System and method for multiple bit optical data transmission in memory systems

[0001] The present invention is directed to memory systems. More particularly, the present invention is directed to increasing the speed of data transmission in a memory system by using optical data transmission to simultaneously transmit multiple data bits.

[0002] The underlying technology and benefits of optical data transmission and fiber optic technology are well known in the art and beyond. Signals in the form of light, at wavelengths both within and beyond the visible spectrum, can be transmitted through free space, a reflective wave guide such as a fiber optic medium, or similar means. Whatever medium is used, the potential bandwidth is tremendous. Moreover, as compared to electrical signals transmitted through conventional conductive wiring, problems with noise, crosstalk, and similar concerns are reduced if not eliminated. It is no surprise, therefore, that fiber optic cabling has been replacing conventional conductive cabling as the backbone of public and private data networks.

[0003] Optical data transmission can be of tremendous potential benefit not only in transmitting data between computer systems, but within computer systems as well. Optical data transmission holds great promise for reducing or eliminating bottlenecks which limit computer processing throughput. With improvements in semiconductor miniaturization and manufacturing, today's microprocessors operate at gigahertz clock speeds, while other aspects of computer design and manufacture have not kept pace. As a result, a microprocessor may run at gigahertz speeds, but be left sitting idle waiting on the computer's subsystems to respond to instructions or return data.

[0004] To name one very significant example, the response time of computer memory systems has not at all kept up with increases in microprocessor speed. “Memory latency,” i.e., delays in responding to processor requests for data, is a large problem. Typical computer motherboards operate at between one hundred and three hundred megahertz, almost an order of magnitude slower than typical microprocessors. Moreover, the disparity between the speed of processor clocks and memory clocks is growing. Currently, the ratio of processor clock speed to memory clock speed typically is 8:1, but that ratio is predicted to increase to 100:1 in the next few years. Further compounding the problem is the fact that a memory system may require ten or more of its own memory clock cycles to respond to a memory retrieval request, thus, the ratio for a complete memory cycle is far worse. Today, completion of one full memory cycle may result in the waste of hundreds of processing cycles. In the near future, based on current performance trends in microprocessors, completion of a memory cycle may result in the waste of thousands of processing cycles.

[0005] Although memory latency results in part from the slower speed of memory chips themselves, an appreciable portion of this delay is because of the time required to route data from the system controller to memory modules, and within memory modules to the module's memory chips. Problems such as cross talk, skew, and similar concerns limit just how quickly data can be communicated through memory systems. In addition, while microprocessors can accommodate larger and larger data words and ranges of addresses, data and address busses have not increased commensurately. As a result, data and address signals bits must be multiplexed in order to transmit that information on existing busses, further impairing the exchange of data with memory.

[0006] Memory modules used in computer systems commonly are in the form of single in-line memory modules (“SIMMs”) and double in-line memory modules (“DIMMs”). An example of a conventional SIMM memory module 10 is shown in FIG. 1. The memory module 10 includes a circuit board substrate 14 on which several memory devices 20, typically dynamic random access memories (“DRAMs”), are mounted. Terminals 24 are formed along an edge of the substrate 14, which mate with slotted connectors (not shown ) typically mounted on a computer system mother-board. The terminals 24 are electrically coupled to the power and signal terminals on the memory devices 20. Also mounted on the substrate 14 may be a register 26 that stores command and address signals applied to the memory module 10 through the terminals 24 responsive to a clock signal that is also applied to the memory module 10 through the terminals 24. The register 26 then applies the command and address signals to the memory devices 20. Memory modules having a register 26 operating in this manner are known as “registered DRAM modules.” However, it should be understood that memory modules often do not include the register 26, and they may include components in addition to those shown in FIG. 1.

[0007] A portion of a memory system 30 shown in FIG. 2 includes three memory modules 10a, 10b, and 10c coupled to a system controller 32 though a common data bus 34, address bus 36 and command bus 38. The system controller 32 initiates a memory operation by coupling a memory request in the form of a memory command and a memory address (generally in the form of a row address and a column address) to all of the memory modules 10a, 10b, and 10c through the command bus 38 and the address bus 36, respectively. If the memory operation is a write operation, the system controller 32 will also couple write data to the memory modules 10a, 10b, and 10c through the data bus 34. To prevent all of the memory modules 10a, 10b, and 10c from responding to the memory request, the system controller 32 also generally applies a unique chip select or similar select signal to each of the memory modules 10a, 10b, and 10c. A unique select signal is thus applied to each of the memory modules 10a, 10b, and 10c so that only the desired memory module of modules 10a, 10b, and 10c responds to the memory request.

[0008] The bandwidth of data between the system controller 32 and the memory modules 10a, 10b, and 10c can be increased by simultaneously accessing the memory devices 20 (FIG. 1) in each of the modules 10a, 10b, and 10c. For example, the sixteen memory devices 20 included in the memory module 10a, 10b, and 10c may be divided into four sets or “ranks” of four memory devices. Data may be read from all four of the ranks responsive to a single memory read request so that data must be coupled through the data bus 34 at a rate that is four times faster than the rate at which data is coupled from each rank of the memory devices 20. However, as the operating speed of memory devices continues to increase, the bandwidth of data coupled from the memory modules 10a, 10b, and 10c may be limited by the bandwidth of the data bus 34 coupled between the system controller 32 and the memory modules 10a, 10b, and 10c.

[0009] Another factor that limits the operating speed of computer systems using the system controller 32 coupled to the memory modules 10a, 10b, and 10c through the buses 34, 36, and 38 is the need to allow for a settling time between writing data to a memory module 10a, 10b, or 10c and reading data from a memory module 10. When the system controller 32 outputs data to the memory modules, the data signals are reflected from various locations, such as the junction between the data bus 34 and terminals 24 (FIG. 1) on the substrates 14 of the modules 10. Therefore, signal induced noise is present on the data bus for a considerable period after data have been written to the memory modules 10a, 10b, and 10c. Signal induced noise is generated on the data bus for the same reason in a read operation when one of the memory modules 10a, 10b, and 10c couples data onto the data bus 34 for transfer to the system controller 32. This noise must be allowed to dissipate before data are subsequently written to or read from the memory modules 10a, 10b, and 10c or else the noise may be mistakenly interpreted as read or write data. The need to provide for a settling time read can markedly reduce the effective memory bandwidth of computer systems and other devices using memory modules.

[0010] Not only is the communication between the system controller 32 (FIG. 2) and the memory modules 10a, 10b, and 10c a concern, but comparable concerns arise within the module 10 (FIG. 1) in communications between the register 26 and memory devices 20. A basic concern is that great care must be taken in manufacturing a substrate 14 which includes workable connections (not shown) between the register 26 and the memory devices 20. In addition, because of the signal currents passing along these necessarily closely disposed signal lines, phenomena such as noise and cross-talk could result in data communications errors between the register 26 and memory devices 20. Certainly, settling time must be allowed for intramodule communications just as it must for intermodule communications, further slowing the effective speed of the system memory.

[0011] Thus, both between and within memory modules, there is therefore a need for a memory system communications technique that permits a higher bandwidth of data transfer to and from memory modules and memory devices and that reduces or eliminates delays in writing data to and reading from memory in a computer system. It is to this objective that the present invention is directed.

[0012] The system and method of the present invention increases the speed at which data can be communicated in memory systems using optical transmission media. The present invention uses an optical transmitter operable to emit optical signals comprising a plurality of wavelengths of light. One example of such an optical transmitter would be a light emitting diode having a composite bond pad comprised of sections of chemically different materials, each of which generates light at different wavelengths. Each section of the optical transmitter would have a separate input so that each section could be selectively, separately activated. As a result, pulses generated by the optical transmitter comprise light of one wavelength or a number of different wavelengths. Consequently, each pulse of the optical transmitter of the present invention can represent more than a single bit of data. Receiving the signal is a photoreceptor having sections of chemically different materials corresponding to the composition of the materials used in the optical transmitter. The sections of the photoreceptor react to the light of different wavelengths generated by the sections optical transmitter, with each section of the photoreceptor having a separate output terminal. Thus, the photoreceptor would decode the optical signals into constituent components by generating output currents at different output terminals depending on the wavelengths of the light represented in the signal sent by the optical transmitter.

[0013] The number of different data values which could be transmitted in a single optical transmitter pulse would be equal to two raised to the power of the number of sections of the optical transmitter or optical receiver, whichever is fewer. The use of a light having a plurality of wavelengths thus effectively increases the bandwidth of the optical transmission media in the memory devices, allowing that media to carry more data more quickly.

[0014] The present invention could be employed both in the communications between memory chips and a memory module register or hub, between a hub and a memory controller, or to otherwise communicate data to and from memory devices. The effective increase in bandwidth permitted by the simultaneous transmission of multiple data bits increases communications speed while avoiding concerns such as settling time delays, crosstalk, and other memory system limiting problems.

[0025] Instead of communicating bits of data using conventional, conductive signal lines, embodiments of the present invention communicate bits of data using light. In particular, embodiments of the present invention use optical transmitters and receivers which are capable of generating and deciphering, respectively, compound light signals comprising signals having a plurality of wavelengths. The compound signals allow for each light signal to represent multiple bits of data, effectively increasing the bandwidth of the optical data transmission system.

[0026] FIG. 3 is a graph 300 of an example binary signal 304 generated by a monochromatic LED or other light source. In the example of FIG. 3, the signal 304 being sent represents the number “99.” A conventional LED would transmit this number in binary, base two form, which could be transmitted in a single, eight-bit data byte as “01100011.” The graph 300 shows this signal 304 sent over time. The unit of time 308 marked in FIG. 3 is the standard clock interval used which allows an optical transmitter and optical receiver to modulate and demodulate each one-bit signal. The signal 304 is shown as having been transmitted with the least significant bit first so that the graph reads consistently with the base two representation of the number transmitted. As the graph 300 of FIG. 3 shows, this one-byte representation of the data being sent requires eight clock intervals, one for each bit of the one-byte data word being sent.

[0027] The speed with which this data may be transmitted can be increased in two ways. First, if faster optical data transmission and reception devices could be devised, the clock speed could be increased and, thus, the clock interval 308 decreased. This would reduce the time to transmit a unit of data. Second, using an embodiment of the present invention, if more than one bit of data could be sent per clock interval 308, fewer clock intervals would be required to transmit the same quantity of data, thereby increasing the speed at which the data can be transmitted. It will be appreciated that, if the speed of the optical data transmission and reception devices can be increased, the ability to send more than one bit of data per clock interval would only further increase the overall speed of data transmission.

[0028] Each additional bit that can be transmitted during the same time interval increases the number of values that can be represented during that interval by a factor of two. Just as being able to send a one-bit representation of data during a clock interval allows for one of two values to be transmitted, being able to transmit a two-bit representation allows for one of four possible values to be represented. Similarly, being able to transmit a three-bit representation allows for one of eight possible values to be represented, being able to transmit a four-bit representation allows for one of sixteen possible values to be represented, etc. Put another way, a one-bit representation of data can send a base two digit, a two-bit representation of data can communicate a base four digit, a three-bit representation can communicate a base eight digit, etc.

[0029] FIG. 4 is a graph 400 of an example signal generated by an optical transmitter capable of transmitting a two-bit representation. As in the example of FIG. 3, the signal being sent is the number “99.” An optical transmitter capable of transmitting a two-bit representation can represent digits 0, 1, 2, and 3, as compared to the 0 and 1 which a one-bit representation can transmit. In base two form, “99” could be represented by eight-bit data word as “01100011,” whereas in base four that same value can be represented in a four-bit half-word as “1203.” The unit of time 308 depicted in FIG. 4, for which the reference numeral is chosen to be the same to denote the correspondence, is the same as shown in FIG. 3. By comparing the graph 300 of the base two signal representing the number “99” in FIG. 3 and the graph 400 of the base four signal 404 representing the same number in FIG. 4, it can be seen that the data “99” can be sent as a two-bit representation in one-half the time.

[0030] The number of bits that can be transmitted at one time is only limited by the ability of the optical receiver to differentiate between the different wavelengths of light transmitted, or by the ability of an optical transmitter to transmit light of differentiable wavelengths. It will be appreciated that, even if the time required for such devices to receive or transmit such signals were greater than that required to transmit a single bit of data at a single wavelength, embodiments of the present invention still would provide increased data transmission speed. For each additional wavelength added at which a bit of data can be transmitted, transmission speed increases by a power of two. Accordingly, from a one-bit transmission to a two-bit transmission, the rate of data transmission increases by a factor of two, as depicted in the improvement in data transmission speed between the graph 300 (FIG. 3) of the one-bit signal 304 and the graph 400 (FIG. 4) of the two-bit signal 404. Similarly, from a one-bit transmission to a four-bit transmission, the rate of data transmission increases by a factor of four, and so on. Accordingly, even if generation and differentiation of light signals comprising a plurality of wavelengths necessitated in a longer time interval for each pulse as compared to single-wavelength generation and differentiation, as long as the time interval does not increase by a factor of two for each additional bit, the data transmission speed gains outweigh any time lost in processing such transmissions.

[0031] Embodiments of the present invention employ optical data transmission devices capable of generating optical signals at a plurality of wavelengths. More specifically, as shown in FIG. 5, an optical data transmitter used by an embodiment of the present invention comprises a light emitting diode (“LED”) having a bond pad supporting a plurality of light emitting sections each of which is comprised of a different light emitting material. As is known in the art, the molecular composition of the material used in an LED determines the wavelength of the light it generates when electrically stimulated.

[0032] More specifically, the optical transmitter 500 shown in FIG. 5 comprises four separate light emitting sections 504, 508, 512, and 516, disposed on a bond pad 520. In the embodiment shown the four light emitting sections 504, 508, 512, and 516, include a section comprised of gallium arsenide (GaAs) 504, a section comprised of aluminum antimonide (AlSb) 508, a section of indium arsenide (InAs) 512, and a section of gallium nitride (GaN) 516. Each of these materials, when electrically stimulated, generates light at different wavelengths. For example, when excited gallium arsenide emits light showing as red in the visible spectrum, while gallium nitride emits light showing as blue in the visible spectrum. Each of the sections 504, 508, 512, and 516 is connected to a common cathode 524, but each is individually controlled by an individual anode 528, 532, 536, and 540, respectively.

[0033] With the optical transmitter simultaneously able to generate light at four different wavelengths, each pulse of light can represent a four-bit representation of data. In other words, each pulse of the optical transmitter can represent a base four digit, and each base four digit can represent one of sixteen different possible signals. Thus, whereas a monochromatic light emitting device can generate one of only two different possible signals, on or off, an optical transmitter capable of generating a four-bit representation can transmit eight times as much information in the same pulse.

[0034] The anodes 528, 532, 536, and 540 could be connected to a controller (not shown) operable to synchronously and simultaneously activate each of the sections 504, 508, 512, and 516. As previously described, the optical transmitter 500, having four emitting regions 504, 508, 512, and 516, can transmit four-bit/base four values in a single pulse. Accordingly, the controller (not shown) may accept bytes of data to be transmitted, break each down into half-byte sections, and transmit the data one half-byte at a time by applying the four-bit half-byte binary sequence to the anodes 528, 532, 536, and 540 of the optical transmitter.

[0035] Similarly, complementary photoreceptors (not shown) generate measurable currents upon receiving light at the characteristic wavelength of the material from which its receptor sections are comprised, but not light at other wavelengths. Thus, for example, if the gallium arsenide section 504 of the optical transmitter 500 was stimulated to generate light during a clock interval, but the other three sections 508, 512, and 516, of the optical transmitter 500 were not stimulated, then only section of the photoreceptor responsive to the light generated by the gallium arsenide section 504 of the optical transmitter 500 would generate a reactive current. Only its terminal on the photoreceptor would generate a current which, in turn, could be read by a decoding device associated with the photoreceptor. Similarly, any combination of the wavelengths detected would stimulate zero, one, two, three, or four of the sections, resulting in output currents on the respective number of output terminals. Received by an associated decoding device, these received signals could signify any of the sixteen possible combinations per optical transmitter pulse the optical transmitter and photoreceptor pair are capable of communicating.

[0036] Optical transmitters and photoreceptors equipped with additional sections of separately controllable emitting sections could further increase the data transmission rate by increasing the number of combinations of data that could be sent during one pulse of the optical transmitter. If the optical transmitter had five sections, it could transmit one of the thirty-two possible combinations at one time. If the optical transmitter had eight sections, it could transmit two-hundred-fifty-six combinations, the equivalent of a whole byte of data at one time. For every additional section added, the rate at which data can be transmitted during a single optical transmitter pulse increases by a power of two. The only limit to the amount of data that can be transmitted in a single optical transmitter burst is the specificity of the optical sensor to generate light at differentiable wavelengths, and the sensitivity of the photoreceptor to differentiate among those wavelengths.

[0037] FIG. 6A shows a block diagram of a transmission subsystem 600 using an embodiment of the present invention. The subsystem includes five principal components: an optical transmitter 604; an encoder or controller 608 driving the separate sections (not shown) of the optical transmitter 604 through separate anodes 612; an optical transmission medium 616; a photoreceptor 620; and a decoder 624, receiving the currents generated at the terminals 628 of the separate photoreceptive sections (not shown). For purposes of this explanation, it is assumed that the optical transmitter 604 of the subsystem 600 of FIG. 6A is like that shown in the diagram of the optical transmitter 500 shown in FIG. 5, and a complementary photoreceptor so that each pulse of the optical transmitter can transmit a four-bit representation of data.

[0038] The encoder 608 receives data from a transmitting system (not shown). The encoder 608 divides the data into four-bit blocks of data. For each four-bit block transmitted, the encoder 608 individually stimulates the anodes 612 activating the separate sections (not shown) of the optical transmitter 604 by applying a suitable voltage to the appropriate anode or anodes. For example, if the four-bit representation is for the number “0,” the encoder 608 may direct each of the light emitting sections not to discharge light. On the other hand, if the representation is for the number “15,” the highest base four numeral, the encoder 608 may direct each of the light emitting sections to discharge light.

[0039] Once the optical signals have been generated and transmitted through the optical medium 616, the reverse process occurs. The photoreactive sections of the photoreceptor 620 react to received light, generating an electrical response at the photoreceptor's terminals 628, the output of which are supplied to the decoder 624. The decoder 624 detects the electrical responses, and outputs the data that previously was encoded and transmitted. It will be appreciated that the correspondence between each light emitting section of the optical transmitter and what it represents can be chosen by any convention observed by the photoreceptor. For example, the gallium arsenide section of the optical transmitter can represent the least significant bit, the most significant bit, or either of the intermediate bits, as long as the decoder for the photoreceptor is programmed to attach the same significance to each bit.

[0040] FIG. 6B shows a conventional DRAM device 650 equipped with an optical receiver 654, a decoder 658, an encoder 672, and an optical transmitter 676. As in FIG. 6A, the output of the optical receiver 654 is decoded into electrical signals by the decoder 658. These signals are applied to input lines of the control logic 662 and the address register 664 of the DRAM device. The control logic 662 and the address register 664 thereby receive electrical signals as though they were communicated to the DRAM device 650 electrically instead of optically. Similarly, the output drivers 668 of the DRAM device 650 are coupled to an encoder 672 which translates the electrical output signals of the output drivers 668 into signals that can be transmitted by the optical transmitter 676. It will be appreciated that the decoder 658 and encoder 672 could be integrated within the DRAM device 650. Specifically, the decoder 658 could be incorporated within the control logic 662, and the encoder 672 could be integrated with the output drivers 668. Similarly, the optical receiver 654 and optical transmitter 676 could be integrated within the device as well, as long as optical conduits to communicate optical signals to and from these devices are provided, respectively. It will further be appreciated that, if the DRAM device 650 is a single bit DRAM array, the optical transmitter 676 could be a single bit optical transmitter. In a network of such devices, the output signals generated by single bit optical transmitters associated with each device could transmit on different wavelengths to be simultaneously received and processed by a multiple wavelength photoreceptor to maintain the transmission speed enhancements permitted by the multiple bit optical transmission devices contemplated by the present invention.

[0041] FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a memory module 700 which employs an embodiment of the present invention to communicate multiple bits of data between a register or hub 704 and the memory devices 708. Each of the memory devices 708 is equipped with an optical transceiver 712 using an embodiment of the present invention which communicates with the register 704 through a hub optical transceiver 716. Embodiments of the present invention could be used in many forms on the memory module 700. More specifically, the optical communications connections 720 could either be free space, line of sight connections in which the sending transceiver generates a light signal which is directly received through the ambient medium by the receiving transceiver. Alternatively, the optical communications connections 720 could be a reflective medium or wave guide, such as a fiber optic connection. In such an embodiment, the fiber optic connections can be incorporated into the substrate 724 of the memory module 700, as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,233,376 to Updegrove.

[0042] In addition, the number and usage of the optical data transceivers could take on various forms. For reading from memory, for example, the hub transceiver 716 could receive data from the memory devices 708 through time-sliced multiplexing. A common signal might be sent to the memory devices 708 because each memory device will either be reading data from the same address within each memory device 708. However, the memory devices 708 might respond sequentially with the bit stored at that address, and be received by the hub transceiver 716 in a predetermined order such that the data word can be assembled and communicated to the system controller (not shown). Similarly, when writing to memory, the hub controller 716 could sequentially activate each memory device 708 as the data bit to be written to each individual memory device 708 was being transmitted, by sequencing through device select signals enabling each individual memory device 708 as part of the data transmission.

[0043] In still another form, the multiple bit optical data transceiver herein described could be used as the hub transceiver 716 to send multiple bit address and control signals, and a multiple bit receiver could be used by each of the memory devices 708 to receive the multiple bit address and control signals, while a dedicated single-bit diode transceiver could be used to actually communicate the respective data bit to be written to or read from each memory device 708. In still another form, the hub transceiver 716 could be a multiple bit transceiver to send address and control information to the memory devices, each memory device could use a multiple bit receiver to receive that information, and each memory device could transmit and receive data bits on a different wavelength. In this way, data could be sent from the hub transceiver to all of the memory devices at once, using wavelength-sliced multiplexing instead of time-sliced multiplexing, saving time. In sum, use of a multiple bit transceiver to communicate data between the register and the memory devices opens a number of opportunities for efficient data communications within each module.

[0044] Improving communications efficiency using embodiments of the present invention, however, is not limited to intramodule communications. FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a memory module 700 in optical communication with a system controller 832. The memory system shown in FIG. 8 comprises most of the same components used in the system shown in FIG. 7, thus, in the interest of brevity, these components have been provided with the same reference numerals, and an explanation of their functions and operations will not be repeated. The system controller 832 manages the flow of information between a system bus (not shown) and memory, storage, input/output, and other devices (not shown). More specifically, the system controller 832 receives commands, data, and other information from the system bus (not shown), determines to which devices the information should be directed, and communicates that information to these other devices as appropriate. Similarly, the system controller 832 receives data from the memory and other devices and communicates that information to the system bus. Conventionally, signals are communicated from the system controller 832 to the other devices using electrical signals carried over conductive connectors.

[0045] FIG. 8 shows an embodiment of the present invention in which, instead of the system controller 832 communicating with memory modules 700 through conductive connectors, the system controller 832 communicates optically with the memory modules 700 using multiple bit optical data transmission. The system controller 832 is equipped with a master multiple bit optical transceiver 836 which communicates with slave multiple bit optical transceivers 828 disposed on the hub 704 of each memory module 700. The master transceiver 836 communicates optically with the slave transceivers 828 through an optically conductive medium 840, which may be a free space, line-of-sight optical medium, a suitable fiber optic connection, or some other optical coupling medium.

[0046] Using the multiple bit optical transmission system previously described, the master transceiver 836 can simultaneously transmit multiple bit sequences of data in a single pulse of the optical transmitter, and can simultaneously receive multiple bit sequences of data in a single pulse of a slave optical transceiver 828 associated with each memory module. This multiple bit data stream could incorporate a device select sequence to singularly identify which of a plurality of memory modules is being addressed. To accommodate the number of bits required to communicate all the data, address, and control information from the system controller 832 to a memory module 700 might require optical transceivers with a great number of light generating and reactive sections in a single pulse. If this is impractical, the multiple bit transmissions could be time-slice multiplexed to generate as many pulses as needed to communicate the full data stream.

[0047] Upon the data stream being received by the hub 704 of the memory module 700, the hub 704 could communicate the data optically to each of the memory devices 708 as shown and as previously described. The data streams could be insulated from each other if either the data stream between the hub 704 and the memory devices 708 or between the system controller 832 and the hub were carried over fiber optic connectors, or if the optical transceivers within the module 700 and between the module 700 and the system controller 832 were otherwise shielded from each other. Alternatively, interference would pose no concern if communications within the module 700 and between the module 700 and the system controller 832 used different ranges of wavelengths. On the other hand, an embodiment of the present invention could take advantage of multiple bit optical data transmission to transfer data between the system controller 832 and the hub 704 of the memory modules 700, and then the hub 704 could communicate with the memory devices 708 conventionally, communicating in electrical signals over conductive connectors, eliminating the concern of interference. Similarly, if optical communication were within the module 700, and conventional communications in the form of electrical signals over conventional conductive connectors were used between the module 700 and the system controller 832, this concern of interference also would be eliminated.

[0048] A computer system 910 using the controller 940 and a memory system using a multiple bit optical data communications system according to an embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 9. The computer system 910 includes a processor 914 for performing various computing functions, such as executing specific software to perform specific calculations or tasks. The processor 914 includes a processor bus 918 that normally includes an address bus, a control bus, and a data bus. The computer system 910 includes a system controller 920 that is coupled to the processor bus 918. The system controller 920 also includes the controller 940, which is, in turn, optically coupled to memory modules 944a, 944b, 944c, and 944d through the optical communication path 950. However, it will be understood that the controller 940 may be external to the system controller 920 and coupled to it or some other component in the computer system 910, such as the processor 914. In addition, the computer system 910 includes one or more input devices 930, such as a keyboard or a mouse, coupled to the processor 914 through the system controller 920 to allow an operator to interface with the computer system 910. Typically, the computer system 910 also includes one or more output devices 934 coupled to the processor 914 through the system controller 920, such output devices typically being a printer or a video terminal. One or more data storage devices 946 are also typically coupled to the processor 914 through the system controller 920 to allow the processor 914 to store data or retrieve data from internal or external storage media (not shown). Examples of typical storage devices 946 include hard and floppy disks, tape cassettes, and compact disk read-only memories (CD-ROMs). The processor 914 is also typically coupled to cache memory 944, which is usually static random access memory (“SRAM”).

[0049] From the foregoing it will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not limited except as by the appended claims.