Method and apparatus for providing intra-pericardial access

[0001] This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 09/430,096, filed Oct. 29, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,613,062.

[0002] This invention relates generally to diagnostic and therapeutic devices for insertion into a patient's body, and more particularly to devices for access to and delivery of treatment in the pericardial space.

[0003] Access to the pericardial space is desirable in order to provide a variety of cardiac therapies, including delivery of drugs or genetic agents, placement of electrical leads for pacing, cardioversion, defibrillation or EGM monitoring, removal of pericardial fluid for diagnostic analysis, or other purposes. A variety of mechanisms have been developed for accessing the pericardial space, ranging from a simple puncture by means of a large bore needle to intricate catheter or cannula based systems provided with sealing and anchoring mechanisms. Access to the pericardial space may be accomplished from either outside the body, by piercing the pericardium or from inside the heart, by piercing the wall of a heart chamber.

[0004] Prior art mechanisms adapted to access the pericardial space by piercing the heart chamber include U.S. Pat. No. 5,797,870 issued to March et al, which discloses use of a transvenous catheter provided with a hollow helical needle to pierce the wall of a heart chamber. Alternatively access to the pericardial space may also be accomplished by means of a transvenous catheter which pierces the wall of a heart chamber and allows passage of a lead therethrough is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,457 issued to Elliot, U.S. Pat. No. 4,991,578 issued to Cohen, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,330,496 issued to Alferness. Particularly in the context of access to the pericardial space via the right atrium, it has been proposed that the transvenous catheter pierce the right atrial wall, as in U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,457 issued to Elliot or that the catheter pierce the right atrial appendage as in U.S. Pat. No. 5,269,326 issued to Verrier. Access to the pericardial space from the exterior of the body, accomplished by passing a cannula or catheter type device through the chest wall and thereafter passing the cannula or catheter through the pericardium into the pericardial space is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,827,216 issued to Igo, U.S. Pat. No. 5,336,252 issued to Cohen and PCT Patent Application WO/99/13936, by Schmidt.

[0005] The present invention is directed toward providing a mechanism for accessing the pericardial space which provides for stable short term or long term placement of a delivery catheter or cannula having its distal most end located in the pericardial space. The catheter or cannula may be introduced into the pericardial space either transvenously through the wall of a heart chamber or transthoracically by penetrating the chest wall and the pericardium.

[0006] In particular, some embodiments of devices according to the present invention are provided with a mechanism for stabilizing the distal end of the catheter or cannula. In a first embodiment of the invention, the mechanism for stabilizing the distal portion of the catheter or cannula comprises an extensible elastic, generally tubular member located at the distal end of the catheter or cannula. The device is provided with a mechanism for extending the tubular member longitudinally, causing its diameter to diminish substantially. The tubular member is passed through the wall of the heart or the pericardium in its extended configuration and thereafter, the distal most portion of the tubular member is moved proximally, causing its diameter enlarge, anchoring the distal end of the catheter or cannula to the pericardium or to the wall of a heart chamber. In these embodiments, the device is preferably provided with a shoulder or flange located proximal to the extendible tubular member, for location on the opposite side of the heart wall or pericardium from the distal end of the catheter or cannula.

[0007] In other embodiments of the present invention, the catheter or cannula takes the form of two nested tubular members, each provided with an extensible flange. The innermost of the two tubular members is provided with one or more radially extending protrusions or recesses, which engage with one or more corresponding protrusions or recesses located on the interior surface of the outer tubular member. Preferably, a series of outwardly directed protrusions on the inner tubular member and a series of inwardly directed protrusions the outer tubular member are provided, together defining multiple detent points for stabilizing the longitudinal position of the inner and outer tubular members relative to one another. More preferably, the protrusions and indentations of the tubular members extend around less than the entire circumference of the tubular members and are arranged so that in a first configuration, the tubular members may be slid longitudinally with respect to one another without interference between the protrusions on the inner and outer tubular members and in a second configuration the protrusions on the tubular members are interlocked to prevent relative longitudinal movement. In use, the catheter or cannula is employed by first passing the distal tip of the inner tubular member through the pericardial wall or the wall of a heart chamber such that the flange located thereon is located inside the pericardial space. The outer tubular member is then moved distally relative to the new tubular member to a point where the inner and outer flanges are located on either side of the pericardium or the heart wall, and the interlocking protrusions on the inner and outer catheter are thereafter employed to stabilize the catheter by preventing further relative longitudinal movements of the inner and outer tubular members.

[0008] In addition to the delivery of drugs, extraction of pericardial fluids, and location of medical electrical leads typically as typically accomplished by means of pericardial access to devices, the devices according to the present invention may also be employed as part of a system for accomplishing cardiac ablation. In this context, after stabilization of the catheter's or cannula's distal end in the pericardial space, an ablation catheter is passed through to the catheter or cannula into the pericardial space, is located at a desired location adjacent the epicardium of the heart and is thereafter employed to ablate cardiac tissue. In this context, preferred embodiments of ablation catheters for use according to the invention are provided with one or more suction ports, allowing the distal portion of the catheter to be adhered to the surface of the epicardium by suction, along with one or more electrodes, located to contact the epicardium of the heart when the distal portion of the ablation catheter is secured to the epicardium by suction.

[0009] In additional embodiments of the invention, the catheter or cannula for accessing the pericardial space takes the form of part of an implantable lead system, in which the introducer catheter or cannula is provided with one or more electrodes adapted to be located in a desired chamber or chambers of the heart, and wherein an electrode lead is passed distally through the catheter or cannula into the pericardial space, to locate additional electrodes adjacent desired portions of the epicardium of the heart. For example, electrodes located within the chamber or chambers of the heart may include pacing, cardioversion or defibrillation electrodes, and additional such electrodes may be located on the lead passing through the catheter or cannula into the pericardial space.

[0039] FIG. 1 is a plan view of a delivery catheter or cannula according to the present invention. The catheter or cannula is provided with an elongated tubular body 10, which is provided with a fitting 20 at its proximal end which includes first and second fluid fittings 22 and 24, which may take the form of luer lock fittings. Shown entering the proximal end of fluid fitting 24 is a stylet 28, provided with a knob 26 located on its proximal portion. The distal tip of stylet 28 exits the distal tip 32 of the delivery catheter or cannula. The distal tip of the stylet 28 may be rounded or may be beveled or sharpened in order to assist passage of the distal tip 32 of the catheter or cannula through the wall of the patient's heart or through the pericardium, into the pericardial space. An elastic tubular member 30 is illustrated located at the distal end of the body 10 of the catheter or cannula, and its operation in order to anchor the distal end 32 of the catheter or cannula in the pericardial space is discussed in more detail below. If the catheter or cannula is to be used for fluid delivery, an elastic tubular plastic liner may be added, located interior to coil 34.

[0040] FIG. 2 shows a catheter or cannula of FIG. 1 in a sectional view. In this view, it can be seen that the tubular lead body 10 carries a first coil 36, terminating within a circumferential flange 38 located at the distal end of the catheter or cannula body 10, and a second coil 34 extending distally thereto through the circumferential flange 38. A resilient elastic member 30, for example fabricated of a thin tube of silicone rubber, is shown mounted to and extending from the distal end of the catheter or cannula body 10 to a distal tip member 40, illustrated in this view as being a metallic member. Tube 30 is generally cylindrical and may be tapered somewhat at its distal end as illustrated. Tube 30 is free of pre-formed corrugations but, as discussed below, will exhibit corrugations in use which will serve to stabilize the distal end of the introducer catheter or cannula in the pericardium or the wall of a chamber of a patient's heart. Surrounding the distal tip member 40 is a plastic tube 32, tapered at its distal end to provide a more atraumatic tip configuration for the catheter or cannula. In the embodiment illustrated, the stylet 28 is provided with an enlarged portion 33 which engages a corresponding internal flange in tip member 40. The stylet 28 may be moved distally with respect to the catheter or cannula to extend the tubular elastic member 30 and the associated coil 34, causing the elastic tubular member 30 to neck down tightly around coil 34. Longitudinal extension of tubular member 30 may occur prior to or after passage of the distal tip of the catheter into the pericardial space

[0041] FIG. 3 illustrates the catheter or cannula of FIG. 2 with the tubular member 30 stretched elastically to a greater length than as illustrated in FIG. 2 by distal movement of stylet 28. The tubular member 30 and the distal end of the catheter or cannula extend through the wall 100 of the heart chamber into the pericardial space. In this view the effect of stretching the tubular member 30 to cause it to neck down to a reduced circumference and into close contact with coil 34 is apparent. The stretching of the tubular member 30 may be done before or after passage of the tubular member 30 through the wall 100.

[0042] FIG. 4 illustrates the catheter or cannula of FIGS. 1–3, after removal of the stylet 28 which in turn allows for the proximal movement of the distal tip of the catheter, in turn causing expansion of the elastic tubular member 30, to anchor the distal tip of the catheter or cannula within the pericardial space. The distal end of the catheter or cannula body 10 defines a shoulder 10a on one side of the wall the heart, while the elastic member 30 forms one or more laterally extending corrugations projection located interior to the wall 100 or the pericardial space. Depending upon the relative dimensions of the heart wall 100 and the tubular member 100 and the relative amount of extensibility of the tubular member, the number and configuration of the formed corrugations may vary. The lateral expansion of the tubular member serves to anchor the distal tip of the catheter in the pericardial space. In the embodiment illustrated, it is assumed that the elasticity of coil 34 and tubular member 30 are sufficient to cause proximal movement of a distal tip of the catheter or cannula, or alternatively, that a mechanism is provided for causing proximal movement of the coil 34, facilitating proximal movement of the tip of the catheter or cannula and expansion of the tubular member 40. In such embodiments, distal movement of the coil 34 may be also employed alone or in conjunction with distal movement of the stylet to stretch the resilient tubular member 30. In additional alternative embodiments, the stylet may also be employed to cause proximal movement of the tip of the catheter or cannula, as illustrated in FIG. 5.

[0043] FIG. 5 illustrates an alternative configuration for the distal tip portion of the catheter or cannula illustrated in FIGS. 1–4. In this embodiment, all identically labeled components correspond to those illustrated in FIG. 4, however, in this case, the stylet differs in that the expanded portion 33a of the stylet takes the form of a ball shaped, rather than a cylindrical shaped member, and that the distal tip member 40a is provided with an elastic, generally tubular member 41, configured to elastically engage the ball shaped protrusion 32a of the stylet 28a. In a fashion analogous to that illustrated for a ball-tip stylet for causing relative proximal and distal movement of a lead as in U.S. Pat. No. 5,344,439 issued to Otten, and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, the proximal movement of the stylet may be used to affirmatively cause proximal movement of the tip member 40, up to the limit of allowable proximal motion of the tip, and thereafter, the resiliency of the locking member 41 allows for release of the ball shaped protrusion 32a, and withdrawal of the stylet 28a. In this embodiment, as in the embodiment described above in which a coils employed to pull the distal tip of tubular member 34 proximally, the resultant length of the resilient tubular member 30 may actually less than its original length, further facilitating formation of corrugations

[0044] After the catheter or cannula of FIGS. 1–4 or 5 is anchored so that its distal tip is stably located in the pericardial space, the lumen defined by the interior of coil 34 and the aperture through tip member 40 provide a path by which an additional catheter or electrode lead may be passed into the pericardial space. For example, an electrode bearing catheter employed for pacing, electrogram monitoring, cardioversion or defibrillation, may be located. Alternatively, a simple, tubular catheter may be passed into the pericardium which will allow for drug delivery adjacent the localized portion of the heart. As yet, an additional alternative, the device may be employed directly as a drug delivery catheter, by means of fluids injected either through fluid coupling 24 or 22 as illustrated in FIG. 1. As yet an additional alternative, the device may be used to deliver a cardiac ablation lead, for example corresponding to those in FIGS. 20–24 and discussed in more detail below.

[0045] FIG. 6 shows the distal portion of an alternative embodiment of a delivery catheter or cannula according to the present invention. In this embodiment, the body 110 of the device takes the form of a polymeric tube of the sort typically employed in the manufacture of guiding catheters generally, and may be reinforced by means of an embedded braid. Internal to tube 110 is a length of hypodermic tubing 114 which extends back to the proximal end of the device, and is longitudinally movable within the lumen of tube 110. An elastic tapered tubular member 112 encircles the distal end of tube 110 and the distal end of hypodermic tube 114 and is adhesively or otherwise bonded to both tubes. In a fashion analogous to that described above in conjunction with the device of FIGS. 1–5, distal movement of hypodermic tubing 114 relative to tube 110 causes elastic member 112 to stretch and to neck down around hypodermic tube 114.

[0046] FIG. 7 illustrates the delivery catheter or cannula of FIG. 6 with hypodermic tubing 114 advanced distally out of the distal end of tube 110, stretching tubular member 112, causing it to neck down into contact with hypodermic tubing 114. The device is shown passing through the wall 100 of chamber of a patient's heart, such that the distal most portion of a hypodermic tubing 114 and tubular member 112 are located within the pericardial space.

[0047] FIG. 8 shows the device of FIGS. 6 and 7 after the hypodermic tubing 114 is moved proximally relative to tube 110, causing elastic membrane 112 to bunch up forming one or more corrugations inside the pericardial space or in the wall 100 of a chamber of a patient's heart, stabilizing the distal end of the device within the pericardial space.

[0048] FIG. 9 shows an alternative embodiment of a catheter or cannula according to the present invention. In this case, the device body includes two coaxially nested tubes 210 and 212 which are slideable longitudinally with respect to one another. At the proximal end of tube 210 is a fluid fitting 212, coupled to a lumen within tube 210, and which as illustrated carries a stylet or guidewire 220, which extends out of the distal end of tube 210. The distal portion of tube 210 carries a conical flange 218, which is preferably manufactured of an elastic material such as silicone rubber and which may optionally be reinforced with radially extending ribs, if desired. The distal end of outer tube 212 has a corresponding conical flange 216, oppositely directed from flange 218.

[0049] FIG. 10 is a cross-section through the body of the device of FIG. 9. From this view it can be seen that the outer surface of tube 210 is provided with outwardly directed projections 222, 224 and 226, which are spaced from one another around the circumference of the tube 210, and as illustrated are located displaced approximately 120° from one another. The outer surface of tube 210 is preferably provided with a series of such projections, spaced at regular intervals along a portion of tube 210. Corresponding inwardly directed projections 228, 230 and 232 are provided on the inner surface of tube 212, also spaced approximately 120° from one another. As illustrated, in the configuration shown, the projections of the respective inner and outer tubes 210 and 212 do not engage one another, allowing the tubes to be slid longitudinally. However, if the inner and outer tube are rotated 60° with respect to one another, the projections on each of the inner and outer tubes locate themselves between the projections on the other tube, causing the tubes to be interlocked and preventing further relative longitudinal movement of inner and outer tubes 210 and 212 relative to one another. This locking mechanism is employed in conjunction with stabilization of the device as discussed below.

[0050] FIG. 11 illustrates the device of FIG. 9 in a sectional view, in which the inwardly directed projections 232 of outer tube 212 and the outwardly projected projections of tube 210 are visible. In this configuration, the tubes are free to slide longitudinally to one another. However, by rotating the tubes 60° relative to one another, the outward projections 222 of tube 210 locate themselves in the recesses 224 between the inwardly projected projections 232 of tube 212, and the inwardly directed projections 232 of tube 212 corresponding to locate themselves in the recesses 236 defined between the outward projections 222 of tube 210, preventing further longitudinal movements of tubes 210 and 212.

[0051] FIG. 12 illustrates the device of FIGS. 9–11 with its distal end inserted in the wall 100 in the chamber of a patient's heart. The device is positioned so that flange 218 of inner tube 210 is located within the pericardial space, while flange 216 of outer tube 212 is located interior to the patient's heart.

[0052] FIG. 13 illustrates the device of FIG. 12 after proximal movement of tube 210 to bring flanges 216 and 218 into contact with the inner and outer surfaces of the wall 100 of the chamber of a patient's heart, also causing radial expansion of the flanges as illustrated. At this point, the inner and outer tubes are rotated relative to one another so that the inwardly and outwardly directed projections on the outer and inner tubes respectively, interlock with one another, preventing further longitudinal movement and stabilizing the distal end of the catheter in the wall 100 of the patient's heart. Stylet 220 can now be removed, and the delivery catheter or cannula may be employed to facilitate placement of a lead, catheter or other device in the pericardial space.

[0053] FIG. 14 illustrates an alternative embodiment of a delivery catheter or cannula generally corresponding to those illustrated in FIGS. 9–13. In this embodiment, however, the flanges 216a and 218a are provided with slits or recesses as illustrated in order to facilitate radial expansion of the flanges. All other elements correspond to identically labeled elements in FIGS. 9–12.

[0054] FIG. 15 is an additional embodiment of a delivery catheter or cannula, according to the present invention, shown with its distal portion extending through the wall of a patient's heart. Like the devices of FIGS. 1–5, discussed above, the device is provided with a body which takes the form of a tube 310, reinforced by means of an internal coil 318. The distal end of the tube 310 serves as a radially extending shoulder 310a, which is located adjacent the inner surface of the wall 100 of a patient's heart chamber. An elastic tube 312 extends distally from tube 310 to enclose a tip member 314. Spring 320 extends from a cylindrical flange 322 to the tip member 314. As illustrated, elastic tube 312 and spring 320 have been elongated due to distal movement of stylet 316, which is provided with an outwardly directed shoulder engaging the proximal end of tip member 314.

[0055] FIG. 16 illustrates the device of FIG. 15 after removal of stylet 316, allowing spring 320 to retract and cause radial expansion of elastic tube 312 within the pericardial space, stabilizing the distal end of the delivery catheter. All other elements correspond to identically labeled elements in FIG. 15.

[0056] FIGS. 17–24 illustrate various types of devices which may be introduced into the pericardial space using the delivery devices illustrated above. In each case, the delivery device is sized so that the lumen through the distal tip member of the delivery device is adequate to permit passage of the lead or cannula to be delivered to the pericardial space.

[0057] FIG. 17 illustrates a simple catheter for delivery of drugs or for withdrawal of pericardial fluid. The catheter consists of a tube 500 provided with a fluid fitting 502 at its proximal end.

[0058] FIG. 18 illustrates an electrode lead with may be introduced through any of the delivery devices described above, and which may be employed for detection of electrical signals from the heart or delivery of electrical stimulus pulses such as pacing pulses to the heart. The lead is provided with an elongated insulative body 504 which carries two mutually insulative conductors therein coupled at their distal ends to electrodes 500 and 508, respectively, and at their proximal end to connector pin and connector ring 514 and 512, respectively. Connector pin 514 and connector ring 512 are located on a connector assembly 510 which is adapted to be inserted into the connector port of an associated electrical stimulator or monitor.

[0059] FIG. 19 illustrates a cardioversion or defibrillation lead which may be introduced by means of any of the delivery devices described above. The lead is provided with an elongated insulative lead body 516 which carries an elongated conductor coupled at its distal end to coil electrode 518 and at its proximal end to connector pin 522. Connector pin 522 is located on a connector assembly 520 adapted to be coupled to a cardioverter or defibrillator.

[0060] FIG. 20 illustrates an ablation catheter which may be employed in conjunction with any of the delivery devices illustrated above. The ablation catheter is provided with an elongated lead body 524 which is provided with a longitudinally extending internal lumen extending from a fluid coupling 528 at its proximal end to a longitudinally extending recess 536 at its distal end. Fluid coupling 528 is mounted to fitting 526, which also carries two electrical connectors 530, which are coupled to the distal ends of conductors 531, which extend through catheter body 524 to electrodes which are located within the recess 536, but which are not visible in this view. The distal portion 532 of the device is also provided with two laterally extending flanges 534, which serve to orient the device such that the recess 536 is located adjacent the surface of the heart tissue, as illustrated in FIGS. 21 and 22, described below.

[0061] FIG. 21 is a cross-sectional view of the distal portion 532 of the device illustrated in FIG. 20. In this view it can be seen that the distal portion of the catheter has a portion which is generally U-shaped in cross section, defining recess 536, and carries two elongated strip electrodes 542 and 544 located on opposite sides within recess 536. Laterally extending flanges 534 are located adjacent recess 536 and serve to assure that the recess is oriented with its open portion adjacent heart tissue. Also visible is a lumen 558 which serves to couple the recess 536 to the fluid coupling 528 (FIG. 20) located at the proximal end of the lead. An optional tension wire 540 is shown which may, in some embodiments, be employed to cause deflection of the catheter, in order to facilitate its placement at a desired location on the epicardial surface of the patient's heart, using a mechanism as generally disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,489,270, issued to Van Erp, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0062] FIG. 22 illustrates the ablation catheter of FIGS. 20 and 21 applied to the epicardial surface of a wall 600 of a chamber of the patient's heart. Application of vacuum to the fluid fitting 528 (FIG. 20) located at the proximal portion of the catheter causes the wall 600 of the chamber of the patient's heart to be drawn into the recess 536, between electrodes 542 and 544. RF energy can then be applied to electrodes 542 and 544 via conductors 531 to create a linear lesion, extending along the length of electrodes 542 and 544.

[0063] FIG. 23 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the distal portion of an ablation catheter otherwise corresponding to the catheter illustrated in FIGS. 21–22. In this case, it should be understood that the proximal portion of the catheter corresponds to that illustrated in FIG. 20, with catheter body 610 corresponding to catheter body 524 in FIG. 20. The distal portion of the catheter is provided with laterally extending flanges 612, corresponding generally to flanges 534. However, rather than being provided with an elongated recess, the device is provided with a longitudinal series of recesses 614. The device is also provided with two longitudinally extending electrodes 618 and 620 which may take the form of metal strips or coils, located on either side of recesses 614. Electrode 618 and 620 are coupled to electrical connectors at the proximal end of the lead, corresponding to electrical connectors 530 in FIG. 20.

[0064] FIG. 24 illustrates a cross-section through the distal portion of the ablation catheter illustrated in FIG. 23. In this view it can be seen that the recesses 614 are generally conical, and are in fluid communication with an internal lumen 622 which extends back to a fluid coupling at the proximal end of the catheter, corresponding to fluid coupling 528 in FIG. 20. Electrodes 618 and 620 are illustrated in cross-section, located on either side of recesses 614. An optional tension wire 624 is shown, which may be employed to deflect the ablation catheter assisting its location at a desired location on the epicardium of a patient's heart. In use, like the ablation catheter of FIGS. 20–22, vacuum is applied to the fluid coupling at the proximal end of the catheter, causing the suction ports 614 to adhere to the epicardial surface of a chamber of the patient's heart. RF energy is applied between electrodes 618 and 620 to create a generally linear lesion.

[0065] FIG. 24 illustrates the use of a delivery device according to the present invention to deliver a lead or catheter 420 into the pericardial space. As illustrated, it should be assumed that the delivery device corresponds to that illustrated in FIGS. 1–4, with lead body 10 extending from the superior vena cava, the distal end of the delivery device extending through the wall 400 of the right atrial appendage. As illustrated, elastic tube 20 serves to stabilize the distal end of the delivery device in the right atrial appendage and lead or catheter 420 is delivered through the distal tip of the delivery device, for location between the epicardial surface of the heart and the pericardium, illustrated schematically at 410.

[0066] Any of the delivery devices illustrated above may be employed in a corresponding fashion to deliver a lead or catheter to the pericardial space, or may be used in the absence of an associated lead or catheter to deliver materials such as drugs or genetic agents to the pericardial space or to withdraw fluid from the pericardial space. Correspondingly, devices according to any of the embodiments illustrated above may also be employed to access pericardial space by passing through the pericardium itself, with the distal end of the catheter stabilized in the pericardium, rather than in the wall of the chamber of a patient's heart.

[0067] FIG. 26 illustrates an additional embodiment of a delivery device according to the present invention, wherein the delivery device is provided with an electrode 708 located at the distal portion of the tube 710, making up the catheter body. Catheter body 710 may otherwise correspond to catheter body 10 of the device illustrated in FIGS. 1–4. As illustrated, the device is shown with its distal end extending through the wall 100 of a chamber of a patient's heart, for example, extending through the right atrial appendage. Elastic tube 712 may correspond to tube 30, illustrated in FIG. 1, serving to anchor the device in the wall of the atrium in the same fashion as described in conjunction with FIGS. 1–4, above. Extending into the pericardial space is an electrode lead 714, in this case taking the form of a defibrillation lead with an elongated coil electrode 17. In an embodiment as illustrated, electrode 708 may be employed to sense or pace the atrium or other chamber of a patient's heart, with electrode 17 employed in conjunction with cardioversion or defibrillation functions. Alternatively, a lead carrying pacing and/or electrogram sensing electrodes may be substituted for lead 714, or lead 714 may be omitted, and the device simply employed to deliver drugs to the pericardial space in conjunction with pacing or monitoring the electrical activity of the patient's heart via electrode 708.

[0068] FIG. 27 illustrates an additional alternative embodiment to a device generally corresponding to that illustrated in FIG. 26. In this case, the device is provided with an electrode 724 located on a laterally extending arm 726 in addition to ring electrode 709 to contact the wall 100 of a chamber of a patient's heart. Catheter body 720 may correspond to the catheter body 10, as illustrated in FIGS. 1–4 above, and is stabilized in the wall 100 of a chamber of the patients heart by elastic tube 722 which also may correspond to elastic tube 30 in FIGS. 1–4. In this case, an electrode lead 228 which carries pacing/sensing electrodes 730 and 732 is shown extending into the pericardial space. As in conjunction with the device illustrated in FIG. 26, lead 728 may be replaced by a cardioversion/defibrillation lead, an ablation catheter, or may be omitted entirely.

[0069] FIG. 28 illustrates an additional alternative embodiment of a delivery catheter or cannula 740, which is provided with a helical fixation member 746 which might also function as an electrode. Helical fixation 746 may be coupled to a coiled conductor 742 within the body of the cannula 740 by means of a conductive sleeve 750 as illustrated. In alternative embodiments, the helix 746 may merely serve to anchor the catheter or cannula 740 adjacent the wall 100 of the heart chamber. The catheter or cannula 740 is provided with a molded polymer seal 748 through which a catheter, guidewire, or electrode lead 744 passes. Seal 748 serves to seal the distal end of the delivery catheter or cannula 740 from fluid intrusion.

[0070] In cases in which the helix 746 is coupled to an internal conductor within the delivery catheter or cannula 740 and is intended to be used as an electrode, it may be used, for example, to stimulate the right atrium of the heart, with the electrode lead 744 extending therethrough passing into the pericardial space and around the heart into contact with another chamber of the heart, such as the left atrium or left ventricle of the heart.

[0071] FIG. 29 illustrates an additional alternative embodiment of a delivery catheter or cannula according to the present invention. The delivery catheter or cannula comprises an outer tubular sheath 800 mounted concentrically around an inner tubular sheath 806. The outer tubular sheath 800 is provided with a series of longitudinal slots 802 which separate the outer sheath into parallel ribs which, as illustrated in FIG. 30 below, may be deflected outward to provide a mechanism for anchoring a delivery catheter or cannula adjacent one surface of a wall of a heart chamber. Inner catheter or cannula 806 is provided with a rearward facing generally conical resilient flange 808, corresponding generally to the flange 218 on the introducer catheter or cannula of FIG. 9. Inner tubular member 806 may be displaced longitudinally relative to outer tubular member 800 by means of associated handles 810 and 804. Located within inner tubular sheath 806 is a fluid delivery catheter 812, which extends out the distal end of inner tubular member 806 and is slideable longitudinally with regard to inner tubular member 806. Fluid delivery catheter 812 also has a handle 814 on its proximal end and is provided with a luer fitting 816 allowing for connection to a fluid source.

[0072] FIG. 30 illustrates the configuration of the delivery catheter or cannula of FIG. 29 as it passes through the wall 100 of a chamber of the heart. The catheter or cannula is anchored to the wall 100 of the heart by first passing the conical flange 804 of the inner tubular member 806 through the wall of the heart, thereafter advancing the outer tubular member distally until its distal end engages the wall of the heart, and then advancing the tubular member further distally, causing lateral expansion of the ribs 803 as illustrated to anchor the catheter. Tubular delivery catheter 812 may then be advanced distally the distal end of the inner tubular member 806, exposing laterally oriented delivery ports 820, which ports were previously located within and sealed by a distal portion of the inner tubular member 806.

[0073] While the present invention is directed primarily toward access to the pericardial space, it is believed that the devices illustrated and describe herein may also usefully be employed to access other portions of the body, particularly spaces within or between other body organs and more particularly to spaces which need to be accessed by penetrating a layer or wall of body tissue. As such, it should be understood that the devices which are the subject of the following claims are not necessarily limited in use to pericardial access.