- [0222] 50 Technology Drive
- [0223] Irvine, Calif. 92618
- [0224] Product: Mag-Wedge Reader (Magnetic Card Reader)
- [0225] Magtek
- [0226] 20725 South Annalee Avenue
- [0227] Carson, Calif. 90746
- [0228] Product: GemPC430 (Smart-Card Reader)
- [0229] Gemplus Corporation
- [0230] 3 Lagoon Drive
- [0231] Redwood City, Calif. 94065-1566
- [0232] Product: FIU/SS2K (Fingerprint Biometric Reader)
- [0233] Sony Electronics, Inc.
- [0234] 1 Sony Drive
- [0235] Park Ridge, N.J. 07656-8002
- [0236] Product: TPM (Trusted Platform Module—Secure CPU)
- [0237] Infineon Technologies North America Corporation
- [0238] 1730 North First Street
- [0239] San Jose, Calif. 95112
[0240] The secure transaction system (STS) is the preferred embodiment of the present invention in the web environment. The following table lists the STS software components as they relate to the present invention:
[0241]
| Preferred Embodiment Component | STS software component |
|---|---|
| Transaction clearinghouse user authentication | userauthd |
| daemon | |
| Transaction clearinghouse transaction daemon | transactiond |
| Transaction clearinghouse administration | ch_admin.exe |
| software | |
| STS Server Session Manager | sessiond |
| STS shard object for Web server | sts.so |
| STS log-in CGI's | start_login.cgi |
| login.cgi | |
| vrfypswd.cgi | |
| STS re-authentication CGI's | check_key.cgi |
| verify_key.cgi | |
| STS online application CGI's and HTML | application.html |
| application.cgi | |
| account holder.cgi | |
| verify_applicant.cgi | |
| STS online activation CGI's | activate.cgi |
| check_activate.cgi | |
| STS password change CGI's | pswd_chg_form.cgi |
| chg_pswd.cgi | |
| STS Site Administration CGI's | add_profile.cgi |
| del_subs.cgi | |
| srvconf.cgi | |
| admin_subs.cgi | |
| profile.cgi | |
| stadmin.cgi | |
| chng_srvconf.cgi | |
| data_dumprestore.cgi | |
| smgr_restart.cgi | |
| upd_profile.cgi | |
| data_recovery.cgi | |
| smgr_start.cgi | |
| upd_subs.cgi | |
| del_profile.cgi | |
| smgr_stop.cgi | |
| STS Account holder software | STS Client Plug-in |
| STS ActiveX component | |
[0242] Following is a description how these STS components can be configured, initialized, and how their day-to-day operation can be monitored. It should be understood that the component names used in these descriptions are specific to STS, and the procedures described to perform the day-to-day operation are specific to STS components, more so as an example of the preferred embodiment of the present invention in the web environment.
[0243] With respect to the configuration files that are necessary for operating the various software components of the system, each component has its own configuration file as shown below:
[0244]
| Daemon/Server | Configuration Filename | |
|---|---|---|
| User Authentication | userauthd.conf | |
| Transaction | transactiond.conf | |
| Session Manager | sessiond.conf | |
| Web Server | magnus.conf | |
| obj.conf | ||
| mime.types | ||
[0245] Each daemon accepts the name of its configuration file as a command line argument when starting the daemon. The format of the command line is:
<daemon name><configuration file>.
<daemon name><configuration file>.
[0246] The transaction clearinghouse daemons can be started by using standard shell scripts.
[0247] For the account holder authentication daemon userauthd.conf), the following configuration files apply:
[0248]
| PARAMETER | DESCRIPTION |
|---|---|
| logdir | Absolute pathname specification of the directory which |
| this daemon is to create its log files in. Two instances of | |
| the same daemon type (e.g., userauthd) cannot log to the | |
| same directory. The daemon will not start up if it is un- | |
| able to write to the directory. | |
| service | Specifies the TCP port number which the daemon is to |
| use to listen for requests. This can be a numeric or | |
| alphanumeric entry. If the entry is alphanumeric, | |
| there should be a corresponding entry in the/etc/ | |
| services/file. | |
| dbserver | The name of the database server to connect to. This entry |
| should correspond to an entry in the database server | |
| interface file. | |
| dname | The name of the database to use. A database server can |
| control many databases. | |
| dbuser | The name of the database user to use when connecting to |
| the database. Database users can be used to control what | |
| processes (or daemons) can connect to the database and | |
| also what permissions they have when they connect. | |
| Typically all transaction clearinghouse components will | |
| use the same database server name, database name, | |
| database username and hence database user password | |
| entries in their configuration files. | |
| dbpswd | The password to use for the above database user. The file |
| permissions for this configuration should be set according | |
| knowing that it contains a database username and | |
| password. | |
[0249] For the transaction daemon (transactiond.conf), the following configuration files apply:
[0250]
| PARAMETER | DESCRIPTION |
|---|---|
| logdir | Absolute pathname specification of the directory which |
| this daemon is to create its log files in. Two instances of | |
| the same daemon type (e.g., transactiond) cannot log to | |
| the same directory. The daemon will not start up if it is | |
| unable to write to the directory. | |
| service | Specifies the TCP port number which the daemon is to |
| use to listen for requests. This can be a numeric or | |
| alphanumeric entry. If the entry is alphanumeric, there | |
| should be a corresponding entry in the/etc/services/file. | |
| dbserver | The name of the database server to connect to. This entry |
| should correspond to an entry in the database server | |
| interface file. | |
| dname | The name of the database to use. A database server can |
| control many databases. | |
| dbuser | The name of the database user to use when connecting to |
| the database. Database users can be used to control what | |
| processes (or daemons) can connect to the database and | |
| also what permissions they have when they connect. | |
| Typically all transaction clearinghouse components will | |
| use the same database server name, database name, | |
| database username and hence database account holder | |
| password entries in their configuration files. | |
| dbpswd | The password to use for the above database user. The file |
| permissions for this configuration should be set according | |
| knowing that it contains a database username and | |
| password. | |
[0251] For the session manager (sessiond.conf), the following configuration files apply:
[0252]
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| SESSIOND_UDP_PORT | Specifies the UDP port which the session manager will |
| use to list for requests from CGI programs. | |
| SESSIOND_TCP_PORT | Specifies the TCP port which the session manager will |
| use to listen for replies from the transaction | |
| clearinghouse. | |
| TRANSACTION_ | The UNIX host name that the transaction clearinghouse |
| CLEARINGHOUSE_HOST | server is running on. When the session manager |
| communicates with the transaction clearinghouse, this | |
| entry forms part of the address. | |
| TRANSACTION_ | This entry specifies the TCP port which the session |
| CLEARINGHOUSE_PORT | manager should use when communicating with the |
| transaction clearinghouse transaction daemon. The | |
| session manager uses this entry and the | |
| TRANSACTION CLEARINGHOUSE_HOST entry to | |
| build the complete address for the transaction daemon. | |
| This port number should match the port number defined | |
| in the service entry of the transaction daemons | |
| configuration file. | |
| TRANSACTION_ | This entry specifies the TCP port which the |
| CLEARINGHOUSE_URL_PORT | session manager should use when communicating with |
| the transaction clearinghouse URL tracking daemon. | |
| The session manager uses this entry and the | |
| TRANSACTION CLEARINGHOUSE_HOST entry to | |
| build the complete address for the URL tracking | |
| daemon. This port number should match the port | |
| number defined in the service entry of the URL | |
| tracking daemons configuration file. | |
| TRANSACTION_ | This entry specifies the TCP port that the |
| CLEARINGHOUSE_AUTH_PORT | session manager should use when communicating with |
| the transaction clearinghouse account holder | |
| authentication daemon. The session manager uses this | |
| entry and the TRANSACTION | |
| CLEARINGHOUSE_HOST entry to build the | |
| complete address for the account holder authentication | |
| daemon. This port number should match the port | |
| number defined in the service entry of the account | |
| holder authentication daemons configuration file. | |
| COMPANY_NO | Unique ID assigned to each company defined with the |
| secure transaction server system. | |
| ACCOUNT HOLDER_ID | Unique ID assigned to each account holder defined for |
| a company in the secure transaction server system. | |
| KEYCHECK_INTERVAL | The number of seconds that will elapse before the |
| secure transaction server asks the browser to check for | |
| the existence of the access device. | |
| REFRESH_TIME | The amount of time (in seconds) that must expire |
| without any session activity before a session is | |
| considered inactive and terminated. | |
| SESSION_REFRESH_INTERVAL | The amount of time (in seconds) that must |
| elapse with no new connection requests to the secure | |
| transaction server, which will cause the secure | |
| transaction server to stop listening for incoming | |
| connections and go examine the its internal session | |
| table to see if any sessions have become idle (refresh | |
| time has expired for the session). It will clean up idle | |
| sessions and resume listening for incoming connection | |
| requests. | |
| LOCAL_TRANSACTION_TRACK | Indicates if the transaction tracking data is |
| stored locally as well as being sent to the transaction | |
| clearinghouse for storage. Valid entries are YES or | |
| NO. | |
| MAX_RESEND_NO | If the secure transaction server does not get a |
| confirmation message back from the transaction | |
| clearinghouse for information it sent to the secure | |
| access transaction clearinghouse, the secure transaction | |
| server will resend the data until we get a confirmation | |
| message or until the maximum times to resend | |
| transaction data has been exceeded. | |
| ADMIN_EMAIL_ADDR | When an event occurs that requires intervention from |
| an administrator, notification is sent to this email | |
| address. | |
| MAIL_BIN | Absolute filename specification of the program to use |
| to send email notification to the person defined in | |
| ADMIN_EMAIL_ADDR. | |
| TRANSACTION | This defines the granularity of the transaction data that |
| the session manager records about a session. There are | |
| two valid entries: SESSION or TRAN. TRAN | |
| indicates that the session manager should record | |
| information about every transaction that occurred in a | |
| session. SESSION indicates that only information | |
| regarding the session should be stored, i.e., session start | |
| and end times, account holder ID, number of | |
| transactions that occurred in session manager. | |
| LOCAL_AUTHENTICATION | Indicates if account holder authentication should be |
| performed against a local database as opposed to the | |
| transaction clearinghouse database. Valid entries are | |
| YES or NO. YES indicates that authentication should | |
| be performed locally, while NO indicates the opposite. | |
| RUNTIME_DIR | This is the default directory for the secure transaction |
| server. Here is where the secure transaction server will | |
| create log files and other dynamic run time files | |
| required for successful operation. | |
[0253] For the web server (magnus.conf), in order that the system shared object 66 component works correctly with the web server, the following changes need to be made to the magnus.conf file:
[0254] #
[0255] # load the account holderaccount holder access specific NSAPI functions
[0256] #
[0257] Init fn=load-modules shlib=/usr/ns-home/bin/load_modules/sts.so
[0258] funcs=init-sts,restrict-by-sts,log-end,restrict-by-rpa
[0259] #
[0260] #call init-sts to initialize sts server specific NSAPI
[0261] #variables
[0262] #
[0263] Init fn=init-sts
[0264] Sm_host=localhost
[0265] login_url=http://10.199.199.7/cgi-bin/gatekpr/login.cgi
[0266] keycheck_url=http://10.199.199.7/cgi-bin/gatekpr/check_key.cgi
[0267] smerr_url=http://10.199.199.7/gatekpr/session_err.html
[0268] It should be noted that all the <variable>=<value> pairs listed above should appear on the line beginning Init if and should be separated with spaces. Each variable/pair value was listed on a separate line to aid clarity.
[0269] The following describes the meaning of each of NSAPI variables:
[0270] Sm_host: hostname or the IP address of the machine hosting session manager daemon(s)
[0271] login_url: URL for the account holderaccount holder access login CGI
[0272] keycheck_url: URL for account holderaccount holder access re-authentication CGI
[0273] smerr_url: URL for error HTML for session manager errors (configurable)
[0274] For the web server (obj.conf), for each directory protected by the secure transaction system, the following entries need to be inserted in obj.conf:
[0275] <Object ppath=“/usr/ns-home/htdocs_unsecure/demosite/*”>
[0276] PathCheck fn=“restrict-by-sts”
[0277] log_head=“prism_login.txt”
[0278] session_port=“50420”
[0279] trailer=“prism_tail.txt”
[0280] err_head=“prism_err.txt”
[0281] digest=“5”
[0282] AddLog fn=“log-end”
[0283] </Object>
[0284] Once again, each entry was placed on a separate line for clarity but when adding them to the configuration file all the entries should be on the same line, separated by spaces.
[0285] The variable meaning is as follows:
[0286] log_head: text file containing the HTML header tags for the login page
[0287] session_port: session manager's port number
[0288] trailer: text file containing the HTML trailer tags for login page and error pages
[0289] err_head: text file containing the HTML header tags for error pages
[0290] digest: message digest type to use for one-time-password encryption (4-MD4; 5-MD5)
[0291] For the web server configuration file (mime.types), one line needs to be added to the mime.types configuration file. The line is:
[0292] type=application/x-protect exts=pro
[0293] The positioning of the new line within the configuration file is not important. Adding this line enables any file with the extension pro to automatically invoke the client side software to process the file.
[0294] With respect to routine operating procedures, there are general guidelines for the orderly start up and shutdown of the system of the present invention. To start up the system, there are a sequence of activities that are involved. First, each server should be configured through its configuration files. Each of the transaction clearinghouse servers is started by a series of shell strips, which in a typical installation, will be in the directory named /usr/local/sts/transaction clearinghouse. The /usr/local part of the previous pathname was the directory specified at installation time. The scripts are named start_userauthd.sh, start_transactiond.sh and start_urltrackd.sh. After the scripts are executed, the PS-EF command is used to check if the following processes exist: userauthd, transactiond and urltrackd. The next step is to start up the database server which requires login as the account holder sybase. This login will have an environment variable called SYBASE which defines what directory SYBASE was installed to. It is necessary to move to the directory $SYBASE/bin. For each database server to be started, there is a filed called RUN_<SERVER_NAME>. If two database servers called STS and STS_backup were created during the installation, the start up files would be called RUN_STS and RUN_STS_BACKUP. This start up file should be used in conjunction with the startserver program. The exact syntax is: startserver {-f <startup files>}. To continue the example from above, the command would be: startserver -f RUN_STS -f RUN_STS_BACKUP.
[0295] With respect to the session manager, it can be started by a shell script and there will be one instance of the session manager per account holder per company. If the installation directory was specified to be /usr/local then the session manager start up scripts will be found at /usr/local/STS/sessionmgr. The naming convention for the start up scripts is: start_<account holder name>.sh. Each account holder will have its own directory off of /usr/local/STS/sessionmgr.
[0296] With respect to the web server, once its configuration files have been modified as indicated above, the account holder access component will automatically be used once the web server is started. As web servers from different vendors require different start up procedures, it is assumed that this information is already known.
[0297] With respect to shutdown, of the system and particularly the web server, it is best to start with the secure transaction server as this is the first point of contact for the account holder's browser. Like the start up procedure for the web server, the shutdown procedure will differ for each different web server.
[0298] With respect to the session manager, it is recommended that shutdown of it be done from within the server side administration program. The browser should be pointed at the URL where the server site administration program is located and the administer button for the session manager that is wanted to be stopped should be clicked. A data dump on the session manager should be performed before stopping it to avoid loss of data contained within the manager to be stopped. This is executed by entering the complete passname of the data dump file and clicking the data dump button. With respect to the transaction clearinghouse, the transaction clearinghouse daemons are shutdown using the kill command. The process identification numbers for each of the servers should be found by getting a list of all processes and searching for the process names of the start up procedures. Once the process identification numbers have been established, the command kill -9 <pid>{<pid>} should be used.
[0299] With respect to the database server, it can be shutdown using the following steps:
-
- [0300] login into isql as the system administrator
- [0301] type “shutdown <backup database server name>”
- [0302] type “go”
- [0303] type “shutdown”
- [0304] type “go”
- [0305] hadji:>isql -Usa -P -SSTS
- [0306] 1> shutdown SYB_BACKUP
- [0307] 2> go
- [0308] Backup Server: 3.48.1.1: The Backup Server will go down immediately.
- [0309] Terminating sessions.
- [0310] 1> shutdown
- [0311] 2> go
- [0312] Server SHUTDOWN by request.
- [0313] The SQL Server is terminating this process.
- [0314] 00:97/05/14 14:52:40.23 server SQL Server shutdown by request.
- [0315] 00:97/05/14 14:52:40.24 kernel usshutdown: exiting DB-LIBRARY error:
- [0316] Unexpected EOF from SQL Server.
- [0317] hadji:>
[0318] It should be understood from the foregoing that a secure transaction system has been shown and described which enables a business to have total control over account holder access, transaction tracking and billing over an untrusted network such as the Internet world wide web. The system has many desirable attributes and features that enable it to provide such functionality. Moreover, it is extremely flexible in that it can operate to function with multiple servers and multiple transaction clearinghouses if desired. Moreover, two-factor authentication enables the system to frequently determine if a account holder is authentic and the system also functions to authenticate servers as well. A secure platform for businesses to securely provide transaction services to the world wide web in a way that assures revenue generation if that is a goal is a prominent feature of the system of the present invention.
[0319] While various embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it should be understood that other modifications, substitutions and alternatives are apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. Such modifications, substitutions and alternatives can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, which should be determined from the appended claims.
Claims
Post-issuance certificates present
The text shown below may not reflect later post-issuance changes.
What is claimed is:
1. A system for protecting resources of at least one server computer, said at least one server computer providing said protected resources to at least one client computer device via an untrusted network, without necessarily protecting other computer resources provided by said at least one server computer and by other server computers to other client computer devices, comprising:
at least one clearinghouse for storing (i) identity data of said at least one server computer and (ii) identity data of each of said at least one client computer device and (iii) authorization data associated with said protected resources;
server software installed on said at least one server computer that forwards the identity data of said at least one server computer and the identity data of each of said at least one client computer device to said at least one clearinghouse;
client software installed on each of said at least one client computer device that forwards its identity data to said at least one server computer;
at least one hardware key associated with said at least one client computer device, said at least one hardware key generating a digital identification, the identity data of said at least one client computer device comprising said digital identification;
said server software installed on said at least one server computer selectively requiring said at least one client computer device to forward said digital identification to said at least one server computer;
said at least one clearinghouse authenticating the identity of said at least one client computer device responsive to a request for said protected resources of said at least one server computer by said at least one client computer device;
said at least one clearinghouse authenticating the identity of said at least one server computer responsive to said at least one client computer device making the request for said protected resources of said at least one server computer;
said at least one clearinghouse authorizing said at least one client computer device to receive said requested protected resources, based on said stored authorization data; and,
said at least one clearinghouse controlling access to said requested protected resources of said at least one server computer responsive to successful authentication of said at least one server computer and of said at least one client computer device making the request and responsive to successful authorization of said at least one client computer device.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the untrusted network is the Internet.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein the identity data of said at least one client computer device includes said digital identification and at least one of a username and a password.
4. The system of claim 1, wherein the identity data of said at least one client computer device includes card based identification data.
5. The system of claim 1, further including multiple server computers and multiple clearinghouses, said multiple server computers and said multiple clearinghouses being capable of being at separate physical locations.
6. The system of claim 1, wherein said at least one clearinghouse operates as an independent entity and
authenticates multiple server computers capable of being at separate physical locations.
7. The system of claim 1, wherein said digital identification includes a digital certificate.
8. The system of claim 1, wherein the identity data of said at least one client computer device can be forwarded to said at least one clearinghouse to authorize access to said protected resources contained on at least another server computer associated with said at least one server computer.
9. The system of claim 1, wherein said at least one server computer intermittently requires said at least one client computer device to forward said digital identification to said at least one server computer.
10. The system of claim 9, wherein successive ones of the intermittent requirements occur at predetermined time intervals.
11. The system of claim 1, wherein said at least one clearinghouse provides authentication confirmation data to said at least one client computer device and to said at least one server computer when the identities of the same are authenticated, said authentication confirmation data being encrypted in subsequent communications between each of said at least one server computer, said at least one client computer device, and said at least one clearinghouse.
12. The system of claim 1, wherein said at least one server computer has the ability to change said digital identification of said hardware key associated with each of said at least one client computer device, said changed digital identification being transmitted to said at least one clearinghouse.
13. The system of claim 1, further characterized in that said at least one server computer monitors communications between said at least one server computer and each of said at least one client computer device and acquires and stores demographic data for each of said at least one client computer device.
14. The system of claim 1, further characterized in that said at least one server computer monitors the communications between said at least one server computer and each of said at least one client computer device and acquires and stores transaction data based upon said at least one client computer device's usage of said protected resources of said at least one server computer.
15. The system of claim 1, wherein said at least one server computer selectively queries each of said at least one client computer device to generate said digital identification, each of said at least one client computer device generating said digital identification in response to the query.
16. The system of claim 15, wherein said at least one server computer's selective querying of said at least one client computer device occurs by operation of query algorithms, said at least one server computer changing said query algorithms.
17. The system of claim 1, wherein said at least one server computer selectively prompts said at least one client computer device to provide its identity data including at least one of a username and a password.
18. The system of claim 1, wherein one of a plurality of authorization levels is assigned to said protected resources provided by said at least one server computer, the identity data of each of said at least one client computer device including a particular authorization level, said at least one server computer only permitting access to particular protected resources by said at least one client computer device permitted by said particular authorization level.
19. The system of claim 18, wherein said protected resources are contained in a plurality of directories containing files, said authorization levels being assigned on a directory level.
20. The system of claim 18, wherein said protected resources are contained in a plurality of directories containing files, said authorization levels being assigned on a file level.
21. The system of claim 1, wherein the untrusted network uses an IP protocol.
22. The system of claim 1, wherein the identity data of said at least one client computer device includes said digital identification and at least one of, a user name, a password, and card based identification data of the user of one client computer device.
23. The system of claim 1, wherein at least some portion of the identity data of said at least one client computer device is encrypted.
24. The system of claim 1, wherein at least some portion of the identity data of said at least one client computer device is derived from a combination of at least a portion of digital identifications of associated hardware keys.
25. The system of claim 1, further including multiple server computers, said multiple server computers and said at least one clearinghouse being capable of being at separate physical locations.
26. The system of claim 1, further including multiple clearinghouses, said at least one server computer and said multiple clearinghouses being capable of being at separate physical locations.
27. The system of claim 1, wherein said at least one hardware key associated with said at least one client computer device is connected to said at least one client computer device.
28. The system of claim 1, wherein said at least one hardware key associated with said at least one client computer device is built into said at least one client computer device.
29. The system of claim 1, wherein said at least one server computer selectively prompts said at least one client computer device to provide its identity data and selectively prompts the user of said at least one client computer device to provide at least one of a usemame and a password.
30. The system of claim 1, wherein the functions of said at least one clearinghouse are performed by multiple servers.
31. A system for protecting resources of a server computer, said server computer providing said protected resources to a client computer device via an untrusted network, without necessarily protecting other computer resources provided by said sewer computer and by other server computers to other client computer devices, comprising:
a clearinghouse that stores (i) identity data of said client computer device and (ii) authorization data associated with said protected resources;
said client computer device forwards its identity data to said server computer;
a hardware key associated with said client computer device, said hardware key generating a digital identification, the identity data of said client computer device comprising said digital identification;
said sewer computer selectively requiring said client computer device to forward said digital identification to said server computer;
said clearinghouse authenticating the identity of said client computer device responsive to a request for said protected resources of said server computer by said client computer device;
said clearinghouse authorizing said client computer device to receive said requested protected resources, based on said stored authorization data; and,
said clearinghouse controlling access to said requested protected resources of said server computer responsive to successful authentication of said client computer device making the request and responsive to successful authorization of said client comnuter device.
32. The system of claim 31, further comprising said server computer that forwards its identity data and the identity data of said client computer device to said clearinghouse.
33. The system of claim 32, wherein said clearinghouse stores identity data of said server computer and authenticates the identity of said server computer responsive to said client computer device making the request for said protected resources of said server computer.
34. The system of claim 33, wherein said clearinghouse controls access to said requested protected resources of said server computer responsive to successful authentication of said server computer and of said client computer device making the request.
35. The system of claim 31, wherein the untrusted network is the Internet.
36. The system of claim 31, wherein the identity data of said client computer device includes said digital identification and at least one of a username and a password.
37. The system of claim 31, wherein the identity data of said client computer device includes card based identification data.
38. The system of claim 31, further including multiple server computers and multiple clearinghouses, said multiple server computers and said multiple clearinghouses being capable of being at separate physical locations.
39. The system of claim 31, wherein said clearinghouse operates as an independent entity and authenticates multiple server computers capable of being at separate physical locations.
40. The system of claim 31, wherein said digital identification includes a digital certificate.
41. The system of claim 31, wherein the identity data of said client computer device can be forwarded to said clearinghouse to authorize access to said protected resources contained on at least another server computer associated with said server computer.
42. The system of claim 31, wherein said server computer intermittently requires said client computer device to forward said digital identification to said server computer.
43. The system of claim 42, wherein successive ones of the interrnittent requirements occur at predetermined time intervals.
44. The system of claim 31, wherein said clearinghouse provides authentication confirmation data to said client computer device and to said server computer when the identities of the same are authenticated, said authentication confirmation data being encrypted in subsequent communications between said server computer, said client computer device and said clearinghouse.
45. The system of claim 31, wherein said server computer has the ability to change said digital identification of said hardware key one of connected to and built into said client computer device, said changed digital identification being transmitted to said clearinghouse.
46. The system of claim 31, further characterized in that said sewer computer monitors communications between said server computer and said client computer device and acquires and stores demographic data for said client computer device.
47. The system of claim 31, further characterized in that said server computer monitors the communications between said server computer and said client computer device and acquires and stores transaction data based upon said client computer device's usage of said protected resources of said server computer.
48. The system of claim 31, wherein said server computer selectively queries said client computer device to generate said digital identification, said client computer device generating said digital identification in response to the query.
49. The system of claim 48, wherein said server computer's selective querying of said client computer device occurs by operation of query algorithms, said server computer changing said query algorithms.
50. The system of claim 31, wherein said server computer selectively prompts said client computer device to provide its identity data including at least one of a username and a password.
51. The system of claim 31, wherein one of a plurality of authorization levels is assigned to said protected resources provided by said server computer, the identity data of said client computer device including a particular authorization level, said sewer computer only permitting access to particular protected resources by said client computer device permitted by said particular authorization level.
52. The system of claim 51, wherein said protected resources are contained in a plurality of directories containing files, said authorization levels being assigned on a directory level.
53. The system of claim 51, wherein said protected resources are contained in a plurality of directories containing files, said authorization levels being assigned on a file level.
54. The system of claim 31, wherein the untrusted network uses an IP protocol.
55. The system of claim 31, wherein the identity data of said client computer device includes said digital identification and at least one of, a user name, a password, and card based identification data.
56. The system of claim 31, wherein at least some portion of the identity data of said client computer device is encrypted.
57. The system of claim 31, wherein at least some portion of the identity data of said client computer device is derived from a combination of at least a portion of digital identifications of said hardware keys.
58. The system of claim 31, further including multiple server computers, said multiple server computers and said clearinghouse being capable of being at separate physical locations.
59. The system of claim 31, further including multiple clearinghouses, said server computer and said multiple clearinghouses being capable of being at separate physical locations.
60. The system of claim 31, wherein said server computer selectively prompts said client computer device to provide its identity data and selectively prompts the user of said client computer device to provide at least one of a username and a password.
61. The system of claim 31, wherein the functions of said clearinghouse are performed by multiple servers.
62. A method for protecting resources of a server computer, the server computer providing the protected resources to a client computer device via an untrusted network, without necessarily protecting other computer resources provided by the server computer and by other server computers to other client computer devices, the method comprising:
storing (i) identity data of the server computer, (ii) identity data of the client computer device having a hardware key, and (iii) authorization data associated with the protected resources into a clearinghouse;
generating a digital identification of the hardware key associated with the client computer device, the identity data of the client computer device comprising the digital identification;
selectively requiring the client computer device to forward its identity data to the server computer;
forwarding, by the client computer device, the identity data of the client computer device to the server computer;
forwarding, by the server computer, the identity data of the server computer and the identity data of the client computer device to the clearinghouse;
authenticating, by the clearinghouse, the identity of the client computer device responsive to the request for the protected resources of the server computer by the client computer device;
authenticating, by the clearinghouse, the identity of the server computer responsive to the client computer device making the request for the protected resources of the server computer;
authorizing, by the clearinghouse, the client computer device to receive the protected resources requested by the client computer device, based on the stored authorization data associated with the requested protected resources; and,
controlling by the clearinghouse access to the requested protected resources of the server computer responsive to successfully authenticating the server computer and the client computer device making the request and responsive to successfully authorizing the client computer device.
63. The method of claim 62, wherein the untrusted network is the Internet.
64. The method of claim 62, wherein the forwarding of the identity data of the client computer device includes the forwarding of the digital identification of the hardware key and at least one of a username and a password.
65. The method of claim 62, wherein the forwarding of the identity data of the client computer device includes forwarding of the digital identification of the hardware key and card based identification data.
66. The method of claim 62, further comprising providing multiple sewer computers and multiple clearinghouses, the multiple server computers and the multiple clearinghouses being capable of being at separate physical locations.
67. The method of claim 62, further comprising providing multiple sewer computers at separate physical locations from one another; and further comprising authenticating the multiple servers with the clearinghouse operating as an independent entity.
68. The method of claim 62, wherein the generating of the digital identification of the hardware key includes generating a digital certificate.
69. The method of claim 62, wherein the controlling access to the requested protected resources of the server computer includes the controlling of access to protected resources contained on at least another server computer associated with the server computer.
70. The method of claim 62, wherein the selectively requiring of the client computer device to forward its identity data to the server computer includes intermittently requiring the client computer device to forward its digital identification to the server computer.
71. The method of claim 70, wherein the intermittently requiring of the client computer device to forward its digital identification to the server computer includes having successive ones of the intermittent requirements occur at predetermined time intervals.
72. The method of claim 62, wherein the authenticating includes encrypting the authentication confirmation data in subsequent communications from the server computer and the client computer device to another of the server computer and the client computer device.
73. The method of claim 62, further comprising changing the digital identification of the hardware key of The client computer device from the server computer, and transmitting the changed digital identification to the clearinghouse.
74. The method of claim 62, further comprising monitoring communications between the server computer and the client computer device, and acquiring and storing demographic data for the client computer device.
75. The method of claim 62, further comprising monitoring communications between the server computer and the client computer device, and acquiring and storing transaction data based upon the client computer device's usage of The protected resources of the server computer.
76. The method of claim 62, wherein the selectively requiring of the client computer device to forward its identity data to the server computer includes selectively querying the client computer device to generate the digital identification, and generating the digital identification of the hardware key includes generating the digital identification in response to the query.
77. The method of claim 76, wherein the selective querying of the client computer device to generate the digital identification includes using query algorithms in the server computer.
78. The method of claim 77, further comprising changing the query algorithms in the server computer.
79. The method of claim 62, wherein the selectively requiring of the client computer device to forward its identity data to the server computer includes selectively prompting the client computer device to provide its identity data including at least one of a username and a password.
80. The method of claim 62, further comprising assigning one of a plurality of authorization levels to the protected resources provided by the server computer, assigning a particular authorization level to the identity data of the client computer device, and only permitting access to particular protected resources of the server computer by the client computer device permitted by the particular authorization level.
81. The method of claim 62, wherein the untrusted network uses an IP protocol.
82. The method of claim 62, further comprising encrypting at least some portion of the identity data of the client computer device.
83. The method of claim 62, further comprising providing multiple server computers, the multiple server computers and the clearinghouse being capable of being at separate physical locations.
84. The method of claim 62, further comprising providing multiple clearinghouses, the server computer and the multiple clearinghouses being capable of being at separate physical locations.
85. The method of claim 62, wherein the selectively requiring of the client computer device to forward its identity data to the server computer includes selectively prompting the client computer device to provide its identity data and of selectively prompting the user of the client computer device to provide at least one of a username and a password.
86. The method of claim 62, wherein the functions of said clearinghouse are performed by multiple servers.
87. A method for protecting resources of a server computer, the server computer providing the protected resources to a client computer device via an untrusted network, without necessarily protecting other computer resources provided by the server computer and by other server computers to other client computer devices, the method comprising:
storing (i) identity data of the client computer device having a hardware key and (ii) authorization data associated with the protected resources into a clearinghouse;
generating a digital identification of the hardware key associated with the client computer device, the identity data of the client computer device comprising the digital identification;
selectively requiring the client computer device to forward its identity data to the server computer;
forwarding, by the client computer device, the identity data of the client computer device to the server computer;
forwarding, by the server computer, the identity data of the client computer device to the clearinghouse;
authenticating, by the clearinghouse, the identity of the client computer device responsive to the request for the protected resources of the server computer by the client computer device;
authorizing, by the clearinghouse, the client computer device to receive the protected resources requested by the client computer device, based on the stored authorization data associated with the requested protected resources; and
controlling, by the clearinghouse, access to the requested protected resources of the server computer responsive to successfully authenticating the client computer device making the request and responsive to successfully authorizing the client computer device.
88. The method of claim 87, wherein the untrusted network is the Internet.
89. The method of claim 85, wherein the storing of the identity data of the client computer device and the authorization data associated with the protected resources includes storing the identity data of the server computer in the clearinghouse.
90. The method of claim 89, further comprising forwarding the identity data of the server computer to the clearinghouse.
91. The method of claim 90, further comprising authenticating the identity data of the server computer by the clearinghouse responsive to the client computer device making the request for the protected resources of the server computer.
92. The method of claim 91, wherein the controlling access to the requested protected resources of the server computer includes controlling access by the clearinghouse to the protected resources of the server computer responsive to successfully authenticating the server computer and the client computer device making the request.
93. The method of claim 87, wherein the forwarding of the identity data of the client computer device includes the forwarding of the digital identification of the hardware key and at least one of a username and a password.
94. The method of claim 87, wherein the forwarding of the identity data of the client computer device includes the forwarding of the digital identification of the hardware key and card based identification data.
95. The method of claim 87, further comprising providing multiple server computers and multiple cleaning houses, the multiple server computers and the multiple clearinghouses being capable of being at separate physical locations.
96. The method of claim 87, further comprising providing multiple server computers at separate physical locations from one another; and further comprising authenticating the multiple servers with the clearinghouse operating as an independent entity.
97. The method of claim 87, wherein the generating of the digital identification of the hardware key includes generating a digital certificate.
98. The method of claim 87, wherein the controlling access to the requested protected resources of the server computer includes the controlling of access to protected resources contained on at least another server computer associated with the server computer.
99. The method of claim 87, wherein the selectively requiring of the client computer device to forward its identity data to the server computer includes intermittently requiring the client computer device to forward its digital identification to the server computer.
100. The method of claim 99, wherein the intermittently requiring of the client computer device to forward its digital identification to the server computer includes having successive ones of the intermittent requirements occur at predetermined time intervals.
101. The method of claim 87, wherein the authenticating includes encrypting the authentication confirmation data in subsequent communications from the server computer and the client computer device to another of the server computer and the client computer device.
102. The method of claim 87, further comprising changing the digital identification of the hardware key of the client computer device from the server computer, and transmitting the changed digital identification to the clearinghouse.
103. The method of claim 87, further comprising monitoring communications between the server computer and the client computer device, and acquiring and storing demographic data for the client computer device.
104. The method of claim 87, further comprising monitoring communications between the server computer and the client computer device, and acquiring and storing transaction data based upon the client computer device's usage of the protected resources of the server computer.
105. The method of claim 87, wherein the selectively requiring of the client computer device to forward its identity data to the server computer includes selectively querying the client computer device to generate the digital identification, and generating the digital identification of the hardware key includes generating the digital identification in response to the query.
106. The method of claim 105, wherein the selective querying of the client computer device to generate the digital identification includes using query algorithms in the server computer.
107. The method of claim 106, further comprising changing the query algorithms in the server computer.
108. The method of claim 87, wherein the selectively requiring of the client computer device to forward its identity data to the server computer includes selectively prompting the client computer device to provide its identity data including at least one of a username and a password.
109. The method of claim 87, further comprising assigning one of a plurality of authorization levels to the protected resources provided by the server computer, assigning a particular authorization level to the identity data of the client computer device, and only permitting access to particular protected resources of the server computer by the client computer device permitted by the particular authorization level.
110. The method of claim 87, wherein the untrusted network uses an IP protocol.
111. The method of claim 87, further comprising encrypting at least some portion of the identity data of the client computer device.
112. The method of claim 87, further comprising providing multiple server computers, the multiple server computers and the clearinghouse being capable of being at separate physical locations.
113. The method of claim 87, further comprising providing multiple clearinghouses, the server computer and the multiple clearinghouses being capable of being at separate physical locations.
114. The method of claim 87, wherein the selectively requiring of the client computer device to forward its identity data to the server computer includes selectively prompting the client computer device to provide its identity data and of selectively prompting the user of the client computer device to provide at least one of a username and a password.
115. The method of claim 87, wherein the functions of the clearinghouse are performed by multiple servers.
116. A method for protecting resources of a server computers, the server computer providing the protected resources to client computer device via an untrusted network, without necessarily protecting other computer resources provided by the server computer and by other server computers to other client computer devices,—the method comprising: storing (i) identity data of the server computer, (ii) identity data of the client computer device having a hardware key, and (iii) authorization data associated with the protected resources into a clearinghouse;
generating a digital identification of the hardware key associated with the client computer device, the identity data of the client computer device comprising the digital identification;
intermittently requiring the client computer device to forward its digital identification to the server computer;
forwarding the identity data of the client computer device to the server computer;
forwarding the identity data of the server computer and the identity data of the client computer device to the clearinghouse;
authenticating, by the clearinghouse, the identity of the client computer device responsive to the request for the protected resources of the server computer by the client computer device;
authenticating, by the clearinghouse, the identity of the server computer responsive to the client computer device making the request for the protected resources of the server computer;
authorizing, by the clearinghouse, the client computer device to receive the protected resources requested by the client computer device, based on the stored authorization data associated with the requested protected resources;
controlling by the clearinghouse access to the requested protected resources of the server computer responsive to successfully authenticating the server computer and the client computer device making the request and responsive to successfully authorizing the client computer device;
assigning at least one authorization levels to the identity data of the client computer device;
only permitting access to particular protected resources of the server computer by the client computer device based upon the particular authorization level assigned to the client computer device;
monitoring communications between the server computer and the client computer device; and,
acquiring and storing transaction data associated with the client computer device.
117. A system for controlling access to protected computer resources provided via an Internet Protocol network, the system comprising:
at least one authentication server having an associated database to store (i) identity data of at least one access server, (ii) a digital identification associated with at least one client computer device requesting access to said protected computer resources, and (iii) data associated with said protected computer resources;
said at least one client computer device having an associated access key, said digital identification being derived from said access key;
said at least one client computer device adapted to forward said digital identification to said at least one access server;
said at least one access server adapted to forward, to said at least one authentication server, said identity data and said digital identification received from said at least one client computer device;
said at least one authentication server adapted to authenticate said identity data and said digital identification responsive to a request for said protected computer resources by said at least once client computer device;
said at least one authentication server adapted to authorize said at least one client computer device to receive at least a portion of said requested protected computer resources, based on said stored data associated with said requested protected computer resources; and
said at least one authentication server adapted to permit access to said at least said portion of said requested protected computer resources upon successfully authenticating said identity data and said digital identification and upon successfully authorizing said at least once client computer device.
118. The system of claim 117, wherein said at least said portion of said protected computer resources are stored on said at least one access server.
119. The system of claim 117, further comprising at least one server associated with said at least one access server, said server being capable of being at a separate physical location, said at least said portion of said protected computer resources being stored on said at least one server associated with said at least one access server.
120. The system of claim 119, wherein said at least one server associated with said at least one access server provides said at least said portion of said requested protected computer resources to said at least one client computer device upon said at least one authentication server permitting access to said at least said portion of said protected computer resources.
121. The system of claim 117, further comprising a plurality of servers associated with said at least one access server, said plurality of servers being capable of being at separate physical locations, said at least said portion of said protected computer resources being stored on at least one of said plurality of servers associated with said at least one access server.
122. The system of claim 121, wherein at least one of said multiple servers associated with said at least one access server provide said at least said portion of said requested protected computer resources to said at least one client computer device upon said at least one authentication server permitting access to said at least said portion of said protected computer resources.
123. The system of claim 117, further comprising multiple access servers, said multiple access servers and said at least one authentication server being capable of being at separate physical locations.
124. The system of claim 123, wherein said authentication server is capable of authenticating multiple access servers.
125. The system of claim 117, further comprising multiple authentication servers, said at least one access server and said multiple authentication servers being capable of being at separate physical locations.
126. The system of claim 117, further comprising multiple access servers and multiple authentication servers, said multiple access servers and said multiple authentication servers being capable of being at separate physical locations.
127. The system of claim 117, wherein said authentication server is operated by an entity independent of said at least one access server.
128. The system of claim 117, further comprising authenticating multiple access servers and multiple client computer devices, said authentication server being operated by an entity independent of said at least one access server and being capable of authenticating multiple access servers and multiple client computer devices.
129. The system of claim 117, further comprising multiple client computer devices, said authentication server being capable of authenticating multiple client computer devices.
130. The system of claim 117, further comprising multiple access servers and multiple client computer devices, said authentication server being capable of authenticating multiple access servers and multiple client computer devices.
131. The system of claim 117, wherein said Internet Protocol network is the Internet.
132. The system of claim 117, wherein said an access key is connected to said at least one client computer device.
133. The system of claim 117, wherein said access key is built into said at least one client computer device.
134. The system of claim 117, wherein said access key is inserted into a reader associated with said at least one client computer device.
135. The system of claim 134, wherein said reader is at least one of built into or connected to said at least one client computer device.
136. The system of claim 117, wherein said at least one client computer device wirelessly forwards said digital identification to said at least one access server.
137. The system of claim 117, wherein said at least one client computer device has a hardware component, said digital identification being built into said hardware component.
138. The system of claim 117, wherein said at least one client computer device has a hardware memory component, said digital identification residing on said hardware memory component.
139. The system of claim 117, wherein said digital identification comprises a combination of at least a portion of a plurality of digital identifications that is associated with said at least one client computer device.
140. The system of claim 117, wherein said digital identification comprises a digital certificate.
141. The system of claim 117, wherein said digital identification comprises card based identification data.
142. The system of claim 117, wherein said digital identification comprises biometric based identification data.
143. The system of claim 117, wherein at least a portion of said digital identification is encrypted.
144. The system of claim 117, wherein at least a portion of said identity data is encrypted.
145. The system of claim 117, wherein said at least one access server requires said at least one client computer device to forward its digital identification to said at least one access server.
146. The system of claim 117, wherein said at least one access server requires the user of said at least one client computer device to provide at least one of a user name and password.
147. The system of claim 117, wherein said at least one access server selectively prompts said at least one client computer device to provide its digital identification.
148. The system of claim 117, wherein said at least one access server selectively prompts a user of said at least one client computer device to provide at least one of a username and a password.
149. The system of claim 117, wherein said at least one access server provides said at least said portion of said requested protected computer resources to said at least one client computer device upon said at least one authentication server permitting access to said at least said portion of said protected computer resources.
150. A method for controlling access, by at least one authentication server, to protected computer resources provided via an Internet Protocol network, the method comprising:
storing (i) identity data of at least one access server, (ii) a digital identification associated with at least one client computer device, and (iii) data associated with the protected computer resources in at least one database associated with the at least one authentication server;
receiving, at the at least one access server, a request from the at least one client computer device for the protected computer resources;
deriving the digital identification from an access key associated with the at least one client computer device;
receiving, at the at least one access server, the digital identification from the at least one client computer device;
forwarding, from the at least one access server, the identity data and the digital identification to the at least one authentication server;
authenticating, by the at least one authentication server, the identity data and the digital identification forwarded by the at least one access server;
authorizing, by the at least one authentication server, the at least one client computer device to receive at least a portion of the protected computer resources requested by the at least one client computer device, based on the stored data associated with the requested protected computer resources; and
permitting access, by the at least one authentication server, to the at least the portion of the protected computer resources upon successfully authenticating the identity data and the digital identification and upon successfully authorizing the at least once client computer device.
151. The method of claim 150, further comprising storing the at least the portion of the protected computer resources on the at least one access server.
152. The method of claim 150, further comprising storing the at least the portion of the protected computer resources on at least one server computer associated with the at least one access server.
153. The method of claim 152, further comprising locating the at least one server computer at a separate physical location from the at least one access server.
154. The method of claim 152, further comprising providing, by at least one server associated with the at least one access server, the at least the portion of the requested protected computer resources to the at least one client computer device upon the at least one authentication server permitting access to the at least the portion of the protected computer resources.
155. The method of claim 150, further comprising storing the at least the portion of the protected computer resources on at least one of a plurality of server computers associated with the at least one access server.
156. The method of claim 155, further comprising locating the at least one of a plurality of server computers at a separate physical location from the at least one access server.
157. The method of claim 150, wherein authenticating, by the at least one authentication server, includes the at least one authentication server authenticating multiple access servers.
158. The method of claim 150, wherein authenticating, by the at least one authentication server, includes the at least one authentication server authenticating multiple client computer devices.
159. The method of claim 150, wherein authenticating, by the at least one authentication server, includes the at least one authentication server authenticating multiple access servers and multiple client computer devices.
160. The method of claim 150, wherein authenticating, by the at least one authentication server, is performed by one of a plurality of authentication servers associated with the authentication server.
161. The method of claim 150, wherein authorizing, by the at least one authentication server, is performed by one of a plurality of authentication servers associated with the authentication server.
162. The method of claim 150, wherein permitting, by the at least one authentication server, is performed by one of a plurality of authentication servers associated with the authentication server.
163. The method of claim 150, further comprising operating the at least one authentication server by an entity independent of the at least one access server; and authenticating, by the at least one authentication server, includes the at least one authentication server authenticating multiple access servers and multiple client computer devices.
164. The method of claim 163, further comprising providing, by a least one of a plurality of multiple servers associated with the at least one access server, the at least the portion of the requested protected computer resources to the at least one client computer device upon the at least one authentication server permitting access to the at least the portion of protected computer resources.
165. The method of claim 150, wherein the Internet Protocol network comprises the Internet.
166. The method of claim 150, wherein deriving the digital identification includes the access key being connected to the at least one client computer device.
167. The method of claim 150, wherein deriving the digital identification includes the access key being built into the at least one client computer device.
168. The method of claim 150, wherein deriving the digital identification includes the access key being inserted into a reader built into the at least one client computer device.
169. The method of claim 150, wherein deriving the digital identification includes the access key being inserted into a reader connected to the at least one client computer device.
170. The method of claim 150, wherein receiving, at the at least one access server, the digital identification from the at least one client computer device includes wirelessly receiving the digital identification.
171. The method of claim 150, further comprising deriving the digital identification from a hardware component built into the at least one client computer device.
172. The method of claim 150, further comprising deriving the digital identification from a hardware memory component associated with the at least one client computer device.
173. The method of claim 150, further comprising deriving the digital identification from at least a portion of a plurality of digital identifications associated with the at least one client computer device.
174. The method of claim 150, further comprising deriving, by the at least one client computer device, the digital identification from a digital certificate stored on at least one hardware memory component associated with the at least one client computer device.
175. The method of claim 150, wherein deriving, by the at least one client computer device, the digital identification includes deriving, by the at least one client computer device, the digital identification from a digital certificate stored on the access key associated with the at least one client computer device.
176. The method of claim 150, further comprising deriving, by the at least one client computer device, the digital identification from a card inserted into a reader one of at least built into or connected to the at least one client computer device.
177. The method of claim 150, further comprising deriving, by the at least one client computer device, the digital identification that comprises biometric based identification data.
178. The method of claim 150, further comprising encrypting at least a portion of the digital identification.
179. The method of claim 150, further comprising encrypting at least a portion of the identity data.
180. The method of claim 150, further comprising requiring, by the at least one access server, the digital identification associated with the at least one client computer device to be forwarded by the at least one client computer device to the at least one access server.
181. The method of claim 150, further comprising selectively requiring, by the at least one access server, at least one of a user name and password from the user of the at least one client computer device to be forwarded to the at least one access server by the at least one client computer device.
182. The method of claim 150, further comprising selectively prompting, by the at least one access server, the at least one client computer device to provide its digital identification.
183. The method of claim 150, further comprising selectively prompting, by the at least one access server, a user of the at least one client computer device to provide at least one of a user name and password.
184. The method of claim 150, further comprising providing, by the at least one access server, the at least the portion of the requested protected computer resources to the at least one client computer device upon the at least one authentication server permitting access to the at least the portion of the protected computer resources.
185. A method for controlling access, by at least one authentication server, to protected computer resources provided via an Internet Protocol network, the method comprising:
storing (i) identity data of at least one access server, (ii) digital identifications associated with a plurality of client computer devices, and (iii) data associated with the protected computer resources in at least one database associated with the at least one authentication server;
receiving, at the at least one access server, a request from at least one client computer device for the protected computer resources;
deriving the digital identification from an access key associated with the at least one client computer device;
receiving, at the at least one access server, the digital identification from the at least one client computer device;
forwarding, from the at least one access server, the identity data and the digital identification to the at least one authentication server;
authenticating, by the at least one authentication server, the identity data and the digital identification forwarded by the at least one access server
authorizing, by the at least one authentication server, the at least one client computer device to receive at least a portion of the protected computer resources requested by the at least one client computer device, based on the stored data associated with the requested protected computer resources; and
permitting access, by the at least one authentication server, to the at least the portion of the protected computer resources based upon the outcome of authenticating the identity data and the digital identification and upon successfully authorizing the at least once client computer device.
186. A method for controlling access, by at least one authentication server, to protected computer resources provided via an Internet Protocol network, the method comprising:
storing (i) a digital identification associated with at least one client computer device, and (ii) data associated with the protected computer resources in at least one database associated with the at least one authentication server;
receiving, at an at least one access server, a request from the at least one client computer device for the protected computer resources;
deriving the digital identification from an access key associated with the at least one client computer device;
receiving, at the at least one access server, the digital identification from the at least one client computer device;
forwarding, from the at least one access server, the digital identification to the at least one authentication server;
authenticating, by the at least one authentication server, the digital identification forwarded by the at least one access server;
authorizing, by the at least one authentication server, the at least one client computer device to receive at least a portion of the protected computer resources requested by the at least one client computer device, based on the stored data associated with the requested protected computer resources; and
permitting access, by the at least one authentication server, to the at least the portion of the protected computer resources upon successfully authenticating the digital identification and upon successfully authorizing the at least once client computer device.
187. A system for controlling access to protected computer resources provided via an Internet Protocol network, the system comprising:
at least one authentication server having an associated database to store (i) a digital identification associated with at least one client computer device requesting access to said protected computer resources, and (ii) data associated with said protected computer resources;
said at least one client computer device having an associated access key, said digital identification being derived from said access key;
said at least one client computer device adapted to forward said digital identification to at least one access server;
said at least one access server adapted to forward, to said at least one authentication server, said digital identification received from said at least one client computer device;
said at least one authentication server adapted to authenticate said digital identification responsive to a request for said protected computer resources by said at least once client computer device;
said at least one authentication server adapted to authorize said at least one client computer device to receive at least a portion of said requested protected computer resources, based on said stored data associated with said requested protected computer resources; and
said at least one authentication server adapted to permit access to said at least said portion of said requested protected computer resources upon successfully authenticating said digital identification and upon successfully authorizing said at least once client computer device.
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- Lloyd, B.; RFC 1334—PPP Authentication Protocols; Oct. 1992.Applicant
- Finseth, C.; RFC 1492—An Access Control Protocol, Sometimes Called TACACS; Jul. 1993.Applicant
- Kaufman, C.; RFC 1507—DASS, Distributed Authentication Security Service; Sep. 1993.Applicant
- Linn, J.; RFC 1508—Genetic Security Service Application Program Interface; Sep. 1993.Applicant
- Kohl et al.; RFC 1510—The Kerberos Network Authentication Service (V5); Sep. 1993.Applicant
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- Simpson, W.; RFC 1661—The Point -to- Point Protocol (PPP); Jul. 1994.Applicant
- Haller, N.; RFC 1704—On Internet Authentication; Oct. 1994.Applicant
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- Haller, N.; RFC 1760—The S/Key One-Time Password System; Feb. 1995.Applicant
- Yeong et al.; RFC 1777—Lightweight Directory Access Protocol; Mar. 1995.Applicant
- Howes et al.; RFC 1823—The LDAP Application Program Interface; Aug. 1995.Applicant
- Atkinson, R.; RFC 1826—IP Authentication Header; Aug. 1995.Applicant
- Atkinson, R.; RFC 1827—IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP); Aug. 1995.Applicant
- Metzger et al.; RFC 1828—IP Authentication Using Keyed MDS; Aug. 1995.Applicant
- Simpson, W.; RFC 1994—PPP Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP); Aug. 1996.Applicant
- Perkins, C.; RFC 2002—IP Mobility Support; Oct. 1996.Applicant
- Rigney et al.; RFC 2058—Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS); Jan. 1997.Applicant
- Franks et al.; RFC 2069—An Extension to HTTP: Digest Access Authentication; Jan. 1997.Applicant
- Baker et al.; RFC 2082—RIP-2 MD5 Authentication; Jan. 1997.Applicant
- Oehler et al.; RFC 2085—HMAC-MDS IP Authentication with Replay Prevention; Feb. 1997.Applicant
- Rigney et al.; RFC 2138—Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS); Apr. 1997.Applicant
- Rigney; RFC 2139—RADIUS Accounting; Apr. 1997.Applicant
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- Rigney; RADIUS Accounting; Jan. 1996.Applicant
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- Rigney; RADIUS; BayLISA; Mountainview, California; Feb. 1996.Applicant
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- Rigney et al.; RADIUS Extensions; draft-ietf-radius-ext-01.txt; Sep. 1997.Applicant
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- Newman et al., Kerberos: An Authentication Service for Computer Networks; 1994.Applicant
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- Netscape; SSL 2.0 Protocol Specification; Nov. 1994.Applicant
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- Netscape; Netscape Certificate Server 1.0 FAQ; 1996.Applicant
- Netscape; Netscape Certificate Server 1.0—A Powerful Certificate-Management Solution; 1996.Applicant
- Netscape; Netscape Directory Server 1.0 Data Sheet; 1996.Applicant
- Netscape; Netscape Directory Server 1.0 FAQ; 1996.Applicant
- Netscape; Netscape Directory Server 1.0—Server Software For Centralized Directory Management; 1996.Applicant
- Netscape; Netscape Enterprise Server 3.0 FAQ; 1996.Applicant
- Netscape; Netscape Enterprise Server 3.0—The Enterprise-Strength Web Server For The Intranet; 1996.Applicant
- Netscape; Netscape SuiteSpot 3.0 FAQ; 1996.Applicant
- Netscape; Netscape SuiteSpot—The Cost-Effective and Full-Service Intranet Solution; 1996.Applicant
- Netscape; What the Press is Saying About Netscape's New Servers; 1996.Applicant
- Netscape; An Internet Approach to Directories; 1996.Applicant
- Netscape; Securing Information Distribution Using Netscape Products with FORTEZZA®; 1996.Applicant
- Freier et al.; The SSL Protocol Version 3.0, Internet Draft http://wp.netscape.com/eng/ssl3/ssl-toc.html; Mar. 1996.Applicant
- Fleier et al.; The SSL Protocol Version 3.0; Mar. 1996.Applicant
- Netscape; Netscape Announces Netscape Certificate Server To Enable Companies To Encrypt Enterprise Communications And Data; Apr. 1996.Applicant
- Netscape; More Than 40 Companies Join Netscape and U. Michigan To Support Lightweight Directory Access Protocol As Proposed Standard For Internet Directions; Apr. 1996.Applicant
- PC Magazine Online; Netscape Shoots to Kill Microsoft and Lotus; Apr. 1996.Applicant
- Netscape; Securing Communications on the Intranet and Over the Internet; Jul. 1996.Applicant
- Netscape; Netscape Directory Server 1.0 Fact Sheet; Dec. 1996.Applicant
- Netscape; Netscape Announces Netscape Suitespot 3.0 for Open Email And Groupware on Intranets; Oct. 1996.Applicant
- Netscape; FORTEZZA® CryptoSecurity Products; Oct. 1996.Applicant
- Netscape; The SSL Protocol Version 3.0; Nov. 1996.Applicant
- Netscape; Introduction to Communicator; 1997.Applicant
- Netscape; Single Sign-On Deployment Guide-Security; 1997.Applicant
- Netscape; Web Publisher User's Guide—Netscape Enterprise Server Version 3.0; 1997.Applicant
- Netscape; Netscape Enterprise Server 3.0—Administrator's Guide for Windows NT; 1997.Applicant
- Netscape; Netscape Enterprise Server 3.0—Administrator's Guide for Unix; 1997.Applicant
- Netscape; Managing Netscape Servers—Netscape Administration Server 3.0; 1997.Applicant
- Netscape; Managing Netscape Servers—Netscape Administration Server 3.0 (online version); 1997.Applicant
- Netscape; Netscape Certificate Server Administrator's Guide for Windows NT; 1997.Applicant
- Netscape; Netscape Certificate Server Administrator's Guide for Unix; 1997.Applicant
- Netscape; Netscape Certificate Server Installation for Windows NT; 1997.Applicant
- Netscape; Netscape Certificate Server Installation for Unix; 1997.Applicant
- Netscape; Certificate-Mapping Programmer's Guide; 1997.Applicant
- Netscape; NSAPI Programmer's Guide—Netscape Enterprise Server Version 3.0; 1997.Applicant
- Netscape; Using Netscape with FORTEZZA; 1997.Applicant
- Netscape; Netscape Products With Fortezza Fact Sheet; Feb. 1997.Applicant
- U.S. Government; Demonstration Plan for JWID 97; Feb. 1997.Applicant
- Netscape; Netscape Communicator Supports Smart Cards and Tokens So Mobile Users Can Safely Access Corporate Networks Remotely; Aug. 1997.Applicant
- Netscape; U.S. Department of Defense Signs Agreement for Netscape Client and Server Software; Oct. 1997.Applicant
- Netscape; Netscape Expands Mission Control to Provide Unified Administration of Intranets and Extranets with Lower Cost of Ownership; Dec. 1997.Applicant
- Netscape; Hitachi and Netscape to Collaborate on Intranet and Extranet Solutions Based on LDAP Standard for Internet Directories; Dec. 1997.Applicant
- Ryan, G.; Making Netscape Compatible with FORTEZZA®—Lessons Learned; Aug. 1999.Applicant
- The Open Group; DCE, Distributing Computing Environment Overview; 1996.Applicant
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- The Open Group; DCE, Distributing Computing Environment, Glossary of Terms; 1996.Applicant
- The Open Group; DCE, Distributing Computing Environment, OSF DCE 1.2.2 New Features; 1996.Applicant
- The Open Group; The Open Group Announces General Availability of DCE 1.2.2 with Security and File System Enhancements; 1996.Applicant
- The Open Group; Technical Standard DCE 1—Authentication and Security Services; 1997.Applicant
- The Open Group; Presentation at The Open Group Member's Meeting re DCE RFC 68.4 Public Key Certificate-Based DCe Login; Apr. 1998.Applicant
- The Open Group; Draft Technical Standard, DCE 1.2.3 Public Key Certificate Login (Draft 0.8 for Company Review); Aug. 1998.Applicant
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- Workshop on Network and Distributed Systems; An Overview of the Advances SmartCard Access Control System; 1993.Applicant
- ISO/IEC; X.509 Information Technology—Open Systems Interconnection—The Directory: Authentication Framework; Nov. 1993.Applicant
- Lai et al.; Endorsements, Licensing, and Insurance for Distributed System Services; 1994.Applicant
- Krajewski, Jr. et al.; Applicability of Smart Cards to Network User Authentication; 1994.Applicant
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- Carr, J.; The Price of Access Is Eternal Vigilance-Security Sells Itself as Remote Connections Spread the Risk of Unauthorized Access to Corporate Data; Oct. 1995.Applicant
- Rohland, W.S.; Token-Based Information Security for Commercial and Federal Information Networks; Oct. 1995.Applicant
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- Cisco Systems, Inc.; Single-User Network Access Security TACACS+; Mar. 1996.Applicant
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- Wirbel, L.; Management platforms, virtual lans shine at show-NetWorld: gains aplenty; Apr. 1996.Applicant
- Regents of the University of Michigan; The SLAPD and SLURPD Administrator's Guide, University of Michigan, Release 3.3; Apr. 1996.Applicant
- ISDN News; Livingston Launches ISDN Router, Too; May 1996.Applicant
- Zisman, A.; Business in Vancouver High Tech Office column; May 1996.Applicant
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- Richard, P.; Re: LDAP for logon?; May 1996.Applicant
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- McLaughlin; SunWorld News: Directory of the Month of Jun. 1996.Applicant
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- Andreesen, M.; Interoperable Security; Dec. 1996.Applicant
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- Xcert; Sentry CA Cross-Checks Certificates, PC Week Online; Apr. 1997.Applicant
- Xcert; Sentry CA (Certificate Authority); 1996.Applicant
- Xcert; XUDA: Xcert Universal Database API; 1996.Applicant
- Xcert; Xcert Software Inc., Questions and Answers; 1996.Applicant
- Xcert; The Xcert Sentry Access Control List Module; 1996.Applicant
- CryptoSwift; CryptoSwift Secure Sever Accelerator Frequently Asked Questions; Apr. 1997.Applicant
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- Choudhury, A. et al.; Copyright Protection for Electronic Publishing Over Computer Networks; IEEE Network; May/Jun. 1995.Applicant
- Newsbytes News Network; GTE's CyberTrust for Web Electronic Commerce; Feb. 6, 1996.Applicant
- Lowry, J.; Location-Independent Information Object Security; IEEE; 1995.Applicant
- Communication News; NSA Provides Value-Added Crypto Security; May 1995.Applicant
- Business Wire; Secure Computing Corp. Announces Agreement with Security Dynamics Technologies, Inc. to Provide Enhanced Security for Computer Networks; Jan. 23, 1996.Applicant
- SiteMinder v. 1.0; Netegrity, Inc.; 1996-1997.Applicant
- Plaintiff Prism Technologies LLC's Opening Claim Construction Brief and Appendix with Exhibits; Sep. 22, 2006; Prism Technologies LLC v. Verisign, Inc., et al.; Civil Action No. 05-214-JJF.Applicant
- Plaintiff Prism Technologies LLC's Claim Construction Answering Brief; Oct. 13, 2006 with Exhibits; Prism Technologies LLC v. Verisign, Inc., et al.; Civil Action No. 05-214-JJF.Applicant
- Defendents' Opening Claim Construction Brief with Exhibits; Sep. 22, 2006; Prism Technologies LLC v. Verisign, Inc., et al.; Civil Action No. 05-214-JJF.Applicant
- Defendents' Responsive Claim Construction Brief; Oct. 13, 2006 (public version dated Oct. 17, 2006); Prism Technologies LLC v. Verisign, Inc., et al.; Civil Action No. 05-214-JJF.Applicant
- Requests For Comments (RFC) submitted at the Markman hearing; Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail: Part I: Message Encryption and Authentication Procedures and Part II: Certificate-Based Key Management; Feb. 1993.Applicant
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- Richard, Patrick; E-Mail Response Re: LDAP for logon?; May 22, 1996; (CA133800-CA133801).Applicant
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- E-Mail Responses by various; strong authentication questions; May 1996; (CA134275-CA134277).Applicant
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- TIS; TIS Firewall Toolkit; Trusted Information Systems, Inc.; Sep. 1996; (CA955348-CA955397).Applicant
- TIS; TIS Firewall Toolkit: Overview; Trusted Information Systems, Inc.; Version dated Jun. 30, 1994; (CA955398-CA955411).Applicant
- TIS; Major Enhancements to Industry-Leading Gauntlet™ Internet Firewall; Trusted Information Systems, Inc.; Jul. 22, 1996; (CA955412-CA955414).Applicant
- TIS; Trusted Information Systems Enhances Industry-Leading Gauntlet™ Internet Firewall; Trusted Information Systems, Inc.; Jan. 23, 1996; (CA955415-CA955417).Applicant
- TIS; Trusted Information Systems extends security throughout the network with additions to Gauntlet™ Internet Firewall; Trusted Information Systems, Inc.; Apr. 2, 1996; (CA955418-CA955420).Applicant
- TIS; Trusted Information Systems Internet Firewall Toolkit: An Overview, Trusted Information Systems, Inc.; 1993; (CA955421-CA955477).Applicant
- TIS; Marcus J. Ranum et al.; A Toolkit and Methods for Internet Firewalls; Trusted Information Systems, Inc.; (CA955478-CA955485), 1997.Applicant
- TIS; Firewall User's Overview, Trusted Information Systems, Inc.; Version dated Feb. 8, 1994; (CA955486-CA955490).Applicant
- V-ONE; V-One Security for a Connected World; V-One Corporation; (CA955491-CA955548), 1998.Applicant
- V-ONE; The Internet Just Got Real!; Marketing Strategy and Mission; V-ONE Corporation; (CA955549-CA955550), 1997.Applicant
- V-ONE; Marjanovic, Steven; Software Beefs Up Security of Internet Transactions; (Reprinted from American Banker(r), The Daily Financial Services Newspaper; Friday, Feb. 16, 1996, p. 13); V-ONE Corporation; (CA955551-CA955553).Applicant
- V-ONE; Marjanovic, Steven; Software Beefs Up Security of Internet Transactions; (Reprinted from American Banker(r), The Daily Financial Services Newspaper; Friday Feb. 16, 1996, p. 13); V-ONE Corporation; (CA955554-CA955556).Applicant
- RISS; Network Fundamentals; Regional Information Sharing Systems; Jun. 26, 2000; (CA955557-CA955573).Applicant
- V-ONE; General Electric Information Services Teams with V-ONE In New Secure Internet Offering; First Deployment of V-ONE's SmartGATE enables the World's Only Smart Card Solution on the Internet; (Reprinted from Business Wire, Feb. 9, 1996); V-ONE Corporation; (CA955574-CA955576).Applicant
- Community Connexion; Mailing list archives; Community ConneXion Announces Stronghold Version 1.2; Community ConneXion, Inc.; Jul. 16, 1996; (CA955577).Applicant
- V-ONE; New and Noteworthy: A rundown of recent electronic commerce products and services; (Reprinted from Computerworld, Feb. 5, 1996, vol. 30, No. 6); V-ONE Corporation; (CA955578-955579).Applicant
- V-ONE; CSI Firewall Matrix Search Results; SmartWALL; V-ONE Corportation; (CA955580-CA955581), 1996.Applicant
- CTI; Letter to Roger Loyer with attachment (Electronic Distribution Facility: Responses to BayBank Systems—Request for Proposal; Corporate Technologies, Inc.; Feb. 12, 1996; (CA955582-CA955597).Applicant
- V-ONE; Marcus J. Ranum; Electronic Commerce and Security; V-ONE Corporation; (CA955598-CA955604), 1996.Applicant
- Federal Computer Week; Advertisement; FCW.COM; (CA955605-CA955606), 1997.Applicant
- GE Information Services; New Generations of Secure Internet Commerce Unveiled by GE Information Services; GE Information Services; Feb. 6, 1996; (CA955607-CA955609).Applicant
- RISS; Getting Connected; Regional Information Sharing Systems; Jun. 27, 2000; (CA955610-CA955625).Applicant
- V-ONE; NSA Chooses V-ONE to Protect DMS Networks; (Reprinted from Government Computer News, The National Newspaper of Government Computing, vol. 15, No. 8, Apr. 15, 1996); V-ONE Corporation; (CA955626).Applicant
- V-ONE; Paul Merenbloom; SmartGate Internet Security gives good name to middleware: Lan Talk; (Reprinted from Infoworld, Feb. 19, 1996); V-ONE Corporation; (CA955627-CA955629).Applicant
- V-ONE; Nick Wingfield; V-ONE promises ′net security: SmartGATE client/server tool encrypts across TCP/IP; (Reprinted from Infoworld, Internet, Dec. 11, 1995); V-ONE Corporation; CA955630-CA955631).Applicant
- V-ONE; Internet Firewalls Frequently Asked Questions; V-ONE Corporation; Marcus J. Ranum; 1995; (CA955632-CA955643).Applicant
- V-ONE; New Network Security Products Spur On-line Interest; (Reprinted from Electronic Commerce News (PBI), Mar. 11, 1996); V-ONE Corporation; (CA955644-CA955647).Applicant
- RISSTech; BJS/Search National Conference Justice, E-Government & the Internet Developing Security Policies and Procedures; Regional Information Sharing Systems; Jun. 27, 2000; (CA955648-CA955679).Applicant
- V-ONE; V-ONE Chisels Commerce Drawbridge In Internet Firewalls; (Reprinted from Network Computing, Jan. 15, 1996); V-ONE Corporation; (CA955680).Applicant
- V-ONE; Karen Rodriquez; New Gateway Verifies Secure Server Link; (Reprinted from Communications Week, Dec. 11, 1995); V-ONE Corporation; (CA955681-CA955682).Applicant
- V-ONE; Reva Basch; SmartWall Easing Internet Security Concerns; (Reprinted from PCTODAY, Feb. 1996, p. 34); V-ONE Corporation; (CA955683-CA955685).Applicant
- V-ONE; V-ONE Announces SmartWall DMS(TM); V-ONE Corporation; Oct. 25, 1996; (CA955686-CA955687).Applicant
- V-ONE; V-ONE Announces Business Alliance With Lockheed Martin Federal Systems In Gaithersburg; V-ONE Corporation; Oct. 31, 1996; (CA955688-CA955690).Applicant
- V-ONE; V-ONE Announces SmartGate, Enabling Open and Secure Business Transactions on the Internet: New Class of Security Product Allows Businesses to Build a secure Transaction Environment with Existing Legacy or New Client/Server Applications; V-ONE Corporation; Dec. 11, 1995; (CA955691-CA955693).Applicant
- V-ONE; “V-ONE Announces SmartWall DMS(TM)” Release DMS/Symposium & Demonstration/V-ONE Information; V-ONE Corporation; Dec. 4, 1996; (CA955694-CA955696).Applicant
- V-ONE; SmartWall(TM) to Augment Defense Messaging System: Protecting Highest Military Network; V-ONE Corporation; 1996; (CA955697-CA955698).Applicant
- V-ONE; SmartWall(TM) to Augment Defense Messaging System: Protecting Highest Military Network; V-ONE Corporation; 1996; (CA955699-CA955700).Applicant
- V-ONE; V-ONE Announces SmartGate, Enabling Open and Secure Business Transactions on the Internet: New Class of Security Product Allows Businesses to Build a Secure Transaction Environment with Existing Legacy or New Client/Server Applications; V-ONE Corporation; 1996; (CA955701-CA955703).Applicant
- V-ONE; V-ONE, Security Dynamics Announce Technological Interoperability: Security Dynamics' Leading SecurID Authentication Compatible with V-ONE's Top-Ranked Firewall, SmartWall; V-ONE Corporation; 1996; (CA955704-CA955706).Applicant
- V-ONE; General Electric Information Services Teams with V-ONE In New Secure Internet Offering; First Deployment of V-ONE's SmartGATE Enables the World's Only Smart Card Solution on the Internet; (Reprinted from Business Wire, Feb. 9, 1996) V-ONE Corporation; (CA955707-CA955709).Applicant
- V-ONE; V-ONE Corporation Defines a New Class of Security Products: Security Middleware; Industry's First Security Middleware product, SmartGATE, will be demonstrated at RSA Conference in Sand Francisco; V-ONE Corporation; 1996; (CA955710-CA955713).Applicant
- V-ONE; MCI and V-ONE Corporation Announce Sales Alliance Agreement; V-ONE Corporation; Jan. 27, 1997; (CA955714-CA955716).Applicant
- V-ONE; V-ONE launches smart card at FSU; (Reprinted from Online Banking newsletter, Market intelligence for banking executives, vol. 1, Issue 8, Mar. 11, 1996); V-ONE Corporation; (CA955717).Applicant
- V-ONE; Trusted Information Systems (TIS) Supports V-ONE's Security Middleware Product SmartGates(TM): TIS To Support SmartGATE Technology in Gauntlet Product Family; V-ONE Corporation; 1996; (CA955718-CA955721).Applicant
- V-ONE; Former Spyglass Vice President Joins V-ONE; V-ONE Corporation; 1996; (CA955722-CA955723).Applicant
- V-ONE; V-ONE to Secure Oracle's Database Network Products; V-ONE Corporation; 1966; (CA955724-CA955725).Applicant
- V-ONE; V-ONE SmartWall Is Best In Infosecurity News Security Supplement; V-ONE Corporation; 1996; (CA955726-CA955727).Applicant
- V-ONE; Marcus Ranum, Father of Firewall Joins V-ONE as Chief Scientist; V-ONE Corporation; 1996; (CA955728-CA955729).Applicant
- V-ONE; Archived News Articles; V-ONE Corporation; (CA955730-CA955732), 1996.Applicant
- RSA; Ciphertext: The RSA Newsletter; Vol. 4, No. 1, Spring 1996; RSA Data Security, Inc., (CA955733-CA955740).Applicant
- Zboray, Michael R.; Securing Legacy TCP/IP Applications; Gartner, Inc.; ID No. SPA-AUZ-024; Dec. 28, 1995; (CA955741-CA955745).Applicant
- V-ONE; Security Middleware: Beyond Firewalls; V-ONE Corporation; Revised: May 23, 1996; (CA955746-CA955747).Applicant
- V-ONE; VPN Deployment Lessons Learned; V-ONE Corporation; (CA955748-CA955764), 1997.Applicant
- V-ONE; VPN Authentication Encryption Access Control; V-ONE Corporation; (CA955765-CA955809), 2000.Applicant
- V-ONE; SmartGATE; Secure Connectivity over an Untrusted Network; V-ONE Corporation; Jan. 15, 1996; (CA955810-CA955815).Applicant
- V-ONE; Resellers and Distributors; V-ONE Corporation; (CA955816-CA955820), 1997.Applicant
- Galvin, Peter; Trials and tribulations of building an e-commerce server; Security: Pete's Wicked World; Apr. 1997; (CA955821-CA955828).Applicant
- RISSTech; Federal CIO Council; XML Community of Practice; RISS/RISSNET Trusted Credential Project; Regional Information Sharing Systems; Feb. 16, 2005; (CA955829-CA955842).Applicant
- V-ONE, Form S-1; V-ONE Corp/De-Vone, Filed Jun. 21, 1996, General form of registration statement: Initial statement; (CA955843-CA956272).Applicant
- V-ONE; Brian Santo; V-ONE Raises SmartGATE ; (Reprinted from Electronic Engineering TIMES, Dec. 11, 1995); V-ONE Corporation; (CA956273-CA956275).Applicant
- V-ONE SmartGATE™ A product of Security Middleware; V-ONE Corporation; 1996; (CA956276-CA956277).Applicant
- Going Public the IPO Reporter; Securities Data Publishing; 1996; (CA956278-CA956328).Applicant
- V-ONE; Success Stories: Regional Law Enforcement Network Reduces Violent Crime While Saving time and Money; Customer Case Study: Regional Law Enforcement Network; V-ONE Corporation; (CA956329-CA956331), 1998.Applicant
- V-ONE; Form S-1/A; V-ONE Corp/De-Vone, Filed Sep. 6, 1996, Amended Registration statement for face-amount certificate companies; (CA956332-CA956449).Applicant
- V-ONE; V-ONE's Executive Team; V-ONE Corporation; 1996; (CA956450-CA956451).Applicant
- V-ONE; Marcus Ranum; V-ONE's Security Middleware Product Suite; V-ONE Corporation; (CA956452-CA956458), 1997.Applicant
- XCERT; XUDA Specification; Xcert Software, Inc.; (CA956459-CA956460), 1997.Applicant
- UDELL, Jon; Server and client certificates aren't yet widely used for authentication, but that's changing fast. Here's a progress report.; Web Project; Digital IDs; Mar. 19, 1997; (CA956461-CA956468).Applicant
- Cyberstore Systems Inc. et al.; OpenMed: Open Systems for Secure Health Care Information Transaction; OpenMed Business Plan; Jul. 29, 1995; (CA956469-CA956496).Applicant
- Cyberstore Systems Inc. et al.; InterMed and OpenMed: Open Systems for Secure Health Care Information Transaction; Mar. 31, 1995; (CA956497-CA956503).Applicant
- XCERT; Sales FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions): Download and Support; Xcert Software, Inc.; (CA956504-CA956506), 1997.Applicant
- Xcert; Sales FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions): Corporate and Product Overview; Xcert Software, Inc.; 1996-1997; (CA956507-CA056510).Applicant
- Federal Computer Week; Elizabeth Silkorovsky; Xcert aims to simplify public key infrastructure. (Xcert Software's Snetry Certification Authority data security software) (Product Announcement); vol. 10, Issue 17, Jul. 1, 1996; (CA956511).Applicant
- Network Computing; Certificate Authorities: How Valuable Are They?; Apr. 1, 1997; (CA956512-CA956517).Applicant
- CYBERSTORE; Certification Authority; (CA956518-CA956528), 1997.Applicant
- Hinnebusch, Mark; Z39.50 Implementors Workshop; Aug. 8, 1996; (CA956529-CA956531).Applicant
- Richard, Patrick; Re: LDAP for logon?; May 21, 1996; (CA956532).Applicant
- Rapoza, Jim; Sentry CA cross-checks certificates: Xcert uses LDAP directory secured via SSL for flexible authentication between authorities; PC Week Online; Apr. 16, 1997; (CA956533-CA956535).Applicant
- XCERT; Software Sentry News Media Backgrounder; Xcert International Inc.; Apr. 17, 1996; (CA956536-CA956538).Applicant
- XCERT; Software Sentry Technology Announcement; Xcert International Inc.; Apr. 18, 1996; (CA956539-CA956541).Applicant
- XCERT; Xcert Software's Certification Authority and Access Control Technology Provides Privacy on Public Networks; Xcert International, Inc.; Jan. 27, 1997; (CA956542-CA956544).Applicant
- XCERT; Xcert Software Announces Support for Litronic NetSign™; Xcert International Inc.; Jun. 11, 1997; (CA956545-CA956546).Applicant
- XCERT; Xcert's New Certification Authority and Access Control Technology Offers Unprecedented Safeguards for Electronic Commerce and Communications; Xcert International Inc.; Jun. 24, 1996; (CA956547-CA956549).Applicant
- XCERT; Xcert Software is First to Demonstrate Certification Authority (CA) Interoperability; Xcert International Inc.; Mar. 21, 1997; (CA956550).Applicant
- XCERT; Network Computing Magazine Names Xcert's Sentry CA as a ‘Well-Connected’ Award Nominee; Xcert International Inc.; Mar. 7, 1997; (CA956551-CA956552).Applicant
- XCERT; Xcert Announces Co-Marketing Agreement to Reach Largest Internal Server Market; Xcert International Inc.; May 14, 1996; (CA956552-CA956554).Applicant
- XCERT; Fischer International Systems Corporation and Xcert Software Inc demonstrate the first web-based Certificate Authority to interoperate with hardware tokens; Xcert International Inc.; Nov. 12, 1996; (CA956555-CA956557).Applicant
- STRONGHOLD; Community ConneXion announces Stronghold version 1.2; Released: Jul. 16, 1996; Red Hat, Inc.; (CA956558-CA956559).Applicant
- STRONGHOLD; Xcert announces co-marketing agreement to reach largest Internet server market; Released: May 13, 1996; Red Hat, Inc.; (CA956560-CA956561).Applicant
- Csinger, Andrew; Technology B.C. Application Form; InterSpect Systems Consulting Corp; OpenMed: a secure authentication protocol for health care information transaction; (CA956562-CA956584), 1997.Applicant
- Community Connextion, Inc.; Stronghold Version 1.3 User's Guide; Community Connexion, Inc.; 1996; (CA956585-CA956614).Applicant
- Davis, Beth; Security Check—Digital certificates slow to gain users, despite strides; TechwebNews; CMP Media Inc.; Feb. 10, 1997; (CA956615).Applicant
- Davis, Beth; Digital Certificate Options Offered; TechwebNews; CMP Media Inc.; Jan. 27, 1997; (CA956616).Applicant
- Csinger, Andrew; Letters to the Editor; Certification: Up and Running; (Reprinted from Web Week, vol. 2, Issue 18, Nov. 18, 1996; (CA956617).Applicant
- Parekh, Sameer; Re: WWW servers; Community ConneXion, Inc.; Jun. 6, 1996 10:41:26; (CA956618-CA956619).Applicant
- Parekh, Sameer; Re: WWW servers; Community ConneXion, Inc.; Jun. 6, 1996 14:21:02; (CA956620-CA9566210).Applicant
- Ford, Warwick; Computer Communications Security: Principles, Standard Protocols and Techniques; PTR Prentice Hall; 1994; (CA956622-CA957126).Applicant
- V-ONE; Smartgate: Making networks safe for business, Administrator's Guide; V-ONE Corporation; 1998; (CA957127-CA957460).Applicant
- Wagner, Mitch; Vanguard makes ′net link with clients (Reprinted from Computer World, vol. 30, No. 8, Feb. 19, 1996); (CA957461-CA957462).Applicant
- XCERT; Xcert Your Authority; Can You get through this door?; Xcert Software Inc.; 1996-1997; (CA957463-CA957464).Applicant
- Harreld, Heather; V-ONE launches its new federal division; FCW.COM; Mar. 3, 1997; (CA957465-CA-957466).Applicant
- V-ONE; V-ONE launches smart card at FSU; (Reprinted from Online Banking newsletter, Market intelligence for banking executives, vol. 1, Issue 8, Mar. 11, 2006); V-ONE Corporation; (CA957467).Applicant
- XCERT; Can You get through this door?; Xcert Your Authority; Xcert Software Inc.; 1996; (CA957468-CA957469).Applicant
- ITU-T; Data Networks and Open System Communications, Security; Information Technology—Open Systems Interconnection—Security Frameworks for Open Systems: Overview; ITU-T Recommendation X.810; International Telecommunication Union; 1996 (CA957470-CA957495).Applicant
- ITU-T; Data Networks and Open System Communications, Security; Information Technology—Open Systems Interconnection—Security Frameworks for Open Systems: Authentication Framework; ITU-T Recommendation X.811; International Telecommunication Union; 1996; (CA957496-CA957546).Applicant
- ITU-T; Data Networks and Open System Communications Security; Information Technology—Open Systems Interconnection—Security Frameworks for Open Systems: Access Control Framework; ITU-T Recommendation X.812; International Telecommunication Union; 1996; (CA957547-CA957594).Applicant
- V-ONE; V-ONE, Software.com, and VNI Partner To Offer First-Of-Its-Kind Secure Messaging: Sender Authentication and Guaranteed Delivery Now Possible Through Post.Office(TM) with SmartGATE(TM); V-ONE Corporation; 1996; (CA957595-CA957598).Applicant
- V-ONE; H?bler; Erick; CyberWallet Offered as Secure Way to Conduct Share Trading On-Line; (Reprinted from Securities Industry Daily, Internet Technology, vol. VII, No. 190, Sep. 29, 1995); V-ONE Corporation; (CA957599-CA957601).Applicant
- V-ONE; V-ONE Leader in Providing Internet Security, Expands Reach Through Agreements with 14 Resellers: VARs Cite Hot Market and Corporate Need for Secure Transactions Via Internet; V-ONE Corporation; Sep. 9; (CA957602-CA957604), 1997.Applicant
- XCERT; Sentry CA (Certificate Authority); Internet Security Technologies; Xcert International Inc.; 1997; (CA957605-CA957610).Applicant
- Galvin, Peter; Practicing what I preach: How I set up a secure e-commerce site; Security: Pete's Wicked World; 1997; (CA957611-CA957615).Applicant
- XCERT; Xuda: Xcert Universal Database API; Internet Security Technologies; Xcert International Inc.; (CA957616-CA957617), 1996.Applicant
- Westlaw; [Compilation of various articles]; (VERI-1603872—VERI-1603900), 1993, 1994, 1996.Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Northern Telecom introduces network security solution to safeguard data privacy and authenticity; Mar. 22, 1994; Washington, D.C.; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1604906—VERI-1604907).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Northern Telecom and Zoomit Corporation Announces Secure Encryption and Authentication for Windows-Based LAN E-Mail Applications; Mar. 22, 1994; Nashville, Tenn.; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1604908—VERI-1604910).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Microsoft selects Northern Telecom's Entrust network security technology to provide security for Microsoft Exchange Server; Oct. 17, 1994; Nashville, TN; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1604911—VERI-1604912).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Northern Telecom's Entrust Network Security Product to Support National Semiconductor's iPower PersonaCard Hardware Token; Nov. 29, 1994; Boston, Mass.; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1604913—VERI-1604914).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Northern Telecom licenses security token technology from Chrysalls ITS for hardware extensions to Entrust network security; Redwood Stores, CA; Jan. 9, 1995; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1604915—VERI-1604916).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Releases; Department of National Defence awards contract to Northern Telecom and Zoomit for secure e-mail system; Toronto, Ontario; Mar. 22, 1995; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1604917—VERI-1604918).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Releases; Control Data adds Nortel (Northern Telecom) Secure Networks' public-key security product to message integration solution; Entrust to provide Mail*Hub with security services for electronic commerce; New Orleans, LA; May 8, 1995; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1604919—VERI-1604921).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Releases; Shana and Nortel (Northern Telecom) Secure Networks announce Informed's support for Entrust; Collaboration offers authentication for Macintosh and Windows forms; New Orleans; LA; May 8, 1995; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1604922—VERI-1604924).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Releases; New network security system provides private, secure data communications using Nortel's Entrust product; Ottawa, May 15, 1995; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1604925—VERI-1694927).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Nortel Secure Networks Ships Version of Entrust Running on Windows, Macintosh and UNIX Platforms; Scalable Security Software Can be used Worldwide; Ottawa, Ontario; Jul. 31, 1995; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1604928—VERI-1604929).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Choreo Systems and Northern Telecom (Nortel) Secure Networks Group Sign VAR Agreement; Ottawa, Canada; Aug. 28, 1995; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1694930—VERI-1604932).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Nortel Security Services Added to TradeWave Internet Solutions; Integrated Security and Public Key Management Now Available from Single Internet Services Vendor; Austin, Texas; Sep. 25, 1995; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1604933—VERI-1604935).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Northern Telecom (Nortel) First in North America to Receive Computer Security Validation: Entrust Certified by U.S. and Canadian Agencies; Baltimore, Md; Oct. 10, 1995; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1604936—VERI-1604938).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Northern Telecom (Nortel) and Milkyway Networks Introduce Security Solution to Business Internet Users; Ottawa; Nov. 7, 1995; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1604939—VERI-1604941).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Nortel and LJL Enterprises Team to Offer Scalable and Secure E-Mail; Ottawa, Dec. 12, 1995; Northern Telecom; (VERI-16049242—VERI-1604943).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Linmor Information Systems Management Integrates Nortel Security Services into Nebula Network Management System (NMS); Dec. 20, 1995; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1604944—VERI-1604946).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Hewlett-Packard Turns To Nortel For E-Mail Security Solution; San Francisco; Jan. 16, 1996; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1604947—VERI-1604948).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Nortel Introduces Next Generation Software For Secure Data Communications: Entrust 2.0 Designed for Greater Efficiency and Ease of Use; San Francisco; Jan. 16, 1996; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1604949—VERI-1604951).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Devon Software Corp. Announces Kyberpass The First User Authenticating Firewall To Incorporate Northern Telecom's (Nortel) Entrust Data Security Software; Ottawa, ON.; Feb. 14, 1996; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1604952—VERI-1604954).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; ICL and Nortel Announce Collaboration For Large-Scale Enterprise Network Security X.500 Directory Supports Entrust Security; Anaheim, California; Apr. 29, 1996; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1604955—VERI-1604956).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Symantec and Nortel Team to Provide Secure Electronic Forms for Enterprise; Anaheim, California; Apr. 29, 1996; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1604957—VERI-1604959).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Nortel Issues Demonstration Certificates for Internet Products Free Certificates Enable SSL; San Jose; Apr. 30, 1996; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1604960—VERI-1604961).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Nortel Endorses S/MIME Specification Company Developing Toolkit for Secure Messaging Applications; Anaheim, California; Apr. 30, 1996; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1604962—VERI-1604963).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Entrust wins SCOAP awards of excellence; Ottawa; May 7, 1996; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1604964—VERI-16904967).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Nortel Issues Demonstration Certificates Available for Netscape Navigator 3.0; Chicago, Illinois; May 15, 1996; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1604968—VERI-1604969).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Harbinger Chooses Nortel to Provide Security for Electronic Commerce Solutions Entrust-aware Product List Continues to Grow; Chicago, Illinois; May 15, 1996; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1604970—VERI-1604971).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Nortel Provides Data Security Technology to PayPro Network; Jun. 5, 1996; Northern Telecom (VERI-1604972—VERI-1604973).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; IBM Adds Nortel's Entrust Security software to Its Internet-Commerce Portfolio; Somers, N.Y.; Aug. 1, 1996; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1604974—VERI-1604976).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Nortel Unveils Next Level of Entrust Software for Secure Data Communications New Certificate Management Features Set Entrust 2.1 Apart; Ottawa, Aug. 19, 1996; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1604977—VERI-1694978).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Hewlett-Packard to use Nortel's Data Security Technology; Ottawa; Aug. 27, 1996; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1604979—VERI-1604980).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Cowboys Call on Northern Telecom (Nortel) to Quarterback “Dallas Cowboys Online”; Dallas; Sep. 6, 1996; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1604981—VERI-1604983).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Nortel's Entrust Data Security Software Chosen by Canadian Government to Provide Public-Key Infrastructure; Ottawa; Sep. 16, 1996; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1604984—VERI-1604985).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Apple, IBM, JavaSoft, Motorola, Netscape, Nortel, Novell, RSA, and Silicon Graphics Announce PICA Crypto-Alliance; Redwood City, Calif.; Oct. 17, 1996; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1604986—VERI-1604989).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; NYCE Chooses Nortel's Entrust as Network Security Solution Software; Dallas; Oct. 29, 1996; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1604990—VERI-1604991).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Northern Telecom (Nortel) Introduces Web-Based Security Software Product Entrust/WebCA Enables Web Session Security; Dallas; Nov. 11, 1996; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1604992—VERI-1604993).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Northern Telecom (Nortel) and Tandem Sign Agreement Adding Entrust Security Technology to Tandem's Internet Commerce Offering; Ottawa; Nov. 15, 1996; Northern Telecom (VERI-1604994—VERI-1604995).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Nortel (Northern Telecom) forms Entrust Technologies to Focus on Enterprise Security Market; Dallas; Jan. 2, 1997; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1604996—VERI-1694998).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Entrust® Technologies'CAST Encryption Algorithm Now Avaliable for Free Commercial and Non-commercial Use; Ottawa; Jan. 24, 1997; Northern Telecom (VERI-1694999—VERI-1605000).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Entrust Technologies Unveils Entrust/ICE Desktop Encryption Product; Jan. 27, 1997; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1605002—VERI-1605003).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; JetForm and Entrust Technologies Announce Worldwide Alliance to Provide Adavanced Security Solutions for Forms-Based Workflow and Intranet Applications; San Francisco; Jan. 27, 1997; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1605004—VERI-1605007).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Entrust Technologies Names John Ryan CEO and Announces Headquarters; Jan. 27, 1997; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1605008—VERI-1605009).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Entrust Technologies Launches Partner Program; Ottawa; Jan. 27, 1997; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1605010—VERI-1605014).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Information Security Corporation and Entrust Technologies Announce SecretAgent to Work with Entrust; Jan. 27, 1997; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1605015—VERI-1605017).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Entrust Technologies Demonstrates Interoperability with Multiple Secure E-Mail Products; Philadelphia; Apr. 7, 1997; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1605018—VERI-1605020).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Entrust Technologies Now Shipping Entrust/WebCA and Entrust/ICE; Philadelphia; Apr. 7, 1997; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1605021—VERI-1605022).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Entrust Strengthens Data Security for Microsoft Exchange; Philadelphia; Apr. 7, 1997; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1605023—VERI-1605024).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Entrust Technologies? New Toolkit Will Accelerate Deployment of Internet Applications; Ottawa; Apr. 28, 1997; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1605025—VERI-;1605028).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Digital Equipment Corporation to Resell Entrust Technologies? Enterprise Security Products; Ottawa; Apr. 29, 1997; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1605029—VERI-1605031).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Entrust Technologies Sweeps Prestigious Awards at NetWorld+Interop; Las Vegas; May 7, 1997; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1605032—VERI-1605034).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Salomon Brothers Chooses Entrust Product Suite as Data Security Solution; New York; May 27, 1997; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1605043—VERI-1605035).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Press Release; Entrust Technologies? 3.0 Offers Users and Network Managers Unmatched Security and Greater Flexibility; Ottawa; Jun. 2, 1997; Northern Telecom; (VERI-1605036—VERI-1605038).Applicant
- Secure Computing Corp; 10-K—For Dec. 31, 1996; Annual Report—Form 10-K; SEC Info; (VERI-1605039—VERI-1605089).Applicant
- XCERT; Xcert Software Inc.; ./html-docs; Xcert Software Inc.; 1996; (VERI-1605090).Applicant
- CHRYSALIS; Chrysalis-ITS; Safeguard the Keys to Electronic Commerce; Chrysalis-ITS, Inc.; (VERI-1605091—VERI-1605092), 1997.Applicant
- CHRYSALIS; Seminerio, Maria; Chrysalis-ITS; Chrysalis to debut encryption token card; PC Week OnLine Oct. 30, 1996 (reprinted); (VERI-1605093—VERI-1605094).Applicant
- Westlaw; Wilder, Clinton; E-Commerce gets real; Informationweek; Dec. 9, 1996; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605153—VERI-1605155).Applicant
- Westlaw; Wilder, Clinton et al.; Trusting the Net; Informationweek; Oct. 14, 1996; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605156—VERI-1605159).Applicant
- Westlaw; Messmer, Ellen et al.; Holiday networking extravaganza on tap; Network World; Dec. 9, 1996; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605160—VERI-1605163).Applicant
- Westlaw; Darrow, Barbara; Web produces product storm; Computer Reseller News; Dec. 9, 1996; ProQuest Into&Learning; (VERI-1605164—VERI-1605166).Applicant
- Westlaw; Jones, Chris; SGI will soon deliver virtual-store tools; InfoWorld; Dec. 23/30, 1996; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605167—VERI-1605168).Applicant
- Westlaw; Newing, Rod; A new computing achritecture is coming; Management Accounting-London; Dec. 1996; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605169—VERI-1605173).Applicant
- Westlaw; Jones, Chris; OM-Transact connects to invoice and ordering systems; Infoworld; Dec. 9, 1996; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605174—VERI-1605175).Applicant
- Westlaw; Wagner, Mitch; Open Market upgrade will support big business on 'net; Computerworld; Dec. 9, 1996; ProQuest Into&Learning; (VERI-1605176—VERI-1605177).Applicant
- Westlaw; Masud, Sam; OpenMarket hopes to cash in on electronic commerce; Computer Reseller News; Oct. 28, 1996; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605178—VERI-1605179).Applicant
- Westlaw; Wexler, Joanie; AT&T rounds out E-commerce line; Network World; Oct. 14, 1996; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605180—VERI-1605181).Applicant
- Westlaw; Prince, Cheryl J.; building an Internet payments franchise; Bank Systems & Technology; Sep. 1996; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605182—VERI-1605183).Applicant
- Westlaw; Bowen, Ted Smalley; Powersoft hones Internet tool strategy ; InfoWorld; Aug. 26, 1996; ProQuest Into&Learning; (VERI-1605184—VERI-1605185).Applicant
- Westlaw; Dunlap, Charlotte; Open Market woos Web Integrators; Computer Reseller News; Aug. 5, 1996; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605186—VERI-1605187).Applicant
- Westlaw; Wilder, Clinton; E-commerce hosting services to expand; Informationweek; Jul. 22, 1996; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605188).Applicant
- Westlaw; Davis, Jessica; Novell commerce server slides; InfoWorld; July 8, 1996; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605189—VERI-1605190).Applicant
- Westlaw; Kruger, Peter; The net takes its toll; Communications International; May 1996; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605191—VERI-1605193).Applicant
- Westlaw; Damore, Kelley; Hardware makers hit the market with server bundles; Computer Reseller News; May 13, 1996; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605194—VERI-1605195).Applicant
- Westlaw; (Anonymous); Retail technology online; Chain Store Age; May 1996; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605196—VERI-1605198).Applicant
- Westlaw; (Anonymous); Open Market unleashes new class of Web software; Information Today; Apr. 1996; ProQuest Infro&Learning; (VERI-1605199—VERI-1605202).Applicant
- Westlaw; Rodriguez, Karen; Open market targets business; CommunicationsWeek; Mar. 11, 1996; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605203).Applicant
- Westlaw; Willet, Shawn; Novell to license java, build online tools; Computer Reseller News; Mar. 18, 1996; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605204—VERI-1605205).Applicant
- Westlaw; Messmer, Ellen; Open Market software seperates Web content, transaction management; Network World; Mar. 11, 1996; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605206—VERI-1605207).Applicant
- Westlaw; Krill, Paul; Novell to adopt Java, ActiveX architectures; InfoWorld; Mar. 25, 1996; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605208—VERI-1605210).Applicant
- Westlaw; Nash, Kim S.; Open Market aids Web site upkeep; Computerworld; Mar. 11, 1996; ProQuest Info&learning; (VERI-1605211—VERI-1605212).Applicant
- Westlaw; Maddox, Kate; New Net options for business; Informationweek; Mar. 4, 1996; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605213).Applicant
- Westlaw; Wilson, Donald C.; Highest and best use; Preservation use of envirnmentally significant real estate; Appraisal Journal; Jan. 1996; ProQuest Infro&Learning; (VERI-1605214—VERI-16-05226).Applicant
- Westlaw; Walsh, Jeff; Open Market announces StieDirector 4.1; InfoWorld; Dec. 15, 1997; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605227—VERI-1605228).Applicant
- Westlaw; Engler, Natalie; The second coming of electronic commerce; Computerworld; Dec. 15, 1997; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605229—VERI-1605234).Applicant
- Westlaw; Millman, Howard; Profit ploys for increased income; InfoWorld; Nov. 3, 1997; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605235—VERI-1605237).Applicant
- Westlaw; Fulcher, Jim; Shopping made easy; Manufacturing Systems; Oct. 1997; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605238—VERI-1605239).Applicant
- Westlaw; Guenette, David R.; Enterprising information; EMedia Professional; Nov. 1997; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605240—VERI-1605251).Applicant
- Westlaw; Wilder, Clinton; Focus on e-commerce; Informationweek; Oct. 6, 1997; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605252—VERI-1605253).Applicant
- Westlaw; Symoens, Jeff; Integration is key to Commerce; InfoWorld; Oct. 13, 1997; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605254—VERI-1605255).Applicant
- Westlaw; Bucholtz, Chris; E-entrepreneurs make their mark; Telephony, Internet Edge Supplement; Oct. 6, 1997; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605256—VERI-1605259).Applicant
- Westlaw; Wilder, Clinton; Distributors get their own shot at Web sales; Informationweek; Sep. 8, 1997; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605260—VERI-1605261).Applicant
- Westlaw; Edwards, Morris; The electronic commerce juggernaut; Communications News; Sep. 1997; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605262—VERI-1605265).Applicant
- Westlaw; Mohan, Suruchi; Effective Internet commerce to hinge on directors; InfoWorld; Sep. 8, 1997; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605266—VERI-1605270).Applicant
- Westlaw; Symoens, Jeff; Transact 3.0; Scalable solution; InfoWorld; Sep. 8, 1997; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605271—VERI-1605273).Applicant
- Westlaw; Jones, Chris; Selling online; InfoWorld; Mar. 17, 1997; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605274—VERI-1605275).Applicant
- Westlaw; (Anonymous); Web sheet; Manufacturing Systems; Aug. 1997; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605276).Applicant
- Westlaw; Michel, Roberto; The 'Net benefits; Manufacturing Systems; Feb. 1997; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605277—VERI-1605282).Applicant
- Westlaw; Dunlap, Charlotte; Open Market inks alliance with Portland Software; Computer Reseller News; Aug. 18, 1997; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605283—VERI-1605284).Applicant
- Westlaw; Wilder, Clinton et al.; Publishing outside the enterprise; Informationweek; Aug. 4, 1997; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605285—VERI-1605287).Applicant
- Westlaw; Poole, Jackie; Commerce-enabled sites from ANS; InfoWorld; Jul. 21, 1997; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605288—VERI-1605289).Applicant
- Westlaw; Pappalardo, Denise; ISPs dress up Web hosting services; Network World; Jul. 28, 1997; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605290—VERI-1605291).Applicant
- Westlaw; Carr, Jim; Users wade through electronic-commerce market; InfoWorld; Jun. 23, 1997; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605292—VERI-1605296).Applicant
- Westlaw; Messmer, Ellen; Start-up's service dodges 'Net sales tax; Network World; Jun. 30, 1997; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605297—VERI-1605298).Applicant
- Westlaw; Wagner, Mitch; Start-up will outsource 'net transactions; Computerworld; Jun. 30, 1997; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605299—VERI-1605300).Applicant
- Westlaw; (Anonymous); Open Market to acquire Folio Corporation; Information Today; Apr. 1997; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605301—VERI-1605302).Applicant
- Westlaw; Orenstein, Alison F.; Banks help merchants tap Internet ‘sales floor’; Bank Systems & Technology; Apr. 1997; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605303—VERI-1605304).Applicant
- Westlaw; Harrison, Ann; Reach out and buy something; Software Magazine; Apr. 1997; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605305—VERI-1605309).Applicant
- Westlaw; Cox, John; Cadis brings organization to the Web; Network World; Feb. 10, 1997; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605310—VERI-1605311).Applicant
- Westlaw; Jones, Chris; iCat and Cadis link online database to Web; InfoWorld; Feb. 10, 1997; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605312—VERI-1605313).Applicant
- Westlaw; Jones, Chris; Vendors back SET protocol with product announcements; InfoWorld; Feb. 3, 1997; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605314—VERI-1605315).Applicant
- Westlaw; Masud, Sam; iCat signs 120 VARs, Ingram Micro; computer Reseller News; Jan. 13, 1997; ProQuest Info&Learning; (VERI-1605316—VERI-1605317).Applicant
- Westlaw; Wilson, Donald C.; The principle of rank substitution; Appraisal Journal; Jan. 1997; ProQuest Info&Learning;(VERI-1605318—VERI-1605331).Applicant
- XCERT; XUDA Specification; Xcert Software, Inc.; (VERI-1605335—VERI-1605337), 1996.Applicant
- Chrysalisl Chrysalis-ITS; Canadian Department of National Defense Installs Integrated Information Security solutions from Chrysalis; Mergent International, and Northern Telecom (Nortel) Top Information Security Vendors Combine Solutions to Provide a High Level of Security to DND in Ottawa; Rocky Hill, Conn. (Apr. 19, 1996); (VERI-1605384—VERI-1605385).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Entrust Technologies White paper; Implementing Cryptoki Libraries for Entrust®; Jun. 1997; Version 1.2; Entrust Technologies; (VERI-1605386—VERI-1605400).Applicant
- Comp.Security.Unix; secure ID cards; which is best?; Google Groups; 1994; (VERI-1605401—VERI-1605404).Applicant
- Neumann, Peter G.; Architectures and Format Representations for Secure Systems; Computer Science Laboratory; SRI International EL-243; Oct. 2, 1995; Final Report; SRI Project 6401; (VERI-1605407—VERI-1605564).Applicant
- Byte; Kay, Russell; Jun. 1994/Special Report;/Distributed and Secure; When you distribute information and processing, you also delegate security responsibility. Good access controls, eyes-open administration, and communications encryption can make all the difference; BYTE.com; CMP Medial LLC; (VERI-1605576—VERI-1605587).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Entrust Technologies: Team Profiles; Entrust Technologies; (VERI-1605595—VERI-1605599), 1997.Applicant
- Secure Computing; Lockout™ Identification and Authentication; Nov. 8, 1996; Secure Computing Corporation; (VERI-1605606—VERI-1605607).Applicant
- Secure Computing; internet security; Victimized company learns a hard lesson; vol. 1, No. 3, Apr. 1997; Secure Computing Corporation; (VERI-1605623—VERI-1605626).Applicant
- Secure Computing; internet security; Just How Critical is Data Integrity?; vol. 1, No. 1; Feb. 1997; Secure Computing Corporation; (VERI-1605627—VERI-1605630).Applicant
- Secure Computing; internet security; Payne, Data; Elvis spotted?; Viol. 1, No. 2, Mar. 1997; Secure Computing Corporation; (VERI-1605631—VERI-1605634).Applicant
- Kent, Stephen Thomas; Encryption-Based Protection Protocols for Interactive User-Computer Communication Over Physically Unsecured Channels; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Jun. 1976; (VERI-1605635—VERI-1605755).Applicant
- ENTRUST; Curry, Ian; Entrust Technologies; Entrust® Key Management Overview; Apr. 1996, Version 1.4; Entrust Technologies; (VERI-1605756—VERI-1605762).Applicant
- Secure Computing; Lockout™ DES; Client software; Nov. 8, 1996; Secure Computing Corporation; (VERI-1605766—VERI-1605767).Applicant
- Secure Computing; Lockout™ DES; Lockout™ login agent and authentication server; Nov. 8, 1996; Secure Computing Corporation; (VERI-1605768—VERI-1605769).Applicant
- Secure Computing; Lockout™ FORTEZZA; Strong identification and authentication; Nov. 8, 1996; Secure Computing Corporation; (VERI-1605770—VERI-1605771).Applicant
- Secure Computing; Lockout™ DES; Identification and authentication; 1995; Secure Computing Corporation; (VERI-1605772—VERI-1605773).Applicant
- Westlaw; Premenos and Open Market Announce Strategic OEM Alliance; PR Newswire; Mar. 4, 1996; The Gale Group; (VERI-1605774—VERI-1605775).Applicant
- Westlaw; Frank, Diane; The new ROI in point of sale; Datamation; The Gale Group; (VERI-1605776), 1997.Applicant
- Misc.Activism.Progressive; Horvitz; Robert; Nato support for key-escrow crypto (long); Google Groups; 1995; (VERI-1605777—VERI-1605793).Applicant
- IRE; New Release; IRE ships 3,000th SafeNet? Product for secure Intranet use; Baltimore, Maryland; May 23, 1996; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605800—VERI-1605801).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; IRE SafeNet™ Products Achieve Interoperability in Industry Workshop; Baltimore, Maryland, Oct. 15, 1997; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605802—VERI-1605803).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; IRE Smartcard/Readers to be Used in U.S. Treasure Electronic Check Pilot Program; Baltimore, Maryland, Oct. 8, 1997; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605804—VERI-1605805).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; State of Maryland Services to Go On-Line Using IRE SafeNet™ Products; Vehicle Registration Among Government Services to be Available on the Internet; Baltimore, Maryland; Sep. 22, 1997; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605806—VERI-1605807).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; Industry Executive Joins IRE to Lead OEM Effort; Interest in Low-Cost SafeNet Technology Results in New Sales Channel; Baltimore, Maryland; Sep. 17, 1997; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605808—VERI-1605809).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; IRE SafeNet Products Protect Consumer Credit Applications on the Internet; Baltimore, Maryland; Sep. 3, 1997; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605810—VERI-1605811).Applicant
- IRE; News Release;-IRE Reports Strong Financial Growth; Baltimore, Maryland; Aug. 11, 1997; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605812—VERI-1605813).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; IRE Products to Secure Virtual Banking System in Argentina; Baltimore, Maryland; Aug. 6, 1997; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605814—VERI-1605815).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; IRE Announces New Chief Financial Officer; Baltimore, Maryland; Jul. 21, 1997; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605816).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; IRE and Lockheed Martin IS&T Form Strategic Alliance to Offer Turn-Key Secure Electronic Commerce; Jul 16, 1997; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605817—VERI-1605818).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; IRE Significantly Expands Distribution in Latin America Adds Eight Major Distribution Channels; Baltimore, Maryland; Jun. 3, 1997; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605819—VERI-1605820).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; IRE's Internet Security System Chosen as Best of Show Finalist for Interop 1996; Baltimore, Maryland; Sep. 16, 1996; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605821—VERI-1605822).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; IRE to Expand Distribution Channels in the U.S.; Names New Sales Executive to Lead the Development; Baltimore, Maryland; May 20, 1997; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605823—VERI-1605824).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; IRE Reports Improved Financial Results; Baltimore, Maryland; Mar. 12, 1997; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605825—VERI-1605826).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; IRE Frame Relay Encryptor Makes Business on High Speed Computer Networks a Reality; SafeNet/Frame Currently Showcasing at NetWorld+Interop; Baltimore, Maryland; May 8, 1997; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605827—VERI-1605828).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; U.S. Robotics and IRE Team to Announce Industry's First Complete Remote Access and Encryption System for Individuals, Enterprises and the Internet; New Strategic Relationship, Including x2, Expected to accelerate Electronic Commerce and Remote Access Over Internet and Public Networks; May 7, 1997; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605829—VERI-1605831).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; IRE to Showcase Low Cost Smartcard Security Token; Baltimore, Maryland; May 1, 1997; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605832—VERI-1605833).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; IRE Introduces Encryption Software for Windows; Baltimore, Maryland; Apr. 24, 1997; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605834—VERI-1605835).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; IRE to Penetrate Japanese Market Through Distribution Agreement with Kanematsu; Baltimore, Maryland; Mar. 31, 1997; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605836—VERI-1605838).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; IRE Reports 1996 Financial Results; Baltimore, Maryland; Mar. 24, 1997; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605839—VERI-1605840).Applicant
- IRE; New Release; IRE's Highly Secure Encryption Systems Now Available for Sale Worldwide; Company Receives Export Approval from Commerce Department; Baltimore, Maryland; Mar. 14, 1997; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605841—VERI-1605842).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; IRE Subsidiary Introduces Highly Secure Frame Relay Encryptor for Computer Transmission; Both 128-bit and DES Algorithms Are Offered; Baltimore, Maryland; Mar. 12, 1997; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605843—VERI-1605844).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; Internet Security for the Millennium Available Now; Year 2000 Compliance Makes SafeNet™ the Security Solution for Tomorrow's Electronic Business; Baltimore; Maryland; Dec. 4, 1997; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605845—VERI-1605846).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; Dan Mosley Joins IRE Advisory Board; Baltimore, Maryland; Mar. 10, 1997; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605847—VERI-1605848).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; Vint Cerf to Serve on IRE Advisory Board; Baltimore, Maryland; Feb. 18, 1997; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605849—VERI-1605850).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; TRW Purchases IRE Encryption Systems to Protect T reassure communications Nationwide; Baltimore, Maryland; Feb. 13, 1997; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605851—VERI-1605852).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; IRE Demonstrates Standard Compliant/Public Key Leadership for Internet Virtual Private Networks; Industry test shows SafeNet/Enterprise capable of secure Internet interoperability; Baltimore, Maryland; Feb. 11, 1997; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605853—VERI-1605854).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; Former United States Treasury Secretary to Chair IRE Advisory Board; Baltimore, Maryland; Feb. 5, 1997; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605855—VERI-1605856).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; IRE and Analog Devices to Provide Low-Cost, Secure Communications Chip for Electronic Commerce; Jan. 9, 1997; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605857—VERI-1605859).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; IRE to Product Revolutionary Low-Cost Secure Communications Chip; Baltimore, Maryland; Jan. 9, 1997; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605860—VERI-1605861).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; IRE Announces Montgomery Securities as Investment Banking Adivser and Market Maker; Baltimore, Maryland; Jan. 6, 1997; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605862).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; SafeNet Certified as Providing Strongest Security For Internet; New Designation to Give IRE a Competitive Edge; Baltimore, Maryland; Nov. 24, 1997; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605863—VERI-1605864).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; IRE Reports Third Quarter Results; Baltimore, Maryland; Nov. 14, 1996; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605865—VERI-1605866).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; IRE and MCI Announce Sales and Marketing Agreement for Secure Internet Products and Services; Nov. 14, 1996; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605867—VERI-1605868).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; IRE adds International Sales VP; Baltimore, Maryland; Nov. 12, 1996; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605869).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; IRE's MMCI Relationship Likely to Become Marketing Alliance; Baltimore, Maryland; Oct. 18, 1996; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605870—VERI-1605871).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; U.S. Treasure Renews Contract with IRE for Secure Electronic Commerce System; IRE's Network Security Products in Use Since 1991; Baltimore, Maryland; Oct. 15, 1996; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605872—VERI-1605873).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; U.S. Secret Service Using IRE's Secure Modem During presidential Campaign; Baltimore, Maryland; Sep. 26, 1996; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605874—VERI-1605875).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; IRE Receives Patent for Secure Potable Modem; Baltimore, Maryland; Sep. 9, 1996; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605878—VERI-1605879).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; IRE and Cyberguard Partner to Provide Complete Security Solution for Internet Business Communication; Aug. 8, 1996; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605880—VERI-1605882).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; France Telecom's Nexus International Joins IRE to Expand Brazil's Network Security Market; Baltimore, Maryland; Nov. 18, 1997; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605883—VERI-1605884).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; IRE Takes Lead in Building Secure Foundation for Electronic Commerce on the Internet; Partners with NIST to Develop Public Key Standards; Baltimore, Maryland; Jul. 24, 1996; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605885—VERI-1605886).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; IRE's Internet Security Center Now On-Line Appoints Dr. Garry Meyer as Managing Director; Baltimore, Maryland; Jul. 11, 1996; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605887—VERI-1605888).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; Sun Mircosystems Internet Commerce Group and IRE to Link and Distribute Products for Secure Commerce on the Internet; Apr. 2, 1996; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605891—VERI-1605892).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; IRE Subsidiary Wins Contract; Will Secure Swiss Electronic Payment System; Baltimore, Maryland; Nov. 12, 1997; Information Resource Engineering; (VERI-1605893—VERI-1605894).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; Strong SafeNet™ Sales Result in Third Quarter Revenue Growth for IRE; Information Resource Engineering Baltimore, Maryland; Nov. 6, 1997; (VERI-1605895—VERI-1605896).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; IRE SafeNet™ Products to Protect GTE's Internet-based Crime Fighting Service; Information Resource Engineering; Baltimore, Maryland; Oct. 29, 1997; (VERI-1605897—VERI-1605898).Applicant
- IRE; News Release; IRE Debuts SafeNet™ Partner Program, Increases Availiability of Industry-Leading Internet Security Solutions; Information Resource Engineering; Baltimore, Maryland; Oct. 21, 1997; (VERI-1605889—VERI-1605900).Applicant
- Open Market, Inc.; Open Market and iCat Strengthen Partnership; PRNewswire; Cambridge, Mass.; Apr. 8; (VERI-1605901—VERI-1605903), 1997.Applicant
- Open Market, Inc.; Open Market, Interleaf Team on Web “Secure Doc Mgt”; Washingtonpost Newsweek Interactive; Waltham, Massachusetts; Mar. 5, 1996; (VERI-1605905—VERI-1605906).Applicant
- Open Market, Inc.; Open Market's “3-Tier Architecture” For Web; Washingtonpost Newsweek Interactive; Waltham, Massachusetts; Mar. 14, 1996; (VERI-1605907—VERI-1605908).Applicant
- Comp.Security.Unix; password encryption (security) over networks; Google Groups; 1994; (VERI-1605917—VERI-1605919).Applicant
- RSA; Baldwin, Robert; Using S/PAY™; Jan. 30, 1997; RSA Data Security, Inc; (VERI-1605920—VERI-1606010).Applicant
- IRE; IRE and CyberGuard Announce Virtual Private Network Security Solution for Enabling Low Cost Internet Business Communication; SafeNet/Enterprise—Enables the Secure Use of Public Networks for Private Business Transactions; Atlanta, GA (Sep. 17, 1996); Information Resource Engineering, Inc.; (VERI-1606027—VERI-1606029).Applicant
- Payserv; TBSS (Telematic Base Security Services); Approved procedures and mechanisms for the protection of electronic data communications; IBO'920 353 12.96; Version 1.2; Dec. 6, 1996; (VERI-1606053—VERI-1606091).Applicant
- European Search Report dated Nov. 3, 2004 of European Application No. 01112859.2; (VERI-1606092—VERI-1606094).Applicant
- Secure Computing; SNS support and training services, World class; Secure Computing Corporation offers a variety of LOCK® Secure Network Server Installation, Training, and Maintenance programs.; 1996; (VERI-1606103—VERI-1606106).Applicant
- Secure Computing; Secure Computing Demonstration Software; Check out our demos for LOCKout™ and Sidewinder™; Secure Computing Corporation; 1995; (VERI-1606130).Applicant
- Smith, Sean; Secure Coprocessing Applications and Research Issues; Computer Research and Applications Group (CIC-3); Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos Unclassified Release LA-UR-96-2805; Aug. 1, 1996; (VERI-1606131—VERI-1606147).Applicant
- RSA; S/PAY™; RSA's Developer's Suite for Secure Electronic Transactions (SET); RSA Data Security, Inc.; 1996; (VERI-1606148—VERI-1606151).Applicant
- Secure Computing; Sidewinder™ Security Server; Apr. 1997; Secure Computing Corporation; (VERI-1606152—VERI-1606153).Applicant
- Secure Computing; Press Release; Secure Computing Announces Immediate Availability of Sidewinder 3.0; Security Server Employs Fully Integrated Perimeter Security, IPsec Interoperable Encryption, Strong User Authentication, and E-mail Content Filtering: St. Paul, Minn (Sep. 17, 1996); Secure Computing Corporation; (VERI-1606154—VERI-1606155).Applicant
- Secure Computing; Whats New?; Secure Computing Corporation; 1996; (VERI-1606156—VERI-1606157).Applicant
- Fischer International; Smarty; Smarty™ Smart Card Reader; Executive Summary; Fischer International Systems Corporation; 1997; (VERI-1606164—VERI-1606174).Applicant
- Secure Computing; SNS Deployments; (Last Updated Mar. 17, 1997); Secure Computing Corporation; (VERI-1606175).Applicant
- Secure Computing; SNS MLS Solution Set; (Last Updated Mar. 17, 1997); Secure Computing Corporation; (VERI-1606176—VERI-1606177).Applicant
- Secure Computing; SNS Product Evolution; (Last Updated Mar. 17, 1997); Secure Computing Corporation; (VERI-1606178—VERI-1606179).Applicant
- Westlaw; Virtual Open Network Environment Corp.; Going Public; Aug. 19, 1996; vol. 20; Issue 34; Securities Data Publishing; (VERI-1606750—VERI-1606751).Applicant
- Westlaw; Card Briefs: On-Line Security Eyed for Florida St. ID Tool; American Banker; Jun. 17, 1996; vol. 161; Issue 115; (VERI-1606752).Applicant
- Westlaw; V-ONE Securing Payments with Enhanced Firewalls; Retail Delivery News; Jun. 7, 1996; vol. 1; Issue 12; (VERI-1606753—VERI-1606754).Applicant
- Westlaw; Internet Security & Privacy; V-ONE and Software.com Provide Secure Messaging; Internet Content Report; Jun. 1, 1996; vol. 1, Issue 6; (VERI-1606755).Applicant
- Westlaw; Technology: Crackdown on Internet security; Financial Times Mandate; May 30, 1996; (VERI-1606756).Applicant
- Westlaw; VeriSign Announces New Partners; Report on Smart Cards; May 6, 1996, vol. 10; Issue 9; (VERI-1606757).Applicant
- Westlaw; Items of Interest; Report on Smart Cards; May 6, 1996; vol. 10; Issue 9; (VERI-1606758—VERI-1606759).Applicant
- Westlaw; Gengler, Barbara; V-ONE, Rockville, Md. (SmartGATE secure transaction technology for client/server applications (Product Information) (Brief Article); INTERNETWORK; vol. 7; Issue 4; (VERI-1606760), 1996.Applicant
- Westlaw; Ostertag, Krista; Tightening the Web, fixing the holes; VARBUSINESS; Apr. 1, 1996; (VERI-1606761).Applicant
- Westlaw; Block, Valerie; Florida State U. Smartening Up Its Student IDs; American Banker; Mar. 12, 1996, vol. 161; Issue 48; (VERI-1606762—VERI-1606763).Applicant
- Westlaw; Geis Using V-ONE SmartGATE; Report on Electronic Commerce; Feb. 20, 1996; vol. 3, Issue 4; (VERI-1606764).Applicant
- Westlaw; Kutler, Jeffrey; Vendors Ready—and Waiting—for E-commerce; American Banker; Feb. 2, 1996; vol. 161; Issue 22; (VERI-1606767—VERI-1606769).Applicant
- Westlaw; Reuters, Jennifer Genevieve; Section: Business; IPOS Looked Golden in '95; Memphis Commercial Appeal; Memphis, TN; Jan. 2, 1996; (VERI-1606771—VERI-1606772).Applicant
- Westlaw; Reuters; Section: Business; Tech Talk; St. Louis Post-Dispatch; Dec. 13, 1995; (VERI-1606773).Applicant
- Westlaw; Section: Financial; BioWhittaker Posts 62% Gain in profits for 4th Quarter; Baltimore Sun; Dec. 12, 1995; (VERI-1606774—VERI-1606776).Applicant
- Westlaw; Section: Finacial; MD. Software Product Offers Internet Security; Baltimore Sun; Dec. 9, 1995; (VERI-1606779).Applicant
- Westlaw; Section: Financial; Phone Users Can Join in Testing a Speedier Data-Send Service; Baltimore Sun; Oct. 31, 1995 (VERI-1606780—VERI-1606782).Applicant
- Westlaw; Personnel Roundup; Newsbytes PM; Oct. 13, 1995; (VERI-1606783—VERI-1606784).Applicant
- Westlaw; Schmidt, Karen; Section: Metro Hartford; Putting a High-Tech Spin on Computer-Aided Design in Newington; Hartford Courant; Sep. 21, 1995; (VERI-1606785—VERI-1606786).Applicant
- Westlaw; Section: Business; Financing Deal; Hartford Courant; Aug. 26, 1995; (VERI-1606787).Applicant
- Westlaw; Lawton, George; Surf's up! The Internet is here. (part 1) (includes related article); Telephony; Jul. 17, 1995; vol. 229; Issue 3; (VERI-1606788—VERI-1606793).Applicant
- Westlaw; Tenderdly (No Page); Jul. 14, 1995; (VERI-1606794).Applicant
- Westlaw; UK-London: computerized human resource information system (With participation by GATT countries); Tenders Electronic Daily; Jul 14, 1995; (VERI-1606795—VERI-1606797).Applicant
- Westlaw; Kutler; Jeffrey; Card Groups Join Electronic Commerce Initiatives Gemplus a Founding Member of Electronic Business Co-op; American Banker; Jun. 12, 1995; vol. 160; Issue 111; (VERI-1606798—VERI-1606799).Applicant
- Westlaw; Lewis, Peter H.; Internet Commerce: Hold the Anchovies; New York Times; Apr. 7, 1995; (VERI-1606800—VERI-1606801).Applicant
- Westlaw; Spyglass offers software tailoring Mosaic for use by business on the Internet; Software Industry Report; Dec. 19, 1994; vol. 26; Issue 24; (VERI-1606802—VERI-1606803).Applicant
- Westlaw; Adams, Charlotte; Security applications drive government sales (smart cards); Federal Computer Week; Sep. 19, 1994; vol. 8; Issue 28; (VERI-1606804).Applicant
- Westlaw; New Security Technology Products; Security Technology News; Aug. 26, 1994; vol. 2; Issue 17; (VERI-1606805).Applicant
- Westlaw; Section: Business; ACME Sets Agreement to Market Power Unit; Buffalo News; Feb. 22, 1993; (VERI-1606806).Applicant
- Westlaw; Humphrey, John H. et al.; Comparison tests streamline complex dial-up modem measurements and spring some surprises, Electronic Design; May 1987; vol. 35; (VERI-1606807—VERI-1606811).Applicant
- Westlaw; Extruded tubing wall thickness; Modern Plastics; May 1986; (VERI-1606812).Applicant
- Westlaw; Murphy, Brian; Telecommunications talk; magazines on-line, new bulletin boards; and new products; Creative Computing; Jan. 1985; vol. 11; (VERI-1606813—VERI-1606816).Applicant
- Westlaw; Making Net Management Easier; Sinocast; Dec. 22, 1997; (VERI-1606827—VERI-1606828).Applicant
- Westlaw; Chrysalis-ITS Introduces LunaCA; Cryptography System Adds Trust and Assurance to PKI Certification Authority; Sinocast; Nov. 10, 1997; (VERI-1606829—VERI-1606830).Applicant
- Westlaw; Hummingbird Gets Secure Java; ENT; Sep. 24, 1997; (VERI-1606831).Applicant
- Westlaw; New Products; Defense Daily; Sep. 15, 1997; vol. 2; (VERI-1606832).Applicant
- Westlaw; Barnes, Angela; Section: Report on Business; Dow drops 44.83, but Nasdaq raises to record Wall Street puzzled by jobs report; Globe and Mail; Sep. 6, 1997; (VERI-1606833—VERI-1606834).Applicant
- Westlaw; Hummingbird Does New Java Deal; Newsbytes PM; Sep. 5, 1997; (VERI-1;606835).Applicant
- Westlaw; Java security technology licensed from Xcert Software; Canada StockWatch; Sep. 4, 1997; (VERI-1606836).Applicant
- Westlaw; Hudgins-Bonafield, Christy; Mapping The Rocky Road to Authentication; Network Computing; Jul. 15, 1997; (VERI-1606837—VERI-1606839).Applicant
- Westlaw; Hudgins-Bonafield. Christy; Bridging The Business-to-Business Authentication Gap; Network Computing; Jul. 15, 1997; (VERI-1606840—VERI-1606849).Applicant
- Westlaw; Who's who in the CA market; Network Computing; Jul. 15, 1997; (VERI-1606850—VERI-1606851).Applicant
- Westlaw; Kohlhepp, Robert J.; Securing Intranet Data With SSL Client Certificates; Network Computing; Jul. 1, 1997; (VERI-1606852—VERI-1606852—VERI-1606855).Applicant
- Westlaw; Erlanger, Leon; Disarming the Net (security challenges resulting from connection to the Internet) (Network Edition) (Internet/Web/Online Service Information); PC Magazine; Jun. 10, 1997; vol. 16; Issue 11; (VERI-1606856—VERI-1606861).Applicant
- Westlaw; French Payment Developer Puts Banks in the Hot Seat; Bank Technology News; May 1, 1997; (VERI-1606862—VERI-1606864).Applicant
- Westlaw; Key Management System: Entrust; Network Computing; May 1, 1997; (VERI-1606865).Applicant
- Westlaw; Davis. Beth; Review Set for Secure Directory Access Spec; TechwebNews; Apr. 7, 1997; (VERI-1606866).Applicant
- Westlaw; Online; Report on Electronic Commerce; Apr. 30, 1996; vol. 3; Issue 9; (VERI-1606876—VERI-1606877).Applicant
- Livingston Enterprises; RADIUS software documents; Livingston Enterprise, Inc.; Dec. 1994—Apr. 1995; (VERI-1606882—VERI-1606980).Applicant
- Communications News; New Product Information; Dec. 1996; (VERI-1606981—VERI-1606983).Applicant
- Battelle: Battelle Press Releases; Battelle, Cybermark Complete Successful Testing of Digital Cash Transfer from Smart Card; Feb. 7, 2007; Battelle Memorial Institute; (VERI-1607108—VERI-1607110).Applicant
- Batelle; Solutions Update; Technology Development, Product Development, and Technology Commercialization; The chemical industry pools environmental technology dollars; Fall 1996; (VERI-1607111—VERI-1607122).Applicant
- Cybermark; CyberMark appoints chairman, CEO; Columbus Business First; Dec. 27, 1996; American City Business Journals Inc.; (VERI-1607123).Applicant
- Cybermark; Frees, John; CEO Graham sees Cybermark as a “smart” career move; Columbus Business First; Jan. 3, 1997; American City Business Journals Inc. (VERI-1607124—VERI-1607125).Applicant
- Livingston Enterprises; RADIUS Working Group Internet Draft; Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS) draft-ietf-radius-00.txt; Livingston Enterprises, Inc.; May 1995; (VERI-1607188—VERI-1607257).Applicant
- Livingston Enterprises; RADIUS Working Group Internet-Draft; Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS) draft-ietf-radius-radius-01.txt; Livingston Enterprises, Inc.; Nov. 1995; (VERI-1607258—VERI-1607336).Applicant
- Livingston Enterprises; RADIUS Working Group Internet-Draft; Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS) draft-ietf-radius-radius-02.txt; Livingston Enterprises, Inc.; May 1996; (VERI-1607337—VERI-1607414).Applicant
- Livingston Enterprises; RADIUS Working Group Internet-Draft; Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS) draft-ietf-radius-radius-03.txt; Livingston Enterprises, Inc.; May 1996; (VERI-1607415—VERI-1607418).Applicant
- Lucent Technologies; Radius Code from Lucent radiusd.c; RADIUS, Remove Authentication Dial In User Service; 1992-1999; Lucent Technologies Inc.; pp. 1-48; (VERI-1607419—VERI-1607466).Applicant
- Memorandum Opinion; Doc. 448; filed Apr. 2, 2007; Prism Technologies LLC v. Verisign, Inc. et al.; Civil Action No. 1:05-cv-00214-JJF.Applicant
- Order; Document 449; filed Apr. 2, 2007; Prism Technologies LLC v. Verisign, Inc. et al.; Civil Action No. 1:05-cv-00214-JJF.Applicant
- Defendents' Joint Supplement Invalidity Contentions in Response to Plaintiff's Interrogatory No. 4; dated Mar. 12, 2007; Prism Technologies LLC v. Verisign, Inc. et al.; Civil Action No. 1:05-cv-00214-JJF.Applicant